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1
Nanda, Chandi Prasad. "Disciplining a ‘Pathological Province’? Orissa, Smallpox and Colonial Order". Indian Historical Review 48, nr 1 (17.05.2021): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03769836211009653.
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A massive corpus of historical scholarship has been produced in the last few decades exploring specificities underlying the triad of disease, health and medicine. The present work explores the linkages between medical knowledge and colonial power drawing resources from the medical archive. The focus of this essay pertains to the study of disease and medicine in relation to their extent of influence on colonial policy and the colonising process and on those who were colonised in the context of a specific locality or a region. It seeks to delineate the career of vaccination as it shaped up through a web of complexities in the context of Orissa including the attendant response of people to such interventions during the colonial rule. The colonial strategy to address the issue of smallpox epidemic and vaccination not only provides an understanding of the acutely limited nature of preventive medicine but also how a ‘political’ reading of the disease took precedence over its overt medical implications. The study further attempts to illustrate the specificities associated with the processes of colonial medical interventions to discipline a region like Orissa which the colonial authorities saw as a ‘pathological province’.
2
Jennings, Eric T. "Đà Lạt, Capital of Indochina: Remolding Frameworks and Spaces in the Late Colonial Era". Journal of Vietnamese Studies 4, nr 2 (2009): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/vs.2009.4.2.1.
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This article explores how colonial officials carved Đà Lạt and Lang Bian Province out of the Empire of Annam. It chronicles the province's shifting boundaries, identity, and status in the colonial era. Gradually, Đà Lạt emerged as a colonial summer capital, in the mold of Simla in India. Then, circa 1937, colonial planners plotted to make it into Indochina's federal capital. This placed Đà Lạt at the core of a new federal vision, which culminated in the two Đà Lạt conferences of 1946. At both conferences, Đà Lạt was confirmed as the Indochinese federation's future capital, before events rendered such a federation obsolete.
3
LESTER, ALAN. "SETTLERS, THE STATE AND COLONIAL POWER: THE COLONIZATION OF QUEEN ADELAIDE PROVINCE, 1834–37". Journal of African History 39, nr 2 (lipiec 1998): 221–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853797007184.
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Queen Adelaide Province consisted of some 7,000 square miles of Rarabe Xhosa territory annexed by the British Cape colonial government in May 1835 during the Sixth Frontier War. The province was held only until the end of 1836 when it was abandoned under pressure from the imperial government, but it represented the first British attempt to extend direct control over a large body of formerly independent Africans. No such ambitious scheme had ever been attempted before in the Cape, and no such scheme was to be attempted elsewhere in Africa until the late nineteenth century.Given its short-lived nature, Queen Adelaide Province has not been extensively analysed in any of the prominent histories of the eastern Cape. However, while the treatment is brief, its significance has been widely recognized. This early, temporary colonization of Xhosa territory has served as a lens through which to view colonial extension in the eastern Cape as a whole. In the late-nineteenth and early twentieth-century settler histories of George Cory and George McCall Theal, the annexation of Queen Adelaide Province represents a temporary advance within a much broader colonial progress. One episode in the epic attempt to extend colonial civilization across ‘Kaffraria’, expansion within the province was unfortunately thwarted by misguided Cape and metropolitan philanthropy. In W. M. Macmillan's liberal critique of the late 1920s and early 1930s, the disputes over the province between the land-hungry settlers, the strategically-minded Governor D'Urban and the humanitarian Secretary of State for the Colonies, Lord Glenelg, are again viewed as part of a much broader struggle. But rather than Cory's struggle between civilization and savagery, this is seen as a contest between malicious and benign conceptions of colonialism. The province represents an early collision between, on the one hand, evangelical and humanitarian versions of cultural colonization that guaranteed Xhosa access to their land (a kind of trusteeship that Macmillan advocated for his own times) and, on the other hand, the practice of colonization founded upon settler-led conquest and dispossession.
4
Manton, John. "“The Lost Province”: Neglect and Governance in Colonial Ogoja". History in Africa 35 (styczeń 2008): 327–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hia.0.0010.
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The notion that the colonial entity administered as Ogoja Province represented a Nigerian form of “the frontier” persisted right through the period of British rule in Nigeria. In a late colonial geography, Ogoja and eastern Calabar are referred to as the “pioneer fringe.” Marginalized by the economic geography of colonialism, as a result of its relatively low population density, in contrast to much of southeastern Nigeria, and by virtue of its terrain, crossed by unforded rivers and characterized by heavy, clayey soils which restricted wet-season travel, it could still be characterized in the 1940s as a “traceless praierie [sic]” by one of its most seasoned European observers, and as “the Lost Province” in common colonial parlance. Scholarly exploration has done little to address this marginalization, a fact both pivotal in the administration and development of Ogoja Province and restrictive of our attempts to understand and describe these administrative processes. The dynamics of community, trade, and migration in Ogoja, and the systematic misunderstandings to which these dynamics were subject, both constitute historical processes which call for scrutiny, and help shape development and welfare projects undertaken in the later colonial period and in post-independence Nigeria. This study investigates the problematic interaction of ethnography and administration at the colonial margin, and the implications of this both for the historical study of Ogoja and its hinterland and for economic and social development planning in the area.
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Tessier, Olivier. "Colonial Misrepresentation of the “Tea Revolution” in the Province of Phú Thọ (Tonkin), 1920-1945". Annales (English ed.) 68, nr 01 (marzec 2013): 167–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2398568200000352.
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The colonization of the land that is now Vietnam and the establishment of a French protectorate in Tonkin in the late nineteenth century led to new methods of agricultural production and new means of exploiting natural resources. This article examines this evolution by focusing on the endogenous and spontaneous movement of colonization that developed “illegally” during the first half of the twentieth century and which concerned several villages located in the hills of two districts in Phú Thọ province. A comparison of archival sources produced by the protectorate authorities with the testimonials recorded by former colonist-planters and their descendants reveals how the colonial state manipulated and falsified information in order to subsequently claim ownership of this colonial movement, which transformed the region’s environment, society, and economy.
6
Chin, Warren. "Colonial Warfare in a Post‐Colonial State: British Military Operations in Helmand Province, Afghanistan". Defence Studies 10, nr 1-2 (marzec 2010): 215–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14702430903392844.
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Quezada, Sergio, i Elda Moreno Acevedo. "Del déficit a la insolvencia. Finanzas y real hacienda en Yucatán, 1760 –1816". Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 21, nr 2 (2005): 307–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/msem.2005.21.2.307.
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A lo largo de la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII la provincia de Yucatán enfrentó un permanente déficit hacendario como resultado de su creciente gasto militar. La sangría de recursos por parte de la Metrópoli y la desarticulación del sistema fiscal colonial, resultado de la guerra de Independencia, llevaron a Yucatán en 1814 a una crisis financiera. Este artículo analiza, desde la perspectiva de las finanzas coloniales, el déficit fiscal y los mecanismos para solventarlo. El estudio se sustenta en la organización de los ramos hacendarios bajo los principios fiscales coloniales. During the second half of the eighteenth-century the province of Yucatan faced a permanent fiscal deficit as a result of the increasing military expenses. The continuos draining from Spain and the disarticulation of the colonial fiscal system as well as the effects of the independence war lead Yucatan into a financial crisis. This article analizes the fiscal deficit and the strategies to solve it from the colonial finances perspective. In order to accomplish this, the organization of the fields of the royal treasury, under the colonial fiscal principles was necessary.
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Marzuki, Irfanuddin Wahid. "PERKEMBANGAN MORFOLOGI KOTA GORONTALO DARI MASA TRADISIONAL HINGGA KOLONIAL". Berkala Arkeologi 38, nr 1 (29.06.2018): 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.30883/jba.v38i1.236.
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Gorontalo is the biggest city and the forerunner of the present Gorontalo Province. Gorontalo has been existing since traditional era, Islamic kingdoms, colonial, and up to the present. During the traditional and kingdom era, Gorontalo was the small kingdom included in Ternate area. In fact, it witnessed the changes of power during colonial era when it was excluded from Manado regency. It remained the same even until independence time, Gorontalo became the area of North Sulawesi Province until in the year 2000 became its own province. The purpose of this research is to reveal the morphological development of the city respectivelly from traditional to colonial era in addition to find out the background factor of the morphological development. This research used urban archaeology whose main studies are urban components, including urban planning as well as city life as the inseperable component. This research underwent the following steps, collecting data, analysis and interpreting data resulted in a conclusion. The data collections includes primary data and secondary one (archive, text, maps, and other literacy sources). The result suggested that during traditional era the morphological city of Gorontalo was simple, and the settlement was spreading in small groups and doesn not have a regular urban planning component. The starting point as a city with regular spatial components began during the reign of Sultan Botutihe. Subsequent developments in the colonial period of the city center moved to the south referring to the rule of law of indies.
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Morando, Laurent. "L'enseignement colonial en province (1899-1940) : « impérialisme municipal » ou réussites locales ?" Outre-mers 91, nr 342 (2004): 273–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/outre.2004.4095.
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Công Lưu, Hồ. "Coffee plantations in Ninh Binh Province during the French colonial period". Journal of Science, Social Science 60, nr 10 (2015): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18173/2354-1067.2015-0057.
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Joo, Young-min. "Pine Oil Kilns in Yeongnam Province on the Japanese colonial period". Yeongnam Archaeological Society, nr 82 (30.09.2018): 95–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.47417/yar.2018.82.95.
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Since there are few relics excavated, research on pine oil kilns in Yeongnam Province has been mostly focused on figuring out the historical meaning of them relying on literatures with no precise analysis on the remains. Therefore, it has failed to give clear explanation about the fact that the firing room of pine oil kilns was rebuilt twice with different materials. Based on the awareness of the problem, this author conducted analysis on the relics of pine oil kilns that have been excavated so far. According to the analysis results, at first, the pine oil kiln was similar to the one producing oil made of pine resin collected. Furthermore, this author found the pine oil kiln first devised around 1938 and also two photos showing how the pine oil kiln was working. Along with that, this author suggests the valid possibility of colony Chosun’s traditional masters mobilized to apply their technique and operate the kilns in the background of the pine oil kilns completely equipped to the extent of performing their functions properly after several times of improvements made although they had exhibited many problems before. Next, this author analyzed the attributes related to the standardization of pine oil kilns and learned that building pine oil kilns was led by the colonial government systematically based on thorough planning as part of securing resources they needed. Also, to induce the people to participate in it voluntarily, at first, they encouraged it as a side job for farm families; however, in the end, the colonial government enforced the monopoly system for pine oil to control it. Accordingly, pine oil kilns were built mostly in the foot of a mountain near the village where there were many people residing. In fact, all the colonized people including children got mobilized systematically to collect the byproducts of pines.
12
HAROON, SANA. "The Rise of Deobandi Islam in the North-West Frontier Province and its Implications in Colonial India and Pakistan 1914–1996". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 18, nr 1 (styczeń 2008): 47–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186307007778.
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The commitment of North-West Frontier Province Pakhtun religious politics towards the quest for a society and state governed by religious leaders was directed through the colonial period, and into the national period, predominantly by the ulama known as Deobandis. These ulama took their title from the madrasa Darul Ulum Deoband in the United Provinces in north-India and came to prominence through championing Muslim interests in colonial NWFP. After the partition of the Indian subcontinent and the creation of Pakistan in 1947, the United Provinces remained in India, separating Pakistani scholars trained in Deoband from Indian Deobandi theologians, and indeed from the school itself. But these ulama continued to call themselves Deobandis and were central to the successful demand for the constitutional declaration of Pakistan as an Islamic state; and brought Islam to bear on national and provincial legislation from positions in parliament. Increasingly well-organised and well-funded, NWFP Deobandi ulama established madrasas and mosques in the province, strengthening the preserve of religion and their own authority. When the Afghan resistance to the Soviet occupation began in 1978, a section of the resistance organisation working in exile in Peshawar gravitated towards these Deobandi institutions, drawing the Deobandi ulama of the NWFP into the jihad. Sustaining links to the Afghan fighters even after the withdrawal of the Soviets, the NWFP Deobandis contributed to and encouraged the emerging organisation of the Taliban, becoming champions of their reactionary brand of Islam.
13
Aguilar, Filomeno V. "Masonic Myths and Revolutionary Feats in Negros Occidental". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 28, nr 2 (wrzesień 1997): 285–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400014466.
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The popular interpretations of the end of Spanish colonial rule in Negros Occidental, Philippines, are closely intertwined with Masonic-related imageries that suffused the colony's export-oriented economy in general and the province's sugar industry in particular. Through an investigation of folklore as a bearer of historical consciousness, it is argued that the elite-led one-day uprising that led to Spain's downfall in the province contained a mythical dimension that helped solidify the dominance of the local sugar planter class.
14
Kohori, Takako, Akhmad Arifin Hadi i Katsunori Furuya. "THE SPATIAL COMPOSITION OF ALUN-ALUN ON JAVA ISLAND TODAY". TATALOKA 21, nr 2 (28.05.2019): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/tataloka.21.2.204-215.
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This study focuses on alun-alun, the open spaces in Indonesia that have a long cultural history. Alun-alun mostly located in the center of cities; they influence the pattern of cities and become a mental map for inhabitants. In this study, we investigated the distribution of alun-alun throughout Java Island. The research consisted of three parts. First, we identified Alun-alun from the colonial era using the old maps from Leiden University There were 15 locations of alun-alun in 13 cities identified from the old maps with characteristics as follows; 1) rectangular land, 2) located adjacent to the city mosque, and 3) located adjacent to the Regent’s office or Palace. In the second part, from those definitions, we confirmed 90 locations of alun-alun in 87 cities that have existed from the colonial period to the present across Java Island. The third part, we clarified the current province of alun-alun from two perspectives: area and spatial composition. We found that the present alun-alun show regional tendencies. Alun-alun in cities of Banten and West Java province was mostly in a small-scale area without Ficus benjamina trees. These points overlap with features described in the colonial era. Alun-alun in cities of Central Java and Yogyakarta province was relatively in a large-scale area and characterized by Ficus benjaminaas the main tree. Alun-alun in cities of East Java province was also in a large-scale area, but space mostly divided by planted areas, open area, structures, and others.
15
Belanger, Brian C. "Between the Cloister and the World: The Franciscan Third Order of Colonial Querétaro". Americas 49, nr 2 (październik 1992): 157–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1006989.
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“The womb of the Province” is how one eighteenth-century resident described Querétaro, for within that city the Franciscans of the Province of San Pedro y San Pablo de Michoacán supported not only the friary of Santiago el Grande with its Spanish and Indian parishes, but also the pioneering College of Santa Cruz, the convents of Santa Clara and Santa Rosa de Viterbo for women, the seminary of the Province, the mission church of San Sebastián, and the friary and shrine of Nuestra Señora de Pueblito. The city additionally served as the seat of the Provincial chapter. Friars and nuns at these various foundations directed over twenty associations of laity organized into confraternities, or cofradíos. Poised delicately between those who were professed Franciscans (male and female, of the First and Second Orders, respectively), and the lay confraternities affiliated with the monasteries, was the Third Order, an institute which has defied classification.
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Lidin, Konstantin, i Olga Belobrykina. "Province vs Colony: Two paradigms of cultural interaction". проект байкал, nr 65 (5.01.2021): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.51461/projectbaikal.65.1668.
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The article considers two paradigms of the center-periphery interaction in the mixed and multiethnic systems. The historical examples show the peculiarities of the colonial paradigm where the peripheral culture is suppressed and displaced by the culture of the center (metropolis). The eparchial paradigm is based on cross-cultural interaction and enrichment between the center and the provinces. Within the final decades of the 20th century, the eparchial principle was replaced by the “cultural colonization” on the global scale. As a result, the “global West” culture is degrading to its lowest terms, which has a negative impact on the sphere of education.
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Singh, Bhupinder, i Bawa Singh. "Punjab under the British Rule: Historicising the Local Transformations". Indian Historical Review 46, nr 2 (grudzień 2019): 207–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0376983619889520.
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This article is a preliminary attempt to map the changes and transformations of Punjab, which had undergone during the British rule. It had remained the model province for benefits of the British colonial rule. Ever since its accession in 1849, Punjab received particular attention in the colonial policies due to its strategic and political importance to the empire. The colonial rule unleashed a slew of transformations in diverse fields including education, agriculture, irrigation, transport and communication and social institutions. This article particularly focusses on the transformations that took place in the modernisation of agriculture, canals colonisation and Punjabisation of the British Indian army during the colonial rule in Punjab. Behind the plotting of modernisations, the study will dig out the imperial designs and motives of the Raj.
18
Markovits, Claude. "Structure and Agency in the World of Asian Commerce during the Era of European Colonial Domination (c. 1750-1950)". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 50, nr 2-3 (2007): 106–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852007781787350.
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AbstractThis paper examines the theme of the 'survival' of Asian business in the period of European colonial domination in Asia, i.e. c. 1750-1950, through the trajectories of some Indian merchant communities. It shows how Indian nationalist discourse systematically overlooked the role played by Indian merchants in the economies of colonized countries outside India. A critique of the paradigm of the great pan-Asian bazaar as put forward by the Indian historian Rajat Ray follows. The last section looks at two networks of Sind merchants which operated worldwide during the colonial period, and proposes a different reading of the evidence regarding the insertion of Indian merchants within a European-dominated world economy. Cet article traite du thème de la « survie » des marchands asiatiques pendant la période de domination coloniale européenne à travers une analyse de certaines communautés marchandes indiennes. On souligne que le discours nationaliste indien a tendu à négliger le rôle joué par des marchands indiens dans l'économie de nombreux pays colonisés en dehors de l'Inde. On examine de façon critique la théorie du « grand bazar pan-asiatique » proposée par l'historien indien Rajat Ray. A partir d'une étude de deux réseaux marchands de la province du Sind, on propose une vue différente de l'insertion des marchands asiatiques dans l'économie coloniale globale.
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Chatterjee, Baijayanti. "Ecology and Imperium: State Formation in Early Colonial Bengal c. 1765–1800". Indian Historical Review 47, nr 2 (grudzień 2020): 263–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0376983620968013.
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This article looks at the process of state formation in Bengal in the second half of the eighteenth century when the English East India Company emerged as the paramount authority in the province. The article argues that compared with the previous regime of the Nazims who were content in exercising a loose sovereignty over the outlying regions of Bengal, the Company showed greater initiative in conquering and pacifying the remote areas of the province. In terms of its ecology, the province of Bengal could be divided into three distinct zones: the plains, the hills and the delta. The process of state formation varied in these three distinct eco-zones. While it was easy for the Company to establish its control over the Bengal plains, it became increasingly difficult for them to establish their power and authority in the hill forests (home to autonomous tribal communities who resented and resisted British interference) and in the deltaic tracts where the maze of rivers provided safe refuge and a means of escape to the Magh pirates and every other state fugitive. This article is an account of the Company’s struggles to establish its supremacy in Bengal, but it also looks at the resistance offered by autonomous tribal groups to retain and preserve their independence. Finally, this article attempts to link ecology with the process of state formation in early colonial Bengal.
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Cooney, Jerry W. "Dubious Loyalty: The Paraguayan Struggle for the Parana Frontier, 1767-1777". Americas 55, nr 4 (kwiecień 1999): 561–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1008321.
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For nearly three centuries, the vecinos of colonial Paraguay defended Spanish interests in the Upper Plata. Turbulent as they were, protesting with violent regularity against unpopular governors and official policies, these “hijos del país” have traditionally been portrayed as the bedrock from which the Paraguayan people and identity sprang. Offspring of the Spanish conquerors of the 1500s and their guaraní consorts, the “mancebos de la tierra,” possessed the full rights of Europeans. They guarded their noble status jealously, while dominating the rural society of the province. With the passage of time their numbers increased, providing the manpower for Paraguay's eighteenth century frontier expansion. In the course of Paraguay's colonial development, vecinos bore the brunt of the militia defense of the province, “a su costa y minsión,” in an unrelenting struggle against nomadic Indians and the putative designs of neighboring Lusitanians.
21
Kim, Dong-Myung. "A Study on Province Council in Colonial Korea - Content Analysis of Minutes of Gyunggi Province Council in 1936-7". Korea-Japan Historical Review 55 (31.12.2016): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.18496/kjhr.2016.12.55.271.
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Vinson, Ben. "The Racial Profile of a Rural Mexican Province in the “Costa Chica”: Igualapa in 1791". Americas 57, nr 2 (październik 2000): 269–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2000.0022.
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Late colonial Mexico possessed one of the largest free-colored populations in Spanish America, numbering around 370,000 in 1793. The colony's pardos, morenos, and mulattos were highly dispersed, being found throughout the major urban centers, coastal zones, rural areas, and in selected portions of the northern frontier. Studies conducted over the past two decades have assisted enormously in reconstructing the free-colored demographic profile, with particular emphasis on occupational and marriage patterns. Much of this research has resulted from sustained examinations of the caste vs. class debate, which has attempted to understand the manner in which the caste system worked in structuring colonial social relations. Broader, regional histories have added even more to our understanding by situating Blacks within the economic, cultural, and social context of important towns and their hinterlands. Institutional studies have also referenced the Afro-Mexican presence and contributions. However, numerous gaps still exist in our portrait of colonial Afro-Mexicans. Notably, the Pacific coastal regions have received proportionately little attention in comparison to the area of Veracruz. This is surprising since the Costa Chica, occupying portions of the modern states of Guerrero and Oaxaca, remains home to some of the more significant concentrations of Afro-Mexicans.
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ASSUNÇÃO, MATTHIAS RÖHRIG. "Elite Politics and Popular Rebellion in the Construction of Post-colonial Order. The case of Maranhão, Brazil (1820–41)". Journal of Latin American Studies 31, nr 1 (luty 1999): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x98005197.
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This article seeks to explain the breakdown of post-colonial order in the northern Brazilian province of Maranhão that culminated in the Balaiada rebellion (1838–41). Interpretations usually do not take into account the intense political agitation of the previous decades, which already involved lower class participation, and they fail to recognise the major socio-economic differences between the areas touched by the revolt. The main arguments are, first, that the struggle for Independence in Maranhão, more violent than in most other provinces, opened the door to lower class involvement in politics under liberal leadership. Secondly, the struggle between local elites for regional power led to exclusion of peripheral elites within the province and fuelled lower class unrest. Significant moments of rupture between liberal leadership and popular movement occurred as early as 1823–4 and 1831–2. Thirdly, the main structural factor leading to the 1838 outbreak of rebellion was the resistance to military recruitment by the free lower classes, which provided a unifying slogan to otherwise heterogeneous groups of peasants, cowboys, and fishermen. Fourthly, the differences in social structure between the cattle producing South, the cotton plantation belt of the Itapecuru valley and the strong subsistence sector in Eastern Maranhão account for substantial differences in terms of support and leadership during the Balaiada. Whilst fazendeiros lead the struggle in Southern Maranhão, as well as in most of the neighbouring Piauí province, leadership in Eastern Maranhão was almost entirely of lower class origin. Finally, the dynamics of the movement could lead in Eastern Maranhão to a rupture with elite liberalism and envisage the alliance between free rebels and maroons.
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Wilaela, Wilaela. "PENDIDIKAN PEREMPUAN RIAU DARI MASA KE MASA". Marwah: Jurnal Perempuan, Agama dan Jender 10, nr 1 (2.06.2011): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24014/marwah.v10i1.483.
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The existence of woman education instituation in Riau province has long history, far away before the existence of Riau as a province. The history can be divided into period of Dutch colonial, Japanese colonial till the period of independence. Every period has individuality differentiating from other period. Latifah School and of Madrasah Annisa in the empire of Siak in the period of colonization differ from Diniyah Putri Pasirpangaraian, YKWI and Diniyah Putri in Pekanbaru in the period of independence. However, there was a similiarity among the periods, that is the characteristic of woman education which had lifted the ability and role of woman as the primary and first educator and teacher, either in or out of the house, in the society, and in the school. The study also found that in each period, the woman education instituation in Riau has a relationship to Diniyyah Puteri Padang Panjang.
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Titus, Paul, i Nina Swidler. "KNIGHTS, NOT PAWNS: ETHNO-NATIONALISM AND REGIONAL DYNAMICS IN POST-COLONIAL BALOCHISTAN". International Journal of Middle East Studies 32, nr 1 (luty 2000): 47–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800021048.
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The creation of Pakistan was a crushing blow to those hoping to establish autonomous, ethnically defined states in the western borderlands of the Indian empire. The best known of these movements, the Red Shirts (Khudai Khidmatgar), was active in the North-West Frontier Province since the 1920s and moved from affiliation with the Indian National Congress to advocating sovereignty and ultimately an independent Pushtun state when faced with the inevitability of Partition.1 Similar Pushtun and Balochi movements arose in the last decades of the Raj in the areas that now constitute the Pakistani province of Balochistan. In the pivotal years of 1947 and 1948, the Muslim League was able to outmaneuver and suppress these ambitious young movements, but they did not die. In subsequent decades, Balochi and Pushtun nationalism became key elements in the political discourse and the equation of power in Balochistan, and they remain so today.
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Siregar, Onan Marakali, Selwendri Selwendri i Maulidina Maulidina. "Factors to Increase Tourist Loyalty in North Sumatera". Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences 3, nr 3 (29.07.2020): 1782–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birci.v3i3.1111.
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North Sumatra Province is an area that has several attractions, both natural and cultural attractions. Some well-known tourist objects from abroad to foreign countries such as Lake Toba, and Mount Lawang with Sumateran orangutans. While is one of the gateways to reach tourist destinations in North Sumatra Province, including the city that has the Maimun City Palace and the Great Mosque that represents the history of the continuity of the Malay Kingdom, the Tjong A Fie House and the colonial colonial buildings that have talked about for years. This study aims to analyze and determine how to encourage tourists, destination images, and tourist satisfaction with tourist loyalty in North Sumatra Province. This research uses quantitative methods with data analysis methods. Multiple linear regression because it is based on two or more independent variables on variables, after that the data processing technique uses SPSS version 22 as a tool. This study found that the results consisted only of motivation variables which did not have a significant effect, while other variables had a significant effect on tourist loyalty. The results showed that the independent variables consisted of motivation variables (X1), destination image variables (X2), and satisfaction (X3) positively and significantly towards the variables supported by tourist loyalty (Y) visiting the tourist area of North Sumatra Province. This study obtained results consisting of the majority of visitors consisting of students aged 17 to 25 years. Lake Toba, Bukit Lawang, and Berastagi are the dominant mainstay sectors, and the level of tourist visits to the Province of North Sumatra is still categorized as low.
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Yun-Gap Lee. "The National Movement of the Seongju in Gyeongsang Province under Japanese colonial rule". 한국학논집 ll, nr 75 (czerwiec 2019): 269–332. http://dx.doi.org/10.18399/actako.2019..75.009.
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Shokpeka, S. A., i Odigwe A. Nwaokocha. "British Colonial Economic Policy in Nigeria, the Example of Benin Province 1914 - 1954". Journal of Human Ecology 28, nr 1 (październik 2009): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2009.11906218.
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Ahmad, Muhammad Shakeel, Amanullah Memon i Fazal Rabbi. "Electoral Politics in the North West Frontier Province of Colonial India 1946–47". History and Sociology of South Asia 8, nr 1 (styczeń 2014): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2230807513506625.
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Melean, Jorge Troisi. "“Esclavos y jesuitas: explotación, control y negociación en la Argentina colonial”". REVISTA PLURI 1, nr 1 (23.01.2019): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.26843/rpv112018p161-170.
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El territorio que actualmente ocupa la Argentina correspondía a la Provincia jesuítica del Paraguay, donde se erigieron los colegios de Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Corrientes, La Rioja, Salta, Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero, Tucumán, la Universidad de Córdoba y la residencia de Catamarca. Hacia 1767, más de 3.500 esclavos afroamericanos se encontraban trabajando en cada una de las propiedades de los colegios y residencias del territorio argentino colonial, una porción de la Provincia jesuítica del Paraguay. Los esclavos constituían un factor esencial del sistema jesuita. Prácticamente un 30% del capital ignaciano en la región estaba invertido en ellos.Palabras- Clave: Esclavos, Jesuitas, Control, Exploración, NegociaciónAbstractThe territory currently occupied by Argentina corresponded to the Jesuit Province of Paraguay, where the schools of Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Corrientes, La Rioja, Salta, Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero, Tucumán, the University of Córdoba and the residence of Catamarca By 1767, more than 3,500 African-American slaves were working on each of the properties of the colleges and residences of the colonial Argentine territory, a portion of the Jesuit Province of Paraguay. Slaves were an essential factor in the Jesuit system. Almost 30% of the Ignatian capital in the region was invested in them.Keywords: Slaves, Jesuits, Control, Exploration, Negotiation
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Brown, Mark. "“An Unqualified Human Good”? On Rule of Law, Globalization, and Imperialism". Law & Social Inquiry 43, nr 04 (2018): 1391–426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lsi.12302.
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Forty years ago, E. P. Thompson praised the English rule of law forged during the bloody and fractious eighteenth century, calling it not only “an unqualified human good,” but also a “cultural achievement of universal significance.” This article examines colonial rule-of-law development as another example of law and state building. Both have relevance for contemporary rule-of-law programming in the Global South where Thompson's “cultural achievement” has resisted fabrication by legal technicians. The problems faced today are not new, for colonial rulers also engaged with complex indigenous norms and forms and sought to balance universal principles with political control imperatives. Contra arguments about colonial “lawfare,” colonial rule of law often frustrated authoritarian tendencies while developing new forms of legal subjectivity and avenues for redress of grievances. Using data from the Indian province of Punjab, the article illustrates how historical case studies might aid contemporary rule-of-law programming in the Global South.
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Bendin, Alexander Yu. "The Birth of the “Russian Idea” and Its Political Realization in the Suppression the Polish Outbreak and the Russian North-West Province Reformation (1863-1865)". Almanac “Essays on Conservatism” 58 (1.08.2020): 57–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.24030/24092517-2020-0-2-57-117.
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The article examines the set of issues related to the Polish outbreak of 1863 influence on the mentality of Russian society and on the reforms of Russian north-west provinces. The author studies the military, political, ideological and religious aspects of the outbreak that gave the outbreak the character of a new hybrid war. He shows the Russian society reaction to the challenges of the Polish outbreak and the threat of foreign military intervention. He outlines the main postulates of all-Russian national ideology and the project of Western Province reformation offered by the conservatives and the Slavophils. The author analyzes the experience of the outbreak suppression and of north-west provinces reforms conducted by the governor-general M.N. Muraviev. The scientific novelty consists in the interdisciplinary study of the research issue and the drawing-up of the conception that explains the uniqueness of regional reforms due to colonial relations and the presence of new ideological and political motives of the reformers. The study allowed to define the special role of the Russian Western Province in the national and patriotic upsurge of the Russian society, in establishing the basics of all-Russian ideology and new ideological and political approach to regional reforms conducting.
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Chowdhry, Prem. "Social Support Base and Electoral Politics: The Congress in Colonial Southeast Punjab". Modern Asian Studies 25, nr 4 (październik 1991): 811–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00010854.
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The weakest hold of the Indian National Congress in the colonial period was in the province of Punjab. The strength and domination of the National Unionist Party and the limited support and response afforded to the various nationalist movements highlight the weakness of the Congress especially in its southeast region, now known, after being carved out as a separate state on the 1st of November 1966, as Haryana.
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Touwen, Jeroen. "Moving towards a National Economy in Late Colonial Indonesia". Itinerario 23, nr 3-4 (listopad 1999): 145–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300024633.
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In Tapanuli, a province in western Sumatra, economic expansion in the late colonial period was frustrated by the problems of transportation in its mountainous and inaccessible terrain. In 1921, Resident F.C. Vorstman of Tapanuli stated in his succession report: ‘The construction of main roads is one of the most powerful means to improve economically backward regions’. This statement is not very surprising in itself, but it does reveal that some government officials had a clear idea of the impediments of economic development in the Outer Islands of colonial Indonesia, and how these obstacles could be overcome. As I will argue in this contribution, the development of infrastructure was one of the major factors in a process of increasing economic integration in Indonesia in the late colonial period. Moreover, infrastructural improvements were more significant in stimulating national economic development than the government policies under the Ethical Policy.
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Jordan, Amy. "SPICE ISLAND STEW: CREOLIZATION OF FOODWAYS ON COLONIAL ERA NUTMEG PLANTATIONS, MALUKU PROVINCE, INDONESIA". Journal of Indo-Pacific Archaeology 37 (5.05.2015): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7152/jipa.v37i0.14746.
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The Banda Islands, in modern Indonesia’s Maluku Province, were the world’s sole source of nutmeg in the 16th Century. Control over the spice trade was a major goal for European powers. Consequently, the Banda Islands were a location of early disputes and colonial experimentation. After eradicating most of the indigenous population, the Dutch East India Company established a plantation system in 1621 on the islands. The plantation system fundamentally altered the lifeways of all inhabitants of the Banda Islands but there is little evidence regarding how the alterations and adaptations occurred or why. Excavations at three nutmeg plantations reveal that the inhabitants engaged with multiple strategies of both subsistence and trade. By examining multiple lines of evidence including ceramic, faunal, and starch grain analysis, a more comprehensive understanding of social adaptations to colonialism can be demonstrated.
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Booth, Marilyn. "Book Review: The Province of the Book: Scholars, Scribes, and Scribblers in Colonial Tamilnadu". Indian Economic & Social History Review 50, nr 3 (lipiec 2013): 368–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019464613495255.
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Hetherington, Penelope. "The politics of female circumcision in the central province of Colonial Kenya, 1920–30". Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 26, nr 1 (styczeń 1998): 93–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03086539808583017.
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Hafez, Shady. "How to Buy a Coffee in a Settler State:". South Atlantic Quarterly 118, nr 4 (1.10.2019): 898–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00382876-7825713.
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Kitigan Zibi Anishinabeg is an Algonquin community located roughly one and a half hours from Canada’s capital, Ottawa. It is a primarily English-speaking community located in the French-speaking province of Quebec. This essay will explore the complexities and difficulties associated with being an English-speaking Indigenous community that resides within the boundaries of French-speaking Quebec. In exploring this topic, this essay will uncover the often unexplored realities of Indigenous communities that are caught between the competing histories of colonial empires such as France and Britain and how those past colonial conflicts, and, in turn, the imposition of linguistic dominations, inform current difficulties around decolonization, nationhood, and Indigenous liberation.
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Englund, Harri. "Anti Anti-Colonialism: Vernacular Press and Emergent Possibilities in Colonial Zambia". Comparative Studies in Society and History 57, nr 1 (styczeń 2015): 221–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417514000656.
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AbstractAfrican newspapers published in vernacular languages, particularly papers sponsored by colonial governments, have been understudied. A close reading of their contents and related archival sources provides insights into diverse ways in which the colonized framed and made claims. New kinds of claims were mediated by the government-sponsored vernacular press no less than by nationalists. Just as vernacularism was not nativism, African aspirations that posed no direct challenge to the colonial order did not necessarily entail mimicry. I show also how Europeans who debated a newspaper for Africans in the 1930s Zambia voiced diverse approaches to print culture, addressing a variety of objectives. The newspaper that emerged,Mutende, was replaced by provincial newspapers in the 1950s, and I focus on one of these: the Chinyanja-languageNkhani za kum'mawa, published under African editorship in Eastern Province between 1958 and 1965. Its modes of addressing African publics were neither nationalist nor colonial in any straightforward senses. Its editors and readers deliberated on what it meant to be from the province in an era of labor migration, how African advancement and dependence on Europeans were to be envisaged, and how relationships between women and men should be reconfigured. To hold divergent views on a world in flux, they had to keep something constant, and the order of governance itself remained beyond dispute. But this did not preclude emergent possibilities. The newspaper's columns and letters to the editor reveal claims on novel opportunities and constraints of a sort that mainstream nationalist historiography, with its meta-narrative of anti-colonialism, has rendered invisible.
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Elias, Robert J., i Graham A. Young. "Ordovician-Silurian mass extinction and recovery: coral faunas in the east-central United States". Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200006523.
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Three successive coral faunas that are involved in the Ordovician-Silurian mass extinction and recovery occur in latest Ordovician (Richmondian-Gamachian) to earliest Silurian (early Llandovery; Rhuddanian) strata of the east-central United States. The Richmondian fauna comprises typical cratonic North American Late Ordovician corals. In the Cincinnati Arch region, these belong to the Richmond Province and include massive stauriids (e.g., Favistina), sarcinulids (e.g., Foerstephyllum, Calapoecia), and common tetradiids. In the upper Mississippi Valley region, corals belong to the Red River-Stony Mountain Province and include the streptelasmatid Salvadorea. The disappearance of typical Ordovician-type coral faunas from the interior of eastern North America was related to habitat loss resulting from progradation of the Queenston delta and regression of the epeiric sea during a major glacio-eustatic drop in the late Richmondian.The succeeding fauna of Gamachian to early Rhuddanian age represents the Edgewood Province. The solitary rugosan Streptelasma is dominant; colonial rugosans are rare and are all fasciculate. The principal tabulates are Paleofavosites, Propora, and Halysites; sarcinulids are absent. Rare tetradiids (Rhabdotetradium) are among the youngest representatives worldwide of an important Ordovician order. The Edgewood fauna includes first occurrences of typical Silurian taxa: the earliest North American halysitine (Halysites), the oldest definite plasmoporid (Plasmopora), and the earliest known pycnostylid (Pycnostylus). The striking difference between Richmondian and Edgewood faunas in the east-central United States reflects, at least in part, a hiatus between Richmondian and Gamachian deposition. Corals were introduced to the Edgewood Province from the continental margin, or were derived from forms previously restricted to the continental margin. This occurred during minor transgressions from the south, as sea level fluctuated during a regressive phase corresponding to the Gamachian glacial maximum. Immigration was evidently related to shifts of suitable habitat areas during a time of depressed temperatures. Edgewood corals dispersed farther northward during the early phase of the major latest Gamachian to Early Llandovery transgression associated with deglaciation.Corals are uncommon in late Rhuddanian strata immediately above those containing the Edgewood fauna. This Silurian fauna includes the solitary rugosans Rhegmaphyllum, Dinophyllum, Dalmanophyllum, and Cyathactis?, which were not derived from Edgewood taxa. Colonial rugosans are absent. The tabulates belong to Paleofavosites, Propora, and Halysites, the dominant colonial genera in the Edgewood fauna. At least some of the species were likely derived from Edgewood forms; others may have been introduced from elsewhere, or perhaps were derived from species in other areas. A slight stratigraphic overlap of several Edgewood and Silurian species is known at one locality, but the faunal change is otherwise abrupt. The changeover from Edgewood to Silurian faunas took place as water depth and temperature were generally increasing during the Rhuddanian. However, corals of the Silurian fauna appear above intraformational channels in one area and above unconformities or formational boundaries elsewhere, suggesting that the change occurred during an intervening regressive event. It is inferred that as areas in the east-central United States became inhospitable, geographic ranges of Edgewood corals were reduced. Most species became extinct; some colonial corals apparently underwent rapid evolution, probably in small populations. The descendants dispersed and new immigrants arrived as suitable habitat areas expanded when the Early Llandovery transgression resumed. A few Edgewood colonial species survived for a short time, evidently in local refugia. Unlike the colonial corals, all solitary forms known from the Silurian assemblage were immigrants. Corals of the Silurian assemblage probably favored somewhat deeper water than those of the Edgewood Assemblage.
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Akurang-Parry, Kwabena O. "To Wassa Fiase for Gold: Rethinking Colonial Rule, El Dorado, Antislavery, and Chieftaincy in the Gold Coast (Ghana), 1874–1895". History in Africa 30 (2003): 11–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361541300003120.
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In a recent book, El Dorado in West Africa, Raymond E. Dumett examines the history of gold-mining in Wassa Fiase in the Western Province of the Gold Coast during the last three decades of the nineteenth century. Among other thematic preoccupations, Dumett argues that until the late 1890s the British colonial authorities did very little to encourage capitalist gold-mining in Wassa Fiase. Resurrecting the ghost of local crisis, he argues that the colonial intervention in Wassa Fiase was due to king Enimil Kwao's ineptitude, structural conflict inherent in chieftaincy, and problems of African rulers' territorial jurisdictions.Dumett also asserts that it was a forceful London-based antislavcry lobby and Governor George Strahan's tactlessness that drove the colonial state to intervene in Wassa Fiase. Although Britain was at the center stage of the unprecedented global commodification of gold in the late nineteenth century, Dumett evokes serendipity as the cause of the British colonial intervention in the gold-rich Wassa Fiase. Overall, his explication of the aims and processes of colonial rule in Wassa Fiase is couched in theses of an “unpredictable course” and “a government policy (more rather a nonpolicy) [sic] riddled with vacillation and half measures…”The first part of the present study reviews the literature, while the second section, based on new official sources and newspaper accounts, gives additional insights into Enimil Kwao's slave-dealing trial and his consequent exile to Lagos, hence reevaluates the objectives of the colonial state and the Colonial Office. The study complements the work of Francis Agbodeka and Paul Rosenblum, who have respectively argued that colonial rule in Wassa Fiase paved the way for capitalist gold-mining.
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Bhattacharjee, Srijani. "‘Forest Conservation without Conservancy’: A Study on the Strategic Aspects of the Inner Line Reserve in Colonial Assam". Indian Historical Review 47, nr 2 (grudzień 2020): 187–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0376983620968009.
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The article tries to understand how forest conservation in colonial Assam was used to facilitate British political administration in the region. It highlights on the Inner Line Forest Reserve situated in the frontier region of Lushai Hills and the Cachar district of the province that was established more with the purpose to protect the tea gardens of Cachar from Lushai raids than with any plans of forest conservation. ‘Inner Line’ was the name given to this buffer forest zone as it served the purposes of Inner Line Regulation than any conditions of colonial forest administration in India. The article has attempted to trace the background of Inner Line Regulation in the region and its implementation in the hill areas of the territory. It endeavours to understand why the application of colonial forest administration in Lushai Hills was kept at its minimum level. The article tries to comprehend that the creation of Inner Line Reserve was another British management mechanism to tackle the tribes of Lushai Hills.
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Macagno, Lorenzo. "Modern Intimacies and Modernist Landscapes: Chinese Photographs in Late-Colonial Mozambique". Lusotopie 19, nr 2 (4.06.2021): 181–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17683084-12341763.
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Abstract This paper addresses a specific aspect of the social and cultural life of the Luso-Chinese in Mozambique, whose first contingents came from the Chinese province of Guangdong in the second half of the 19th century. Most settled in the city of Beira. By the 1950s, the Chinese community was already well integrated into modern life in colonial Beira. The city was going through an unprecedented urban and architectural boom. At that time, the Luso-Chinese, who were essentially merchants, also began to stand out in the field of photography. Based on a multi-sited ethnography among the Portuguese-Chinese diaspora – and their family photo albums – this paper reflects on two inseparable aspects of late-colonial modernity: architecture and photography.
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Raza, Ali. "Provincializing the International: Communist Print Worlds in Colonial India". History Workshop Journal 89 (2020): 140–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hwj/dbaa011.
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Abstract This paper charts communist print worlds in colonial India during the interwar period. Beginning in the early 1920s, self-declared ‘Communist’ and ‘Bolshevik’ publications began surfacing across India. Through the example of the Kirti Kisan Sabha (Workers and Peasants Party: a communist group in the north-western province of Punjab), and its associated publications, this paper will provide a glimpse into the rich, diverse and imaginative print worlds of Indian communism. From 1926 onwards, Kirti publications became a part of a thriving print culture in which a dizzying variety of revolutionary, socialist and communist publications competed and conversed with the equally prolific and rich print worlds of their political and ideological rivals. Removed on the one hand from the ivory towers of party intellectuals, dense treatises and officious theses, and on the other hand from the framing of sedition, rebellion and fanaticism in the colonial archive, Kirti publications show how the global project of communist internationalism became distinctly provincialized and vernacularized in British India.
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Osagie, JI, i LE Otoide. "Colonial Rule and Industrialization in Esan, Benin Province, Nigeria: A Case Study of Institutional Adaptation". African Research Review 9, nr 1 (5.03.2015): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/afrrev.v9i1.7.
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Orihuela, Johanset, i Ricardo A. Viera. "Clay Tobacco Pipes from a Colonial Refuse Deposit in Fort San Severino, Matanzas Province, Cuba". International Journal of Historical Archaeology 20, nr 2 (4.04.2016): 378–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10761-016-0337-6.
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Fernández Soriano, Víctor. "‘Travail et progrès’: Obligatory ‘Educational’ Labour in the Belgian Congo, 1933–60". Journal of Contemporary History 53, nr 2 (13.07.2017): 292–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009417697807.
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The authorities of the Belgian Congo imposed a series of compulsory workloads to the local communities under the argument that these tasks contributed to the ‘education' of the native populations, which they called ‘Travaux d'ordre éducatif' (TOE). Such workloads represented the main legal form of forced labour which existed in the Belgian Congo from their creation in 1933 until independence in 1960. Unlike what happened in most colonial empires, these workloads were not abolished after the Second World War. This article shows, through the case study of the province of Equateur, how these workloads were conceived and organized by the Belgian colonial administration. It seeks an answer to the question of why this form of forced labour remained legal in Congo until its independence.
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Shah, Sayed Wiqar Ali. "The 1930 Civil Disobedience Movement in Peshawar Valley from the Pashtoon Perspective". Studies in History 29, nr 1 (luty 2013): 87–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0257643013496690.
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Like other parts of India, the civil disobedience movement was also launched in North–West Frontier Province (Khyber–Pakhtoonkhwa), although initially with little success. The local Congress sought help from the Khudai Khidmatgars, the most popular socio-political organization of the province; 23 April 1930 saw the worst kind of massacre in Peshawar, followed by other parts of the Province. During the civil disobedience, the colonial administration tried all kinds of draconian methods to suppress the movement but in vain. The purpose of the present research is to investigate and analyze the civil disobedience and its impact in the Peshawar Valley, hitherto neglected by the scholars and thereby help provide a new and deeper understanding of the whole scenario. In a much broader context and in a wider perspective, however, the present study will encompass the following main issues: (a) Indian Muslims and the civil disobedience movement launched by Congress under Mahatma Gandhi; (b) the Frontier Congress and its failure in mobilization of people to support civil disobedience; (c) the altruistic leadership of Abdul Ghaffar Khan and the Khudai Khidmatgars’ tangible support within the masses; (d) the atrocities of the colonial administration and the predicament of the local population; (e) adherence to non-violence, a unique phenomenon for the Pashtoons; (f) the interplay of the religion and politics; (g) the complexity of the Khudai Khidmatgar–Congress relations; and, (h) the role of charismatic leadership. The present research will be focusing on these and other similar crucial issues previously undervalued.
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Megged, Amos. "SALVAGING RECURRING THEMES OF HISTORICAL MEMORY IN THE COHUIXCA PROVINCE OF TEPECOACUILCO (COHUIXCATLACAPAN), GUERRERO, MEXICO, 1460 TO 1580". Ancient Mesoamerica 28, nr 2 (2017): 383–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536116000389.
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AbstractThis article aims to fill in some of the lacunae that still exist regarding the Cohuixca ethnicity of the northeastern part of the State of Guerrero. To do so, it introduces a qualitative methodological approach into ethnohistory, which discerns pervasive patterns of special understanding that guided indigenous testimony in the colonial Spanish courtroom. It emphasizes that early colonial Cohuixca testimonies were deeply influenced by what are called, in Western terms, cadastral maps or cartographic histories or, in Nahuatl,amoxtli tlalamatl altepeamatl(“land papers,” titles of each town and district) in the former Cohuixca province of Tepecoacuilco (Cohuixcatlacapan), these geographical elements being heavily reinforced by oral retelling. Therefore, in order to establish a seemingly coherent plot of the past that would overcome fragmentation and chaos, the indigenous witnesses appearing in our sources relied heavily on unique visual schemata that assisted them in assembling the mental shreds and remnants of past experiences to restore them within the traditional framework and formulae of information transmission only modestly affected by the Spanish conquest.
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Guérin, Mathieu. "Khmer peasants and land access in Kompong Thom Province in the 1930s". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 43, nr 3 (22.08.2012): 441–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463412000331.
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Based on Cambodian and French archival records, which include colonial and local administration reports, tax rosters and judicial sources, this paper explores landownership in Cambodia in the 1930s. It shows that, contrary to common belief, land access was already an issue in the 1930s. The study of tax registers of three communes in the province of Kompong Thom presents a Khmer rural society dominated by peasants with average-sized landholdings, but where landless peasants or those with very small holdings also existed. It also stresses that women were able to become efficient farm operators. In addition, this analysis of the different sources available shows that Khmer rural society in Kompong Thom was a form of gerontocracy dominated by men aged over 40.