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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Contextual search"
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Abdolmaleki, Abbas, David Simões, Nuno Lau, Luís Paulo Reis, and Gerhard Neumann. "Contextual Direct Policy Search." Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems 96, no. 2 (January 8, 2019): 141–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10846-018-0968-4.
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Kiran, Rathi, and Mitula Pandya. "Contextual Search Results Clustering Using Lingo with Synonymity." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 6 (June 1, 2012): 183–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/june2013/58.
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Leme, Renato Paes, and Jon Schneider. "Contextual Search via Intrinsic Volumes." SIAM Journal on Computing 51, no. 4 (July 18, 2022): 1096–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/20m1385718.
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Melucci, Massimo. "Contextual Search: A Computational Framework." Foundations and Trends® in Information Retrieval 6, no. 4-5 (2012): 257–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/1500000023.
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Toh, Yi Ni, Caitlin A. Sisk, and Yuhong V. Jiang. "Contextual cueing in preview search." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 82, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 2862–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-020-02052-9.
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Hodsoll, John P., and Glyn W. Humphreys. "Preview Search and Contextual Cuing." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 31, no. 6 (2005): 1346–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.31.6.1346.
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Toh, Yi Ni, Caitlin A. Sisk, and Yuhong V. Jiang. "Contextual cueing in preview search." Journal of Vision 20, no. 11 (October 20, 2020): 1259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/jov.20.11.1259.
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Hoffmann, Joachim, and Albrecht Sebald. "Local Contextual Cuing in Visual Search." Experimental Psychology 52, no. 1 (January 2005): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.52.1.31.
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Abstract. Previous research has indicated that covariations between the global layout of search displays and target locations result in contextual cuing: the global context guides attention to probable target locations. The present experiments extend these findings by showing that local redundancies also facilitate visual search. Participants searched for randomly located targets in invariant homogenous displays, i.e., the global context provided information neither about the location nor about the identity of the target. The only redundancy referred to spatial relations between the targets and certain distractors: Two of the distractors were frequently presented next to the targets. In four of five experiments, targets with frequent flankers were detected faster than targets with rare flankers. The data suggest that this local contextual cuing does not depend on awareness of the redundant local topography but needs the redundantly related stimuli to be attended to.
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Walenchok, S., M. Hout, and S. Goldinger. "Categorical Contextual Cueing in Visual Search." Journal of Vision 14, no. 10 (August 22, 2014): 1074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/14.10.1074.
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Sebyakin, Alexey. "The Possibilities of Using Contextual Information Search on Computer Media to Identify, Investigate and Prevent Crimes." Russian Journal of Criminology 13, no. 2 (April 24, 2019): 262–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2019.13(2).262-270.
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Contextual search is now actively used by various divisions of the law enforcement bodies to identify, investigate and prevent crimes. This instrument could be used both to search information online and to analyze local digital information carriers. Still, the task of contextual search does not currently have a single definition, and its place among the tasks of computer forensic examination is not clearly determined. The author examines various problem aspects of contextual search: its concept, its place among the tasks of forensic examination, modern understanding of the task of contextual search in other, including related, branches of science. The author describes contextual search methods in researching digital information within the framework of computer forensic examination and characterizes instruments which an expert could use to deal with the task of contextual search. Using this analysis, the author argues that contextual search is not an independent expert task, but a part of a more extensive expert task. The author also presents the views of different researchers on the concept of contextual information search and states that it is necessary to widen this concept in the light of the contemporary advances in the development information technology: it should be viewed as a method of searching for text fragments not only in the text files, but also in the graphic files. Special attention should be paid to the question of the effectiveness of using contextual search on the Internet, including its shadow segment, with the aim of crime prevention and prophylaxis, the author also analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of search mechanisms in online resources and meta-search systems.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Contextual search"
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Lakshmanan, Hariharan 1980. "A client side tool for contextual Web search." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/29385.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2004.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 76-77).<br>This thesis describes the design and development of an application that uses information relevant to the context of a web search for the purpose of improving the search results obtained using standard search engines. The representation of the contextual information is based on a Vector Space Model and is obtained from a set of documents that have been identified as relevant to the context of the search. Two algorithms have been developed for using this contextual representation to re-rank the search results obtained using search engines. In the first algorithm, re-ranking is done based on a comparison of every search result with all the contextual documents. In the second algorithm, only a subset of the contextual documents that relate to the search query is used to measure the relevance of the search results. This subset is identified by mapping the search query onto the Vector Space representation of the contextual documents. A software application was developed using the .NET framework with C# as the implementation language. The software has functionality to enable users to identify contextual documents and perform searches either using a standard search engine or using the above-mentioned algorithms. The software implementation details, and preliminary results regarding the efficiency of the proposed algorithms have been presented.<br>by Hariharan Lakshmanan.<br>S.M.
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Tseng, Liang-Chun. "Modelling users' contextual querying behaviour for web image searching." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2012. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/61049/1/Liang-Chun_Tseng_Thesis.pdf.
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The rapid growth of visual information on Web has led to immense interest in multimedia information retrieval (MIR). While advancement in MIR systems has achieved some success in specific domains, particularly the content-based approaches, general Web users still struggle to find the images they want.
Despite the success in content-based object recognition or concept extraction, the major problem in current Web image searching remains in the querying process.
Since most online users only express their needs in semantic terms or objects, systems that utilize visual features (e.g., color or texture) to search images create a semantic gap which hinders general users from fully expressing their needs. In addition, query-by-example (QBE) retrieval imposes extra obstacles for exploratory search because users may not always have the representative image at hand or in mind when starting a search (i.e. the page zero problem). As a result, the majority of current online image search engines (e.g., Google, Yahoo, and Flickr) still primarily use textual queries to search.
The problem with query-based retrieval systems is that they only capture users’ information need in terms of formal queries;; the implicit and abstract parts of users’ information needs are inevitably overlooked. Hence, users often struggle to formulate queries that best represent their needs, and some compromises have to be made. Studies of Web search logs suggest that multimedia searches are more difficult than textual Web searches, and Web image searching is the most difficult compared to video or audio searches. Hence, online users need to put in more effort when searching multimedia contents, especially for image searches.
Most interactions in Web image searching occur during query reformulation. While log analysis provides intriguing views on how the majority of users search, their search needs or motivations are ultimately neglected. User studies on image searching have attempted to understand users’ search contexts in terms of users’ background (e.g., knowledge, profession, motivation for search and task types) and the search outcomes (e.g., use of retrieved images, search performance). However, these studies typically focused on particular domains with a selective group of professional users. General users’ Web image searching contexts and behaviors are little understood although they represent the majority of online image searching activities nowadays.
We argue that only by understanding Web image users’ contexts can the current Web search engines further improve their usefulness and provide more efficient searches.
In order to understand users’ search contexts, a user study was conducted based on university students’ Web image searching in News, Travel, and commercial Product domains. The three search domains were deliberately chosen to reflect image users’ interests in people, time, event, location, and objects.
We investigated participants’ Web image searching behavior, with the focus on query reformulation and search strategies. Participants’ search contexts such as their search background, motivation for search, and search outcomes were gathered by questionnaires. The searching activity was recorded with participants’ think aloud data for analyzing significant search patterns. The relationships between participants’ search contexts and corresponding search strategies were discovered by Grounded Theory approach. Our key findings include the following aspects:
- Effects of users' interactive intents on query reformulation patterns and search strategies
- Effects of task domain on task specificity and task difficulty, as well as on some specific searching behaviors
- Effects of searching experience on result expansion strategies
A contextual image searching model was constructed based on these findings. The model helped us understand Web image searching from user perspective, and introduced a context-aware searching paradigm for current retrieval systems. A query recommendation tool was also developed to demonstrate how users’ query reformulation contexts can potentially contribute to more efficient searching.
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Limbu, Dilip Kumar. "Contextual information retrieval from the WWW." Click here to access this resource online, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10292/450.
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Contextual information retrieval (CIR) is a critical technique for today’s search engines in terms of facilitating queries and returning relevant information. Despite its importance, little progress has been made in its application, due to the difficulty of capturing and representing contextual information about users. This thesis details the development and evaluation of the contextual SERL search, designed to tackle some of the challenges associated with CIR from the World Wide Web. The contextual SERL search utilises a rich contextual model that exploits implicit and explicit data to modify queries to more accurately reflect the user’s interests as well as to continually build the user’s contextual profile and a shared contextual knowledge base. These profiles are used to filter results from a standard search engine to improve the relevance of the pages displayed to the user. The contextual SERL search has been tested in an observational study that has captured both qualitative and quantitative data about the ability of the framework to improve the user’s web search experience. A total of 30 subjects, with different levels of search experience, participated in the observational study experiment. The results demonstrate that when the contextual profile and the shared contextual knowledge base are used, the contextual SERL search improves search effectiveness, efficiency and subjective satisfaction. The effectiveness improves as subjects have actually entered fewer queries to reach the target information in comparison to the contemporary search engine. In the case of a particularly complex search task, the efficiency improves as subjects have browsed fewer hits, visited fewer URLs, made fewer clicks and have taken less time to reach the target information when compared to the contemporary search engine. Finally, subjects have expressed a higher degree of satisfaction on the quality of contextual support when using the shared contextual knowledge base in comparison to using their contextual profile. These results suggest that integration of a user’s contextual factors and information seeking behaviours are very important for successful development of the CIR framework. It is believed that this framework and other similar projects will help provide the basis for the next generation of contextual information retrieval from the Web.
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Fiske, Steven William. "Does Crowding Obscure the Presence of Attentional Guidance in Contextual Cueing?" Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4039.
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The contextual cueing effect was initially thought to be the product of memory guiding attention to the target location. However, the steep search slopes obtained in contextual cueing indicate an absence of attentional guidance. We hypothesized that crowding could be obscuring the presence of attentional guidance and investigated this possibility in 2 experiments. Crowding was manipulated by varying the density of items in the local target region in a contextual cueing task. We observed a significant reduction in search slopes between the novel and repeated conditions when crowding was reduced. Enhancing crowding eliminated the contextual cueing effect. These findings suggest that increased crowding at larger set sizes attenuates the memory-based attentional guidance in contextual cueing thereby producing steep search slopes.
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Karlsson, Michael. "Bathroom Hideouts : A search for new ways of storing." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för design, DE, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-14163.
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My examination project during spring 2011 has been carried out in collaboration with DuoBad, a bathroom furniture company situated in Alsterbro, Småland. Their focus is to develop, manufacture and market bathroom furnitures with genuine craftsmanship. Through their partnership with some of the most influential manufacturers of quality bathroom products they can create an entirely new room to enjoy.I initiated the collaboration with DuoBad for the examination project and have not started from a specific task, but together with the company I have been focused on adding new thinking regarding storage in bathroom furniture.The goal with the project has been to, together with DuoBad, develop a conceptual set of bathroom furniture that provides new ways of storing.The project was a close collaboration with users where experience gained through contextual interviews became the main source of inspiration.The result of the project is a bathroom furniture serie called Mill. The name comes from the manufacturing technique of milling, which is the identifying form language of the product.
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Zhang, Limin. "Contextual Web Search Based on Semantic Relationships: A Theoretical Framework, Evaluation and a Medical Application Prototype." Diss., Tucson, Arizona : University of Arizona, 2006. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu%5Fetd%5F1602%5F1%5Fm.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Chimfwembe, Richard. "Pastoral care in a context of poverty : a search for a Zambian contextual church response." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/40203.
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In Zambia, it is true to say that people are politically free but materially still very poor, 49 years after independence which was attained in 1964. Many people lie below poverty datum-line and those that are, most hit, are the people living in rural areas. Many people are flocking from the rural areas to cities, leaving the old people, women and children in rural areas and in poverty. The levels of poverty in Zambia have reached a crisis, that even the president of Zambia, His Excellence Mr. Michael Chilufya Sata, acknowledged this fact during his parliamentary address to the second session of the 11th National assembly broadcast live on Zambia National broadcasting Network in September 2012. The church is challenged by conditions under which the rural dwellers find themselves in. As a church, our political liberation is to be transformed and driven by the will to restructuring and healing our society; thus ultimately developing those individuals who are suffering in the rural areas of the country. In Zambia, the church should accept that the missionaries who brought the gospel from western countries worked very well in the area of community development. The missionaries’ work and their care for the poor should inspire the churches today to be willing to help the poor rural people to be transformed. The good thing the United Church of Zambia could learn from the early missionaries is that the Christian church needs to be committed and involved in the plight of the poor. The church cannot ignore the socio – economic issues that affect rural poor communities. The United Church of Zambia should be transformed and made to understand that human liberation is not possible, if the political and economic issues are not equally addressed, a human being is not only the soul but also, consist of body and mind. The Christian church must bring a holistic ministry to the suffering people. The church; especially the United Church of Zambia, should understand that economic freedom is a reality which cannot be separated from people’s daily life. The church should learn to listen and act as ‘a midwife’ and a place of safety. She must be willing to suffer with the poor, for the sake of the poor. While the church is committed to development issues, let it also not lose sight of spiritual issues. Therefore, the church leadership should serve as a role model in human and community development. The Christian church should use the gospel to change the mind-set of the rural poor in order to help them transform their living standards.<br>Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013.<br>gm2014<br>Practical Theology<br>unrestricted
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Poulet, Sarah. "Contextual Cueing : apprentissage des régularités spatiales de l’environnement au cours de la recherche visuelle et accès conscient aux connaissances." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCC027.
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Face à la surcharge informationnelle inhérente à la complexité du monde visuel, pour pallier la limitation de ses capacités de traitement et ajuster au mieux son comportement, l’être humain est capable d’apprendre et d’exploiter des régularités présentes dans son environnement visuel. S’il est complexe, le monde visuel n’en est effectivement pas moins hautement structuré et redondant, le contexte dans lequel s’inscrivent les objets constituant dès lors une source de prédictibilité profitable aux observateur·rice·s. Depuis une vingtaine d’années, le paradigme de Contextual Cueing (CC) offre un outil expérimental pour étudier, en laboratoire, comment il est ainsi possible d’apprendre des régularités spatiales existant dans la localisation relative de différents objets, pour faciliter les comportements de recherche visuelle. Le CC alimentant une littérature particulièrement abondante et prolifique, la première partie de cette thèse fait état de l’ensemble des travaux préexistants sur le paradigme. Au travers de cette revue de questions, sont principalement discutées la nature implicite du phénomène, la caractérisation des connaissances acquises et de leur effet facilitateur, ainsi que la transposabilité et la généralisation du CC spatial à d’autres régularités ou environnements. Dans une seconde partie, nous présentons trois études expérimentales menées à partir de ce paradigme. La première d’entre elles montre que dans des scènes naturelles, l’acquisition de connaissances implicites tend à précéder l’exploitation consciente des régularités classiquement attachée au CC dans ce type d’environnement. Dans des contextes artificiels et abstraits (i.e., configurations de lettres), si le CC ne paraît pas avant tout dépendre de la bonne mise en œuvre de processus explicites et conscients, notre deuxième étude rapporte que son intégrité est menacée au cours du vieillissement normal. Enfin, notre troisième étude explore les possibilités d’apprentissage en situation d’expositions très brèves aux régularités (i.e., 50ms), et suggère que ces dernières peuvent effectivement être extraites et exploitées alors même que les environnements de recherche ne sont pas (physiquement) disponibles suffisamment longtemps pour permettre à la recherche d’être complétée<br>While deeply complex, the visual world is highly structured and redundant. Through experience, human beings can thus learn regularities present in the visual world, and exploit them to deal with information overload and facilitate behaviors. For the past twenty years, the Contextual Cueing (CC) paradigm has provided an experimental tool to study, in the laboratory, how spatial regularities can be learned to expedite visual search. The first part of this dissertation reviews the existing literature related to this paradigm. It mainly discusses the implicit nature of CC, the characterization of the acquired knowledge and its facilitating effect, as well as the generalization of spatial CC to other regularities and environments. In a second part, three experimental studies using the CC paradigm are presented. The first one shows that, in natural scenes, the acquisition of implicit knowledge tends to precede the conscious exploitation of regularities that classically accompanies CC in this type of environment. In artificial scenes (i.e., letter configurations), even if CC does not seem to primarily depend on the proper implementation of explicit and conscious processes, our second study reports that its integrity is threatened during normal ageing. Finally, our third study investigates whether CC can emerge from very brief exposures of regularities (i.e., 50ms), and suggests that regularities can actually be extracted and exploited even though search displays are not (physically) available long enough to complete the search
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Reuter, Robert. "Direct and indirect measures of learning in visual search." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209542.
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In this thesis, we will explore direct and indirect measures of learning in a visual search task commonly called contextual cueing. In the first part, we present a review of the scientific literature on contextual cueing, in order to give the readers of this thesis a better general idea of existing evidence and open questions within this relatively new research field. The aims of our own experimental studies presented in the succeeding chapters are the following ones: (1) to replicate and extend the findings described in the various papers by Marvin Chun and various colleagues on contextual cueing of visual attention; (2) to explore the nature of memory representations underlying the observed learning effects, especially whether learning is actually implicit and whether memory representations are distinctive, episodic and instance-based or rather distributed, continuous and graded; (3) to extend the study of contextual cueing to more realistic visual stimuli, in order to test its robustness across various situations and validate its adaptive value in ecologically sound conditions;<p>and (4) to investigate whether such knowledge about the association between visual contexts and “meaningful” locations can be (automatically) transferred to other tasks, namely a change detection task.<p><p>In a first series of four experiments, we tried to replicate the documented contextual cueing effect using a wide range of various direct measures of learning (tasks that are supposed to be related to explicit knowledge) and we systematically varied the distinctiveness of context configurations to study its effect on both direct and indirect measures of learning. <p><p>We also ran a series of neural network simulations (briefly described in the general discussion of this thesis), based on a very simple association-learning mechanism, that not only account for the observed contextual cueing effect, but also yield rather specific predictions about future experimental data: contextual cueing effects should also be observed when repetitions of context configurations are not perfect, i.e. the networks were able to react to slightly distorted versions of repeating contexts in a similar way than they did to completely identical contexts. Human participants, we conjectured, should therefore (if the simple connectionist model captures some relevant aspects of the contextual cueing effect) become faster at detecting targets surrounded by context configurations that are only partially identical from trial to trial compared to those trials where the context configurations were randomly generated. These predictions were tested in a second series of experiments using pseudo-repeated context configurations, where some distractor items were either displaced from trial to trial or their orientation changed, while conserving their global layout. <p><p>In a third series of experiments, we used more realistic images of natural landscapes as background contexts to establish the robustness of the contextual cueing effect as well as its ecological relevance claimed by Chun and colleagues. We furthermore added a second task to these experiments to study whether the acquired knowledge about the background-target location associations would (automatically) transfer to another visual search task, namely a change detection task. If participants have learned that certain locations of the repeated images are “important”, since they contain the target item to look for, then changes occurring at those specific locations should lead to less “change blindness” than changes occurring at other irrelevant locations. We used two different types of instructions to introduce this second task after the visual search task, where we either stressed the link between the two tasks, i.e. telling them that remembering the “important” locations for each image could be used to find the changes faster, or we simply told them to perform the second task without any reference to the first one. <p><p>We will close this thesis with a general discussion, combining findings based on our review of the existing research literature and findings based on our own experimental explorations of the contextual cueing effect. By this we will discuss the implications of our empirical studies for the scientific investigation of contextual cueing and implicit learning, in terms of theoretical, empirical and methodological issues.<br>Doctorat en sciences psychologiques<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Zang, Xuelian [Verfasser], and Hermann J. [Akademischer Betreuer] Müller. "Differential contributions of global, local and background contexts in contextual-guided visual search / Xuelian Zang. Betreuer: Hermann J. Müller." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1076471927/34.
Pełny tekst źródłaKsiążki na temat "Contextual search"
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Swett, Jessamine. Contextual bias in crime scene processing and evidence collection. [San Diego, California]: National University, 2018.
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Zikic, Jelena, Derin Kent, and Julia Richardson. International Job Search. Edited by Ute-Christine Klehe and Edwin van Hooft. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764921.013.018.
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As globalization and integration of national economies continues unabated, an increasing number of people are looking for work outside oftheir home countries. Moreover, rather than waiting to be sent overseas by an employer, as might be the case for corporate expatriate assignees, a growing number of people are independently engaging in international job search. In this chapter, we review the literature on these international job seekers, focusing specifically on immigrants and self-initiated expatriates. First, we consider the diverse motives and contextual factors that drive this international job search; second, we look at the personal and cultural factors serving as antecedents for specific job-search behaviors. We then consider how job-search behaviors—in combination with personal factors and host country contexts—influence international job-search outcomes. Throughout this discussion we identify similarities and differences between immigrants and self-initiated expatriates while acknowledging that the boundaries between different groups of international job seekers are blurred. We conclude the chapter with a discussion of areas for future research.
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van Hooft, Edwin. Motivation and Self-Regulation in Job Search: A Theory of Planned Job Search Behavior. Edited by Ute-Christine Klehe and Edwin van Hooft. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764921.013.010.
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Job search is a difficult and complex process that demands prolonged motivation and self-regulation. Integrating insights from generic motivation theories and the job search literature, a Theory of Planned Job Search Behavior (TPJSB) is introduced as a framework for organizing the motivational and self-regulatory predictors and mechanisms that are important in the job search process. The chapter specifically focuses on the motivation-related concepts in the TPJSB, distinguishing between global-level, contextual, and situational predictors of job search intentions and job search behavior. After describing the theoretical underpinnings, empirical support for the associations in the model is presented and reviewed, and recommendations for future research are provided. Last, the moderating role of broader context factors on the TPJSB relations is discussed.
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The Encounter Between Christian and Traditional African Spiritualities in Malawi: The Search for a Contextual Lomwe Christian Spirituality. Edwin Mellen Pr, 2007.
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In search of the Via Media between Christ and Marx: A study of Bishop Ding Guangxun's contextual theology. Lund, Sweden: Center for Theology and Religious Studies, Lund Univ., 2008.
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Anderson, James A. Return to Cognitive Science. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199357789.003.0016.
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Is ambiguity unavoidable? It is found in vision and everywhere in language. Semantic nets for disambiguation are realized in George Miller’s WordNet, a practical project helping disambiguate search strings using contextual disambiguation. Simple association using traditional passive memory is boring compared to complex association using active memory with multiple associative links active at the same time to perform a clearly defined task. A “mixer” is used to recognize items from a list, and generalization of the mixer is used for disambiguation. The chapter also discusses artificial intelligence, both its origins and currently ignored questions: Are biological intelligence and machine intelligence the same thing? Can digital computers really mimic in digital software a largely analog brain? The important question is not why machines are becoming so smart but why humans are still so good. Artificial intelligence is missing something important probably based on hardware differences.
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Rascaroli, Laura. Framing. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190238247.003.0008.
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Essay films performatively display the process of thinking; hence, issues of textual and contextual framing are at the center of their practice. To frame is to detach an object from its background and, thus, to carve a gap between object and world. The chapter starts from a discussion of Irina Botea’s Picturesque (2012): an argument centered on the tourist image is predicated on a dual recourse to the frame—first intended as the literal operation of mise en cadre and then as narrative, ideological, and cultural framing. It goes on to show that the specificity of the essay film is to be sought not in its production of objects, but in their arrangement and that this arrangement reflects a fundamental structure of gap. The method of framing as visible search for an object is further explored via two archival essays, Mohammadreza Farzad’s Gom o gour (Into Thin Air, 2010) and Peter Thompson’s Universal Diptych (1982).
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Köllner, Patrick, Rudra Sil, and Ariel I. Ahram. Comparative Area Studies. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190846374.003.0001.
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Two convictions lie at the heart of this volume. First, area studies scholarship remains indispensable for the social sciences, both as a means to expand our fount of observations and as a source of theoretical ideas. Second, this scholarship risks becoming marginalized without more efforts to demonstrate its broader relevance and utility. Comparative Area Studies (CAS) is one such effort, seeking to balance attention to regional and local contextual attributes with use of the comparative method in search of portable causal links and mechanisms. CAS engages scholarly discourse in relevant area studies communities while employing concepts intelligible to social science disciplines. In practice, CAS encourages a distinctive style of small-N analysis, cross-regional contextualized comparison. As the contributions to this volume show, this approach does not subsume or replace area studies scholarship but creates new pathways to “middle range” theoretical arguments of interest to both area studies and the social sciences.
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Argote, Linda, and John M. Levine, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Group and Organizational Learning. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190263362.001.0001.
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Although individual learning has elicited substantial theoretical and empirical attention for well over 100 years, systematic work on how groups and organizations learn from their experience, retain the knowledge they acquire, and transfer this knowledge is much more recent. Moreover, because the literatures on group and organizational learning developed relatively independently, few efforts have been made to analyze their similarities and differences. The goals of this Handbook are to provide comprehensive and up-to-date reviews of both fields by leading scholars, to identify important cross-cutting themes, and to suggest productive avenues for future research. Contributions are organized under two major headings -- (1) processes of group and organizational learning and (2) contextual influences on group and organizational learning. The former includes chapters on mindfulness of learning processes, information sampling and search, information processing and interpretation, training, remembering and retaining knowledge, performance feedback and social comparisons, learning from others and transferring knowledge, and innovation and creating knowledge. The latter includes chapters on unit composition, structures and routines, intergroup contexts, and online environments. An integrative chapter identifies connections between the chapters and also points out directions for future research.
Części książek na temat "Contextual search"
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Kiseleva, Julia, Jaap Kamps, and Charles L. A. Clarke. "Contextual Search and Exploration." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 3–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41718-9_1.
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Pasi, Gabriella. "Contextual Search: Issues and Challenges." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 23–30. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25364-5_3.
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Ranpara, Ripal, and C. K. Kumbharana. "Contextual Information Retrieval Search Engine Challenges." In Rising Threats in Expert Applications and Solutions, 269–73. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6014-9_31.
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Urbain, Jay, and Ophir Frieder. "Exploring Contextual Models in Chemical Patent Search." In Advances in Multidisciplinary Retrieval, 60–69. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13084-7_6.
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Lytvyn, Vasyl, Victoria Vysotska, Yevhen Burov, Oleh Veres, and Ihor Rishnyak. "The Contextual Search Method Based on Domain Thesaurus." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing II, 310–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70581-1_22.
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Mohammed, Nazim Uddin, Trong Hai Duong, and Geun Sik Jo. "Contextual Information Search Based on Ontological User Profile." In Computational Collective Intelligence. Technologies and Applications, 490–500. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16732-4_52.
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Gregory, Lee, and Josef Kittler. "Using Graph Search Techniques for Contextual Colour Retrieval." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 186–94. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-70659-3_19.
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Huang, Chien-Kang, Yen-Jen Oyang, and Lee-Feng Chien. "A Contextual Term Suggestion Mechanism for Interactive Web Search." In Web Intelligence: Research and Development, 272–81. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45490-x_33.
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Aguiar, Fernando. "Improving Web Search by the Identification of Contextual Information." In Intelligent Exploration of the Web, 197–224. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-1772-0_13.
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Rimmel, Arpad, and Fabien Teytaud. "Multiple Overlapping Tiles for Contextual Monte Carlo Tree Search." In Applications of Evolutionary Computation, 201–10. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12239-2_21.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenia konferencji na temat "Contextual search"
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Tarasova, Valentina, and Mikhail Nikiforov. "Method for Generating Vector Image Features for Contextual Search Tasks." In 2024 International Russian Automation Conference (RusAutoCon), 210–15. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rusautocon61949.2024.10694528.
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Mo, Fengran, Abbas Ghaddar, Kelong Mao, Mehdi Rezagholizadeh, Boxing Chen, Qun Liu, and Jian-Yun Nie. "CHIQ: Contextual History Enhancement for Improving Query Rewriting in Conversational Search." In Proceedings of the 2024 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, 2253–68. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.emnlp-main.135.
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Veerla, Jai Prakash, Partha Sai Guttikonda, Amir Hajighasemi, Jillur Rahman Saurav, Aarti Darji, Cody T. Reynolds, Mohamed Mohamed, Mohammad S. Nasr, Helen H. Shang, and Jacob M. Luber. "SpatialVisVR: An Immersive, Multiplexed Medical Image Viewer with Contextual Similar-Patient Search." In 2024 IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (CIBCB), 1–8. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cibcb58642.2024.10702163.
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Lu, Wenhao, Jingdong Wang, Xian-Sheng Hua, Shengjin Wang, and Shipeng Li. "Contextual image search." In the 19th ACM international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2072298.2072365.
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Abdolmaleki, Abbas, Nuno Lau, Luis Paulo Reis, and Gerhard Neumann. "Contextual Stochastic Search." In GECCO '16: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2908961.2909012.
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Abdolmaleki, Abbas, Nuno Lau, Luis Paulo Reis, and Gerhard Neumann. "Non-parametric contextual stochastic search." In 2016 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iros.2016.7759411.
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Yucel, Sakir. "Contextual Search for Software Engineering." In 2016 International Conference on Computational Science and Computational Intelligence (CSCI). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/csci.2016.0092.
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Chen, Jay, Brendan Linn, and Lakshminarayanan Subramanian. "SMS-based contextual web search." In the 1st ACM workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1592606.1592611.
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Ahn, Jinhyun, Hyosook Jung, Heejin Kim, Dongeun Sun, and Seongbin Park. "A System for Contextual Search." In 2008 IEEE International Workshop on Semantic Computing and Applications (IWSCA). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iwsca.2008.20.
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Paes Leme, Renato, and Jon Schneider. "Contextual Search via Intrinsic Volumes." In 2018 IEEE 59th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/focs.2018.00034.
Pełny tekst źródłaRaporty organizacyjne na temat "Contextual search"
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Lenhardt, Amanda. Evidence on the Effectiveness of Covid-19 International Travel Measures. Institute of Development Studies, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.054.
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Evidence on the effectiveness of travel measures to prevent or slow the spread of Covid-19 and guidance on how and when to apply these measures is limited and the results are mixed. Given the social and economic disruptions that these measures can have, and their potential adverse effects on preventing the spread of the disease, WHO among others have cautioned implementing measures that are not supported by robust evidence. The scope of the search for this report was broad, covering all reported international travel restrictions to contain or slow the spread of Covid-19 and without geographical limitations. The results are therefore more general than restriction- or country-specific and more targeted studies may be omitted from the search due to these wide search parameters. There is general agreement across the literature that some form of travel restriction in the early stages of a disease or variant spread can lead to a slowing of the rate of infections in countries yet to be affected. The majority of studies conducted on travel restrictions adopt a modelling approach, and a systematic review conducted in December 2020 concluded that the quality of observational studies was low to very low (Bou-Karroum et al., 2021). Determining the specific effects of different travel measures is difficult as many studies examine the effects of combined measures. Few studies separate different types of restrictions and much of the modelling on international transmission rates uses data on the movements of people as a proxy for travel restrictions, therefore limiting the ability to observe how measures were implemented except for the timing of measures at different points in the pandemic. Limited country-level evidence was identified for this report and few global studies examine contextual factors that might affect the effectiveness of travel restriction measures. A targeted search for evidence on the effects of travel restrictions on different variants of Covid-19 did not reveal any studies making this distinction.
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Chiavaroli, Neville, Kate Reid, Pru Mitchell, and Jenny Trevitt. Systematic review of the literature on professional education accreditation. Australian Council for Educational Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37517/978-1-74286-711-3.
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This report is a critical and systematic review of the literature on professional education accreditation models, associated methods, and the effectiveness and impact of each model. The review was conducted to inform a review and update of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (RCVS) standards of accreditation for veterinary degrees. The purpose of the study was to rapidly appraise the evidence for the effectiveness, impact, and feasibility of different accreditation approaches, in order to inform best practices for the accreditation of professional education programs. The study focused on accreditation for programs which produce practice-ready graduates, including for veterinary programs. The authors searched several databases for articles published from 2000 to 2020, using search terms identified during a scoping phase, and applied a rapid review methodology in line with contextual, time, and resource requirements. The full-text review included 32 articles, from which a clear transition in the literature was seen from input- and process-based models (pre- and early 2000s) to outcomes-based models (in the 2000s and early 2010s). Continuous quality improvement and targeted models (including risk-based and thematic) represent more recent approaches in accreditation practice. However the review identified limited empirical evidence for the relative effectiveness of different accreditation approaches in professional education, although evidence for the more recent accreditation approaches is emerging.
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Carter, Becky. Analysing Intersecting Social Inequalities in Crisis Settings. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.003.
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Analysis of intersecting social inequalities is key to effective, inclusive interventions in crisis settings. Gender equality and social inclusion analytical frameworks provide key research questions and participatory methodologies which seek to understand: Who is excluded? How are they excluded? Why are they excluded? What can be done to address this and support greater inclusion? There is a focus on underlying power dynamics, drivers of marginalisation, and entry points for external support. This rapid review presents a summary of relevant analytical frameworks and good practice for analysing intersecting social inequalities in crisis settings. The focus is on how to undertake contextual analysis of the vulnerabilities and needs of people in crises that are shaped by overlapping and compounding social inequalities, arising from discrimination based on gender, age, disability, sexual orientation, gender identity and/or expression and sex characteristics, ethnicity and religion (among other identifiers). The review draws on and presents prior research that identified relevant analytical frameworks, learning and key resources on how to undertake this type of analysis, through a rapid literature search and input by key experts. It summarises a range of frameworks relevant for analysing intersecting social inequalities in crisis settings, developed for various development, humanitarian and peacebuilding objectives. It was harder to find published learning from undertaking this analysis that focuses specifically on crisis settings, but it was possible to draw findings from some individual case studies as well as relevant summaries of learning presented in the analytical frameworks and other guidance materials.
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Parsons, Helen M., Hamdi I. Abdi, Victoria A. Nelson, Amy M. Claussen, Brittin L. Wagner, Karim T. Sadak, Peter B. Scal, Timothy J. Wilt, and Mary Butler. Transitions of Care From Pediatric to Adult Services for Children With Special Healthcare Needs. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer255.
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Objective. To understand the evidence base for care interventions, implementation strategies, and between-provider communication tools among children with special healthcare needs (CSHCN) transitioning from pediatric to adult medical care services. Data sources. We searched Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, the Cochrane Central trials (CENTRAL) registry, and CINAHL to identify studies through September 10, 2021. We conducted grey literature searches to identify additional resources relevant to contextual questions. Review methods. Using a mixed-studies review approach, we searched for interventions or implementation strategies for transitioning CSHCN from pediatric to adult services. Two investigators screened abstracts and full-text articles of identified references for eligibility. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental observational studies, and mixed-method studies of CSHCN, their families, caregivers, or healthcare providers. We extracted basic study information from all eligible studies and grouped interventions into categories based on disease conditions. We summarized basic study characteristics for included studies and outcomes for studies assessed as low to medium risk of bias using RoB-2. Results. We identified 9,549 unique references, 440 of which represented empirical research; of these, 154 (16 major disease categories) described or examined a care transition intervention with enough detail to potentially be eligible for inclusion in any of the Key Questions. Of these, 96 studies met comparator criteria to undergo risk of bias assessment; however only 9 studies were assessed as low or medium risk of bias and included in our analytic set. Low-strength evidence shows transition clinics may not improve hemoglobin A1C levels either at 12 or 24 months in youth with type 1 diabetes mellitus compared with youth who received usual care. For all other interventions and outcomes, the evidence was insufficient to draw meaningful conclusions because the uncertainty of evidence was too high. Some approaches to addressing barriers include dedicating time and resources to support transition planning, developing a workforce trained to care for the needs of this population, and creating structured processes and tools to facilitate the transition process. No globally accepted definition for effective transition of care from pediatric to adult services for CSHCN exists; definitions are often drawn from principles for transitions, encompassing a broad set of clinical aspects and other factors that influence care outcomes or promote continuity of care. There is also no single measure or set of measures consistently used to evaluate effectiveness of transitions of care. The literature identifies a limited number of available training and other implementation strategies focused on specific clinical specialties in targeted settings. No eligible studies measured the effectiveness of providing linguistically and culturally competent healthcare for CSHCN. Identified transition care training, and care interventions to
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Shan, Yina, Praem Mehta, Duminda Perera, and Yurissa Yarela. Cost and Efficiency of Arsenic Removal from Groundwater: A Review. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, February 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/kmwt2129.
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Hundreds of millions of people worldwide are exposed to arsenic-contaminated drinking water, leading to significant health complications, and social and economic losses. Currently, a wide range of technologies exists to remove arsenic from water. However, despite ongoing research on such technologies, their widespread application remains limited. To bridge this gap, this review aims to compare the effectiveness and costs of various arsenic remediation technologies while considering their practical applicability. A search conducted using the Medline and Embase databases yielded 31 relevant articles published from 1996 to 2018, which were categorized into laboratory and field studies. Data on the effectiveness of technologies in removing arsenic and associated costs were extracted and standardized for comparison as much as was possible, given the diversity of ways that studies report their key results. The twenty-three (23) technologies tested in laboratory settings demonstrated efficiencies ranging from 50% to ~100%, with the majority reaching relatively high removal efficiencies (>90%). Approximately half achieved the WHO standard of 10 µg/L. Laboratory studies used groundwater samples from nine (9) different countries – Argentina, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Guatemala, India, Thailand, the United States, and Vietnam. The fourteen (14) technologies tested in the field achieved removal efficiency levels ranging between 60% and ~99%, with ten (10) attaining above 90% removal efficiency. Of these, only five (5) reached established the WHO standard. Some of the technologies under-performed when their influent water contained excessive concentrations of arsenic. Only six (6) countries (Argentina, Bangladesh, Chile, China, India, and Nicaragua) were represented among the studies that implemented and tested technologies in the field, either at household or community level. For technologies tested in the laboratory, the cost of treating one cubic meter of water ranged from near-zero to ~USD 93, except for one technology which cost USD 299/m³. For studies conducted in the field, the cost of treating one cubic meter of water ranged from near-zero to ~USD 70. Key factors influencing the removal efficiencies and their costs include the arsenic concentration of the influent water, pH of the influent water, materials used, the energy required, absorption capacity, labour used, regeneration period and geographical location. Technologies that demonstrate high removal efficiencies when treating moderately arsenic-contaminated water may not be as efficient when treating highly contaminated water. Also, the lifetime of the removal agents is a significant factor in determining their efficiency. It is suggested that remediation technologies that demonstrate high arsenic removal efficiencies in a laboratory setting need to be further assessed for their suitability for larger-scale application, considering their high production and operational costs. Costs can be reduced by using locally available materials and natural adsorbents, which provide near zero-cost options and can have high arsenic removal efficiencies. A notable feature of many arsenic removal approaches is that some countries with resource constraints or certain environmental circumstances – like typically high arsenic concentrations in groundwater –aim to reach resultant arsenic concentrations that are much higher than WHO’s recommended standard of 10 µg/L. This report maintains that – while this may be a pragmatic approach that helps progressively mitigate the arsenic-related health risks – it is unfortunately not a sustainable solution. Continuing exposure to higher levels of arsenic ingestion remains harmful for humans. Hence arsenic-removal technology should only be seen efficient if it can bring the water to the WHO standard. A less radical approach effectively shifts the attention from the origin of the problem in addressing the impacts and postpones achieving the best possible outcome for populations. The quantitative summary of costs and effectiveness of arsenic remediation technologies reviewed in this report can serve as a preliminary guideline for selecting the most cost-effective option. It may also be used as an initial guideline (minimum standard) for summarising the results of future studies describing arsenic remediation approaches. Looking ahead, this study identifies four priority areas that may assist in commercializing wide-scale implementation of arsenic removal technologies. These include: i) focusing efforts on determining market viability of technologies, ii) overcoming practical limitations of technologies, iii) determining technology contextual appropriateness and iv) concerted effort to increase knowledge sharing in and across regions to accelerate the implementation of research on the ground. Overall, the current science and knowledge on arsenic remediation technologies may be mature enough already to help significantly reduce the global numbers of affected populations. The missing link for today’s arsenic removal challenge is the ability to translate research evidence and laboratory-level successes into quantifiable and sustainable impacts on the ground. Achieving this requires a concerted and sustained effort from policymakers, engineers, healthcare providers, donors, and community leaders.
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Nguyen-Feng, Viann N., Marizen Ramirez, Kathryn L. Behrens, Timothy Usset, Amy M. Claussen, Romil R. Parikh, Elizabeth K. Lee, Tai Mendenhall, Timothy J. Wilt, and Mary Butler. Trauma Informed Care: A Systematic Review. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), January 2025. https://doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepcsrtrauma.
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Objectives. To examine how Trauma Informed Care (TIC) and its components are defined and operationalized, and to examine the state of the evidence on effectiveness and potential harms of TIC approaches, frameworks, models, and components. Data sources. We searched Medline (Ovid)®, APA PsycInfo® (Ovid), CINAHL® (EBSCOHost), ERIC (EBSCOHost), and Scopus (Elsevier) for peer-reviewed articles published through July 19, 2024. Grey literature was also searched for Contextual Questions regarding TIC definitions and organizational and clinical components. Review methods. We used methods consistent with the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality’s Evidence-based Practice Center Program Methods Guide. We prepared the review protocol with input from Key Informants, Technical Experts, and a public comment period in April 2023. Using predefined criteria and dual review, we selected intervention studies that enrolled adult or pediatric patients/clients regardless of identified trauma exposure or type of trauma exposure in any healthcare or social service setting in any country. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials and comparative nonrandomized studies of interventions. We assessed risk of bias and strength of evidence for a prespecified list of patient/client health related outcomes. Results. From 4,379 unique references, we identified 12 eligible studies discussed in 16 publications. Study settings were varied: two studies in adult medical care settings, one in adult mental health service, one in primary prevention for children, one in adolescent medical care, four in residential child welfare, and three in non-residential child welfare. We did not combine data quantitatively due to variability of interventions. All studies were assessed as high risk of bias and evidence was insufficient to determine the effects of TIC on patient/client outcomes for all settings and comparisons. Studies did not collect information on harms, adverse events, or unintended consequences of TIC. TIC models vary considerably in their socioecological components from youth to adult services across settings and disciplines. There was a broad range of organizational and clinical components, with only some overlap within both organizational and clinical domains. A few TIC models described specific elements of cultural competency/humility. Conclusions. Evidence was insufficient to make any clear determinations on the effectiveness of TIC approaches across any patient/client health related outcome, but this does not mean the individual interventions described are not potentially useful. Rather, it means the evidence does not yet provide clear answers. Still, TIC is being widely implemented, and research on its effectiveness and potential harms seems to be neither informing nor keeping pace with related areas (e.g., evidence-based trauma treatments) or practice/implementation.
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Sim, Leslie, Zhen Wang, Paul E. Croarkin, Alastair J. McKean, Khaled S. Mohammed, Tamim I. Rajjo, Mohammed Firwana, et al. Management of Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors in Youth: A Systematic Review. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, April 2025. https://doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepcsr_suicidalyouth.
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Background: Suicide is a leading cause of death in young people and an escalating public health crisis. We aimed to assess the effectiveness and harms of available treatments for suicidal thoughts and behaviors in youths at heightened risk for suicide. We also aimed to examine how social determinants of health, racism, disparities, care delivery methods, and patient demographics affect outcomes. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and searched several databases including MEDLINE®, Embase®, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and others from January 2000 to September 2024. We included randomized clinical trials (RCTs), comparative observational studies, and before-after studies of psychosocial interventions, pharmacological interventions, neurotherapeutics, emerging therapies, and combinations therapies. Eligible patients were youths (aged 5 to 24 years) who had a heightened risk for suicide, including youths who have experienced suicidal ideation, prior attempts, hospital discharge for mental health treatment, or command hallucinations; were identified as high risk on validated questionnaires; or were from other at-risk groups. Pairs of independent reviewers selected and appraised studies. Findings were synthesized narratively. Results: We included 65 studies reporting on 14,534 patients (33 RCTs, 13 comparative observational studies, and 19 before-after studies). Psychosocial interventions identified from the studies comprised psychotherapy interventions (33 studies, Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality, Dynamic Deconstructive Psychotherapy, Attachment-Based Family Therapy, and Family-Focused Therapy), acute (i.e., 1 to 4 sessions/contacts) psychosocial interventions (19 studies, acute safety planning, family-based crisis management, motivational interviewing crisis interventions, continuity of care following crisis, and brief adjunctive treatments), and school/community-based psychosocial interventions (13 studies, social network interventions, school-based skills interventions, suicide awareness/gatekeeper programs, and community-based, culturally tailored adjunct programs). For most categories of psychotherapies (except DBT), acute interventions, or school/community-based interventions, there was insufficient strength of evidence and uncertainty about suicidal thoughts or attempts. None of the studies evaluated adverse events associated with the interventions. The evidence base on pharmacological treatment for suicidal youths was largely nonexistent at the present time. No eligible study evaluated neurotherapeutics or emerging therapies. Conclusion: The current evidence on available interventions intended for youths at heightened risk of suicide is uncertain. Medication, neurotherapeutics, and emerging therapies remain unstudied in this population. Given that most treatments were adapted from adult protocols that may not fit the developmental and contextual experience of adolescents or younger children, this limited evidence base calls for the development of novel, developmentally and trauma-informed treatments, as well as multilevel interventions to address the rising suicide risk in youths.
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Cantor, Amy G., Rebecca M. Jungbauer, Andrea C. Skelly, Erica L. Hart, Katherine Jorda, Cynthia Davis-O'Reilly, Aaron B. Caughey, and Ellen L. Tilden. Respectful Maternity Care: Dissemination and Implementation of Perinatal Safety Culture To Improve Equitable Maternal Healthcare Delivery and Outcomes. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), January 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer269.
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Objective. To summarize current research defining and measuring respectful maternity care (RMC) and evaluate the effectiveness of RMC and implementation strategies to improve health outcomes, particularly for populations at risk for health disparities. Data sources. Ovid MEDLINE®, Embase®, and Cochrane CENTRAL from inception to November 2022 and SocINDEX to July 2023; manual review of reference lists and responses to a Federal Register Notice. Review methods. Dual review of eligible abstracts and full-text articles using predefined criteria. Data abstraction and quality assessment dual reviewed using established methods. Systematic evaluation of psychometric studies of RMC tools using adapted criteria. Meta-analysis not conducted due to heterogeneity of studies and limited data. Results. Searches identified 4,043 unique records. Thirty-seven studies were included across all questions, including the Contextual Question (CQ). Twenty-four validation studies (3 observational studies, 21 cross-sectional studies) evaluated 12 tools for measuring RMC. One randomized controlled trial (RCT) evaluated RMC effectiveness. There were no effectiveness trials from settings relevant to clinical practice in the United States and no studies evaluating effectiveness of RMC implementation. For the CQ, 12 studies defined 12 RMC frameworks. Two types of frameworks defined RMC: (1) Disrespect and Abuse (D&A) and (2) Rights-Based. Components of D&A frameworks served as indicators for recognizing mistreatment during childbirth, while Rights-Based frameworks incorporated aspects of reproductive justice, human rights, and anti-racism. Overlapping themes from RMC frameworks included: freedom from abuse, consent, privacy, dignity, communication, safety, and justice. Tools that measured RMC performed well based on psychometric measures, but no single tool stood out as the best measure of RMC. The intrapartum version of the Mother’s Autonomy in Decision-Making (MADM), Mothers On Respect index (MORi), and the Childbirth Options, Information, and Person-Centered Explanation (CHOICES) index for measuring RMC demonstrated good overall validity based on analysis of psychometric properties and were applicable to U.S. populations. The Revised Childbirth Experience Questionnaire (CEQ-2) demonstrated good overall validity for measuring childbirth experiences and included RMC components. One fair-quality RCT from Iran demonstrated lower rates of postpartum depression at 6-8 weeks for those who received RMC compared with controls (20% [11/55] vs. 50% [27/54], p=0.001), measured by the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale. No studies evaluated any other health outcomes or measured the effectiveness of RMC implementation strategies. Conclusions. RMC frameworks with overlapping components, themes, and definitions were well described in the literature, but consensus around one operational definition is needed. Validated tools to measure RMC performed well based on psychometric measures but have been subject to limited evaluation. A reliable metric informed by a standard definition could lead to further evaluation and implementation in U.S. settings. Evidence is currently lacking on the effectiveness of strategies to implement RMC to improve any maternal or infant health outcome.
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Tipton, Kelley, Brian F. Leas, Emilia Flores, Christopher Jepson, Jaya Aysola, Jordana Cohen, Michael Harhay, et al. Impact of Healthcare Algorithms on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health and Healthcare. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer268.
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Objectives. To examine the evidence on whether and how healthcare algorithms (including algorithm-informed decision tools) exacerbate, perpetuate, or reduce racial and ethnic disparities in access to healthcare, quality of care, and health outcomes, and examine strategies that mitigate racial and ethnic bias in the development and use of algorithms. Data sources. We searched published and grey literature for relevant studies published between January 2011 and February 2023. Based on expert guidance, we determined that earlier articles are unlikely to reflect current algorithms. We also hand-searched reference lists of relevant studies and reviewed suggestions from experts and stakeholders. Review methods. Searches identified 11,500 unique records. Using predefined criteria and dual review, we screened and selected studies to assess one or both Key Questions (KQs): (1) the effect of algorithms on racial and ethnic disparities in health and healthcare outcomes and (2) the effect of strategies or approaches to mitigate racial and ethnic bias in the development, validation, dissemination, and implementation of algorithms. Outcomes of interest included access to healthcare, quality of care, and health outcomes. We assessed studies’ methodologic risk of bias (ROB) using the ROBINS-I tool and piloted an appraisal supplement to assess racial and ethnic equity-related ROB. We completed a narrative synthesis and cataloged study characteristics and outcome data. We also examined four Contextual Questions (CQs) designed to explore the context and capture insights on practical aspects of potential algorithmic bias. CQ 1 examines the problem’s scope within healthcare. CQ 2 describes recently emerging standards and guidance on how racial and ethnic bias can be prevented or mitigated during algorithm development and deployment. CQ 3 explores stakeholder awareness and perspectives about the interaction of algorithms and racial and ethnic disparities in health and healthcare. We addressed these CQs through supplemental literature reviews and conversations with experts and key stakeholders. For CQ 4, we conducted an in-depth analysis of a sample of six algorithms that have not been widely evaluated before in the published literature to better understand how their design and implementation might contribute to disparities. Results. Fifty-eight studies met inclusion criteria, of which three were included for both KQs. One study was a randomized controlled trial, and all others used cohort, pre-post, or modeling approaches. The studies included numerous types of clinical assessments: need for intensive care or high-risk care management; measurement of kidney or lung function; suitability for kidney or lung transplant; risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, lung cancer, prostate cancer, postpartum depression, or opioid misuse; and warfarin dosing. We found evidence suggesting that algorithms may: (a) reduce disparities (i.e., revised Kidney Allocation System, prostate cancer screening tools); (b) perpetuate or exacerbate disparities (e.g., estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] for kidney function measurement, cardiovascular disease risk assessments); and/or (c) have no effect on racial or ethnic disparities. Algorithms for which mitigation strategies were identified are included in KQ 2. We identified six types of strategies often used to mitigate the potential of algorithms to contribute to disparities: removing an input variable; replacing a variable; adding one or more variables; changing or diversifying the racial and ethnic composition of the patient population used to train or validate a model; creating separate algorithms or thresholds for different populations; and modifying the statistical or analytic techniques used by an algorithm. Most mitigation efforts improved proximal outcomes (e.g., algorithmic calibration) for targeted populations, but it is more challenging to infer or extrapolate effects on longer term outcomes, such as racial and ethnic disparities. The scope of racial and ethnic bias related to algorithms and their application is difficult to quantify, but it clearly extends across the spectrum of medicine. Regulatory, professional, and corporate stakeholders are undertaking numerous efforts to develop standards for algorithms, often emphasizing the need for transparency, accountability, and representativeness. Conclusions. Algorithms have been shown to potentially perpetuate, exacerbate, and sometimes reduce racial and ethnic disparities. Disparities were reduced when race and ethnicity were incorporated into an algorithm to intentionally tackle known racial and ethnic disparities in resource allocation (e.g., kidney transplant allocation) or disparities in care (e.g., prostate cancer screening that historically led to Black men receiving more low-yield biopsies). It is important to note that in such cases the rationale for using race and ethnicity was clearly delineated and did not conflate race and ethnicity with ancestry and/or genetic predisposition. However, when algorithms include race and ethnicity without clear rationale, they may perpetuate the incorrect notion that race is a biologic construct and contribute to disparities. Finally, some algorithms may reduce or perpetuate disparities without containing race and ethnicity as an input. Several modeling studies showed that applying algorithms out of context of original development (e.g., illness severity scores used for crisis standards of care) could perpetuate or exacerbate disparities. On the other hand, algorithms may also reduce disparities by standardizing care and reducing opportunities for implicit bias (e.g., Lung Allocation Score for lung transplantation). Several mitigation strategies have been shown to potentially reduce the contribution of algorithms to racial and ethnic disparities. Results of mitigation efforts are highly context specific, relating to unique combinations of algorithm, clinical condition, population, setting, and outcomes. Important future steps include increasing transparency in algorithm development and implementation, increasing diversity of research and leadership teams, engaging diverse patient and community groups in the development to implementation lifecycle, promoting stakeholder awareness (including patients) of potential algorithmic risk, and investing in further research to assess the real-world effect of algorithms on racial and ethnic disparities before widespread implementation.
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Jenkins, J. Lee, Enid Chung Roemer, Edbert B. Hsu, George S. Everly, Jr., Genie Han, Allen Zhang, Ritu Sharma, et al. Mental Health and Occupational Stress in the Emergency Medical Services and 911 Workforces. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), February 2025. https://doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepcsr911.
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Objectives. This Systematic Review addresses the mental health of the Emergency Medical Services (EMS) and 911 telecommunicator workforces. We addressed Key Questions (KQs) related to the: (1) incidence, prevalence, and severity of mental health and occupational stress issues; (2) benefits and harms of interventions to promote resistance and resilience regarding these issues; (3) contextual and implementation factors for practices to address these issues; and (4) future research needs. Data sources. We searched Medline®, Embase®, Cochrane CENTRAL, PsycINFO®, CINAHL®, journals not indexed in Medline®, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Websites from January 1, 2001, to June 11, 2024. To increase applicability to the U.S. decision-making context, we restricted to studies conducted in high-income countries. Review methods. We used DistillerSR® for screening and the Systematic Review Data Repository Plus for data extraction. We assessed the risk of bias, conducted meta-analyses, and evaluated strength of evidence (SoE) using standard methods. We registered the protocol in PROSPERO (registration number CRD42023465325). Results. We included 187 studies (2 randomized controlled trials, 1 nonrandomized trial, 5 pre-post studies, 6 cohort studies, and 173 cross-sectional studies). KQ1: We included 179 studies. No study reported on incidence of any outcome. Among telecommunicators during routine practice, prevalence estimates were: any depression, 15.5 percent; suicidal ideation, 12.4 percent; suicide plans, 5.7 percent; suicide attempts, 0.7 percent; alcohol abuse, 15.5 percent; high/extreme peritraumatic distress, 5 percent; high secondary traumatic stress, 16.3 percent; and acute stress disorder, 17 percent (low SoE for each). Among telecommunicators after critical incidents, the prevalence of high and medium general stress were 39.7 and 28.2 percent, respectively (low SoE). Among EMS clinicians during routine practice, prevalence estimates were: suicidal ideation, 33 percent; suicide plans, 8.7 to 10.9 percent; and suicide attempts, 2.8 to 5.6 percent (moderate SoE). Among EMS clinicians during routine practice or after critical incidents, the prevalence of depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), burnout, and stress varied considerably (low SoE for each). Regarding severity (based on mean levels), among telecommunicators during routine practice, depressive symptoms and stress were mild/low to moderate and burnout was mild to severe (moderate SoE). Peritraumatic distress was moderate and secondary traumatic stress was mild (low SoE). Among telecommunicators after critical incidents, mean levels of burnout and general stress were moderate (low SoE). Among EMS clinicians during routine practice, mean levels of depressive symptoms were minimal to mild, while mean levels of anxiety and operational and organizational job stress were mild to moderate, mean levels of general stress and burnout were mild to severe, mean levels of secondary traumatic stress were mild, and mean alcohol use was low risk (moderate SoE). The Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R) mean score was 4.92 (95% confidence interval, 2.44 to 7.39; 4 studies; SBQ-R ≥ 7 implies at risk of suicide; moderate SoE). The mean level of moral injury was moderate (low SoE). Among EMS clinicians after critical incidents, mean levels of depressive symptoms were minimal to mild and for anxiety were mild to moderate (moderate SoE). Some modifying factors (e.g., more trauma exposure, more hours per week, more burnout, higher call volumes) were associated with poor outcomes. KQ2: We included nine studies. Mindfulness-building interventions targeting resistance and resilience among EMS clinicians were associated with reduced burnout at up to 6 months of follow-up (low SoE). KQ3: We included five studies. We found no evidence regarding effective telecommunicator workforce practices to improve mental health and occupational stress issues. KQ4: Future research should evaluate mindfulness-based interventions and prioritized outcomes, using randomized trials or non-randomized studies that account for important confounders. Conclusions. This Systematic Review documents the prevalence and severity of mental health and occupational stress issues in the EMS and telecommunicator workforces. To strengthen preventive and early supportive interventions, attention should be given to factors associated with poor outcomes.