Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Code influence”

The concept of plurilingual competence that enables the members of different cultures to perform in multilingual and multicultural environment is on the top of political agenda nowadays, as acquisition of two or more languages has become a necessity in the knowledge society. Therefore, the lack of works on the subject in Lithuania is a relevant reason to carry out a research on the language education through the prism of ‘mediation’ and ‘code switching’ as activities becoming widely acknowledged and practiced among language teachers. The study aims to survey the functions of mediation and code switching in teaching foreign languages. The objectives of the thesis are: • to overview the material on plurilingualism as giving reasons for the rise of wide discussions about reorganization of language education system, the changing attitude towards teaching languages, namely, a newly emerging approach of translation and later apply it to the empirical research;. • to investigate the approach of teachers and students towards the use of native language in the classroom; • to identify the patterns within switching of the first and the second languages and define the role they serve for the language acquisition. Research methods are literature analysis, quantitative and qualitative research (two types of questionnaire forms and analysis of recorded excerpts of lessons). The results indicate that the educators support the approach promoting better awareness of the native language... [to full text]<br>Daugiakalbės visuomenės formavimo politika, pradėta Europos Sąjungos institucijų, susilaukė didžiulio šalių narių susidomėjimo. ES iškėlė kalbinės kompetencijos lavinimą vienu pagrindinių savo tikslų. Pabrėžiama, jog kelias kalbas mokantys asmenys turi daugiau galimybių integruotis europinėje visuomenėje, taip pat minima profesionalių vertėjų paklausa ES institucijose. Šios politikos įgyvendinimo esminių centru tapo valstybių švietimo sistemos tobulinimas siekiant įdiegti naują požiūrį į kalbų mokymą. Tai paskatina šalis nares imtis veiksmų švietimo sistemos srityje. Rašomi straipsniai apie mokymo metodus akcentuojančius gimtosios kalbos svarbą užsienio kalbų pamokose, konkrečiai pabrėžiama kodų kaitos ir mediacijos (vertimo raštu, žodžiu) įtaka užsienio kalbos išmokimui. Atsižvelgiant į tai, jog Lietuvoje šios srities tyrimų stokojama, tampa įdomu bent jau dalinai pasigilinti į situaciją šalyje. Darbo tikslas – nustatyti, kokią funkciją atlieka gimtoji kalba užsienio kalbų pamokose ir kaip tai įtakoją kalbos išmokimą. Tyrimų objektas – gimtosios kalbos panaudojimas užsienio kalbos mokymo ir mokymosi procese. Tyrimo subjektais pasirinkti mokytojai bei mokiniai, kurie turėjo išreikšti požiūrį į daugiakalbės visuomenės formavimą ir gimtosios kalbos (mediacijos) naudojimą pamokose. Taip pat analizuojami dviejų užsienio kalbų pamokų įrašai, kuriose ieškoma konkrečių kodų kaitos pavyzdžių ir siekiama išsiaiškinti, kokios gimtosios kalbos situacijos kartojasi dažniausiai, kokios... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Le contexte de cette thèse est la reconnaissance de systèmes de communication dans un contexte non coopératif. Nous nous intéressons au problème de la reconstruction de codes convolutifs et à la reconstruction du mapping (la bijection utilisée pour associer une séquence binaire à un signal modulé). Nous avons élaboré une nouvelle méthode statistique qui à partir d'une séquence binaire bruitée observée permet de détecter si une séquence binaire est codée par un codeur convolutif. Cette méthode consiste à former des blocs de séquence suffisamment grands pour contenir le support d'une équation de parité et à compter le nombre de blocs identiques. Elle a l'avantage de fournir la longueur du code utilisé lorsque le mapping est inconnu. Cette méthode peut également être utilisée pour reconstruire le dual d'un code convolutif lorsque le mapping est connu. Nous proposons par ailleurs un algorithme de reconnaissance de mapping basé sur le parcours de classes d'équivalences. Deux types de classes sont définies. Nous disposons d'un signal bruité partiellement démodulé (démodulé avec un mapping par défaut) et supposons que les données sont codées par un codeur convolutif. Nous utilisons la reconnaissance d'un tel code comme testeur et parcourons enfin les classes d'équivalences faisant apparaître une structure de codes convolutifs. Cette classification améliore la complexité de la recherche pour les petites constellations (4 et 8-PSK). Dans le cas des constellations 16 à 256-QAM l'algorithme est appliqué aux mappings Gray ou quasi-Gray. L'algorithme ne fournit pas un résultat unique mais il permet de trouver un ensemble de mappings possibles à partir de données bruitées<br>The context of this thesis is the recognition of communication systems in a non-cooperative context. We are interested in the convolutional code reconstruction problem and in the constellation labeling reconstruction (the mapping used to associate a binary sequence to a modulated signal). We have defined a new statistical method for detecting if a given binary sequence is a noisy convolutional code-word obtained from an unknown convolutional code. It consists in forming blocks of sequence which are big enough to contain the support of a parity check equation and counting the number of blocks which are equal. It gives the length of the convolutional code without knowledge of the constellation labeling. This method can also be used to reconstruct the dual of a convolutional code when the constellation labeling is known. Moreover we propose a constellation labeling recognition algorithm using some equivalence classes. Two types of classes are defined: linear and affine. We observe a noisy signal which is partially demodulated (with a default labeling) and assume that the data are coded by a convolutional encoder. Thus we use the reconstruction of a code as a test and run through the classes which reveal a code structure. This classification improves the complexity of the search for small constellations (4-PSK and 8-PSK). In case of 16-QAM to 256-QAM constellations we apply the algorithm to Gray or quasi-Gray labelings. The algorithm does not give a unique result but it allows to find a small set of possible constellation labelings from noisy data

It is common practice in psychophysical studies to investigate speech processing by manipulating or reducing spectral and temporal information in the input signal. Such investigations, along with the often surprising performance of modern cochlear implants, have highlighted the robustness of the auditory system to severe degradations and suggest that the ability to discriminate speech sounds is fundamentally limited by the complexity of the input signal. It is not clear, however, how and to what extent this is underpinned by neural processing mechanisms. This thesis examines the effect on the neural representation of reducing spectral and temporal information in the signal. A stimulus set from an existing psychophysical study was emulated, comprising a set of 16 vowel-consonant-vowel phoneme sequences (VCVs) each produced by multiple talkers, which were parametrically degraded using a noise-vocoder. Neuronal representations were simulated using a published computational model of the auditory nerve. Representations were also recorded in the inferior colliculus (IC) and auditory cortex (AC) of anaesthetised guinea pigs. Their discriminability was quantified using a novel neural classifier. Commensurate with investigations using simple stimuli, high rate envelope modulations in complex signals are represented in the auditory nerve and midbrain. It is demonstrated here that representations of these features are efficacious in a closed-set speech recognition task where appropriate decoding mechanisms are available, yet do not appear to be accessible perceptually. Optimal encoding windows for speech discrimination increase from of the order of 1 millisecond in the auditory nerve to 10s of milliseconds in the IC and the AC. Recent publications suggest that millisecond-precise neuronal activity is important for speech recognition. It is demonstrated here that the relevance of millisecond-precise responses in this context is highly dependent on the brain region, the nature of the speech recognition task and the complexity of the stimulus set.

Le contexte de cette thèse est la reconnaissance de systèmes de communication dans un contexte non coopératif. Nous nous intéressons au problème de la reconstruction de codes convolutifs et à la reconstruction du mapping (la bijection utilisée pour associer une séquence binaire à un signal modulé). Nous avons élaboré une nouvelle méthode statistique qui à partir d'une séquence binaire bruitée observée permet de détecter si une séquence binaire est codée par un codeur convolutif. Cette méthode consiste à former des blocs de séquence suffisamment grands pour contenir le support d'une équation de parité et à compter le nombre de blocs identiques. Elle a l'avantage de fournir la longueur du code utilisé lorsque le mapping est inconnu. Cette méthode peut également être utilisée pour reconstruire le dual d'un code convolutif lorsque le mapping est connu. Nous proposons par ailleurs un algorithme de reconnaissance de mapping basé sur le parcours de classes d'équivalences. Deux types de classes sont définies. Nous disposons d'un signal bruité partiellement démodulé (démodulé avec un mapping par défaut) et supposons que les données sont codées par un codeur convolutif. Nous utilisons la reconnaissance d'un tel code comme testeur et parcourons enfin les classes d'équivalences faisant apparaître une structure de codes convolutifs. Cette classification améliore la complexité de la recherche pour les petites constellations (4 et 8-PSK). Dans le cas des constellations 16 à 256-QAM l'algorithme est appliqué aux mappings Gray ou quasi-Gray. L'algorithme ne fournit pas un résultat unique mais il permet de trouver un ensemble de mappings possibles à partir de données bruitées.

Social and textual aspects of the language assimilation of German exile writers are studied. Major differences concern the length of their exile, their foreign language learning ability and their attitude to assimilating, and the primary sources are letters and diaries. Descriptive analysis is performed on the prose, mainly in the area of crosslinguistic influences. Despite their differing assimilation, the prose contains similar crosslinguistic influences. There are consistent changes in crosslinguistic influences during the course of language assimilation, initially determined by the extent of second language acquisition. However, language learning factors give way to social factors with crosslinguistic infuences ultimately governed by the functional independence of the second language. Lexically triggered code-switching is usually a step towards functionally motivated code-switching. Finally a tentative, schematic model of how the process of language assimilation causes and modifies crosslinguistic influences is proposed.

Social and textual aspects of the language assimilation of German exile writers are studied. Major differences concern the length of their exile, their foreign language learning ability and their attitude to assimilating, and the primary sources are letters and diaries. Descriptive analysis is performed on the prose, mainly in the area of crosslinguistic influences. Despite their differing assimilation, the prose contains similar crosslinguistic influences. There are consistent changes in crosslinguistic influences during the course of language assimilation, initially determined by the extent of second language acquisition. However, language learning factors give way to social factors with crosslinguistic infuences ultimately governed by the functional independence of the second language. Lexically triggered code-switching is usually a step towards functionally motivated code-switching. Finally a tentative, schematic model of how the process of language assimilation causes and modifies crosslinguistic influences is proposed.<br>Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Dans les plasmas chauds denses, la distribution spatiale des électrons libres et des ions peut affecter fortement la structure atomique. Pour tenir compte de ces effets, nous avons implémenter un potentiel plasma fond´ sur le modèle d’un gaz d’électron uniforme et sur une approche de type Thomas-Fermi dans le Flexible Atomic Code (FAC). Ce code a été utilisé, pour obtenir les énergies, les fonctions d’onde, et les taux radiative modifiés par l’environnement plasma. Dans des ions hydrogénoides, les résultats numériques ont été comparés avec succès à un calcul analytique basé sur la théorie des perturbations du premier ordre. Dans le cas des ions multi-électronique, on observe un décalage des niveaux, en accord avec d’autre calcul récent. Diverses méthodes pour les calculs de section efficace de collision sont examinées. L’influence de la densité du plasma sur ces sections est analysée en détail. Certaines expressions analytiques sont propos´es pour les ions hydrogénoides comme dans la limite où l’approximation de Born ou Lotz s’applique et sont comparés aux résultats numériques du code de FAC. Enfin, à partir de ce travail, nous étudions l’influence de l’environnement de plasma sur notre modèle collisionel-radiatif nommé -Foch-. En raison de cet environnement, la charge moyenne du plasma augmente, ceci est principalement due a l’abaissement du continuum. Nous observons également, le décalage des raies sur les spectres d’émission lié-lié. Un bon accord est trouvé entre notre travail et les données expérimentales sur un plasma de titane<br>In hot dense plasmas, the free-electron and ion spatial distribution may strongly affect the atomic structure. To account for such effects we have implemented a potential correction based on the uniform electron gas model and on a Thomas-Fermi Approach in the Flexible Atomic Code (FAC). This code has been applied to obtain energies, wave-functions and radiative rates modified by the plasma environment. In hydrogen-like ions, these numerical results have been successfully compared to an analytical calculation based on first-order perturbation theory. In the case of multi-electron ions, we observe level crossings in agreement with another recent model calculation. Various methods for the collision cross-section calculations are reviewed. The influence of plasma environment on these cross-sections is analyzed in detail. Some analytical expressions are proposed for hydrogen-like ions in the limit where Born or Lotz approximations apply and are compared to the numerical results from the FAC code. Finally, from this work, we study the influence of the plasma environment on our collisional-radiative model so-called -Foch-. Because of this environment, the mean charge state of the ions increases. The line shift is observed on the bound-bound emission spectra. A good agreement is found between our work and experimental data on a Titanium plasma

This study aimed to examine the skill of student participants with regard to understanding Java code by reading it via a 'code comprehension task', as well as their skill in making 'sign-like decisions' via a 'design matrix task'. The aim was to ascertain any relationships between these abilities and participants' personality as measured by the MBTI test. Relationships were also examined with the cognitive style of Fielc Dependence or Field Independence. Relationships with background information were also examined.

This study aims to examine if English as a L2 influences the construction of Swedes’ social identities but also whether any linguistic strategies are used to strengthen their identity. Furthermore, the study aims to study if there is a difference in bilingual Swedes' reflections on the topic compared to multilingual Swedes. With Giles and Johnson’s Ethnolinguistic Identity Theory and Gumperz’ Interactional Theory as theoretical backgrounds, data was gathered through both quantitative methods, such as an online questionnaire, and qualitative methods in the form of a focus group consisting of both bilingual and multilingual Swedes. The results vary as some of the participants see English as influential to their identity construction while others view it merely as a practical tool. Moreover, the data also shows that it is more common amongst multilingual Swedes to use linguistic strategies such as code-switching, to strengthen their in-group relationships whilst bilingual participants used linguistic strategies for a different purpose: to distance themselves from their in-group identity.

Le Code civil français a exercé une influence considérable sur la codification civile congolaise. En 1895, par le biais de la colonisation, les Belges avaient importé au Congo le Code Napoléon qu’ils avaient eux-mêmes hérité des conquêtes de l’Empereur français. Le système juridique congolais qui jadis était basé sur le droit coutumier non écrit, fait de multiples coutumes et mœurs locales, s’était alors doté d’un Code rationnalisé calqué sur le modèle français. Après l’indépendance, le pouvoir politique congolais avait voulu remplacer le Code colonial qui était non seulement lacunaire mais surtout inadapté à la mentalité et aux traditions congolaises. Les travaux législatifs engagés notamment sur la partie relative aux droits des personnes et de la famille ont requis le recours à l’authenticité congolaise… En 1987, le législateur congolais a édicté la loi portant le Code de la famille. Ce Code qui pourtant prônait la rupture avec l’ancien Code colonial ne s’est-il pas finalement aligné sur ce même modèle contesté ? Quel choix le législateur congolais a-t-il fait entre tradition et modernité ? Quelles sont les principales nouveautés de ce Code ? Quelles critiques en a-t-on fait ? Aujourd’hui, 20 ans après son élaboration, le vieillissement du Code de la famille ne nécessite-il pas une recodification ?<br>The French Law has exercised significant influence on Congolese codifications; the most outstanding example is no doubt civil codifications. In reality, the Congolese legal system once based on the unwritten customary law made on multiple customs and community behaviours received through the Belgian colonization, with some adjustments, the Napoleonic Code that the Belgium has therefore received from Napoleonic conquests. This Code is also always applied in Belgium. But after the Congolese’s national independence, political power had wanted to replace the colonial Code which was the mentality and Congolese customs but still incomplete. Furthermore, the legislative work initiated on the part relating to the rights of persons and the family, which led to performing in 1987 of the Family Code, had advocated the use of the right traditional (authenticity). However, apart from the integration of a few customary institutions, this new Congolese Code is the modern fundamental (imperative of development). In fact, it renewed and even amplified the French law that associated others European rights and African postcolonial. But today, this Code has definitely aged; what might therefore be the best remedies to more valuable ? _______________________________________________________________________________________

Since the reformation of the Chinese economy, two notable trends have developed. First, the growing prominence of multilateral economic regimes (MERs) on the political agenda of Beijing has propelled deepened engagements between Chinese policy actors and institutions, and the agencies of MERs. This development is accompanied by a second trend, which is a growing dynamism in China’s economic diplomacy within the multilateral arenas. This dynamism is reflected in the evolving national preferences and approaches for multilateral economic negotiations, from outright resistance to gradual flexibility, and in some cases, acceptance. The simultaneous and parallel developments of these two trends stem a curiosity on whether a causal relationship exist between the deepened China-MER engagements and the dynamism of China’s economic diplomacy. Has Beijing’s open-door policy to global economic integration opened new windows of opportunity for the MER agencies to influence China’s economic diplomacy and its preference formation? In what way(s) and/or in which capacities can the agencies of MERs assert influence on China’s economic diplomacy preference formation? Under what conditions is this form of external influence successful? What are the long-run implications of the deepened China-MER engagements on Beijing’s economic diplomacy preference formation structure? What does the China-MER relationship tell us about China’s economic diplomacy preference formation in the 21st century? Although China’s partake in the international political economy has received much scholarly attention, few studies have attempted to decode China’s economic diplomacy preference formation, and even fewer have investigated the important nexus between the China-MER relationship and the behaviours of Chinese economic diplomacy. This thesis is a response to the knowledge deficit in these regards. By examining China’s participation in the multilateral climate change, and trade 4 negotiations, the thesis addresses the primary research question, how do multilateral economic regimes and their agencies influence China’s economic diplomacy preference formation? The study finds that the MER agencies do affect Chinese economic diplomacy preference formation. However, their influence peaks at an absorption level whereby Chinese preferences adapt to external preferences but not to the extent of reforming traditional principles and beliefs. The comparatively more effective ways of asserting influence for the MER agencies is through a costs-and-benefits calculus, information dissemination, shuttle diplomacy proximity talks, and informal negotiation practices. In general, Chinese policy actors do not refute the influence of the MER agencies; rather they absorb and adapt to it. In addition, the MER agencies assert influence at different stages of the preference formation, and over time, implicitly establish themselves as integrated policy actors in Beijing. On the whole, this thesis contributes to a deeper understanding about how, why, and when international linkages matter in China’s economic diplomacy, and to the extent of driving preference transformation. The study provides useful analytic lenses that flesh out the variety of functions the MER agencies have in shaping and informing China’s national preferences and negotiation approaches. At the same time, it offers a fuller description of how the Chinese policy actors and institutions respond to (implicit) external interventions in its policy processes. Consequently, this thesis is a significant contribution that adds value to the scholarly debates and knowledge-building about one of the most important political and economic phenomenon of our time.

The aim of this study is to investigate crosslinguistic influence in the Arabic language of Iraqi Arabic-Swedish bilingual children (5-7) who live in Sweden. The scope is to study lexical, morphological and syntactic uses in the children’s speech that do not belong to the Iraqi Arabic variety (IAV). The used research method was interview method that has been applied in a descriptive framework without any normative evaluations. The interviews were based on a series of narrative pictures that had already been designed for the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (MAIN). The primary material is a corpus which totals 164 recorded minutes that were obtained from twelve Iraqi Arabic-Swedish bilingual children who are 5-7 years old. The secondary material was sociolinguistic background information that was obtained from the children’s parents by using a questionnaire. The results revealed the following main points: (1) Most of the children’s linguistic uses that did not belong to IAV occurred mainly on the lexical level, less on the morphological level and least on the syntactic level. (2) Not all linguistic uses that do not belong to the IAV indicate a crosslinguistic influence in the children’s language development, because some of these uses occur occasionally. (3) Many linguistic uses that do not belong to the IAV were related to Modern standard Arabic (MSA), other Arabic varieties and Swedish, but some of them, e.g. morphological observations, were not related to a specific language. (4) Diglossia and bilingualism have led to different crosslinguistic influences on the children’s speech. Diglossia has led to lexical influence and bilingualism has led to lexical and syntactic influence. (5) The combination of diglossia and bilingualism can increase the crosslinguistic influence on the bilingual children compared to other bilingual children that do not experience this combination of both phenomena. (6) The fact that the children use MSA spontaneously along with their mother tongue shows that they learn MSA before they start school. (7) Use of other Arabic varieties by the children along with their mother tongue can bring these different Arabic varieties closer to the IAV and may also create a mixed variety in the future, if there is continuous and intensive language contact. (8) The results indicate the possible types of language acquisition for all children’s languages/varieties but without normative evaluation as the following: IAV as L1 (first language/mother tongue), Swedish as L1 or ESLA (early second language acquisition), MSA as ESLA or L2, and other Arabic varieties as ESLA or L2.

Le début du XXIe siècle se caractérise par l'explosion des échanges via Internet et par la multiplication des objets connectés, au premier rang desquels le Smartphone (apparu en 2007). Autant d'appareils qui permettent de recevoir et d'envoyer des informations sous des formes diverses (messages vocaux, images, vidéos, textes, etc.). Les modes de communication et les usages qui en découlent se sont multipliés et propagés. C'est désormais en milliards que se comptent les utilisateurs de Smartphones. Celte adoption en masse du Smartphone a radicalement transformé les habitudes de tout un chacun, sans distinction de génération, de sexe, de catégorie socioprofessionnelle, de culture, d'appartenance géographique, etc. Envahissant la planète et pénétrant, dans le même élan, la sphère artistique, l'appareil a su se faire adopter par les créateurs, auprès desquels il joue désormais un rôle particulier, voire plusieurs: d'abord sujet de réflexion, Je Smartphone, à la technologie complexe et aux nombreuses fonctionnalités, est devenu à la fois outil de création, lieu d'expérimentation et d'exposition, moyen de transmission et de diffusion ... Connecté et tactile, il a créé une proximité et une relation nouvelles entre les artistes et le public. Bien qu'extrêmement diverses, les pratiques artistiques et les œuvres qu'il engendre n'en forment pas moins un corpus cohérent dont les ressorts communs diffèrent de ce qui caractérise habituellement une œuvre d'art. La force du Mobile An réside dans sa capacité d'adaptation et de métamorphose. Avec lui, l'imagination déborde sans cesse la technologie pour se mettre à la portée de tous. Il est un art démocratique, désacralisé et populaire<br>The outburst of exchanges via Internet and the multiplication of connected devices -number one being the Smartphone which arrived in 2007 -characterize the beginning of the XXIst century. Ali these devices enable us to receive or send different forms of information (voice messages, images, videos, texts, and so on). These new ways of communicating and their new uses have been greatly developed and diversified ever since. There are now billions of Smartphone users around the world. This massive use of the Smartphone utterly transformed everyone's habits, whatever the generation, the gender, the socio-professional category, the cultural background, the geographical area ... After flooding the plane! and then ente1ing the artistic sphere, this device has been adopted by artists and is now playing a very special part in their creative process: first mere food for thought, the Smartphone characterised by a complex technology and a lot of functions has become a tool as well as a space for experimenting and exhibiting, a means to transmit and to spread any idea, information or creative work ... It is connected, tactile and responsible for a new kind of proximity and relationship between artists and their public. The artistic practices and artworks in which the Smartphone is used, though highly diverse, nevertheless belong to a consistent corpus, the underlying motivations of which being different from what generally characterises an artwork. The power of Mobile Art lays in its ability to adapt and to transform itself. Imagination is able to continuously extend beyond technology to bring itself within everyone's reach. It is a democratic, desacralized and popular art

businesses,butfortextilecompaniesinparticular.ManyarethecompaniestoadaptanowndefinitionofCSRandassumeresponsibilityforhumanrightviaCodesofConduct.Theproblem,ontheotherhand,ariseswhenthesetextilecompanieslackknowledgeandroutineregardingrealizationoftheirpurposesonimprovementworkonfactorylevel.ThesolutionforseveralSwedishtextilecompaniesisequaltooutsourcingtheimplementationofCSRaccordingtotheirCodeofConducttoexternalauditors.However,whencontractinganintermediary,questionscanbeaskedregardingifthecompany’sattitudeanddefinitionofCSRstillwillbereflectedontothefactoryhandornot.Further,sparseresearchofexternalauditorsexistsbutdespiteofthisexternalauditorshavebeenpointedoutasineffective.ThepurposewiththisstudyistomapoutattitudesandmotivesforCSRactivities,withtheaimtocreateanunderstandingamongthreeactorsinasupplychain–theCompany,theAuditorandtheFactory.ThisapproachprovidesaholisticperspectivetointerprethowaSwedishSMEcantakeadvantageofanexternalauditorwhenimplementingitsCodeofConductalignedwithitssupplychaininaqualitymethod,basedoninterviewsandobservations.Theempiricalresultistobeanalysedthroughanexploratorystrategytodeliverthecontributedconclusion.ThecontributionofthisstudyisthusthatSwedishSMEslackknowledgeandexperiencewhenimplementingaCodeofConductwithinthesupplychain.ItisholdthatSwedishSMEscouldtakeadvantageofexternalauditorstoeludetheabovementionedproblem,sincesupportforexternalauditorsasnotineffectivehavebeenfound.ToformulateaCodeofConducttogetherwithitssupplierisfortheSMEadvisable,duetotheprospectsofinvolvingtheactordirectlyaffectedoftheCodeofConductintotheconstructionofit.Bythewayofconclusionindicatorsindicatingthatintheend,CSRisallaboutmoney,consideredfromallactors’perspective.CSRärenständigtaktuelltillikaväxandefrågaförföretagiallmänhetmenkanskeförtextilaföretagisynnerhet.MångaföretagskaparsinegendefinitionavCSRochsocialtansvarstagandeochämnarförverkligadessagenomenCodeofConduct.Problematikkanåandrasidanuppstådåföretagetifrågasaknarkunskapomochrutinerkringimplementeringavförverkligandetavsinaförbättrandeavsikterpåfabrik.LösningenförflerasvenskatextilföretagärsynonymmedattoutsourcaimplementeringenavCSRienighetmedsinCodeofConducttillenexternauditör.DockuppstårfrågorkringföretagetsattitydtillochdefinitionavCSRkommerattavspeglashosfabriksarbetarenomförmedlandetavdenskerviaentredjepart.Tilläggaskanattdetännufinnsrelativtsparsamforskningomjustexternaauditörerochdessinverkaniförsörjningskedjanmenattdenforskningsomfaktisktfinnspekarutexternaauditörersomineffektiva.SyftetmeddennauppsatsärattkartläggaattityderochmotivrörandeCSRförattskapaenförståelsemellanolikaparterienförsörjningskedjaochpåsåsätttolka,utifrånetthelhetsperspektiv,hurensvenskSMEkananvändasigavenexternauditörförattimplementeraenCodeofConductiförsörjningskedjan.Uppsatsenharfokuseratpåatthittaförståelseienstudiegjordifältmedutvaldapartersomidagslägetärintressantaattundersöka.Studienhargjortsutifrånenfallstudiemedtreaktörer,därenkvalitativmetodtillämpatsförattintervjuaochobserveraordochhandling.Empirinharanalyseratsutefterenutforskandestrategiförattnådeslutsatsersomvihärmedämnabidramed.BidragetfråndennastudieärsåledesattsvenskaSME:ssaknarkunskapocherfarenhetförattarbetamedenimplementeringavenCodeofConduct.VianserattsvenskaSME:sböranvändasigavenexternauditörförattkringgåproblemetjustnämntdåvifunnitbeläggsommotsättersigteorinsompekarmotineffektivautföranden.ViharfunnitstarkbetydelseiattupprättaenCodeofConductisamrådmedallapartersomberörsavden.AvslutningsvisharvihittatindikatorerpåattCSRislutändanhandlarompengar,settutifrånallapartersperspektiv.<br>Program: Textilekonomutbildningen

This diploma thesis aims to explore the influence of psychological and ethical aspects of advertising on human psyche. In the theoretical part is its reader informed about the contribution of psychology to the creation of effective advertising., there are described the forms of advertising and the psychological theories of motivation. Ethics in advertising, advertising, self-regulation and the Code of advertising are specified here. Moderate interviews in practical part of this thesis are used for revealing the factors affecting the reception of advertising. Individual moderate interview are done with ten persons. These peorsons are not differentiated according any specific criteria. In this thesis is given a view what people consider as ethical and what they think about the ethical issues in advertising. The main contribution of the research is verification of people's different opinions of ethical issues.

Thesis (MA. (Translation Studies and Linguistics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2013<br>The study sought to investigate the challenges that the learners and educators encountered in learning and teaching when they use English as a medium of instruction. The study reveals that African languages, along with their culture are being dominated by English. Most of Pedis’ learners cannot speak Sepedi without mixing it with English, and most of African people usually read English books and neglecting the Indigenous books. In addition, the study shows that learners performed better when they were taught in Sepedi than in English. The educators’ responses showed that learners have difficulties in understanding English as the medium of instruction and that they code-switch from English to Sepedi to enhance understanding.

The Thesis deals with impact of land price on the usual price of building and its change due to code no. 89/2012. The impact was determined based on market prices of lands and buildings retrieved from real estate databases. From statistically processed data was found out a 75% correlation between the market price of building and land. For numerical description the impact of land price on the usual price of building was assembled an equation. With this equation can be from land price roughly estimated usual price of building. The results of this thesis can contribute to speeding-up the process of initial estimation of usual price, as well as presents a way of displaying location, price, distribution of data and frequency of equal prices in one graph.

Dans la préface de nombreuses œuvres doctrinales provençales de la fin du XVIIIe siècle, leurs auteurs, tels que Jean-Joseph JULIEN (1704-1789) ou encore Marc-Antoine DE BARRIGUE DE MONTVALON (1714-1775), enseignent que le droit romain constitue la « Loi de la Provence ». Dès le XVIIe siècle, une véritable littérature juridique provençale voit le jour pour étudier l'usage des dispositions du Corpus Iuris Civilis au sein de la Justice royale. Parmi elle se trouve le « Code Buisson » (titre simplifié), une explication du Code Justinien par un avocat du Parlement d'Aix dénommé BUISSON. Cet ouvrage, qui n'a jamais fait l'objet d'une impression par qui que ce soit, devient un véritable classique de Droit dans la Provence du Siècle des Lumières. En effet, tous les juristes, tant praticiens que magistrats, en possèdent une copie manuscrite, parfois augmentée de la nouvelle législation royale et des nouveaux arrêts de la Cour d'Aix. Pourtant, malgré cette célébrité, personne ne connaît la véritable identité de cet avocat aixois. Notre étude est la première à se pencher sur le Code Buisson et sur son auteur. Elle a pour objectif de rendre les lettres de noblesses au savant avocat du Grand Siècle qu'est Honoré BUISSON (1624-1692), oublié des mémoires des Provençaux jusqu'à présent<br>In the preface to many Provençal doctrinal works from the end of the 18th century, their authors, such as Jean-Joseph JULIEN (1704-1789) or Marc-Antoine DE BARRIGUE DE MONTVALON (1714-1775), teach that Roman Law is the « Law of Provence » (territory of the South of France). From the 17th century, a Provençal legal literature emerged to study the use of the Corpus Iuris Civilis within royal justice. Among it is the « Code Buisson » (simplified title), an explanation of the Justinian Code by a lawyer from the Parlement d'Aix (French royal Court) named BUISSON. This work, which has never been printed by anyone, becomes a classic of Law in Provence of the Age of Enlightenment. Indeed, all jurists, both practitioners and magistrates, have a handwritten copy, sometimes supplemented by the new royal legislation and the new judgments of the Court of Aix. However, despite this celebrity, no one knows the true identity of this Aix lawyer. Our study is the first to look at the Code Buisson and its author. Its objective is to restore the letters of nobility to the learned lawyer of the Grand Siècle who is Honoré BUISSON (1624-1692), forgotten in the memories of the Provençals until now

Learners in South Africa underachieve in Mathematics. Amidst many other factors that influence the Mathematics scenario in South African schools, one major aspect of the Mathematics classroom culture is the Language of Learning and Teaching (LoLT). For many learners the LoLT, namely English, is not their main language. The question arises of whether Setswana learners with Limited English Proficiency (LEP) are disadvantaged because the LoLT is English and if so, what could be done about it. The interaction between language and thought is discussed against the background of the learning theories of Piaget, Vygotsky and van Hiele, as well as the Network Theory of Learning. From this study the importance of language for conceptualisation becomes clear, especially that of the mother tongue. The circle is then narrowed down to take a look at the vital part that language plays in Mathematics and the problems that exist for the learner when negotiating meaning during the journey between natural language and the mathematical register. Focusing on the situation of the Setswana Mathematics learner with English as LoLT, the views of parents and teachers come under scrutiny as well as government policies regarding the LoLT. The techniques and strategies of teachers in the English Second Language Mathematics classrooms (ESL-classrooms) are investigated. In this regard code-switching is of importance and is discussed extensively. These theoretical investigations led to an empirical study. Firstly, a quantitative study was undertaken by means of a survey to investigate the language situation in schools where Setswana is the main language. Furthermore, the views of those teachers, who teach Setswana learners with English as LoLT, on how English as LoLT influences Setswana Mathematics learners' conceptualisation were investigated. A sample of 218 teachers in the North-West Province of South Africa was used in this survey. A complex language situation crystallises where no one-dimensional answer can be recommended. Code-switching has clearly made large inroads into the Mathematics classroom, but teachers' views on the expediency of using Setswana, especially for formal notes, terminology and tests, vary considerably. Secondly, a qualitative study was undertaken in two schools. The study investigated the possibility that notes in Setswana as well as in English, and the aid of an English/Setswana glossary of Mathematical terminology in daily tasks as well as in tests, would be of value to learners. It was clear from the sample that the new terminology is difficult for the teachers in question because they are used to the English terminology. Some learners also find the Setswana terminology difficult. However, the learners experience the use of the Setswana in the notes positively. It was clear from the interviews with the learners that by far the most of the learners in the sample felt that the Setswana/English notes as well as the glossary helped them to understand better. The learners oscillate between English and Setswana to understand the explanation given or the question asked. Most of the learners are of opinion that tests where questions are asked in both languages contribute to a better comprehension of what is asked. They also experience the glossary of English/Setswana terminology supplied in the test as an important aid. Recommendations comprise that the Setswana Mathematics register should be expanded and final examinations set in both Setswana and English. Furthermore, teachers should be educated to use new terminology effectively as a scaffold to ensure adequate conceptualisation, as well as to manage code-switching in a structured way.<br>Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

This research is about the higher education of Indigenous Emirati women and how they balance the intricate demands of higher education with the social customs of a traditional society and the expectations placed on women. The study sought to identify and comprehend the issues which have affected the educational changes that are taking place, including culture, gender, religion, the influence of Western education processes, and the desire of an Indigenous population to raise their educational practices to an internationally recognised benchmark. The research was aimed at providing insights into the distinctiveness of this group of women from their social and educational perspectives, and provides an alternative view of Emirati women, altogether different from the media stereotypes which have largely become accepted as representations of Arab women. It offers educators and researchers a deeper understanding of the relevant issues, and challenges preconceptions of educated women’s contribution to the workforce in a 21st century Gulf Arab nation. The experiences articulated about their educational encounters in a variety of pre-university environments, their reflections on contemporary university life, and the impact of Westernised influences on higher education in the UAE are put under the spotlight. This qualitative study was undertaken within a constructivist, interpretive paradigm. A total of 43 media students were surveyed and interviewed to understand more about their attitudes and opinions on education and culture. Areas under consideration related to educational environments, learning styles and students’ relationships with teachers, as well as matters relating to cultural identity, cultural sensitivity and gender capital. The analysis extends the sparse knowledge and prevailing attitudes about Arab women held by many Western nations, and unearthed important factors, such as alignment of choosing a university with the established ethos of a conservative religious society. High school experiences, critical thinking, and English language skills all affected success at university. Emirati dress code was seen as an issue of personal choice and encapsulated Emirati identity, while being covered was not regarded as subjugation but as an expression of distinctiveness and leadership. Approval, deference and respect for the family underpinned most decisions about educational preferences and career choices. Attitudes towards financial recompense, job selection, finding a satisfactory work/life balance to sustain a traditional lifestyle and participate in the economic development of the UAE, were all pertinent considerations for this group of undergraduate women. This research argues that higher education and Emirati culture are intrinsically linked, and the relationship between these two tenets influences the perspectives, and opinions of Indigenous undergraduate Arab women enrolled in a media course. In highlighting the experiences of women’s transition from higher education to achieving personal goals and becoming effective members of the workforce, the thesis challenges preconceived opinions of educators and external agencies. In the UAE, the result has been significant societal change due to economic development, higher education and the national desire to create a workforce of highly educated females. Nevertheless, these changes are inherently directed by the powerful yet subtle influences of this traditional society, and how far female graduates will go to alter their familiar way of life.

Vilken påverkan sociala medier har på konsumenter finns idag etablerat, men vilken påverkan influencers specifikt har på konsumentens köpprocess är ett outforskat område. Därmed är syftet med studien att undersöka vilken påverkan influencers har på konsumenters köpprocess. Studien redogör för influencerns roll i konsumentens köpprocess och hur viktigt det är för konsumenten att känna någon form av relation och trovärdighet till denne för att kunna påverkas till köp. De teoretiska modeller som applicerats på resultatet är köpprocessen och Black Box modellen som berör själva processen och The Big Five modellen som berör individen, det vill säga konsumenten. Studien har en tvärsnittsdesign och består av både online enkäter och intervjuer, av orsaken att tillföra både bredd och djup till undersökningen. Studiens primära målgrupp är svenska män och kvinnor i åldrarna 18-30. Enkäten besvarades av 150 respondenter och intervjun bestod av nio deltagare. Ur resultatet framkommer det att konsumenten använder sig av influencers främst i köpprocessen andra och tredje steg, detta bygger på trovärdighet och relation, där konsumenten ser influencern som ett givet hjälpmedel. Det framkommer även att influencers både har en direkt och indirekt påverkan på konsumenten då många respondenter medger att de någon gång genomfört ett köp på grund av något de sett i social media eller att influencern sått ett frö för framtida köp. Studiens resultat bidrar med riktlinjer för hur modeföretag kan optimera sin marknadskommunikation genom influencers i sociala medier för att påverka konsumenter till köp. Studiens resultat bidrar till forskningen då influencerns påverkan på konsumenten belyses samt vilka faktorer som är avgörande under köpprocessens gång. Studien består av svenska deltagare och är begränsad till Sverige.<br>The effect that social media has on consumers is an established area, but the effect that influencers have on consumers and their buying process has yet to be discovered. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the effect that influencers have on consumers buying process. The study describes the role of the influencer in the consumers buying process and the importance credibility and relation has for further impact on intention to buy. The theoretical models that were applied to the result were the consumer buying process and the Black Box model that refer to the process and The Big Five model which refers to the individual, i.e the consumer. The study has a cross-sectional design and implies both online surveys and structured interviews. The primary target group consists of Swedish men and women, ages 18- 30. The Survey was answered by 150 respondents and the interviews had nine participants. The result shows that consumers use influencers in the consumer buying process, mainly in the second and third step. This is built on credibility and a relation where the consumer sees the influencer a given tool in the process. It appears that influencers have a direct and indirect influence on the consumer since a majority of respondents admit to making a purchase because of a post they saw on social media, but also admit to the possibility of influencers planting a seed for future purchases. The result of the study contributes with guidelines for fashion companies on how to optimize their marketing communication through influencers on social media to stimulate consumers to purchase. The result of the study also contributes to research by representing influencers impact on consumers and establishes the crucial factors during the consumer buying process. The study is limited to Swedish participants and was conducted in Sweden. The study is written in Swedish.

<p>The present study concerns cross-linguistic influence in the spoken French of multilingual learners. The main purpose is to investigate to what degree, and in what manner, previously acquired languages (L1, L2(s)) influence the target language, L3. Given the fact that the study only concerns spoken interlanguage, it makes use of a psycholinguistic perspective, which takes models of oral production into account.</p><p>The analysis is divided into two main parts. The first concerns the oral production of 30 Swedish learners of French, who fall into three groups according to their previous exposure to French: beginners, secondary school students and university students. The results show that proficiency in the L3 is crucial in at least two ways. First, there is a correlation between the level of proficiency in the L3 and the number of instances of cross-linguistic influence in that the least advanced learners produce the highest number of cross-linguistic lexemes, whereas the most advanced learners produce the lowest number. Second, the level of proficiency in the L3 is decisive for the number of background languages (L1, L2) used during oral production in L3: the lower the proficiency in the L3, the more background languages are used, and vice versa.</p><p>The second part of the analysis contains six case studies of learners with partly different L1s and L2s. It focuses on the roles of the background languages during conversation in L3 and on the factors contributing to the attribution of these roles. The results point at both similarities and differences between the learners with respect to the roles of the background languages. A result common to all the learners is the use of Swedish L1/L2 and English L1 as an instrumental language, i.e. a language used rather strategically with a communicative purpose. The use of these languages in this function seems to be due to the fact that Swedish and English are shared languages between the learner and the interlocutor.</p>

Lobbying should be strictly regulated – that is the major finding of this thesis. The thesis presents many reasons to enact stricter regulations. The principle one being that, as lightly regulated as it is, lobbying is corroding democracy in both Canada and the United States. The thesis opens with a deep investigation of how lobbying works in both countries. There are examples taken from the literature, as well as original qualitative interviews of Canadian lobbyists, former politicians, and officials. Together, these make it clear that there is an intimate relationship between lobbying and campaign financing. The link between the two is sufficiently tight that lobbying and campaign financing should be considered mirrors of each other for the purposes of regulatory design and constitutional jurisprudence. They both have large impacts on government decision-making. Left lightly regulated, lobbying and campaign financing erode the processes of democracy, damage policy-making, and feed an inequality spiral into plutocracy. These have become major challenges of our time. The thesis examines the lobbying regulations currently in place. It finds the regulatory systems of both countries wanting. Since stricter regulation is required to protect democracy and equality, the thesis considers what constitutional constraints, if any, would stand in the way. This, primarily, is a study of how proposed stronger lobbying regulations would interact with the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, s. 2 (free expression and association rights) and s. 3 (democratic rights). The principal findings are that legislation which restricted lobbying as proposed would probably be upheld by the Canadian court, but struck down by the American court, due to differences in their constitutional jurisprudence. The thesis contends that robust lobbying regulations would align with Canadian Charter values, provide benefits to democracy, improve government decision-making, increase equality, and create more room for citizen voices. The thesis concludes with a set of proposed principles for lobbying reform and an evaluation of two specific reforms: limits on business lobbying and funding for citizen groups. Although the thesis focuses on Canadian and American lobbying regulations, its lessons are broadly applicable to any jurisdiction that is considering regulating lobbying.

In recent years, the consequences of global warming have increased the discussion about the climate impact caused by humans and the fossil emissions. Sweden has decided to reduce the negative climate impact with a zero vision for the fossil carbon dioxide emissions in year 2045. In order to achieve this, great efforts and changes are needed both in the inhabitants' way of living but primarily in the base industry. The major cause is the use of fossil coal, which generates fossil carbon dioxide in the steel industry in particular. The fossil coal is added to the blast furnace in the steel process in forms of coke and coal, which reduces the iron and emits heat. The quality of the coke is important as it functions reducing agent, provides a mechanical support to the bed and enables the gas flow up through the blast furnace and enables dissolution of carbon in hot metal. Also, coke supplies energy from exothermic reactions between carbon and carbon dioxide that takes part in the blast furnace and the energy are further used for the heating and melting of the cold iron pellets. Due to these factors, the blast furnace process is dependent on coke for its function, which means that the entire process must be replaced if the steel production should work without fossil coal. However, there are many studies that have been done on how to replace some of the fossil coal with bio-coal, which is produced from biomass. If some of the fossil coal could be replaced by some bio-coal, this would mean that fossil carbon dioxide emissions would decrease and lead to a reduced climate impact. The process would still generate carbon dioxide, but on the other hand, a cycle would be formed because when biomass is grown, carbon dioxide is taken up, e.g. by the trees grown for this purpose. However, bio-coal does not have the same properties as fossil coal, which in turn affects the quality of the coke. Bio-coke is more reactive and more porous than fossil coke. In order to be able to replace fossil coke with bio-coke, it is likely necessary to pre-treat the biocoal before it replaces part of the fossil coal in the coke production. Bio-coal contains ash that acts as an internal catalyst. One theory is that if it is possible to produce a bio-coal with ash-free carbon structure, it can be used in the production of coke without having such a great effect on the coke quality. In this project, the ash's impact on the properties of bio-coal in coke was studied. Previous studies have shown that leaching is an effective method for removing ash from bio-coal. It can be leached in three different ways, either with water, weak acid or acid. However, it has been found that acid leaching has a certain impact on the carbon structure itself. For this reason, two types of bio-coal, torrefied Grot (forest residue) and torrefied sawdust were selected, which were leached both with water but also with weak acid in order to achieve an ash-reduced carbon structure. The acid selected was acetic acid, as it has been tested for similar purposes in previous studies. The leaching efficiency was evaluated by analysing the leachate with ICP-OES after leaching. According to the result, a significant part of the ash had been leached out, but the leaching with weak acid was much more effective than water leaching. To ensure that the carbon structure was not altered, light-optical microscopy was made which showed that the structure was intact. However, it was not possible to determine whether the pore sizes were changed after leaching and it is therefore relevant to investigate this further. Moreover, the leached II bio-coal replaced 5% of the fossil coal in the coal mixture for coke making. In addition to this, coke was also made with only the ash from the two bio-coals to see what effect the ash has on the coke quality. The result that was obtained from the TGA showed that the ash had a low impact on the reactivity of the coke. However, the coal structure of the coke had a great impact on the reactivity behaviour. Keywords: Bio-coke, bio-coal, leaching, ash, coke quality, carbon structures, torrefied sawdust

The experiments that makeup this dissertation are designed to test the theory that the hippocampus functions as a path integrator of optic, vestibular, and ambulatory self-motion information. Hippocampal neural recordings were made in eight subjects during manipulation of the self-motion cues. In the first experiment, rats were trained to drive a car between physical locations on a circular track, thereby eliminating ambulatory self-motion signals. This manipulation resulted in a multitude of changes in hippocampal neural activity. The spatial information content and firing rate of CA 1 pyramidal cells, the power of the hippocampal theta rhythm with its first harmonic, and the modulation of single-unit firing by the theta rhythm were significantly reduced, but not entirely eliminated, when ambulatory cues were eliminated. The amplitude of one of the two hypothesized current generators of the rhythm is shown to be dependent on the ambulatory velocity of the animal. Higher velocities were associated with more prominent "shoulders" in the theta wave. During driving, the theta wave was similar in shape and amplitude to the theta wave obtained during low (near 0)-velocity walking. The results indicate that distance information from locomotor activity is represented in the hippocampal theta rhythm and the firing rates of CAI pyramidal cells. In the second experiment, the entire maze was rotated around the animal during driving, a condition simulating movement optically when the animal was, in fact, stationary. Under these conditions, place specificity and firing rate were further reduced compared to the car driving condition. The theta rhythm that remained after the elimination of ambulatory cues was not affected by the additional elimination of vestibular self-motion cues. Overall, the data suggest that directional information from the vestibular system and distance information from ambulation are integrated in the hippocampal ensemble code for space. Thus, the results are consistent with a role of the hippocampus in path integration.

Aspects of thermal convection in the Earth's fluid core in the presence of a strong azimuthal magnetic field may be understood by considering a horizontal plane layer, rotating about the vertical z axis, with gravity acting downwards and containing an applied magnetic field aligned in the y (azimuthal) direction. Since the OMB is not smooth, the effects of adding bumps (with axes perpendicular to the applied magnetic field) to the top boundary of the layer are investigated in the magnetogeostrophic limit. The arbitrary geostrophic flow that arises under this limit is evaluated using a modified Taylor constraint. The bumps distort the isotherms so that they are not aligned with equipotential surfaces, leading to an imperfect configuration. This means that a hydrostatic balance is not possible, and motion ensues. This motion takes the form of a steady transverse convection roll, with axis parallel to the bumps. The roll exists for all values of the Rayleigh number, except that value for which the corresponding homogeneous problem in the standard plane layer has a solution. The roll obeys Taylor's constraint, and has no associated geostrophic flow. The stability of this roll to perturbation by oblique rolls (which are preferred for 0(1) values of the Elsasser number) is considered. It is found that the most unstable linear mode consists of a pair of these oblique rolls, aligned so that no geostrophic flow is accelerated by their interaction with the basic state. Hence, the stability results obtained here are identical to those found by perturbing the hydrostatic conduction solution with oblique rolls in the standard layer. Finally, the nonlinear evolution through the Ekman regime of these linear instabilities is considered. It is found that the nonlinear convection behaves similarly to mean field dynamo models which incorporate a geostrophic nonlinearity. Various types of Ekman solution are found, and evolution to Taylor states is observed.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, School of Optometry, 2009.<br>Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Jul 20, 2010). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-12, Section: B, page: 7503. Adviser: Stephen A. Burns.

<p>There is no reason to refuse the fact that, in the coming years, Europe is going to face a new wave of immigration. The birth rate is in decline and life expectancy in the European continent is higher than before. As a consequence, there are two major problems: a shortage of labour and the financing of the pensions (Kohler, Billari & Ortega, 2002). World Bank warns European Union that for stabilizing the amount of working age population in 2050 like in 1995, would involve a net migration of 79 million within the EU25. There should be new flow of immigration. As a consequence, the phenomenon combines immigration and entrepreneurship will be vital for countries’ future growth within Europe. However, consider Sweden as the area of study by combining the immigration entrepreneurship study and business start-up abroad. Therefore, the questions of why the entrepreneurs choose to go to other countries for business venture and why they choose Sweden as the host country become a topic to study in this research paper.</p><p>The purpose of the research is going to find out the motivations for the initiative of entrepreneurial immigrants’ choice of Sweden as a host country. In order to find the result for the purpose, the research chose to use an inductive and exploratory approach to find out why those entrepreneurial immigrants indented to come to establish business in Sweden. Those reasons were investigated from previous research; experts working with foreigners who arrived in Sweden for business purpose, and the entrepreneurial immigrants who arrived in Sweden for new ventures. The data collection based on a qualitative method. According to the research purpose, the theories were chosen in the field of migration and entrepreneurship. Determinants of immigration and entrepreneurship were listed and explained. Based on the interview, information was categorized with the determinants listed in the theoretical frame work.</p><p>Based on the analysis, the empirical information shows that entrepreneurs came to Sweden not only for business reasons. All of the Local Development Managers and entrepreneurs interviewed considered that entrepreneurial immigrants chose to create business in Sweden with immigration purpose. However, if we want to apply this result to all entrepreneurial immigrants, further quantitative study would be required.</p>

Purpose. The objective of the thesis was to examine the role of nonthermal regulatory influences on thermoregulatory responses during the postexercise period. Specifically, study #1 examined the effect of head down tilt (HDT), and by extension the role of baroreceptors, on prolonged postexercise heat loss and hemodynamic responses in males. Study #2 examined the effect of 15&deg; HDT on cardiovascular and thermal responses in females. In particular the role of baroreceptors on cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) and sweating during extended recovery from dynamic exercise. Study #3 examined the effect of exercise intensity on hemodynamic and thermal responses in females. Methods. Study #1 and #2- seven male subjects and seven females subjects respectively, performed the following three experimental protocols: (1) 60 min in the upright-seated (URS) posture followed by 60 min in the 15&deg; head-down tilt position (HDT); (2) 15 min of cycle ergometry at 75% of their pre-determined V&dot;O2 peak followed by 60 min recovery in the URS posture; or (3) 15 min of cycle ergometry at 75% of their pre-determined V&dot;O2peak followed by 60 min recovery in the 15&deg; HDT position. Study #3- Seven females subjects performed the following 3 experimental protocols on a cycle ergometer: exercise at (1) 85% V&dot;O2peak; (2) 75% V&dot;O 2peak; or (3) 55% of their pre determined V&dot;O2peak followed by 60 min recovery in the upright-seated position. Mean skin temperature (Tsk), esophageal temperature (Tes), skin blood flow (SkBF), sweat rate, cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), heart rate (HR), total peripheral resistance (TPR), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were measured in all three experiments. Results. Study #1- During recovery from exercise, a significantly greater MAP, SV, CVC and sweat rate and a significantly lower HR were found with HDT in comparison to URS posture (p&le;0.05). Subsequently a significantly lower Tes was observed with HDT after 15-min of recovery onwards (p&le;0.05). At the end of 60-min recovery, Tes remained significantly elevated above baseline with URS (p&le;0.05), however Tes returned to baseline with HDT. Study #2- During recovery from exercise, a significantly greater MAP, SV CVC and sweat rate and a significantly lower HR were found with HDT in comparison to URS recovery posture (P&le;0.05). Subsequently a significantly lower Tes was observed with HDT from 12-min till the end of the recovery period (P&le;0.05). At the end of 60-min recovery, Tes remained significantly elevated above baseline with URS recovery posture (P&le;0.05), however Tes returned to baseline with HDT. Study #3- as exercise intensity increased MAP, SV, sweating and CVC significantly decreased and HR significantly increased (P&le;0.05). Subsequently the magnitude and duration of Tes also increased with exercise intensity (P&le;0.05). At the end of 60-min recovery, Tes remained significantly elevated above baseline following exercise at 85% VO2peak and 75% VO 2peak (P&le;0.05) but returned to baseline values following exercise at 55% V&dot;O2peak (P&ge;0.05). Conclusion. Study #1&2- extended recovery from dynamic exercise in the 15&deg; HDT position attenuates the reduction in CVC and sweating thereby significantly increasing the rate of esophageal temperature decay compared to recovery in the URS posture. Study #3- in association with an increase in postexercise hypotension as exercise intensity increases esophageal temperature remains elevated for a prolonged period of time and CVC and sweat rate return to pre-exercise values more rapidly.

This thesis focuses on exploring Chinese outbound tourists' dining experiences in an overseas full-service restaurant context. An overseas country refers to a country outside mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Macau. The research problem sought to determine how core Chinese cultural values influence Chinese diners' service evaluations and customer loyalty in this context. Customer loyalty is evaluated from an attitudinal perspective, in relation to two groups of antecedents: core Chinese cultural values and service evaluations. Core cultural values are defined as the principles or standards that define the essence of a culture. Core Chinese cultural values within the current research context include face, trustworthiness and harmony. Service evaluation antecedents include customer satisfaction, service quality, and service value.<br>Thesis (PhD Doctorate)<br>Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)<br>Griffith Business School<br>Griffith Business School<br>Full Text

The enrichment of alkali in the blast furnace has been proven to be a catalyst of coke gasification and is thus a key parameter in the degradation of coke. Alkali also directly destroys the carbon structure, increases the risk of scaffold formation, increases the load and attacks the refractory. It is thus important to decrease the recirculation of alkali in the blast furnace and the gasification of coke to ensure sufficient strength of the coke. The aim of the present study was to examine possible ways of alkali control in the blast furnace. This was done by investigating if coke with a modified ash composition contributed to a higher capacity of binding alkali in stable phases, which can be drained via the slag. This would decrease the recirculation of alkali in the blast furnace and prohibit coke degradation. Two campaigns were studied to determine the distribution of alkali in the shaft when the charging differed, this to improve the understanding of alkali control in the blast furnace with respect to the charging practice. Three different test cokes were produced in pilot scale with a mineral addition of kaolin, silica or bauxite. The test cokes were together with base coke used as a reference, charged in baskets to LKAB’s Experimental Blast Furnace (EBF) at the end of a campaign. When the campaign was finished the EBF was quenched with nitrogen and the charged baskets were excavated. The influence of alkali on coke with a modified ash composition was examined with XRF, XRD, SEM-EDS and TGA. This was done in order to confirm any difference between the test cokes and the base coke in terms of chemical composition, phases in the coke ash, degree of graphitisation and reactivity. The results showed that the base coke in most cases had collected more alkali compared to the test coke with a mineral addition of kaolin and silica. For the test coke with addition of bauxite the alkali content was higher in three out of four samples compared with the corresponding base coke. Unreacted grains with bauxite were detected, which indicates that bauxite was completely or partly inactive in the capturing of alkali. All aluminosilicates detected in the coke samples contained alkali, which indicates that aluminosilicates contributes in the capturing of alkali in the EBF. The main mineral phases containing potassium in the coke were kalsilite, leucite and other aluminosilicates with varying alkali content. The carbon conversion and thus the reactivity increased with the alkali content in both the test coke and the base coke. The reactivity of the test coke was thus not decreased due to the mineral addition. No indications of an increased capacity of capturing alkali in stable phases could be seen in the test cokes, this could be due to the low amount of minerals added. The uptake of alkali in the different coke types was dependent of the horizontal and vertical position in the EBF, and thus the conditions the baskets had been exposed to and the distribution of alkali within the EBF. It was concluded that the charging had an impact on the alkali distribution in the EBF. During campaign 31 the alkali content was more evenly distributed over the horizontal section in the upper part of the furnace, in the lower shaft the alkali content increased towards the centre. During campaign 32 the alkali content was increasing towards the walls in shaft of the EBF. The content of alkali in the lower shaft was higher during campaign 32 compared with campaign 31.

This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.<br>Bachelors<br>Arts and Sciences<br>English Literature

Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2015.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 119-135).<br>This dissertation contributes to three unresolved problems in planetary science regarding potential dynamo action in asteroids, the Moon, and Mars. First, we examine the physical processes active during asteroid core crystallization. We model inward crystallization as well as crystal settling and the compaction of a possible cumulate inner core. We then explore the potential strength and longevity of a dynamo in the planetesimal's early history. We find that cumulate inner core solidification would be capable of sustaining a dynamo during the bulk of solidification, but that there may be insufficient power for a dynamo in an inward dendritic solidification scenario. Next, we explore the origin of the magnetic field recorded in the lunar crust. Evidence suggests a core dynamo existed from 4.2 to 3.56 Ga, and possibly until near present day. Seismic measurements indicate the lunar core is partially solidified. Latent heat and concentrated light elements at the interface of a solidifying inner core could drive outer core convection. We demonstrate that core solidification can account for the observationally inferred duration of the lunar dynamo. However, it cannot explain the magnitude of the recorded magnetic field. A dynamo may also stop and restart due to heat flow fluctuations as convective vigor falls below the threshold for dynamo action. Finally, we examine the early history of the Martian mantle. The solidification of a magma ocean may result in an unstable density profile prone to overturn. A long-wavelength instability could play a role in the stark contrasts observed between the northern and southern hemispheres of Mars, including the dichotomy in crustal thickness and magnetization. However, we find that cumulate overturn in the Martian scenario would likely have occurred with short wavelengths. In an isoviscous model, thermal convection ensues rapidly after overturn; however, when viscosity is temperature dependent, compositional stability suppresses the onset of convection.<br>by Aaron Lewis Scheinberg.<br>Ph. D.

In blast furnace ironmaking, efforts are made to decrease the coke consumption mainly by increasing the pulverized coal injection rate. This will cause changes in in-furnace reduction conditions, burden distribution and demands on raw material strength, etc. In order to maintain stable operation and minimize material losses through the off-gas, it is important to understand fines generation and behaviour in the blast furnace. The strength and reactivity of coke at high temperature, measured by the Coke Strength after Reaction (CSR) and Coke Reactivity Index (CRI), have been studied. Mechanisms of disintegration were evaluated using basket samples charged into the LKAB Experimental Blast Furnace (EBF) prior to quenching and dissection. Coke charged into basket samples was analysed with CSR/CRI tests and compared with treated coke from the blast furnace. Results from tumbling tests, chemical analyses of coarse and fine material, as well as Light Optical Microscope (LOM) studies of original and treated coke have been combined and evaluated. The results indicate a correlation between the ash composition and CSR values. Differences in the texture of the coke were determined with LOM, and a change in the coke texture during the CSR/CRI test conditions was found. The results suggest that the main reaction between coke and CO2 during the solution loss reaction took place in isotropic areas, which was especially pronounced in coke with a low CSR. Signs of degradation were apparent throughout the coke pieces that have undergone CSR/CRI testing, but were less observable in coke reacted in the blast furnace. The results indicate that the solution loss reaction was generally limited by the chemical reaction rate in the CSR/CRI test, while in the blast furnace the reaction is limited by the diffusion rate. Coke degradation is therefore mostly restricted to the coke surface in the blast furnace. At a later EBF campaign, off-gas dust and shaft fines were sampled during operation with different iron-bearing materials. EBF process data were used to evaluate the relationship between off-gas dust amounts and furnace conditions. Characterization was focused on fines from coke, iron-bearing materials and slag formers. The graphitization degree (Lc value) of coke taken out of the EBF shaft and coke in flue dust was determined in order to trace the fines generation position. The results showed that flue dust, mainly &lt;0.5 mm, was mechanically formed and created in the same manner for all investigated samples. Carbon-containing particles dominated in the fractions &gt;0.075 mm and consisted mainly of coke particles originating from the shaft. Solution loss in the shaft had a negligible effect on coke degradation and the coke particles which ended up in the flue dust were mainly derived from abrasion at low temperatures. Sludge consisted mainly of chemically formed spherical particles &lt;1μm formed in the blast furnace high-temperature area and then precipitated from the ascending gas as the temperature decreased. The amount of alkali and SiO2 in sludge increased with higher pulverized coal injection rates and flame temperatures, which confirmed that submicron spherical particles in sludge originated from the high-temperature area around the raceway. Theoretical critical particle diameters of materials, which could be blown out with the off-gas, were estimated. Flow conditions in the top of the shaft as well as the properties of fine particles in terms of size and density are important when outflow of mechanical dust, such as flue dust, is concerned. Low off-gas temperatures, and thus lower off-gas velocities, are desirable for blast furnace operation with low amounts of flue dust.<br><p>Godkänd; 2010; 20100504 (lunmar); LICENTIATSEMINARIUM Ämnesområde: Processmetallurgi/Process Metallurgy Examinator: Professor Bo Björkman, Luleå tekniska universitet Diskutant: Docent Bo Lindblom, LKAB Tid: Tisdag den 8 juni 2010 kl 13.00 Plats: F531, Luleå tekniska universitet</p>

Le droit civil belge constitue un exemple à la fois typique et singulier de la réception du modèle français. La Belgique a conservé le Code civil des français implanté pendant la période d'occupation napoléonienne, et en dépit des différentes modifications législatives intervenues depuis lors, de nombreux articles des codes civils belge et français demeurent rigoureusement identiques, mintenus intacts dans leur version de 1804. Depuis ce transfert de droit, les juristes belges ont maintenu un lien étroit avec le modèle français, si on songe aux enprunts d'importance à la jurisprudence et à la doctrine françaises dans l'interprétation du Code civil belge. L'exemple belge apparait ainsi comme le terrain idéal d'investigation, pour saisir l'impact de la tradition juridique française sur un système juridique étranger ; cerner les contours de la relation droit modèle, droit "récepteur".

The goal of this paper was to investigate if code-switching is a beneficial language strategy pertaining to pupils’ oral language development. Moreover, the purpose was to examine what teachers need to consider when they use the pupils’ first language in the classroom. Previous studies are in conflict of whether or not code-switching is a useful language strategy and also of how it should be used in the language classroom. This synthesis attempted to answer if code-switching support oral language development in the second language (L2) classroom in secondary school in Sweden and what needs to be considered when using code-switching in an educational context. The results suggested that low-proficiency learners benefit from first language (L1) usage, whereas high-proficiency students seem to both prefer and benefit more from an English-only classroom. Findings also propose that maximum exposure of the target language (TL) is to be preferred, as long as it is not too difficult for pupils to comprehend. Together, these findings suggest that teachers’ and pupils’ usage of code-switching can be a beneficial language strategy, but that it is crucial for teachers to know their pupils’ language level and when to use code-switching.

L'objectif de ce travail est la preparation de catalyseurs ptre/al#2o#3 de reformage par reaction d'oxydoreduction de surface, entre l'hydrogene adsorbe sur le catalyseur parent (pt/al#2o#3) et le rhenium introduit sous forme de sel, afin de favoriser l'interaction entre les deux metaux. Cette technique, appelee reduction catalytique, permet de deposer des quantites importantes de rhenium sous hydrogene. La cinetique de depot du rhenium depend de differents parametres tels que la nature de l'acide, la pression en hydrogene ou la taille des cristallites du catalyseur parent. Un depot optimal apparait en fonction de la concentration en acide. La methode de preparation par reduction catalytique conduit a une forte interaction entre le platine et le rhenium superieure, a celle obtenue par co-impregnation ou impregnations successives; une calcination prealable lors de l'activation des catalyseurs detruit partiellement cette interaction. La desactivation des catalyseurs ptre par depot de coke depend des conditions operatoires et du degre d'interaction entre les metaux. Une interaction plus forte entraine une diminution des depots carbones. Les differences de comportement des catalyseurs sont plus remarquables apres sulfuration: a pression atmospherique, le coke est plus toxique sur ptre/al#2o#3 que sur pt/al#2o#3, la toxicite augmentant avec le degre d'interaction entre les metaux. En revanche, les catalyseurs ptre/al#2o#3 prepares par reduction catalytique sont les moins sensibles sous une pression de travail plus elevee, la quantite et la toxicite du carbone etant plus faibles

The iron-group metals and alloys are of interest because of their excellent soft magnetic properties. They have found a wide application field in the storage technology, especially for reading/writing elements in the hard drive head, and in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Especially the CoFe system, which possesses the highest, among others, saturation magnetisation of 2.45 T and a relatively low coercivity of about 2×10^-5 T, is of interest. These properties are crucial for the further development in the storage technology. Electrodeposition is a very promising alternative to the physical vapour deposition techniques (PVD) to produce soft magnetic layers and microstructures. The advantage of electrodeposition in comparison to PVD processes is the fact that it is an inexpensive method. Moreover, electrodeposition is the most appropriate process for the writing head fabrication since it allows to deposit high aspect ratio layers with a thickness ranging from a few monolayers up to more than 1 um onto a complex geometry substrate. A superposition of an external magnetic field during the electrodeposition can affect the deposit properties. Mainly the morphology of the deposited layers is influenced. This is mostly caused by the Lorentz force driven convection, i.e. the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effect. Whilst the knowledge of uniform external magnetic field effects on the electrodeposition of single metals has been greatly improved during the past decade, an alloy deposition is still a challenging task. Due to a lack of understanding of mechanisms of a magnetic field impact on the deposition of CoFe alloys and their technological importance a detailed investigation is of demand. The aim of this work is to analyse in detail the effects induced by a homogeneous magnetic field with different strength and relative to the electrode surface orientation on the electrodeposition of thin CoFe alloy films of different composition. This study is divided into three major parts: an analysis of the electrochemical behaviour (1), nucleation and growth processes (2) and the determination of the morphology and the physical properties of the deposited layers (3). 1. A detailed analysis of the electrochemical processes is performed. The influence of the magnetic field with respect to its flux density and relative to the electrode surface orientation on the reactions rates has been investigated. A special attention has been given to the side reactions accompanying the metal reduction, i.e. the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Which has a significant impact on the layer’s properties. It has been shown that the electrochemical reaction rates are improved in the parallel to the electrode magnetic field due to the classical MHD effect. On the contrary, in the perpendicular to the electrode magnetic field nearly no effect on the metal reduction is observed, whilst the HER rate is significantly increased. The reason of that is seen in the improved desorption of hydrogen bubbles from the electrode surface due to a localized convection in a bubble vicinity, the so called micro- MHD effect. Moreover, the additional convection introduced by a magnetic field, regardless of its relative to the electrode surface orientations, leads to a reduced interface pH value. This, in turn, results in an improved layer quality, i.e. the hydroxides precipitation is inhibited. 2. The nucleation and the very beginning of the layer growth are of particular importance for thin film deposition. Since the deposit properties are determined by these processes an extensive study of the very initial stages of electrocrystallisation is presented. This was performed by an analysis of the current density vs. time transients. It was found that the nucleation behaviour can be altered by a magnetic field. The changes in the nucleation behaviour have been studied on the basis of theoretical models by an current density-time transients analysis. Regardless of the electrolyte chemistry, the magnetic field strength, and its relative to the electrode orientation, similar features in the current density-time transients have been observed. The nucleation and growth are characterised by a layer-by-layer mode. The first nucleation and growth step at the very beginning of the potential step has been attributed to the 2D (most probably epitaxial) layer formation (up to a few monolayers), which was found unaffected by a magnetic field superposition. The 2D step is then followed by the next nucleation and growth step indicated by the occurrence of a maximum in the current density-time transients. This is attributed to the nucleation and 3D diffusion controlled growth and is altered by a magnetic field applied in the parallel-to-electrode configuration. The experimental dependencies have been examined by known theoretical models. This analysis revealed that the superposition of the parallel magnetic field leads to a retardation of the steady state nucleation rate (AN0) due to the MHD effect acting in the electrolyte. A qualitative model was proposed in order to explain this phenomenon. In contrast, the perpendicular to the electrode magnetic field does not change the nucleation behaviour. However, the growth mode of the layer is remarkably changed, i.e. a columnar growth is observed. 3. The magnetic field impact on the electrochemical reaction rates, on the desorption of hydrogen from the electrode surface, and on the nucleation behaviour has strong consequences for the resulting layer characteristics. This can be summarized as follows: • The most pronounced effect is noticed for the morphology of the layers. The quality of the layers deposited in a magnetic field, irrespective of its relative to the electrode orientation, is strongly improved. The reason of this is an enhanced desorption of hydrogen from the electrode surface. As a result large holes left by hydrogen bubbles observed for the layers deposited without a field disappear for the layers deposited under the influence of a magnetic field. The layers deposited under an influence of the parallel to the electrode magnetic field appear denser and more homogeneous than the ones obtained without a magnetic field. On the contrary, the layers deposited in the perpendicular to the electrode magnetic field appeared more diverse. The most remarkable effect has been observed for the layers deposited from the Fe and the CoFe(A) electrolyte in a perpendicular magnetic field where the grains tend to grow as separated columns in the direction of the magnetic field. A scaling analysis has revealed a smoothing effect of a parallel magnetic field manifested in a reduced value of the roughness exponent in comparison to the layers deposited without a magnetic field. On the contrary, the roughness exponent has increased for the layers obtained in the perpendicular to the electrode magnetic field, i.e. a roughening effect of the perpendicular magnetic field is observed. • No magnetic field effects neither on the crystal structure nor on the texture of the deposits have been observed. All layers irrespective of the deposition parameters develop a fibre texture. Nevertheless, the internal stress state of the deposited layers is affected by a magnetic field. A magnetic field applied during the deposition of alloy layers from buffered electrolytes, irrespective of its relative to the electrode orientation, reduces the internal stress of the layer. This effect is attributed to an improved desorption of hydrogen from the electrode surface, which is observed under the influence of a magnetic field. • The chemical composition of the deposited alloy layers, irrespective of the deposition parameters, is unchanged by magnetic fields. • The magnetic properties of the deposits are found to be affected by a magnetic field applied during the deposition. These effects are caused by microstructural changes induced by the magnetic field, i.e. the roughness of the layer, the internal stress state, and the chemical composition of the deposit. A good correlation between the coercivity and the roughness is found. Moreover, an in-plane magnetic anisotropy is observed in the alloy layers deposited under the influence of the parallel to the electrode magnetic field, where, according to the XRD investigations, isotropic properties were expected. The origin of this phenomenon is seen in a preferential same atom couples formation in the magnetic field direction<br>Metalle und Legierungen der Eisengruppe sind von großem Interesse insbesondere wegen ihrer exzellenten weichmagnetischen Eigenschaften. Ein breites Anwendungsgebiet liegt in der Speichertechnologie, sie finden vorrangig Einsatz in Lese- und Schreibköpfen und in mikroelektromechanischen Systemen (MEMS). Besonders das CoFe-System, das u.a. die höchste Sättigungsmagnetisierung von 2,45 T bei einer relativ niedrigen Koerzitivfeldstärke von ca. 2×10^-5 T aufweist, ist interessant für zukünftige Entwicklungen in der Speichertechnologie. Im Vergleich zu physikalischen Abscheideverfahren, wie PVD (physical vapor deposition) ist die Elektrokristallisation eine einfache und preiswerte Alternative zur Herstellung von weichmagnetischen Schichten und Strukturen, die sich im Herstellungsprozess von Schreib-und Leseköpfen durchgesetzt hat. Es ist möglich Schichten und komplexe geometrische Strukturen mit einer Stärke von einigen Monolagen bis zu mehr als 1µm und in hohen Aspektverhältnissen abzuscheiden. Durch Überlagerung von externen Magnetfeldern während der Elektrodeposition können die Eigenschaften und insbesondere die Morphologie der Schichten signifikant beeinflusst werden. Die Ursache dafür besteht im Wesentlichen in der durch Lorentzkräfte angetriebenen Konvektion, die als magnetohydrodynamische Konvektion (MHD) bezeichnet wird. Während im letzten Jahrzehnt durch grundlegende Untersuchungen der Kenntnisstand bezüglich der elektrochemischen Abscheidung einzelner Metalle in überlagerten Magnetfeldern vertieft wurde, ist das Verständnis zum Mechanismus der Legierungsabscheidung wenig erforscht und eine Herausforderung. Es besteht kaum Kenntnis zum Mechanismus der CoFe Abscheidung unter dem Einfluss externer Magnetfelder und deren Bedeutung für technologische Prozesse. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, den Einfluss homogener Magnetfelder unterschiedlicher Stärke und Orientierung bezüglich der Elektrodenoberfläche während der Elektrokristallisation von CoFe Legierungen unterschiedlicher Zusammensetzung zu untersuchen und die magnetfeldinduzierten Effekte detailliert und grundlegend zu analysieren. Die Arbeit ist in drei wesentliche Abschnitte gegliedert, (1) die Analyse des elektrochemischen Verhaltens, (2) die Untersuchung von Keimbildungs- und Wachstumsprozessen, (3) die Charakterisierung der Morphologie und der physikalischen Eigenschaften der Schichten. 1. Die elektrochemischen Prozesse und Abscheideraten wurden in Abhängigkeit von der magnetischen Flussdichte und Orientierung bezüglich der Elektrodenanordnung detailliert analysiert. Besondere Berücksichtigung fand die die Metallabscheidung begleitende Nebenreaktion, die Wasserstoffreduktion (HER), die signifikant die Eigenschaften der Schichten beeinflusst. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Rate der Metallabscheidung in einem Magnetfeld, welches parallel zur Elektrode ausgerichtet ist, erhöht wird, was auf den klassischen MHD-Effekt zurückzuführen ist, der im Elektrolyten eine Strömung generiert. Im Gegensatz dazu wurde in einem homogenen Magnetfeld das senkrecht auf die Probe gerichtet ist, nahezu kein Einfluss auf die Reduktion der Metallionen gefunden, während die HER-Reaktion signifikant erhöht wird. Die Ursache ist in einer beschleunigten Desorption der Wasserstoffblasen von der Elektrodenoberfläche zu sehen, die durch lokale Konvektion in Blasennähe hervorgerufen und als mikro-MHD Effekt bezeichnet wird. Darüber hinaus bewirkt die magnetfeldinduzierte Konvektion unabhängig von der Magnetfeldorientierung einen geringeren Anstieg des oberflächennahen pH-Wertes. Das wiederum führt zu einer verbesserten Schichtqualität, da die spontane Bildung von Hydroxiden inhibiert wird. 2. Die Keimbildung und der Beginn des Schichtwachstums sind von besonderer Bedeutung für die Elektrokristallisation dünner Schichten, da die Schichteigenschaften wesentlich durch diese Prozesse bestimmt werden. Die Initialschritte der Elektrokristallisation wurden im Detail untersucht und dargestellt. Die Analyse erfolgt auf der Grundlage von Stromdichte-Zeit-Transienten. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass das Keimbildungsverhalten durch ein überlagertes Magnetfeld beeinflusst wird. Unabhängig von der Zusammensetzung des Elektrolyten, der magnetischen Flussdichte und der Orientierung zur Elektrodenoberfläche wurden vergleichbare Stromdichte-Zeit-Verläufe beobachtet. Keimbildung und Wachstum können durch einen Layer-by-Layer Modus charakterisiert werden. Der erste Keimbildungs- und Wachstumsschritt, der unmittelbar nach dem Anlegen des Abscheidepotentials stattfindet, ist durch eine 2D Schichtbildung (wahrscheinlich epitaktisch) gekennzeichnet, die zur Ausbildung von einigen Monolagen führt. Dieser Schritt wird durch ein äußeres Magnetfeld nicht beeinflusst. Dem 2D-Schritt folgen weitere Keimbildungs- und Wachstumsschritte, die durch ein Maximum im Stromdichte-Zeit-Transienten gekennzeichnet sind. Das Verhalten ist auf Keimbildung und 3D diffusionskontrollierte Wachstumsprozesse zurückzuführen und wird durch ein Magnetfeld parallel zur Elektrodenoberfläche beeinflusst. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse wurden mit Hilfe bekannter theoretischer Modelle analysiert. Es wurde gezeigt, dass die Überlagerung eines parallel zur Oberfläche angeordneten Magnetdfeldes zu einer Verringerung der stationären Keimbildungsrate (AN0) führt, was ebenfalls auf die Wirkung des MHD-Effektes zurückzuführen ist. In der Arbeit wird ein qualitatives Modell für die Legierungsabscheidung in einem überlagerten homogenen Magnetfeld vorgeschlagen, das die beobachteten Phänomene erklärt. Im Gegensatz dazu wurde in einem senkrecht zur Elektrodenoberfläche ausgerichteten Magnetfeld kein Einfluss auf den Keimbildungs- und Wachstumsmechanismus anhand der Stromdichte-Zeit-Transienten festgestellt. Trotzdem wird eine stark veränderte Schichtmorphologie, die ein kolumnares Kornwachstum zeigt, beobachtet. 3. Der Einfluss eines äußeren Magnetfeldes auf die elektrochemischen Abscheideraten, auf die Desorption von Wasserstoff von der Elektrodenoberfläche und auf das Keimbildungsverhalten hat Konsequenzen auf die Schichteigenschaften. Diese können wie folgt zusammengefasst werden: • Der Einfluss eines äußeren Magnetfeldes auf die Schichtmorphologie ist auffallend. Die Qualität der Schichten, die in einem Magnetfeld abgeschieden wurden, wird unabhängig von der Orientierung des Magnetfeldes zur Elektrodenoberfläche deutlich verbessert. Als Ursache ist die beschleunigte Desorption der Wassersoffblasen von der Elektrodenoberfläche anzusehen. Ohne äußeres Magnetfeld verbleiben große Defekte in Form von Löchern auf der Oberfläche, die durch anhaftende Wasserstoffblasen verursacht werden, die in einem überlagerten Magnetfeld nicht beobachtet werden. Schichten, die in einem Magnetfeld parallel zur Elektrodenoberfläche erhalten werden, sind dichter und homogener. Im Gegensatz dazu haben Schichten in einem senkrecht zur Oberfläche abgeschiedenen Magnetfeld eine mannigfaltige Morphologie. Schichten aus Fe und CoFe Legierungen mit einem hohen Eisenanteil wachsen in Form von separaten Körnern und Säulen in Richtung des senkrecht ausgerichteten Magnetfeldes. Mittels Scaling-Analyse wurden Rauhigkeitsexponeten ermittelt, die den glättenden Effekt eines parallel zur Elektrode ausgerichteten Magnetfeldes auf die Schichtmorphologie bestätigen im Vergleich zu Schichten, die ohne Magnetfeld abgeschieden wurden. Die Rauhigkeitsexponenten für Schichten, die in einem senkrecht ausgerichteten Magnetfeld abgeschieden wurden, sind hingegen deutlich erhöht. • Weder auf die kristallographische Struktur noch auf die Textur der Schichten konnte ein Einfluss des überlagerten Magnetfeldes nachgewiesen werden. Alle Schichten unabhängig von den Abscheidebedingungen weisen eine Fasertextur auf. Trotzdem konnte ein signifikanter Einfluss des Magnetfeldes auf die innere Spannung der Schichten bestätigt werden. Insbesondere vermindert sich die innere Spannung von Schichten unabhängig von der Orientierung des angelegten Magnetfeldes, die aus einem gepufferten Elektrolyten abgeschieden wurden. Die Ursache ist auch hier auf die verbesserte Desorption von Wasserstoff zurückzuführen. • Die chemische Zusammensetzung der Schicht wird für die untersuchten Systeme durch ein Magnetfeld nicht verändert. • Die magnetischen Eigenschaften der Schichten werden beeinflußt, wenn während der Elektrokristallisation ein Magnetfeld überlagert wird. Diese Effekte werden durch die mikrostrukturellen Veränderungen, die durch ein überlagertes Magnetfeld induziert werden verursacht, d.h. durch die Rauhigkeit der Schicht, die innere Schichtspannung und die chemische Zusammensetzung. Es wird eine gute Korrelation zwischen der Koerzitivfeldstärke und Rauhigkeit der Schichten gefunden. Darüber hinaus wurde eine in-plane Anisotropie beobachtet, wenn während der Elektrokristallisation ein Magnetfeld parallel zur Elektrodenoberfläche angelegt wurde, obwohl aus röntgenographischen Untersuchungen isotrope Eigenschaften erwartet wurden. Als Ursache für dieses Phänomen wird eine bevorzugten Ausbildung und Ausrichtung von gleichatomigen Paaren im Magnetfeld angenommen

Le travail réalisé est une contribution à l'analyse des écoulements réels dans des conduites de transport de gaz. La géométrie prise en compte est un coude à 90°, de section circulaire et de rapport rayon de courbure / diamètre de conduite égal à 1,5. Les trois approches complémentaires (expérimentale, numérique et théorique) ont permis d'étuider l'influence des conditions d'écoulement en entrée du coude sur l'écoulement résultant. Quatre types de conditions d'écoulement sont ainsi considérés (écoulement établi, écoulement en rotation centrée, écoulement axial dissymétrique et couplage rotation-dissymétrie). Le nombre de Reynolds basé sur la vitesse débitante et sur le diamètre de conduite est fixé à 100. 000. Les essais réalisés sur un banc hydraulique comprennent des mesures de vitesse par anémométrie Doppler Laser et des visualisations d'écoulement. Pour le calcul, le code industriel Fluent est utilisé. Pour un écoulement amont établi, les évolutions respectives des champs de pression, de vitesse axiale, de l'écoulement secondaire et de turbulence sont analysées en détail et caractérisées à l'aide de différents paramètres. Lorsque l'écoulement amont présente une rotation centrée, une intensité critique de giration est observée pour laquelle l'écoulement secondaire à l'aval du coude passe d'un régime à deux vortex contrarotatifs à un régime ne présentant plus qu'un seul tourbillon décentré. Pour un écoulement amont dissymétrique, l'influence de la position angulaire du maximum de vitesse par rapport au plan de symétrie du coude a été étudiée. Lorsque le maximum de vitesse axiale est placé dans le plan de symétrie du coude, la dissymétrie initiale se conjugue à la dissymétrie occasionnée par le coude. Par contre, si ce maximum est placé en dehors de ce plan, une rotation d'ensemble de l'écoulement est observée en aval du coude. Lorsque l'écoulement amont est à la fois dissymétrique et giratoire, les influences respectives de ces deux perturbations s'ajoutent ou se retranchent provoquant ainsi, en sortie, une augmentation ou une diminution de la rotation initiale pouvant aller jusqu'à son changement de signe. L'utilisation de la théorie de Kitoh permet de regrouper et d'expliquer les résultats complexes observés.

碩士<br>國立臺南藝術大學<br>建築藝術研究所<br>102<br>I am always concerned about the place and the space built upon “Interbreeding Field” development. Be it the creation that allows physical interaction, or the visual image triggering perceived context, it can overthrow and shake body perception and thinking awareness of the audience. The nameless characteristics implied by the works can evoke emotional resonance which sets off the constituent elements, “context” and “atmosphere”, along the way of deep experience. I am deeply convinced that the “nameless characteristics” are the only way to give people realistic and deep physical experience. This paper attempts to observe and analyze images in this environment that are always around body sensory system but are not seen. Next, the paper collects the “synesthesia” phenomenon made by the “decoding” and “layout” in the environment in which participating teams produce their creation, to evaluate the overall perception before and after developing their creations. Next, the interaction during operation is explored step by step in hopes of grasping and capturing the essence of place stimulated by the co-development, and the perception reconstruction of its underlying effect. Based on the interbreeding and interfering theories of Interbreeding Field, and following biology field, I explore the basic composition and variability of organism. I learn that the growth process of genetic codes within cell relies on “replication, transcription, translation” to express the required life traits. I further learn that all life forms use the same genetic codes, and that organisms have interlinked natures, and that the breeding process of grafting, cutting, and hybrid is reached with the use of specific factors. After completing a preliminary understanding of cell in biology, I recall the senses and thinking of the environmental code of personal experience to observe the loading and extraction of memory. Next, following the research development of memory psychology, I learn the method of memory storage and its coding research, and then link to that the existence of organism is using tiny molecular codes to encode and transfer all sorts of information. In addition, I understand that the main entity of senses is using body as a communicating medium absorbing all information diffused by the environment, and then with the operating and interpreting of artists themselves, the relevant information and genetic codes are planted in during development. With the interaction, conversion, and misplacement between environment and organism, it is sufficient enough to create and extract a place structure inside the thinking of brain, therefore completing the “synesthesia”phenomenon. I believe that the creation quality of building space or place depends on extracting the good information code in an environment, and then releasing the key factor further triggering the enthusiasm and recognition of participants toward the environment, and at the same time creating or setting off good memory to reach the sense of synesthesia. Therefore, I am hoping to use structure to show the body and senses under the influence of codes, and while allowing participants to experience structure characteristics, the perception experience can be converted to the genetic codes of their bodies and then be written into their memory.In the future, this sense may be triggered under a variety of senses, and be re-awakened to be release onto memory screen. The participants owning the common experience will therefore generate spiritual “sense of belonging” and “identity”. The overall action from the beginning to the end, and the journey of presentation, are considered “synesthesia structure”.