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Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 7 czerwca 2025

Data aktualizacji: 2 sierpnia 2025

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1

Anthony, Anderson C., and Owens Joseph 1943-, eds. Propositional attitudes: The role of content in logic, language, and mind. Center for the Study of Language and Information, 1990.

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Schiffer, Stephen. Propositional Content. Edited by Ernest Lepore and Barry C. Smith. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199552238.003.0013.

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Two philosophers may accept the face-value theory and therefore agree that the things we believe are propositions — abstract, mind- and language-independent entities that have truth conditions, and have their truth conditions both essentially and absolutely — but disagree about the further nature of those propositions. This article presents a brief critical survey of some of the options. There are problems with the Russellian face-value theory of belief reports. These problems were first clearly stated in Frege's ‘On Sense and Reference,’ published in 1892, where he renounced the Russellian fa

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Hanks, Peter. Propositional Content. Oxford University Press, 2015.

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Hanks, Peter. Propositional Content. Oxford University Press, 2019.

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Thinking in Images: Imagistic Cognition and Non-Propositional Content. Bloomsbury Academic & Professional, 2024.

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Act-Based Conceptions of Propositional Content: Contemporary and Historical Perspectives. Oxford University Press, 2017.

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Grzankowski, Alex, and Michelle Montague, eds. Non-Propositional Intentionality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198732570.001.0001.

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This book is about the possibility and the prospects of making sense of non-propositional intentionality. Intentionality lies at the centre of a great deal of the philosophy of mind and, by and large, it is understood in propositional terms. Typically, the examples of intentionality deemed fundamental and the explanations of their natures rely on the idea of propositional content. But these commitments cannot go unquestioned and the (often implicit) acceptance of “propositionalism” has impeded philosophical discussion about the nature of intentionality in at least three noteworthy ways: (i) a

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Searle, John R. Are there Non-Propositional Intentional States? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198732570.003.0011.

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Intentionality is that feature of the mind by which it is directed at or about objects and states of affairs in the world. Intentionality is simply aboutness or directedness. “Proposition” is more difficult, but the essential idea is this: every intentional state has a content. Sometimes it seems that the content just enables a state to refer to an object. So if John loves Sally, then it appears that the content of his love is simply “Sally”. But if John believes that it is raining, then the specification of the content requires an entire “that” clause. “Are there non-propositional intentional

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van Elswyk, Peter, Dirk Kindermann, Cameron Domenico Kirk-Giannini, and Andy Egan, eds. Unstructured Content. Oxford University PressOxford, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/9780191862175.001.0001.

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Abstract The original essays in this volume present cutting-edge research on unstructured theories of content, which have traditionally played a central role in linguistics and philosophy of language. The volume explores a wide range of themes related to unstructured content, including both the continued controversy over whether unstructured theories individuate contents too coarsely and various applications of unstructured theories to topics like rationality, epistemic commitment, semantic expressivism, relevance, and propositional attitude ascriptions. It contains contributions from differen

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Hyder, David. Mechanics of Meaning: Propositional Content and the Logical Space of Wittgenstein's Tractatus. de Gruyter GmbH, Walter, 2011.

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Mechanics of Meaning: Propositional Content and the Logical Space of Wittgenstein's Tractatus. De Gruyter, Inc., 2002.

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Mendelovici, Angela. Propositionalism without Propositions, Objectualism without Objects. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198732570.003.0009.

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Propositionalism is the view that all intentional states are propositional states, which are states with a propositional content, while objectualism is the view that at least some intentional states are objectual states, which are states with objectual contents, such as objects, properties, and kinds. This chapter draws a distinction between two features of contents, their superficial characters and their deep natures, and argues that there are two corresponding distinct ways of understanding the debate between propositionalism and objectualism. The chapter argues that the debate is best under

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Green, Mitchell S. A Refinement and Defense of the Force/Content Distinction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198738831.003.0004.

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First lucidly formulated by Gottlob Frege, the distinction between illocutionary force and semantic content has been largely accepted by philosophers of language and linguists for much of the last century. In recent years it has come under attack. This essay aims to address the cogency of that challenge, by, first, clarifying the phenomena that the force/content distinction is designed to explain, and by providing a refinement of that distinction on which contents are not necessarily propositional, and on which force is an aspect of speakermeaning, but not (except in unusual cases) an aspect o

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Mendelovici, Angela. Thought. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190863807.003.0007.

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Thoughts present a challenge for PIT. They seem to represent various contents, including rich descriptive contents, broad contents, and object-involving contents, but it is not clear how PIT can accommodate them. This chapter argues that thoughts have a largely neglected kind of content, immediate content, which is plausibly phenomenally represented and from which rich descriptive, broad, and object-involving contents can be derived. On the proposed view of derived mental representation, self-ascriptivism, thoughts derivatively represent their alleged contents because we ascribe them to our th

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Stalnaker, Robert. Dynamic Pragmatics, Static Semantics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198738831.003.0014.

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Semantic-pragmatic theorizing took a dynamic turn in the 1970s, but at the time the dynamics remained in the pragmatics and retained a more or less traditional static conception of compositional semantics. Later dynamic semantics built rules for context change into the semantics. This essay argues that the phenomena that motivated the dynamic turn are best explained at the pragmatic level, retaining a notion of propositonal content, and a distinction between content and force. It is argued that while a partial notion of propositional content can be recovered from a dynamic conception of semant

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16

Quellen und Studien zur Philosophie, vol. 57: The mechanics of meaning: propositional content and the logical space of Wittgensteinþs Tractatus. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, 2002.

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Hyder, David Jalal. The Mechanics of Meaning: Propositional Content and the Logical Space of Wittgenstein's Tractatus (Quellen Und Studien Zur Philosophie, Bd. 57). Walter de Gruyter, 2002.

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Hanks, Peter. Types of Speech Acts. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198738831.003.0005.

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Classical speech act theory, in the tradition of Austin and Searle, is based on a picture of propositional content due to Frege. This picture takes propositions to be the primary bearers of truth conditions, and it incorporates a sharp distinction between content and force. In this paper I defend an alternative picture of propositional content, on which the primary bearers of truth conditions are the actions we perform in thinking and speaking about the world. Propositions are types of these actions, and they inherit their truth conditions from them. This picture abandons the distinction betwe

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(Editor), C. Anthony Anderson, and Joseph Owens (Editor), eds. Propositional Attitudes: The Role of Content in Logic, Language, and Mind (Center for the Study of Language and Information - Lecture Notes). Center for the Study of Language and Inf, 1990.

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(Editor), C. Anthony Anderson, and Joseph Owens (Editor), eds. Propositional Attitudes: The Role of Content in Logic, Language, and Mind (Center for the Study of Language and Information - Lecture Notes). Center for the Study of Language and Inf, 1990.

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Michaels, Axel, and William S. Sax. Performance. Edited by Michael Stausberg and Steven Engler. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198729570.013.21.

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This chapter reviews prominent theories of ‘performance’ and ‘performativity’ and compares them to theories of ritual. It begins with important theories of performativity in language, and moves on to discussions of the relation between performativity in theatre and in ritual. This chapter argues shows how a focus on performativity in religion and ritual emphasizes embodiment over cognition, situated communication over linguistic structure, and contextual meaning over propositional content. This chapter considers the example of Indian popular theatre and its relation to Indian theology. It also

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22

Coppock, Elizabeth, and Stephen Wechsler. The proper treatment of egophoricity in Kathmandu Newari. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786658.003.0003.

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In egophoric (or conjunct/disjunct) verb-marking systems, a conjunct verb form co-occurs with first-person subjects in declaratives and second-person subjects in interrogatives, and also appears in de se attitude and speech reports; a disjunct verb form appears elsewhere. Conjunct marking also interacts with evidentiality: a speaker who abdicates responsibility for the content of an utterance by means of an evidential marker uses the disjunct verb form despite co-occurence with a first-person subject. Focussing on the case of Kathmandu Newari, Coppock and Wechsler propose that conjunct morphol

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Moss, Sarah. The case for probabilistic knowledge. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792154.003.0005.

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This chapter develops and defends the thesis that we can know probabilistic contents. It is argued that we can get probabilistic knowledge in all the same ways that we get propositional knowledge, including by testimony, inference, memory, and a priori reflection. In addition, there are several reasons to think that we can have perceptual knowledge of probabilistic contents by having perceptual experiences that have probabilistic contents. Probabilistic beliefs can have many traditional epistemic virtues, including factivity, reliability, safety, sensitivity, and aptness. They can also exhibit

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Waterman, John, Chad Gonnerman, Karen Yan, and Joshua Alexander. Knowledge, Certainty, and Skepticism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865085.003.0009.

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Epistemic universalism, the view that epistemic intuitions are culturally universal, plays an important role in underwriting ordinary practice in contemporary epistemology. But is it true? Here the authors present several studies that examine epistemic universalism by looking at the relationships between cultural background, folk knowledge attribution, and salience effects, whereby mention of an unrealized possibility of error undermines our willingness to attribute knowledge. These studies suggest that there may be structural universals, universal epistemic parameters that influence epistemic

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de Almeida, Roberto G., and Ernie Lepore. Semantics for a Module. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190464783.003.0006.

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Fodor’s The Modularity of Mind (1983) and subsequent work propose a principled distinction between perceptual computations and background knowledge. The chapter argues that language input analyzers produce a minimally—and highly constrained—context-sensitive propositional representation of the sentence, built up from sentence constituents. Compatible with the original Modularity story, it thus takes the output of sentence perception to be a “shallow” representation—though a semantic one. The empirical data discussed bear on alleged cases of sentence indeterminacy and how such cases might be as

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Murray, Sarah E. The Semantics of Evidentials. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199681570.001.0001.

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This book gives a compositional, truth‐conditional, crosslinguistic semantics for evidentials set in a theory of the semantics for sentential mood. Central to this semantics is a proposal about a distinction between what propositional content is at‐issue, roughly primary or proffered, and what content is not‐at‐issue. Evidentials contribute not‐at‐issue content, more specifically what I will call a not‐at‐issue restriction. In addition, evidentials can affect the level of commitment a sentence makes to the main proposition, contributed by sentential mood. Building on recent work in the formal

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Poslajko, Krzysztof. Unreal Beliefs. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350354791.

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Krzysztof Poslajko offers a novel version of an anti-realist view about beliefs, rejecting the extreme proposal of eliminativism that beliefs do not exist. He shows us we should rather say that beliefs exist, but they are not real. Poslajko demonstrates how we might make sense of this idea by providing a unified account of the debates in philosophical psychology. The antirealist view interprets beliefs as being causally irrelevant, that they do not constitute a natural kind, and that their content cannot be naturalized. Exploring the status of folk psychology, Poslajko raises key questions in

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Moss, Sarah. Skepticism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792154.003.0007.

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Accepting probabilistic knowledge gives rise to a difficult puzzle: how can Smith know that it is at least .6 likely that Jones smokes, when he is happy to admit that there is a significant chance that this belief will turn out to be wrong? This apparently simple question actually has several skeptical arguments mixed up in it. This chapter distinguishes four such arguments and defends different anti-skeptical responses for each. Taken together, these responses support a bright conclusion. As long as some probabilistic beliefs can be true, and some true beliefs can be knowledge, some probabili

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Stock, Kathleen. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798347.003.0008.

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In this book, a central aim has been to defend what many have taken to be an indefensible view: extreme actual intentionalism about fictional content. This book has the aim of demonstrating that extreme intentionalism should be taken seriously. Meanwhile, if the ideas about fictional content presented here are right, then, as the book has shown, a number of interesting consequences follow for other matters, among them, that a theory of fiction as a set of instructions to imagine certain things is provided with additional motivation. This account also furnishes a neat explanation of how testimo

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Fine, Gail. Plato on the Grades of Perception: Theaetetus 184–186 and the Phaedo. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815655.003.0003.

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In a fascinating passage, Descartes distinguishes three grades of perception. The first is wholly and only physiological; the second and third essentially involve the mind or soul, but differ in that the first has non‐conceptual content, whereas the third is conceptual and propositional. I ask at which if any of these three grades Plato places perception in Theaetetus 184‐6 and in the Phaedo. I argue that the former passage places perception at Descartes’s second grade. I also argue that it is unclear what grade perception is at in the Phaedo. I suggest that, while Theaetetus 184‐6 and the Pha

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Marshall, Colin. Compassion and Being in Touch. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809685.003.0005.

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This chapter argues that only compassion can provide the epistemic good of putting an agent in touch with a suffering creature’s pain. The argument proceeds by showing that only compassion satisfies the conditions for being in touch, according to which a subject must experience the suffering creature in a way that reveals the property of pain. To show that compassion can be part of phenomenologically basic experience, the views of René Descartes, Arthur Schopenhauer, and Max Scheler are discussed. Neither propositional knowledge nor accurate imagination, it is argued, are sufficient for an age

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Goldberg, Sanford C. Core Criteria II. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793670.003.0005.

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This chapter completes the account of the explicit criteria for epistemically proper belief. Given a belief formed through a process or processes on which the subject enjoyed a default permission to rely, the belief is epistemically proper just in case it satisfies a version of Process Reliabilism which the author calls Coherence-Infused Reliabilism (CIR). CIR requires that (i) beliefs be formed and sustained through processes that were reliable (or conditionally reliable), and (ii) the propositional content of the belief, as well as the hypothesis asserting the reliability of the processes as

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Menssen, Sandra, and Thomas Sullivan. Revelation and Scripture. Edited by William J. Abraham and Frederick D. Aquino. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199662241.013.22.

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Christian scripture is about God’s revelation, which is ‘ontologically’ prior. But scripture is epistemically prior: people typically first encounter Christian revelation through scripture and individuals inspired by scripture. Sacred writings of Christianity abound with specific revelatory claims of the form ‘God revealed that such-and-such’, and the more general Christian revelatory claim compounds the propositional content of Christian scripture. So the notion of a revelatory claim can be used to explore simultaneously the concepts of Christian revelation and scripture. Three questions are

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Coffman, E. J. Gettiered Belief. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724551.003.0002.

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Gettiered beliefs are beliefs that fall short of knowledge in the way illustrated by Gettier cases: cases like those Edmund Gettier employed to show that justified true belief doesn’t suffice for knowledge. What has happened to a belief that falls short of knowledge in the way such cases illustrate? I focus initially on two leading substantive answers, what I call the Ease of Mistake Approach and the Lack of Credit Approach. After critically assessing and rejecting each of these approaches, I introduce and evaluate two less prominent approaches to gettiered belief. According to the view I sett

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Carston, Robyn. Pragmatics and Semantics. Edited by Yan Huang. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697960.013.19.

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A cognitive-scientific approach to the pragmatic interpretive ability is presented, according to which it is seen as a specific cognitive system dedicated to the interpretation of ostensive stimuli, that is, verbal utterances and other overtly communicative acts. This approach calls for a dual construal of semantics. The semantics which interfaces with the pragmatic interpretive system is not a matter of truth-conditional content, but of whatever components of meaning (lexical and syntactic) are encoded by the language system (independent of any particular use of the system by speakers in spec

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King, Jeffrey C. Felicitous Underspecification. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192857057.001.0001.

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Felicitous uses of contextually sensitive expressions generally have unique semantic values in context. For example, a felicitous use of the singular pronoun ‘she’ generally has a single female as its unique semantic value in context. In the present work, it is argued that contextually sensitive expressions have felicitous uses where they lack unique semantic values in context. The author calls such uses instances of felicitous underspecification. In these uses, the underspecified expression is associated with a range of candidate semantic values in context. A rule is provided for updating the

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Tennant, Neil. The Logic of Evaluation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777892.003.0003.

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Sentences of propositional logic may be verified or falsified with respect to an atomic basis. Verifications and falsifications are co-inductively defined. The rules generating them justify the truth tables row by row, left to right. Model-relative rules verifying universals or falsifying existentials can generate ‘infinite sideways branchings’ within evaluations. If a sentence has both a verification and a falsification, then a particular atom occurs with its negation in the basis. This presages how any ‘failure’ of transitivity with any two core proofs is offset by proof that their combined

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Sharma, Arvind. Hindu Narratives on Human Rights. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400663482.

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This pioneering work examines the existing understanding of Hinduism in relation to human rights discourse. Written by a leading Hindu scholar, Hindu Narratives on Human Rights is organized around specific rights, such as the right to own property, the rights of children, women's rights, and animal rights. Within these categories and in light of the questions they raise, the book provides a guided tour of Hindu narratives on ethics, ranging from the famous religious epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, to various forms of secular literature drawn from almost a thousand years of Indic civil

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Burge, Tyler. Perception: First Form of Mind. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198871002.001.0001.

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Perception is the first form of representational mind to emerge in evolution. Three types of form are discussed: formal representational structure of perceptual states, formation characteristics in computations of perceptual states, and the form of the visual and visuomotor systems. The book distinguishes perception from non-perceptual sensing. The formal representational structure of perceptual states is developed via a systematic semantics for them—an account of what it is for them to be accurate or inaccurate. This semantics is elaborated by explaining how the representational form is embed

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Holmes, Janice. Methodists and Holiness. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199683710.003.0006.

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Nineteenth-century Britain saw the emergence of a variety of new Dissenting movements which cannot be regarded as belonging to older-established traditions. While some, such as the Brethren, have received considerable attention from historians, others are less well served; indeed, some have discouraged such investigation, partly because of their convictions regarding their divine origin. Consequently, an appreciation of them within their social and religious context has been difficult to achieve. This has been reinforced by the tendency to study such movements in isolation from one another. Th

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