Rozprawy doktorskie: „Cooperative relay system”

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Eddaghel, Masoud. "Mitigating PAPR in cooperative wireless networks with frequency selective channels and relay selection." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2014. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/16339.

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The focus of this thesis is peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction in cooperative wireless networks which exploit orthogonal frequency division multiplexing in transmission. To reduce the PAPR clipping is employed at the source node. The first contribution focuses upon an amplify-and-forward (AF) type network with four relay nodes which exploits distributed closed loop extended orthogonal space frequency block coding to improve end-to-end performance. Oversampling and filtering are used at the source node to reduce out-of-band interference and the iterative amplitude reconstruction decoding technique is used at the destination node to mitigate in-band distortion which is introduced by the clipping process. In addition, by exploiting quantized group feedback and phase rotation at two of the relay nodes, the system achieves full cooperative diversity in addition to array gain. The second contribution area is outage probability analysis in the context of multi-relay selection in a cooperative AF network with frequency selective fading channels. The gains of time domain multi-path fading channels with L paths are modeled with an Erlang distribution. General closed form expressions for the lower and upper bounds of outage probability are derived for arbitrary channel length L as a function of end-to-end signal to noise ratio. This analysis is then extended for the case when single relay selection from an arbitrary number of relay nodes M is performed. The spatial and temporal cooperative diversity gain is then analysed. In addition, exact form of outage probability for multi-path channel length L = 2 and selecting the best single relay from an arbitrary number of relay nodes M is obtained. Moreover, selecting a pair of relays when L = 2 or 3 is additionally analysed. Finally, the third contribution context is outage probability analysis of a cooperative AF network with single and two relay pair selection from M available relay nodes together with clipping at the source node, which is explicitly modelled. MATLAB and Maple software based simulations are employed throughout the thesis to support the analytical results and assess the performance of algorithms and methods.

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Lanzarini, Matteo. "Distributed optimization methods for cooperative beamforming in satellite communications." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/23246/.

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This thesis analyzes various beamforming techniques and theories of space information networking (SIN), with the aim of merging and using them in real application. We propose then two algorithm to solve two different problem linked to satellites and beamforming. The first one show a cluster of satellites that performs collaborative beamforming to reach an Earth user, while reducing interference in secondary directions. Then we consider a problem for hybrid satellite-terrestrial relay networks (HSTRNs), where multiple geostationary satellites transmit signals to multiple Earth terminal, with the help of multiple single-antenna relays.

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Çelebi, Mehmet Bahadır. "On the Improvement of the Capacity of the Heterogeneous Networks with Link-Level and System-Level Approaches." Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5353.

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Evolution of wireless services enabled the development of the advanced applications and shifted the paradigms of research in this field from voice to data centric. Such services are spreading like wildfire between users and hence, increasing the demand for large bandwidth. However, the frequency spectrum that is suitable for wireless mobile communications is already assigned to particular services from 400 MHz to several GHz. Also, allocating a large chunk of band continuously from the same part of the spectrum may not be possible due to spectral crowd. Therefore, meeting the demand for high data rate requiring wireless services within the accessible spectrum range becomes a challenging problem. The spectrum allocation policies are discussed by regulatory authorities and academia, and the idea of spectrum sharing systems are addressed as a solution. For instance, heterogeneous networks (HetNets) increase the number of available resources and improve the spectrum accessing capabilities of the wireless communication systems. To achieve this, HetNet nodes are deployed within the coverage of the macrocell regions. Thus, spectral efficiency is boosted via spatial reuse of the same spectral resources. On the contrary, HetNets preclude to fully exploit the resources because of serious interference problems between macrocell and HetNet nodes. Thus, wireless networks of the future will observe interference from even a larger number of sources. Due to co-channel HetNet deployment and denser frequency reuse, interference cancellation is expected to have significant importance for future wireless communication systems. The occupied resources can also be reused as a solution by conducting advanced signal processing algorithms at the receiver to increase the spectral efficiency. While doing so, the proposed approaches are expected to be easily integrated with the existing complementary approaches to improve the capacity further. Besides, new deployment strategies that allow spectrum access for non-licensed users to achieve larger bandwidth become important to increase the spectral efficiency of the HetNets. Within the scope of the dissertation, new solutions are developed for the aforementioned problems of the next-generation wireless communication systems. First, an interference cancellation receiver that exploits the unique characteristics of current waveforms is developed in Chapter 2. Also the unknown model of interference is converted to a known model and new algorithms are proposed to recover the desired signal. Then, another perspective is brought into the subject by transforming the interference problem to an interference advantage in Chapter 3. The idea of co-existence of different types of signals are analyzed to bring another degree of freedom as a solution. The proposed approaches are integrated to the existing complementary approaches, such as interference coordination and power control, to improve the capacity further. Finally, a cooperation mechanism is suggested to facilitate the transmission of signal which has a large bandwidth by integrating the idle bands in Chapter 4. By this way, geo-spatially idle bands within the coverage area are utilized and spectral efficiency is increased.

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Wu, Victor Kai Yuen. "OFDM-based cooperative communications in a single path relay network and a multiple path relay network." Thesis, Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006, 2006. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-11092006-152421/.

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Danaee, Ahmad. "Precoder Design for Cooperative MIMO Relay Systems." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1372335578.

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Abadi, Tarla. "Design and performance analysis of cooperative relay systems." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/design-and-performance-analysis-of-cooperative-relay-systems(8edce5bc-1518-4df2-aa49-36bf5386036a).html.

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Cooperative relay systems have emerged as promising techniques to boost the performance of wireless systems. Recent studies have confirmed that interferences, co-channel interferences (CCIs) and self-interferences, have a huge impact on cooperative relay systems and can cause significant performance degradation. Two problems were observed in this research. Firstly, previous studies on performance analysis of Amplify-and-Forward (AF) relay systems in presence of CCIs have only focused on a specific interference channel model. However, in practical design scenarios, such an assumption is not a realistic proposition. Secondly, analyses of overheads introduced by a time-based relay selection protocol in distributed cooperative systems have been based on an over-pessimistic assumption where all packets involved in a collision are destroyed. Nevertheless, collisions due to the protocol overheads cause the system performance to be degraded but this does not mean that the failure of end-to-end transmission certainly occurs. The thesis aims to analyse the performance of practical cooperative relay systems in the presence of CCIs and self-interferences, by developing exact mathematical methods. A new unified mathematical method for AF relay systems in presence of a random number of arbitrary non-identical CCIs was developed. The obtained new approach derived in terms of a moment generating function of the aggregate interferences' power led to the derivation of new explicit expressions. The new results greatly simplify evaluation of average error rates over diverse practical interference scenarios. Moreover, a new exact mathematical analysis for distributed cooperative relay systems employing a time-based relay selection protocol based on an accurate interference model was presented. This approach led to the derivation of new exact expressions for the spectral efficiency which accounts for both self-interferences and the protocol overheads as well as for different fading scenarios and arbitrary relay locations. This approach provided several advantages over direct approaches, one of which is that it significantly simplified averaging-out the joint random variables involved.

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Zhang, Shunqing. "Cooperative relay in the next generation wireless networks /." View abstract or full-text, 2009. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?ECED%202009%20ZHANGS.

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Hesketh, Thomas John. "Detection and resource allocation algorithms for cooperative MIMO relay systems." Thesis, University of York, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/6145/.

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Cooperative communications and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication systems are important topics in current research that will play key roles in the future of wireless networks and standards. In this thesis, the various challenges in accurately detecting and estimating data signals and allocating resources in the cooperative systems are investigated. Firstly, we propose a cross-layer design strategy that consists of a cooperative maximum likelihood (ML) detector operating in conjunction with link selection for a cooperative MIMO network. Two new link selection schemes are proposed, along with an iterative detection and decoding (IDD) scheme that utilises channel coding techniques. Simulation results show the performance and potential gains of the proposed schemes. Secondly, a successive interference cancellation (SIC) detector is proposed for a MIMO system that has dynamic ordering based on a reliability ordering (RO), and an alternative multiple feedback (MF) candidate cancellation method. The complexity of these schemes is analysed and a hard decision feedback IDD system is also proposed. Results show that the proposed detector can give gains over existing schemes for a minimal amount of extra complexity. Lastly, a detector is proposed that is based upon the method of widely linear (WL) filtering and a multiple branch (MB) SIC, for an overloaded, multi-user cooperative MIMO system. The use of WL methods is explained, and a new method of choosing cancellation branches for an MB detector is proposed with an analysis of the complexity required. A list-based IDD system is developed, and simulation results show that the proposed detector can operate in an overloaded system and provide improved performance gains.

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Duo, Bin. "Polar Coding Schemes for Cooperative Transmission Systems." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/14619.

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: In this thesis, a serially-concatenated coding scheme with a polar code as the outer code and a low density generator matrix (LDGM) code as the inner code is firstly proposed. It is shown that that the proposed scheme provides a method to improve significantly the low convergence of polar codes and the high error floor of LDGM codes while keeping the advantages of both such as the low encoding and decoding complexity. The bit error rate results show that the proposed scheme by reasonable design have the potential to approach a performance close to the capacity limit and avoid error floor effectively. Secondly, a novel transmission protocol based on polar coding is proposed for the degraded half-duplex relay channel. In the proposed protocol, the relay only needs to forward a part of the decoded source message that the destination needs according to the exquisite nested structure of polar codes. It is proved that the scheme can achieve the capacity of the half-duplex relay channel while enjoying low encoding/decoding complexity. By modeling the practical system, we verify that the proposed scheme outperforms the conventional scheme designed by low-density parity-check codes by simulations. Finally, a generalized partial information relaying protocol is proposed for degraded multiple-relay networks with orthogonal receiver components (MRN-ORCs). In such a protocol, each relay node decodes the received source message with the help of partial information from previous nodes and re-encodes part of the decoded message for transmission to satisfy the decoding requirements for the following relay node or the destination node. For the design of polar codes, the nested structures are constructed based on this protocol and the information sets corresponding to the partial messages forwarded are also calculated. It is proved that the proposed scheme achieves the theoretical capacity of the degraded MRN-ORCs while still retains the low-complexity feature of polar codes.

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Li, Houmin Thomas Gwynedd A. "Geotextile antenna design for mobile phone cooperative communication relay node." Auburn, Ala., 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1498.

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Mallick, Shankhanaad. "Resource optimization in relay based cooperative wireless systems under channel uncertainty." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/51485.

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Over the last decade, the demand for wireless resources has been rising exponentially with the increase of the number of new users and services. The primary objective of wireless communication research is finding solutions to meet this increasing demand with limited radio resources. Relay based cooperative systems greatly enhance the performance of resource-constrained wireless networks. By allowing cooperation via relays, it is possible to improve the transmission quality and energy efficiency and get similar benefits to those of multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) systems. However, the benefits of a relay based cooperation often depend on the channel state information (CSI) between various nodes. The CSI of such multi-hop systems is often imperfect and outdated due to channel fluctuations, limited feedback capacity, and channel estimation and quantization errors. To maximize the utilization of the radio resources, it is imperative to devise optimal resource allocation schemes that are robust under imperfect CSI. In this thesis, we consider different resource optimization problems for relay based cooperative systems and propose solutions that are robust and computationally efficient. First, we develop power allocation and relay selection schemes for a decode-and-forward (DF) cooperative wireless network under bounded channel uncertainty. We propose worst case optimization based approach to provide guaranteed quality-of-service (QoS) to the users. Next, we design a joint power allocation and admission control algorithm considering channel estimation error as unbounded Gaussian random variable. We propose a probabilistically-constrained optimization approach for QoS provisioning in slow fading channels. Finally, we propose to utilize user cooperation technique to establish communication among the secondary users (SUs) of a cognitive radio network (CRN). Power allocation and relay selection schemes that maximize the system goodput of the CRN are developed. We provide QoS to the SUs while satisfying the interference constraints of the primary user bands considering different channel uncertainty models. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed schemes and implications of ignoring channel estimation error while designing resource optimization algorithms. Results reveal that the effects of ignoring the imperfectness among different channels are violations of QoS and interference constraints, which ultimately result in transmission failures and wastage of transmission power. Applied Science, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of Graduate

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Shi, Jia. "Cooperation and resource allocation in relay and multicarrier systems." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2015. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/378927/.

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In modern wireless communications, various techniques have been developed in order to exploit the dynamics existing in wireless communications. Diversity has been recognized as one of the key techniques, which has the potential to significantly increase the capacity and reliability of wireless communication systems. Relay communication with possible cooperation among some nodes is capable of achieving spacial diversity by forming a virtual antenna array for receiving and/or transmission. Dynamic resource allocation is capable of taking the advantages of the timevarying characteristics of wireless channels and wireless systems themselves, generating promising increase of energy- and spectrum-efficiency. This thesis focuses on the cooperation and resource allocation in relay and multicarrier systems, via which we motivate to design the low-complexity algorithms that are capable of achieving the spectrum-efficiency and reliability as high as possible. First, we investigate and compare the error performance of a two-hop communication links (THCL) system with multiple relays, when distributed and cooperative relay processing schemes are respectively employed. Our main objectives include to find some general and relatively simple ways for error performance estimation, and to demonstrate the trade-off of using cooperative relay processing. The error performance of the THCL employing various relay processing schemes is investigated, with the emphasis on the cost of cooperation among relays. In order to analyze the error performance of the THCL systems novel approximation approaches, including two Nakagami approximation methods and one Gamma approximation method, are proposed. With the aid of these approximation approaches, a range of closed-form formulas for the error rate of the THCL systems are derived. Our studies show that cooperation among relays may consume a significant portion of system energy, which should not be ignored in design of cooperative systems. Second, resource allocation, including both power- and subcarrier-allocation, is investigated in the context of the single-cell downlink orthogonal frequency division multiple-access (OFDMA)and multicarrier direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (MC DS-CDMA) systems. Our resource allocation is motivated to maximize the system reliability without making a trade-off with the attainable spectrum-efficiency of the system, while demanding the complexity as low as possible. For the sake of achieving low-complexity in implementation, we carry out power- and subcarrierallocation separately in two stages, which has been proved without much performance loss. On this topic, we propose a range of subcarrier-allocation algorithms and study their performance with the OFDMA and MC DS-CDMA systems. In general, our proposed algorithms are designed either to avoid assigning users as many as possible the worst subchannels, or to assign users the best possible subchannels. Our studies show that all the proposed algorithms belong to the family of low-complexity subcarrier-allocation algorithms, and they outperform all the other reference suboptimal algorithms considered, in terms of both the error and spectrum-efficiency performance. Furthermore, some of our proposed subcarrier-allocation algorithms are capable of achieving the performance close to that achieved by the optimum subcarrier-allocation algorithm. Finally, based on our subcarrier-allocation algorithms, we investigate the resource allocation in multicell downlink OFDMA and MC DS-CDMA systems, with the emphasis on the mitigation of intercell interference (InterCI). Specifically, we extend the subcarrier-allocation algorithms proposed in the single-cell systems to the multicell scenarios, in which each base station (BS) independently carries out the subcarrier-allocation. After the subcarrier-allocation, then minimum BS cooperation is introduced to efficiently mitigate the InterCI. In the multicell downlink OFDMA systems, two novel InterCI mitigation algorithms are proposed, both of which are motivated to set up the space time block coding (STBC) aided cooperative transmissions to the users with poor signal-to-interference ratio (SIR). Our studies show that both the proposed algorithms can significantly increase the spectrum-efficiency of the multicell downlink OFDMA systems. In the multicell MC DS-CDMA systems, after the subcarrier-allocation, we propose two low-complexity code-allocation algorithms, which only require the BSs to share the large-scale fading, including the propagation pathloss and shadowing effect. Our studies show that both the code-allocation algorithms are highly efficient, and they are capable of achieving significantly better error and spectrumefficiency performance than the random code-allocation (i.e., the case without code-allocation).

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Dai, Gao Yang. "A novel soft forwarding technique for cooperative communication /." View abstract or full-text, 2010. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?ECED%202010%20DAI.

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Gu, Jiaqi. "Low-cost interference mitigation and relay processing for cooperative DS-CDMA systems." Thesis, University of York, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/15577/.

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In wireless communications, propagation aspects such as fading, shadowing and path loss are the major constraints that seriously limit the overall performance of systems. Indeed, severe fading has a detrimental effect on the received signals and can lead to a degradation of the transmission of information and the reliability of the network. In this case, diversity techniques are introduced in order to mitigate fading. Among various kinds of diversity techniques, cooperative diversity with relaying nodes is a modern technique that has been widely considered in recent years as an effective tool to deal with this problem. Several cooperative protocols have been proposed in the literature, and among the most effective ones are Amplify-and-Forward (AF) and Decode-and-Forward (DF). Cooperative diversity can be combined with direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) systems to further enhance the information security. However, due to the multiple access interference (MAI) that arises from nonorthogonal received waveforms in the DS-CDMA systems, the system performance may easily be affected. To deal with this issue, novel multiuser detection (MUD) technique is introduced as a useful relay processing strategy for the uplink of cooperative DS-CDMA systems. Apart from that, distributed space-time coding (DSTC) is another effective approach that can be combined with cooperative diversity to further improve the transmission performance. Moreover, in order to increase the throughput of the cooperative DS-CDMA network, physical-layer network coding (PNC) scheme is then adopted together with the cooperative DS-CDMA network. Clearly, better performance gain and lower power consumption can be obtained when appropriate relaying strategies are applied.

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Poulimeneas, Dimitrios. "Back-pressure-like mechanisms on relay selection policies for cooperative diversity systems." Thesis, KTH, Reglerteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-167794.

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The topic of the current thesis is the reduction of the average packet delay in two-hop wireless cooperative networks with buffer-aided relays. This type of networks is of particular interest since it constitutes the building block for extended networks with multiple hops and numerous relays. Back-pressure-like algorithms are developed for the HRS and max − link relay selection schemes. First, an algorithm is developed and applied for both the HRS and the max − link protocols. It reduces the average delay considerably, but, in the case of the max − link the diversity of the system is reduced resulting in higher outage probabilities. For this reason, a new algorithm is developed that aims at maintaining a high diversity throughout the operation of the network. Distributed implementations of the algorithms are also discussed. The performance of the proposed algorithms is illustrated via simulations.

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Oliveira, Pedro Marinho Ramos de. "PARATUCK-N semi-blind receivers for multi-hop cooperative MIMO relay systems." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2017. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/27317.

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OLIVEIRA, P. M. R. PARATUCK-N semi-blind receivers for multi-hop cooperative MIMO relay systems. 2017. 51 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia de Teleinformática)–Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2017. Submitted by Renato Vasconcelos (ppgeti@ufc.br) on 2017-09-09T02:17:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_dis_pmroliveira.pdf: 1188957 bytes, checksum: 745420c86668fea09707dfcc7364adf8 (MD5) Rejected by Marlene Sousa (mmarlene@ufc.br), reason: Prezado Pedro: Existe uma orientação para que normalizemos as dissertações e teses da UFC, em suas paginas pré-textuais e lista de referencias, pelas regras da ABNT. Por esse motivo, sugerimos consultar o modelo de template, para ajudá-lo nesta tarefa, disponível em: http://www.biblioteca.ufc.br/educacao-de-usuarios/templates/ Vamos agora as correções sempre de acordo com o template: 1. Na capa as informações relativas a hierarquia institucional deve ser em língua portuguesa, Nome da INSTITUIÇÃO; do CENTRO; do DEPARTAMENTO e do PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO. Nesta ordem. Todas as informações devem está em negrito e em caixa alta. Retire a informação Master’s Degree Dissertation e também o nome do estado e o mes. Deixe apenas o nome da cidade e o ano. 2. Na folha de rosto (que segue a capa) Veja o modelo de apresentação das informações de acordo com o template. Apenas o titulo deve ficar em inglês as demais informações são em português. A partir da folha de rosto, todas as outras devem ficar em inglês. Não use negrito nessa folha. Deixe apenas o nome da cidade e o ano. A ficha catalográfica deve vir depois da folha de rosto e as palavras relacionadas aos assuntos devem ser em português. 3. A folha de aprovação naõ deve ter nenhuma informação em negrito. Veja o tamanho da fonte. 4. A dedicatória deve ser depois da folha de aprovação e não é em negrito. 5. A palavra Acknowledgments é em caixa alta, negrito e centralizada na folha. Não use negrito no texto. As folhas prétextuais devem ser contadas mas não são numeradas. Retire numeração. 6. O resumo deve vir antes do Abstract, mesmo quando o trabalho for em língua inglesa. A palavra resumo é em caixa alta, negrito e centralizada na folha. Não use negrito no texto e nem use parágrafos. A palavra abstract é em caixa alta, negrito e centralizada na folha. Não use negrito no texto e nem use parágrafos. 7. As palavras List of Figures, List of Tables, Acronyms, Notation e Sumary são em caixa alta, negrito e centralizada na folha. Não use negrito no texto 8. O sumário está fora dos padrões. Veja uso de maiusculo, minusculo, negrito e itálico nas seções. Não coloque em formato de capítulos e nem coloque as pre-textuais no sumário. Use a palavra referencias e não bibliografia 9. Na lista de referências, Coloque os nomes dos autores entrando pelo sobrenome, seguido do pré nome. Ex. ALMEIDA, A. Se vc optar por abreviar os nomes em toda a lista eles devem ser abreviados. Se vc optar em colocar por extenso em toda e lista deve ficar por extenso para haver uma padronização. Os títulos das publicações devem ser destacadas com o uso do negrito (não use aspas). Com exceção dos artigos de periódicos que devem ser destacados o nome das revistas e não o titulo do artigo. Ao citar os artigos coloque as abreviações v. n. p. e não vol. no e pp. Após essas correções, enviaremos o nada consta por e-mail. Att. Marlene Rocha mmarlene@ufc.br on 2017-09-11T12:55:01Z (GMT) Submitted by Renato Vasconcelos (ppgeti@ufc.br) on 2017-09-14T13:32:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_dis_pmroliveira.pdf: 1155061 bytes, checksum: 0da92fa912cabfa49b279fbe8c199877 (MD5) Rejected by Marlene Sousa (mmarlene@ufc.br), reason: Prezado Pedro e Renato: Será que foi enviada a versão certa? Tenho a impressão que já fiz as recomendações de correção e o Pedro afirma que corrigiu, mas a versão que abri no Repositório ainda esta sem as alterações que solicitei. Marlene on 2017-09-14T16:38:31Z (GMT) Submitted by Renato Vasconcelos (ppgeti@ufc.br) on 2017-10-03T13:47:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_dis_pmroliveira.pdf: 1357256 bytes, checksum: 308dc86c85e412f7947531cc8692dd60 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Marlene Sousa (mmarlene@ufc.br) on 2017-11-08T17:23:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_dis_pmroliveira.pdf: 1357256 bytes, checksum: 308dc86c85e412f7947531cc8692dd60 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-08T17:23:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_dis_pmroliveira.pdf: 1357256 bytes, checksum: 308dc86c85e412f7947531cc8692dd60 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-28 Cooperative communication systems is a promising research ﬁeld nowadays due to its advantages, like the increase of the received power, better quality of signal, and spatial diversity gains. Specifically, multi-hop systems are a very important part of cooperative communications, since they have the advantage of needing less transmission power than the direct systems. Also, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems are present in several standards of communications, providing some advantages, like the spatial multiplexing gains. Based on this scenario, this work proposes two semi-blind receivers based on the Kronecker product, that jointly estimate the symbol and the channels in a multi-hop Amplify-and-Forward (AF) MIMO relay-assisted system (AF protocol is widely used, due to its great performance and easy implementation). We consider a transmission scheme using a simplified Khatri-Rao space-time (KRST) coding at the source node, combined with an AF scheme at the relay nodes. We show that the third-order tensor of signals received by the destination node satisfies a PARATUCK-(K+1) decomposition, where K is the number of relays. This tensorial modeling enables a semi-blind estimation of symbols and channels with the use of a few pilot symbols. The first receiver called Least-Squares Kronecker-Factorization (LS-KF) is based on a factorization of the Kronecker product matrix between the symbols and the channel matrices. The other receiver called Least-Squares Kronecker-Rearrangement (LS-KR) is based on a rearrangement of this Kronecker product matrix, in order to achieve a rank-1 matrix. The performance of these receivers is evaluated by means of computational simulation results proving their efficiency in estimating the channels and, hence, providing a low Symbol Error Rate (SER). The proposed algorithms in the multi-hop scenario were compared to each other and with the two-hop and three-hop scenarios. The proposed algorithms in the multi-hop scenario were better at all simulations, providing a lower SER and better channels estimations. Sistemas de comunicações cooperativas são um importante campo de pesquisa atualmente devido às vantagens que oferecem, como o aumento da potência recebida, melhor qualidade de sinal, e ganhos de diversidade espacial. Particularmente, sitemas multi-saltos são uma importante parte das comunicações cooperativas, uma vez que tais sistemas precisam de menos potência de transmissão se comparados a sistemas diretos. Por outro lado, sistemas MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) estão presentes em diversos padrões de comunicação, provendo algumas vantagens, como ganhos de multiplexação espacial. Com base nesse cenário, o presente trabalho propõe dois receptores semi-cegos baseados no pro- duto de Kronecker, que estimam conjuntamente os símbolos e os canais de um sistema AF (Amplify- and-Forward) MIMO cooperativo com multiplos saltos (O protocolo AF é bastante usado, devido a sua grande performance e fácil implementação). É considerado um esquema de transmissão usando uma codiﬁcação simpliﬁcada KRST (Khatri-Rao Space-Time) na fonte, combinada com um esquema AF no relays. É mostrado que o tensor de terceira ordem dos sinais recebidos pelo destino satisfazem uma decomposição tensorial PARATUCK-(K+1), em que K é o número de relays. Esse modelo tensorial permite uma estimação semi-cega dos símbolos e canais, com o uso de alguns símbolos pilotos. O primeiro algoritmo, chamado de Least-Squares Kronecker-Factorization (LS-KF), é baseado em uma fatorização da matrix do produto de Kronecker entre as matrizes de símbolos e canal. Já o outro algoritmo, chamado de Least-Squares Kronecker-Rearrangement (LS-KR), é baseado no re- arranjo dessa matrix do produto de Kronecker, com o objetivo de conseguir uma matrix com rank 1. A performance desses receptores é avaliada através do resultado de simulações computacionais, provando sua eﬁciência em estimar os canais e prover uma baixa SER (Symbol Error Rate). Os algo- ritmos propostos no cenário multi-hop são comparados um com o outro e com os cenários two-hop e three-hop. Os algoritmos propostos no cenário multi-hop tiveram melhores performance em todas as simulações, resultando numa menor SER e melhores estimações dos canais.

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Choi, Gi Wan. "Low-complexity and power-efficient wireless cooperative relay networks with enhanced reliability." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/47721.

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In recent years, global mobile data traffic has been increasing exponentially as mobile devices pervade our daily lives. To cope with the ever growing demands for higher data rates and seamless connectivity, one solution is to drastically increase the number of macro base stations in the conventional cellular architecture. However, this results in high deployment costs. Deploying low-power nodes such as relays that do not require a wired backhaul connection within a macrocell is one of cost-effective ways to extend high data rate coverage range. Relays are typically deployed to increase signal strength in poor coverage areas or to eliminate dead spots. But more importantly, relays provide a natural diversity, called cooperative diversity. In addition to a direct signal from a base station, extra copies of the same signal are forwarded from relays. Utilizing this diversity at the destination can yield significant performance enhancements. Thus, cooperative relay strategies need to be considered to enable high data rate coverage in a cost-effective manner. In this dissertation, we consider a simple single-relay network and present low-complexity and power-efficient cooperative relay designs that can achieve low error rate. We first study decode-and-forward (DF) relay networks with a single antenna at each node, where the relay decodes the received signal and forwards the re-encoded information to the destination. In DF relay scheme, decoding at the relay is not perfect and the error-propagation phenomenon is a detrimental problem, preventing the destination from collecting the cooperative diversity. To enable cooperative diversity in DF relay networks, we adopt link-adaptive power-scaling relay strategies where the relay scales the transmission power of the re-encoded signal based on the reliability of the source-relay link. We generalize power-profile designs and analyze the diversity order enabled by the general power-profile designs. We provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the designs to enable full cooperative diversity at the destination. In the second part of this dissertation, we extend the power-scaling relay strategy to DF multi-input multi-output (MIMO) relay networks, where multiple antennas are adopted at each node, and show that full cooperative diversity can also be achieved here. To collect spatial diversity provided by multiple antennas without using maximum-likelihood equalizers (MLEs) or near-ML detectors which exhibit high complexity, channel-controlled automatic repeat request (CC-ARQ) scheme is developed for DF MIMO relay networks to enable spatial diversity with linear equalizers (LEs) maintaining low-complexity. We also show that joint cooperative and spatial diversity can be achieved at the destination when the power-scaling strategy and the CC-ARQ with LEs are combined. Finally, amplify-and-forward (AF) MIMO relay designs, where the relay simply amplifies the received signal and forwards it to the destination, are studied with consideration of peak-power constraints at the relay. One practical concern for AF relaying is that the output signal at the relay may suffer from large peak-to-average power ratio (PAR), which may cause nonlinear distortion and/or saturation in the transmitted signal due to the limited linear range of power amplifiers. Thus, we first investigate peak-power constrained power-scaling strategies and find a sufficient condition to enable joint cooperative and spatial diversity at the destination. Based on this study, we propose simple and practical AF MIMO relay designs with peak-power constraint at the relay. CC-ARQ is also applied to AF MIMO relay networks to reduce the decoding complexity.

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Arab, Loodaricheh Roya. "Resource allocation in wireless systems with relay-based cooperation and energy harvesting." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/55917.

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Wireless communication networks are subject to exponential growth as a result of proliferation of smart phones, diverse wireless services and Internet of Things (IoT) applications. This extensive growth of wireless networks can significantly increase energy consumption, and escalating environmental pollution and energy costs have already created an urge for green communication. Therefore, we need to be proactive in designing environment friendly communication technologies and efficient resource allocation solutions, which will potentially drive the future generation of wireless communication. In this thesis, we focus on two promising communication technologies, namely cooperative relaying, which improves energy and spectral efficiency by providing spatial diversity, and energy harvesting technology, which can improve sustainability by utilizing renewable energy sources. The objective of this thesis is to address a number of key challenges in the design of efficient resource allocation techniques for wireless systems based on these two communication technologies. Firstly, we address the problem of energy efficiency maximization for downlink orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA)-based cooperative networks. The power and subcarrier allocation policies are jointly optimized with quality of service (QoS) provisioning. Afterwards, we investigate frequency reuse in OFDMA device-to-device (D2D) cooperative systems in which D2D pairs are classified based on the level of proximity with each other. We propose different scenarios of downlink communications and provide efficient frequency allocation techniques. Moreover, resource allocation algorithms with low complexity and signaling overhead are developed. Next, we focus on energy limitation of the relay nodes in cooperative systems. Using wireless energy harvesting to power the relay nodes, we propose an efficient resource allocation algorithm. As wireless energy harvesting technology is only effective for charging small nodes in communication systems, finally, we focus on the issue of charging the wireless nodes with renewable energy. We investigate the problem of resource allocation in energy harvesting systems considering the fact that the energy harvested from environment may not be enough to satisfy the QoS of all users due to its random nature. Two different utility functions are introduced and both offline and online schemes are devised to address this problem. Applied Science, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of Graduate

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19

Jiang, Jing. "Virtual-MIMO systems with compress-and-forward cooperation." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/5785.

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Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems have recently emerged as one of the most significant wireless techniques, as they can greatly improve the channel capacity and link reliability of wireless communications. These benefits have encouraged extensive research on a virtual MIMO system where the transmitter has multiple antennas and each of the receivers has a single antenna. Single-antenna receivers can work together to form a virtual antenna array and reap some performance benefits of MIMO systems. The idea of receiver-side local cooperation is attractive for wireless networks since a wireless receiver may not have multiple antennas due to size and cost limitations. In this thesis we investigate a virtual-MIMO wireless system using the receiver-side cooperation with the compress-and-forward (CF) protocol. Firstly, to perform CF at the relay, we propose to use standard source coding techniques, based on the analysis of its expected rate bound and the tightness of the bound. We state upper bounds on the system error probabilities over block fading channels. With sufficient source coding rates, the cooperation of the receivers enables the virtual-MIMO system to achieve almost ideal MIMO performance. A comparison of ideal and non-ideal conference links within the receiver group is also investigated. Considering the short-range communication and using a channel-aware adaptive CF scheme, the impact of the non-ideal cooperation link is too slight to impair the system performance significantly. It is also evident that the practicality of CF cooperation will be greatly enhanced if a efficient source coding technique can be used at the relay. It is even more desirable that CF cooperation should not be unduly sensitive to carrier frequency offsets (CFOs). Thus this thesis then presents a practical study of these two issues. Codebook designs of the Voronoi VQ and the tree-structure vector quantization (TSVQ) to enable CF cooperation at the relay are firstly described. A comparison in terms of the codebook design complexity and encoding complexity is presented. It is shown that the TSVQ is much simpler to design and operate, and can achieve a favourable performance-complexity tradeoff. We then demonstrate that CFO can lead to significant performance degradation for the virtual MIMO system. To overcome it, it is proposed to maintain clock synchronization and jointly estimate the CFO between the relay and the destination. This approach is shown to provide a significant performance improvement. Finally, we extend the study to the minimum mean square error (MMSE) detection, as it has a lower complexity compared to maximum likelihood (ML) detection. A closed-form upper bound for the system error probability is derived, based on which we prove that the smallest singular value of the cooperative channel matrix determines the system error performance. Accordingly, an adaptive modulation and cooperation scheme is proposed, which uses the smallest singular value as the threshold strategy. Depending on the instantaneous channel conditions, the system could therefore adapt to choose a suitable modulation type for transmission and an appropriate quantization rate to perform CF cooperation. The adaptive modulation and cooperation scheme not only enables the system to achieve comparable performance to the case with fixed quantization rates, but also eliminates unnecessary complexity for quantization operations and conference link communication.

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Wang, Hongzheng. "Performance analysis of cooperative systems with spatial random relays and interfering nodes." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2010. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B44205041.

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Alotaibi, Faisal T. "Distributed space-time block coding in cooperative relay networks with application in cognitive radio." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2012. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/10965.

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Spatial diversity is an effective technique to combat the effects of severe fading in wireless environments. Recently, cooperative communications has emerged as an attractive communications paradigm that can introduce a new form of spatial diversity which is known as cooperative diversity, that can enhance system reliability without sacrificing the scarce bandwidth resource or consuming more transmit power. It enables single-antenna terminals in a wireless relay network to share their antennas to form a virtual antenna array on the basis of their distributed locations. As such, the same diversity gains as in multi-input multi-output systems can be achieved without requiring multiple-antenna terminals. In this thesis, a new approach to cooperative communications via distributed extended orthogonal space-time block coding (D-EO-STBC) based on limited partial feedback is proposed for cooperative relay networks with three and four relay nodes and then generalized for an arbitrary number of relay nodes. This scheme can achieve full cooperative diversity and full transmission rate in addition to array gain, and it has certain properties that make it alluring for practical systems such as orthogonality, flexibility, low computational complexity and decoding delay, and high robustness to node failure. Versions of the closed-loop D-EO-STBC scheme based on cooperative orthogonal frequency division multiplexing type transmission are also proposed for both flat and frequency-selective fading channels which can overcome imperfect synchronization in the network. As such, this proposed technique can effectively cope with the effects of fading and timing errors. Moreover, to increase the end-to-end data rate, this scheme is extended for two-way relay networks through a three-time slot framework. On the other hand, to substantially reduce the feedback channel overhead, limited feedback approaches based on parameter quantization are proposed. In particular, an optimal one-bit partial feedback approach is proposed for the generalized D-O-STBC scheme to maximize the array gain. To further enhance the end-to-end bit error rate performance of the cooperative relay system, a relay selection scheme based on D-EO-STBC is then proposed. Finally, to highlight the utility of the proposed D-EO-STBC scheme, an application to cognitive radio is studied.

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Azarian, Yazdi Kambiz. "Outage limited cooperative channels protocols and analysis /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1154740723.

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Advaita, Advaita, and Mani Meghala Gali. "Performance Analysis of a MIMO Cognitive Cooperative Radio Network with Multiple AF Relays." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för tillämpad signalbehandling, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-13643.

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With the rapid growth of wireless communications, the demand for the various multimedia services is increasing day by day leading to a deficit in the frequency spectrum resources. To overcome this problem, the concept of cognitive radio technology has been proposed which allows the unlicensed secondary user (SU) to access the licensed spectrum of the primary user (PU), thus improving the spectrum utilization. Cooperative communications is another emerging technology which is capable of overcoming many limitations in wireless systems by increasing reliability and coverage. The transmit and receive diversity techniques such as orthogonal space–time block codes (OSTBCs) and selection combining (SC) in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) cognitive amplify and forward relay networks help to reduce the effects of fading, increase reliability and extend radio coverage. In this thesis, we consider a MIMO cognitive cooperative radio network (CCRN) with multiple relays. The protocol used at the relays is an amplify and forward protocol. At the receiver, the SC technique is applied to combine the signals. Analytical expressions for the probability density function (PDF) and cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are derived. On this basis, the performance in terms of outage probability is obtained. Mathematica has been used to generate numerical results from the analytical expressions. The system model is simulated in MATLAB to verify the numerical results. The performance analysis of the system model is hence done in terms of outage probability.

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Basharati, Sarhad. "MIMO and Relay Systems Based on Multi-Amplitude Minimum Shift Keying." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8491.

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This thesis describes the use of a multi-amplitude minimum shift keying (MAMSK) signal in various types of wireless communication system. A MAMSK signal is a bandwidth efficient modulation scheme obtained by superimposing ℳ minimum shift keying (MSK) signals with unequal amplitudes. The overall phase of a MAMSK signal is controlled by the phase of the largest component MSK signal which allows the use of a low-complexity differential detector. A closed form expression for the average bit error rate (BER) for coherent detection of an MAMSK in AWGN is derived and is shown to achieve the same BER as that of square constellation quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) with the same average transmit power. We describe the design and implementation of a STBC-based MIMO radio system in conjunction with MAMSK modulation. The proposed system provides high capacity data transmission by carrying information not only in the phases but also in the amplitude. Despite using a simple MAMSK differential receiver the system achieves performance within 1 dB of coherent detection. The existing MSK modems in conjunction with STBC could easily be modified to construct the proposed system. The MAMSK modulation scheme is extended to a multiuser relaying network where two nodes cooperate in a half-duplex environment to achieve diversity gain. The cooperative scheme is based on superposition modulation using a decode-and-forward (DF) strategy. In the proposed scheme, each node simultaneously transmits its own and the relayed signals by superimposing one on the other. A MAMSK signal is an excellent choice for this type of cooperative communication due its being obtained by a superposition technique. The proposed system exploits the overall phase of a MAMSK signal which allows differential detection and as a result it provides the lowest decoding complexity and memory requirements among the existing superposition based cooperation schemes. The performance of the system is evaluated by simulation, where it is shown that the MAMSK cooperative system outperforms a conventional DF scheme in terms of both power and bandwidth efficiency.

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Sousa, Igor FlÃvio SimÃes de. "Distributed processing in receivers based on tensor for cooperative communications systems." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=12792.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior Ericsson Brasil In this dissertation, we present a distributed data estimation and detection approach for the uplink of a network that uses CDMA at transmitters (users). The analyzed network can be represented by an undirected and connected graph, where the nodes use a distributed estimation algorithm based on consensus averaging to perform joint channel and symbol estimation using a receiver based on tensor signal processing. The centralized receiver, developed for a central base station, and the distributed receiver, developed for micro base stations, have their performances compared in a heterogeneous network. Then, two tensor-based receivers are proposed to be used in a relay-assisted network. In this case, the proposed receiver makes use of collaborative signal processing among relays to recover sources information before forwarding to the base station using a Decode-and-Forward protocol. The first receiver is based on the uncoded transmission of the tensor data reconstructed by the relays from the estimation of their factors matrix. The second one considers a tensor encoding of symbols estimated at the relays before transmission to the base station. The different proposed receivers are compared by means of computer simulations in terms of convergence and bit error rate. Nesta dissertaÃÃo, apresentamos uma abordagem distribuÃda para a estimaÃÃo e detecÃÃo de dados para uplink em uma rede que emprega CDMA nos transmissores (usuÃrios). A rede analisada pode ser representada por um grafo sem direÃÃo e conectado, em que os nÃs fazem uso de um algoritmo de estimaÃÃo distribuÃda baseado em consenso mÃdio para realizar a estimaÃÃo conjunta de sÃmbolos transmitidos e do canal, utilizando um receptor baseado em processamento tensorial. O receptor centralizado, operando em uma EstaÃÃo RÃdio Base central, e o receptor distribuÃdo, operando em Micro EstaÃÃes RÃdio Base, tÃm seus desempenhos comparados em uma rede heterogÃnea. Em seguida, considerando-se uma rede assistida por repetidores, dois receptores tensoriais sÃo propostos. Neste caso, fazemos uso de um processamento de sinais colaborativo entre os repetidores para a recuperaÃÃo da informaÃÃo transmitida pela fonte, antes de ser encaminhada para estaÃÃo rÃdio base fazendo uso do protocolo Decode-and-Forward. O primeiro receptor Ã baseado na transmissÃo nÃo codificada do tensor de dados reconstruÃdo pelos repetidores a partir da estimaÃÃo de suas matrizes fatores. O segundo considera uma codificaÃÃo tensorial dos sÃmbolos previamente estimados nos repetidores antes da transmissÃo para estaÃÃo rÃdio base. Os diferentes receptores propostos sÃo comparados atravÃs de simulaÃÃes computacionais em termos de convergÃncia e taxa de erro de bit.

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Timilsina, Santosh. "Physical Layer Security in Training-Based Single-Hop/Dual-Hop Massive MIMO Systems." OpenSIUC, 2018. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2376.

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The broadcast nature of wireless medium has made information security as one of the most important and critical issues in wireless systems. Physical layer security, which is based on information-theoretic secrecy concepts, can be used to secure the wireless channels by exploiting the noisiness and imperfections of the channels. Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, which are equipped with very large antenna arrays at the base stations, have a great potential to boost the physical layer security by generating the artificial noise (AN) with the exploitation of excess degrees-of-freedom available at the base stations. In this thesis, we investigate physical layer security provisions in the presence of passive/active eavesdroppers for single-hop massive MIMO, dual-hop relay-assisted massive MIMO and underlay spectrum-sharing massive MIMO systems. The performance of the proposed security provisions is investigated by deriving the achievable rates at the user nodes, the information rate leaked into the eavesdroppers, and the achievable secrecy rates. Moreover, the effects of active pilot contamination attacks, imperfect channel state information (CSI) acquisition at the base-stations, and the availability of statistical CSI at the user nodes are quantified. The secrecy rate/performance gap between two AN precoders, namely the random AN precoder and the null-space based AN precoder, is investigated. The performance of hybrid analog/digital precoding is compared with the full-dimensional digital precoding. Furthermore, the physical layer security breaches in underlay spectrum-sharing massive MIMO systems are investigated, and thereby, security provisions are designed/analyzed against active pilot contamination attacks during the channel estimation phase. A power-ratio based active pilot attack detection scheme is investigated, and thereby, the probability of detection is derived. Thereby, the vulnerability of uplink channel estimation based on the pilots transmitted by the user nodes in time division duplexing based massive MIMO systems is revealed, and the fundamental trade-offs among physical layer security provisions, implementation complexity and performance gains are discussed.

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Peron, Guilherme de Santi. "Esquemas de comunicação cooperativa com múltiplos relays e múltiplas antenas visando a eficiência energética." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2016. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/2600.

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Redes de sensores sem fio geralmente são compostas por dispositivos que demandam qualidade de transmissão, porém com energia limitada. Desta condição, surge a necessidade do estudo da eficiência energética. Neste documento são apresentadas e comparadas algumas técnicas para melhorar a eficiência energética que englobam o uso da diversidade, tais como o uso de múltiplas antenas no transmissor e receptor bem como o uso de comunicação cooperativa, esta última melhor aproveitada quando um canal de retorno está disponível. São abordados dois modelos de comunicação. No primeiro cenário, apenas a camada física é levada em conta em uma rede MIMO cooperativa com múltiplos relays, em que é proposto um algoritmo distribuído iterativo de alocação de potência baseado no algoritmo de Dinkelbach visando a maximização da eficiência energética. Os resultados demonstram que o uso de múltiplas antenas melhora a eficiência energética, mas que dependendo da técnica MIMO utilizada, o número de relays e o número de antenas podem levar a efeitos diferentes em termos de eficiência energética. Em seguida, é apresentado um cenário que envolve a camada física e a camada de controle de acesso ao meio (MAC), no qual propõe-se um protocolo MAC cooperativo distribuído. Neste caso, além da energia utilizada para transmitir os pacotes de dados, também é analisado o atraso e o consumo para acessar o canal. Pelos resultados obtidos, notase que as técnicas MIMO aumentam a eficiência energética em relação ao caso SISO, das quais pode-se destacar a seleção de antenas. Além disso, outros parâmetros, tais como densidade de nós, eficiência espectral, número de antenas e distância entre nós, são analisados em termos de eficiência energética. Wireless sensor networks are usually composed of devices that require transmission quality, but with limited energy. From this condition arises the necessity of the energy efficiency study. In this document, we present and compare some techniques to improve the energy efficiency, which include the use of diversity, such as the use of multiple antennas in the transmitter and receiver as well as the use of cooperative communication. The latter has better results when a feedback channel is available. We cover two communication scenarios. In the first scenario, only the physical layer is taken into account in a MIMO cooperative network with multiple relays, where we propose a power allocation distributed iterative algorithm based on the Dinkelbach’s algorithm aiming at the energy efficiency maximization. The results show that the use of multiple antennas improve the energy efficiency, but depending on the used MIMO transmission scheme, the number of relays and the number of antennas can lead to different effects with respect to the energy efficiency. In the following, we present a scenario that contains a cross-layer analysis encompassing physical and medim access control (MAC) layers in a cooperative MIMO network, where we propose a distributed cooperative MAC protocol. In this case, besides the energy used to transmit thte data packets, we also analyze the delay and energy consumption to access the channel. Results show that the MIMO techniques improve the energy efficiency when we compare to SISO, especially when employing antenna selection techniques. In addition, other parameters, such as node density, spectral efficiency, number of antennas and distance between nodes, are analyzed with respect to the energy efficiency.

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Abaza, Mohamed. "Cooperative MIMO techniques for outdoor optical wireless communication systems." Thesis, Brest, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BRES0073/document.

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Au cours de la dernière décennie, les communications optiques en espace libre (FSO) ont pris de l’ampleur dans les deux domaines académiques et industriels. L’importance de FSO s’appuie sur la possibilité de faire un système de transmission économique et écologique avec un débit élevé et sans licence à l’opposition des systèmes de transmission radiofréquences (RF). Dans la plupart des travaux antécédents sur les systèmes multi-émetteurs, seulement les canaux décorrélés ont été considérés. Un canal décorrélé nécessite un espace suffisant entre les émetteurs. Cette condition devient difficile et non-réalisable dans certaines applications. Pour cette raison, nos études se focalisent sur les performances des codes à répétition RC (Repitition Codes) et les codes OSTBC (Orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes) dans des canaux log-normaux corrélés en utilisant une modulation d’intensité et une détection directe (IM/DD). En addition, les effets des différentes conditions météorologiques sur le taux d’erreur moyen (ABER) sont étudiés. Les systèmes FSO à multi-entrées/ multi-sorties MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) avec une modulation SSK (Space Shift Keying) ont été abordés. Les résultats obtenus montrent que la SSK est supérieure aux RC avec une modulation d’impulsion (Multiple Pulse Amplitude Modulation) pour toute efficacité spectrale égale ou supérieure à 4 bit/s/Hz. Nous avons aussi analysé les performances d’un système à sauts multiples (Multi-Hop) et des relais à transmission directe (forward relays). Nos simulations montrent que le système ainsi considéré est efficace pour atténuer les effets météorologiques et les pertes géométriques dans les systèmes de communication FSO. Nous avons montré qu’un tel système avec plusieurs entrées et une sortie (MISO, i.e. multiple-input single-output) à sauts multiples est supérieur à un système MISO avec un lien direct (direct link) avec une forte atténuation. Pour satisfaire la demande croissante des réseaux de communication à débits élevés, la communauté scientifique s'intéresse de plus en plus aux systèmes FSO avec des relais full-duplex (FD). Pour ces derniers systèmes, nous avons étudié la probabilité d'erreur moyenne (ABER) et nous avons analysé leurs performances. En considérant des différentes conditions de transmission, les performances de relais FD ont été comparées à celles d'un système avec un lien direct ou des relais half-duplex. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les relais FD ont le minimum ABER. En conséquence, les résultats obtenus dans cette thèse sont très prometteurs pour la prochaine génération de FSO Free-space optical (FSO) communication has been the subject of ongoing research activities and commercial attention in the past few years. Such attention is driven by the promise of high data rate, license-free operation, and cheap and ecological friendly means of communications alternative to congested radio frequency communications. In most previous work considering multiple transmitters, uncorrelated channel conditions have been considered. An uncorrelated channel requires sufficient spacing between transmitters. However, this can be difficult and may not be always feasible in some applications. Thereby, this thesis studies repetition codes (RCs) and orthogonal space-time block codes performance in correlated log-normal FSO channels using intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD). Furthermore, the effect of different weather conditions on the average bit error rate (ABER) performance of the FSO links is studied. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) FSO communication systems using space shift keying (SSK) modulation have been also analyzed. Obtained results show that SSK is a potential technique for spectral efficiencies equal or greater than 4 bits/s/Hz as compared to RCs with multiple pulse amplitude modulations. The performance analysis of a multi-hop decode and forward relays for FSO communication system using IM/DD is also considered in this thesis. It is shown that multi-hop is an efficient technique to mitigate atmospheric turbulence and different weather attenuation effects and geometric losses in FSO communication systems. Our simulation results show that multiple-input single-output (MISO) multi-hop FSO systems are superior to direct link and MISO systems over links exhibiting high attenuation. Meeting the growing demand for higher data rates communication networks, a system with full-duplex (FD) relays is considered. For such a system, the outage probability and the ABER performance are analyzed under different turbulence conditions, misalignment error and path loss effects. FD relays are compared with the direct link and half-duplex relays. Obtained results show that FD relays have the lowest ABER and the outage probability as compared to the two other systems. Finally, the obtained results in this thesis are very promising towards the next generation of FSO systems

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Peron, Guilherme de Santi. "Método distribuído multiobjetivo de seleção de relays em redes cooperativas sem fio utilizando lógica fuzzy." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2012. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/326.

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Esta dissertação de mestrado apresenta um novo algoritmo de seleção de relays utilizando lógica fuzzy. O algoritmo proposto é distribuído, ao ser processado independentemente em cada nó dispensando a necessidade de uma entidade central, e multiobjetivo, visto que ele busca maximizar tanto o tempo de vida da rede como a vazão fim-a-fim. O novo método leva em conta o estado do canal instantâneo do canal relay-destino e a energia residual da bateria do nó. Como resultado, o algoritmo atribui um grau de relevância a cada candidato a relay, de forma que o nó com maior relevância é escolhido para retransmitir a mensagem proveniente da fonte. Os resultados mostram que um aumento considerável no tempo de vida de rede pode ser obtido sem comprometer a vazão fim-a-fim. In this master thesis we present a new relay selection algorithm using fuzzy logic. The proposed algorithm is distributed, runs independently at each node, not requiring a central entity for coordination, and is multi-objective, since it aims to maximize both network lifetime and end-to-end throughput. The new method takes into account the instantaneous channel state of the relay-destination link and the residual energy of the node battery. As a result, the algorithm assigns a degree of relevance to each relay, such that the with a higher relevance is chosen to forward the source message. Results show that a considerable increase in the network lifetime can be obtained without compromising the end-to-end throughput.

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Li, Kwan-leung, and 李君樑. "The European currency crisis: a replay of strains on bretton woods system." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31954522.

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Tödtling, Franz, Patrick Lehner, and Alexander Kaufmann. "Do different types of innovation rely on specific kinds of knowledge interactions?" Institut für Regional- und Umweltwirtschaft, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2008. http://epub.wu.ac.at/306/1/document.pdf.

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It is commonly accepted nowadays that innovations are brought forward in an interactive process of knowledge generation and application. The business sector, the science sector, and policy actors are involved in this process as has been stressed in concepts such as innovation systems and the network approach. It is still unclear, however, as to what extent different kinds of innovation rely on specific knowledge sources and links. More advanced innovations on the one hand might draw more on scientific knowledge, generated in universities and research organizations. Such knowledge is often exchanged in personal interactions at a local or regional level. Incremental innovations and the adoption of new technologies, on the other hand, seem to occur often in interaction with partners from the business sector also at higher spatial levels. In this paper we analyze such patterns of knowledge links. After dealing with knowledge interactions from a conceptual view and reviewing the relevant literature, we present an empirical analysis for Austria. The findings show that firms introducing more advanced innovations are relying to a higher extent on R&D and patents, and that they are cooperating more often with universities and research organizations. Firms having introduced less advanced innovations rely more on knowledge links with business services. Furthermore, the employment of researchers was identified as a key factor enhancing knowledge interactions of firms with universities. (authors' abstract) Series: SRE - Discussion Papers

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Syed, Tamseel Mahmood. "Precoder Design Based on Mutual Information for Non-orthogonal Amplify and Forward Wireless Relay Networks." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1392043776.

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Souza, Alvaro Ricieri Castro e. "Eficiência energética e espectral em sistemas de comunicação sem fio: diversidade cooperativa, espacial e em frequência." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3142/tde-27082018-091746/.

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Sistemas modernos de comunicação móvel sem fio, como os de quarta geração (4G), têm como principais metas prover elevada capacidade e alta qualidade de serviço (QoS) para os usuários. Para prover tal aumento de capacidade e QoS, sistemas 4G empregam diversas técnicas avançadas de transmissão e maior largura de banda, combinados com algoritmos de alocação de recursos que possam explorar de maneira eficiente tais técnicas, como por exemplo aproveitando as dimensões de diversidade do sistema. Em geral, porém, é necessário também aumentar a potência de transmissão para se atingir o ganho de capacidade desejado, o que implica maior custo para os provedores de serviço, menor tempo de vida para os dispositivos móveis e impacto ambiental cada vez mais pronunciado. Dado que a expectativa é que o número de usuários e a necessidade de dados continuem crescendo rapidamente, torna-se evidente a importância de analisar a relação entre capacidade e potência dispendida pelo sistema. Essa relação pode ser vista através da métrica de eficiência energética (EE), que é dada pela razão entre o número de bits efetivamente recebidos e a energia consumida no processo, revelando quão eficientemente o sistema transforma a energia consumida em informação efetivamente recuperada no receptor. Um sistema otimizado em relação à EE é capaz de transmitir mais informação por unidade de energia consumida, resultando em utilização mais racional e eficiente dos escassos recursos energéticos. Uma segunda questão acerca das metas é em relação à distribuição dos ganhos de capacidade/ QoS pela célula, i.e., quais usuários serão capazes de usufruir da maior capacidade e QoS. Em ambientes macrocelulares urbanos, a perda de percurso pode chegar a várias dezenas de decibéis em distâncias relativamente pequenas, além dos obstáculos naturais, como relevo, e artificiais, como prédios, o que limita ainda mais o desenvolvimento de sistemas energeticamente eficientes. Em abordagens tradicionais, tais problemas exigem a utilização de potências elevadas, em geral superiores à potência que os dispositivos podem utilizar, ou então requerem o aumento da densidade de estações rádio-base (BSs), o que geralmente resulta em custos inviáveis do ponto de vista dos operadores. Assim, busca-se em sistemas 4G emular o aumento da densidade de BSs através do conceito de redes heterogêneas, que são células com menor área de cobertura instaladas em pontos críticos de cobertura da célula original, como por exemplo a região de borda de célula, atendendo de maneira eficiente os usuários. No cenário de redes heterogêneas, um dos principais paradigmas é o conceito de redes cooperativas, no qual estações retransmissoras (RSs) reenviam o sinal recebido da estação fonte para estação destino, reduzindo a potência consumida com o canal móvel sem fio. Como utilizam conexão sem fio com a BS, as RSs podem ser instaladas em regiões com pouca infraestrutura sem a necessidade de grandes modificações, resultando em implantações bastante flexíveis. Assim, este trabalho de doutorado visa investigar estratégias de alocação de recursos baseadas no incremento da eficiência energética para sistemas celulares de quarta e quinta gerações utilizando o paradigma de redes cooperativas, determinando potencialidades e também itens que necessitam ser modificados, otimizados ou mesmo redefinidos, tendo em vista um aumento substancial da eficiência energética global da rede de comunicação sem fio. Busca-se durante o desenvolvimento do modelo de sistema capturar e quantificar as principais características de importantes sistemas celulares em uso atualmente, i.e., LTE-A e WiMAX, de modo que as decisões de design considerem os esforços de padronização, porém não se limitem a eles. Como a abordagem de alocação de recursos baseada em EE pode impactar nas métricas de desempenho do sistema, investiga-se também o compromisso entre as eficiências energética e espectral (SE), de modo que o aumento da EE não seja causado apenas pela degradação da SE e que seja possível obter maior EE para uma mesma SE e QoS. Modern wireless communication systems, such as the fourth generation (4G) ones, have as main objectives to provide high capacity and quality of service (QoS) for the users. In order to provide such capacity and QoS gain, 4G systems use several advanced transmission techniques and higher bandwidth, combined with resource allocation algorithms that are able to efficiently exploit such techniques, as for example taking advantage of the diversity dimensions of the system. Generally, however, it is also necessary to increase the transmission power to achieve the desired capacity gain, which implies increased costs for service providers, shorter lifetime for the mobile devices and increasingly pronounced environmental impact. Since the expectation is that the number of users and data necessity will continue growing rapidly, it is evident the importance of analyzing the relation between capacity and power expended by the system. This relation can be seen through the energy efficiency (EE) metric, which is given by the ratio between the number of effectively received information bits and the energy consumed in the transmission process, revealing how efficiently the system transform consumed energy into effectively recovered information at the receiver. A system optimized regarding EE is able to transmit more information per unit of energy consumed, resulting in a more rational and efficient utilization of the scarce energetic resources. A second issue is relative to the distribution of the capacity/QoS gains over the whole cell, i.e, which users will be able to take advantage of the higher capacity and QoS. In urban macrocellular environments, the path-loss can reach several tens of decibels in relatively short distances, in addition to natural obstacles, such as land relief, or artificial, such as buildings, which further limits the development of energetically efficient systems. In traditional approaches, such problems require the use of high transmission power, generally greater than the power that the devices can use, or else require increased density of base-stations (BSs), which generally results in unviable costs from the operators point of view. Thus, in 4G systems it is sought to emulate the increase in the density of BSs through the concept of heterogeneous networks, which are cells with smaller coverage area installed in critical points of the original macrocell coverage, as for example the cell-edge area, serving efficiently the users. In the heterogeneous networks scenario, one of the main paradigms is the concept of cooperative networks, in which relay stations (RSs) retransmit the signal received from the source station to the destination station, reducing the power consumed with the mobile wireless channel. As the RSs use a wireless connection to the BS, they can be installed in places with poor infrastructure without requiring major modifications, resulting in very flexible deployments. Thus, this PhD work aims to investigate resource allocation strategies based on the improvement of the energy efficiency for fourth and fifty generation cellular systems using the cooperative networks paradigm, determining potentialities and also items that need to be modified, optimized or even redefined, aiming to a substantial increase in the overall energy efficiency of the wireless communication network. It is sought during the development of the system model to capture and quantify the main features of important cellular systems currently in use, i.e., LTE-A and WiMAX, so that the design decisions consider the standardization efforts, but do not be limited by them. Since the EE-based resource allocation approach can impact the performance metrics of the system, it will be investigated also the tradeoff between energy and spectral (SE) efficiencies, so that the increase in energy efficiency is not caused by degradation of the SE and also to be possible to obtain a higher EE for a same SE and QoS.

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Jayasinghe, L. K. (Laddu Keeth Saliya). "Analysis on MIMO relaying scenarios in wireless communication systems." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2015. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526207391.

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Abstract The thesis concentrates on evaluating and improving performances of various multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) relaying scenarios that are particularly relevant to future wireless systems. A greater emphasis is placed on important practical situations, considering relay deployments, availability of channel state information (CSI), limitations of spectrum, and information secrecy. Initially, the performance of a non-coherent amplify-and-forward (AF) MIMO relaying is analyzed when the relay is deployed with the relay-to-destination channel having a line-of-sight (LoS) path. The main attention is given to analyzing the performance of orthogonal space-time block coded based non-coherent AF MIMO system. Exact expressions of statistical parameters and performance metrics are derived considering the instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) received at the destination. These performance metrics reveal that a strong LoS component in relay-destination channel always limits the performance promised by MIMO scattering environment when both nodes have multiple antennas. The thesis also considers scenarios in MIMO two-way relaying (TWR) with physical layer network coding (PNC) mapping at the relay. PNC mapping becomes complex with multiple streams being combined at the relay node. Joint precoder-decoder schemes are considered to ease this, and various studies are carried out depending on the CSI. The zero-forcing criterion is used at the nodes when perfect CSI is available. For the imperfect CSI scenario, a robust joint precoder-decoder design is considered. The precoder and decoder matrices are obtained by solving optimization problems, which are formulated to maximize sum-rate and minimize weighted mean square error (WMSE) under transmit power constraints on the nodes. Next, a precoder-decoder scheme for MIMO underlay device-to-device (D2D) communication system is investigated by considering two D2D modes; PNC based D2D and direct D2D. The joint design is based on minimizing mean square error (MSE) which is useful to mitigate interference, and to improve the performance of both D2D and cellular communications. Distributed and centralized algorithms are proposed considering bi-directional communication in both D2D and cellular communications. System performance is discussed with two transmit mode selection schemes as dynamic and static selection schemes. The results show that the PNC based D2D mode extends the coverage area of D2D communication. Finally, secure beamforming schemes for the PNC based MIMO TWR systems are investigated when multiple eavesdroppers are attempting to intercept the user information. The CSI of the user-to-eavesdropper channels is imperfect at the users. The channel estimation errors are assumed with both ellipsoidal bound and Gaussian Markov uncertainty models. Robust optimization problems are formulated considering both scenarios to design beamforming vectors at the users and relay. Numerical results suggest that the proposed algorithms converge fast and provide higher security Tiivistelmä Tässä väitöskirjassa keskitytään arvioimaan ja parantamaan suorituskykyä useissa moniantennitoistinjärjestelmissä, jotka ovat ajankohtaisia tulevaisuuden langattomissa verkoissa. Erityisesti työssä analysoidaan tärkeitä käytännön tilanteita, sisältäen toistimien sijoittamisen, kanavatiedon saatavuuden, rajoitetun taajuuskaistan ja tiedon salauksen. Aluksi epäkoherentin, vahvistavan ja jatkolähettävän moniantennitoistimen suorituskykyä analysoidaan tilanteessa, jossa toistin on sijoitettu siten, että kohteeseen on suora yhteys. Suorituskyvyn arvioinnin pääkohteena on ortogonaalinen tila-aika-tason lohkokoodattu epäkoherentti vahvistava ja jatkolähettävä moniantennitoistin. Työssä johdetaan tarkat lausekkeet tilastollisille parametreille ja suorituskykymittareille ottaen huomioon hetkellinen signaalikohinasuhde vastaanottimessa. Nämä suorituskykymittarit ilmaisevat, että toistimen ja kohteen välillä oleva vahva suoran yhteyden komponentti rajoittaa sitä suorituskykyä, jota moniantennijärjestelmän hajontaympäristö ennustaa. Työssä tutkitaan myös kahdensuuntaisia moniantennitoistimia, jotka käyttävät fyysisen kerroksen verkkokoodausta. Koodauksesta tulee monimutkaista, kun monia datavirtoja yhdistetään toistimessa. Tämän helpottamiseksi käytetään yhdistettyä esikoodaus-dekoodausmenetelmää, jota tutkitaan erilaisten kanavatietojen tapauksissa. Täydellisen kanavatiedon tapauksessa käytetään nollaanpakotuskriteeriä. Epätäydellisen kanavatiedon tapauksessa käytetään robustia yhdistettyä esikoodaus-dekoodausmenetelmää. Esikoodaus- ja dekoodausmatriisit saadaan ratkaisemalla optimointiongelmat. Nämä ongelmat on muodostettu maksimoimaan summadatanopeus, ja minimoimaan painotettu keskineliövirhe, kun optimointirajoitteina ovat solmujen lähetystehot. Seuraavaksi esikoodaus-dekoodausmenetelmää tutkitaan moniantennijärjestelmässä, jossa käytetään kahdentyyppistä laitteesta-laitteeseen (D2D) kommunikaatiomenetelmää: fyysisen kerroksen verkkokoodaukseen pohjautuvaa D2D- ja suoraa D2D-kommunikaatiota. Yhteissuunnittelu perustuu keskineliövirheen minimointiin, joka on hyödyllistä, kun halutaan vähentää häiriötä ja parantaa molempien verkkojen suorituskykyä. Työssä ehdotetaan hajautettuja ja keskitettyjä algoritmeja tilanteessa, jossa käytetään kaksisuuntaista kommunikaatiota molemmissa verkoissa. Järjestelmän suorituskykyä arvioidaan, kun käytetään kahta eri lähetystilan valintaa, dynaamista ja staattista. Tulokset osoittavat, että fyysisen kerroksen verkkokoodaukseen pohjautuva D2D kasvattaa D2D-kommunikaatiojärjestelmän kantamaa. Lopuksi, turvallisia keilanmuodostustekniikoita arvioidaan fyysisen kerroksen verkkokoodaukseen pohjautuvassa kahdensuuntaisessa moniantennitoistinjärjestelmässä, kun useat salakuuntelijat yritävät siepata käyttäjätiedon. Käyttäjillä on epäideaalinen kanavatieto heidän ja salakuuntelijoiden välisten linkkien kanavista. Kanavatiedon estimointivirheitä arvioidaan ellipsoidisella ja Gauss-Markov-epävarmuusmallilla. Robustit optimointiongelmat, joissa suunnitellaan keilanmuodostusvektorit käyttäjän ja toistimen välille, muodostetaan molemmille malleille. Numeeriset tulokset osoittavat, että ehdotetut algoritmit konvergoituvat nopeasti ja tarjoavat korkeamman turvallisuuden

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Cardone, Martina. "Techniques de coopération appliquées aux futurs réseaux cellulaires." Thesis, Paris, ENST, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENST0020/document.

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Une qualité de service uniforme pour les utilisateurs mobiles et une utilisation distribuée du spectre représentent les ingrédients clés des réseaux cellulaires de prochaine génération. Dans ce but, la coopération au niveau de la couche physique entre les nœuds de l’infrastructure et les nœuds du réseau sans fil a émergé comme une technique à fort potentiel. La coopération s’appuie sur les propriétés de diffusion du canal sans fil, c’est-à-dire que la même transmission peut être entendue par plusieurs nœuds, ouvrant ainsi la possibilité pour les nœuds de s’aider à transmettre les messages à leur destination finale. La coopération promet aussi d’offrir une façon nouvelle et intelligente de gérer les interférences, au lieu de simplement les ignorer et les traiter comme du bruit. Comprendre comment concevoir ces systèmes radio coopératifs, afin que les ressources disponibles soient pleinement utilisées, est d’une importance fondamentale. L’objectif de cette thèse est de mener une étude du point de vue de la théorie de l’information, pour des systèmes sans fil pertinents dans la pratique, où les nœuds de l’infrastructure coopèrent en essayant d’améliorer les performances du réseau. Les systèmes radio avec des relais semi-duplex ainsi que les scénarios où une station de base aide à servir les utilisateurs mobiles associés à une autre station de base, sont les réseaux sans fil coopératifs étudiés dans cette thèse. Le but principal est la progression vers la caractérisation de la capacité de ces systèmes sans fil au moyen de dérivation de nouvelles bornes supérieures pour les performances et la conception de nouvelles stratégies de transmission permettant de les atteindre A uniform mobile user quality of service and a distributed use of the spectrum represent the key-ingredients for next generation cellular networks. Toward this end, physical layer cooperation among the network infrastructure and the wireless nodes has emerged as a potential technique. Cooperation leverages the broadcast nature of the wireless medium, that is, the same transmission can be heard by multiple nodes, thus opening up the possibility that nodes help one another to convey the messages to their intended destination. Cooperation also promises to offer novel and smart ways to manage interference, instead of just simply disregarding it and treating it as noise. Understanding how to properly design such cooperative wireless systems so that the available resources are fully utilized is of fundamental importance.The objective of this thesis is to conduct an information theoretic study on practically relevant wireless systems where the network infrastructure nodes cooperate among themselves in an attempt to enhance the network performance in many critical aspects, such as throughput, robustness and coverage. Wireless systems with half-duplex relay stations as well as scenarios where a base station overhears another base station and consequently helps serving this other base station's associated mobile users, represent the wireless cooperative networks under investigation in this thesis. The prior focus is to make progress towards characterizing the capacity of such wireless systems by means of derivation of novel outer bounds and design of new provably optimal transmission strategies

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Liu, Lingfeng. "Cooperative wireless channel characterization and modeling: application to body area and cellular networks." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209722.

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Cooperative wireless communication is an attractive technique to explore the spatial channel resources by coordination across multiple links, which can greatly improve the communication performance over single links. In this dissertation, we study the cooperative multi-link channel properties by geometric approaches in body area networks (BANs) and cellular networks respectively.In the part of BANs, the dynamic narrowband on-body channels under body motions are modeled statistically on their temporal and spatial fading based on anechoic and indoor measurements. Common body scattering is observed to form inter-link correlation between links closely distributed and between links having synchronized movements of communication nodes. An analytical model is developed to explain the physical mechanisms of the dynamic body scattering. The on-body channel impacts to simple cooperation protocols are evaluated based on realistic measurements. In the part of cellular networks, the cluster-level multi-link COST 2100 MIMO channel model is developed with concrete modeling concepts, complete parameterization and implementation methods, and a compatible structure for both single-link and multi-link scenarios. The cluster link-commonness is introduced to the model to describe the multi-link properties. The multi-link impacts by the model are also evaluated in a distributed MIMO system by comparing its sum-rate capacity at different ratios of cluster link-commonness. Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Ghandour-Haidar, Soukayna. "Estimation de canal à évanouissements plats dans les transmissions sans fils à relais multibonds." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENT102.

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Cette thèse traite de l'estimation d'un canal de communication radio-mobile multi-bond. La communication entre l'émetteur et le récepteur est ainsi faite par l'intermédiaire de relais (de type « Amplify and-Forward ») en série. Les différents éléments (émetteurs, relais, récepteurs) peuvent être fixes ou mobiles. Chaque lien de communication (chaque bond) est modélisé par un canal de Rayleigh à évanouissements plats, avec un spectre Doppler issu de deux environnements possibles de diffusion : en deux dimensions (2D, amenant le spectre en U de Jakes), ou en trois dimensions (3D, amenant un spectre Doppler plat). L'objectif majeur de la thèse est l'estimation dynamique du canal global issue de la cascade des différents liens. A cette fin, la cascade de canaux est approchée par une modèle auto-régressif du premier ordre (AR (1)), et l'estimation est réalisée à l'aide d'un algorithme standard, le filtre de Kalman. La méthode couramment utilisée dans la littérature pour fixer le paramètre du modèle AR(1) est basée sur un critère de « corrélation matching » (CM). Cependant, nous montrons que pour des canaux à variations lentes, un autre critère basé sur la minimisation de la variance asymptotique (MAV) de la sortie du filtre de Kalman est plus approprié. Pour les deux critères, CM et MAV, cette thèse donne une justification analytique en fournissant des formules approchées de la variance d'estimation par le filtre de Kalman, ainsi que du réglage optimal du paramètre du modèle AR(1). Ces formules analytiques sont données en fonctions des fréquences Doppler et du rapport signal sur bruit, pour les environnements de diffusion 2D et 3D, quel que soit le nombre et le type de bonds (fixe-mobile ou mobile-mobile). Les résultats de simulations montrent un gain considérable en termes de l'erreur quadratique moyenne (MSE) de l'estimateur de canal bien réglé, en particulier pour le scénario le plus courant de canal à évanouissements lents This thesis deals with the estimation of the multihop Amplify-and-Forward relay communications. The various objects (transmitter, relays, receivers) can be fixed or mobile. Each link is modeled by a flat fading Rayleigh channel, with a Doppler spectrum resulting from two-dimensional (2D, leading to the U-shape Dopller spectrum) or three-dimensional (3D, leading to a flat Doppler spectrum) scattering environments. The cascade of channel hops is approximated by a first-order autoregressive (AR(1)) model and is tracked by a standard estimation algorithm, the Kalman Filter (KF). The common method used in the literature to tune the parameter of the AR(1) model is based on a Correlation Matching (CM) criterion. However, for slow fading variations, another criterion based on the off-line Minimization of the Asymptotic Variance (MAV) of the KF is shown to be more appropriate. For both the CM and MAV criteria, this thesis gives analytic justification by providing approximated closed-form expressions of the estimation variance in output of the Kalman filter, and of the optimal AR(1) parameter. The analytical results are calculated for given Doppler frequencies and Signal-to-Noise Ratio for both scattering environments, whatever the number and type of transmission hops (Fixed-to-Mobile or Mobile-to-Mobile). The simulation results show a considerable gain in terms of the Mean Square Error (MSE) of the well tuned Kalman-based channel estimator, especially for the most common scenario of slow-fading channel

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Ronchini, Ximenes Leandro. "Approches tensorielles pour les systèmes de communication MIMO avec relais." Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE4009/document.

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Dans les communications coopératives, deux ou plusieurs terminaux de transmissionsont combinés pour accroître la diversité et/ou la puissance des signaux arrivant à un récepteur. Récemment, l'analyse tensorielle s'est avérée une approche efficace pour l'estimation de canaux dans les systèmes coopératifs. Cependant, parmi les quelques travaux consacrés à cette tâche, l'utilisation de la décomposition tensorielle PARAFAC pour modéliser les signaux reçus ne permet pas l'estimation conjointe des symboles et des canaux de communication. Afin d'éviter l'utilisation de séquences de symboles pilotes, l'objectif de cette thèse est de fournir de nouvelles approches tensorielles, en termes de systèmes de transmission et de récepteurs semi-aveugles, pour des systèmes de communication MIMO avec relai mono-directionnels, à deux sauts. Deux systèmes de transmission sont proposés en utilisant un codage spatio-temporel du type Khatri-Rao et deux stratégies de traitement Amplify-and-Forward (AF) au relai. Pour ces systèmes, appelés PT2-AF et NP-AF, les signaux reçus au niveau de la destination satisfont respectivement des modèles tensoriels du type PARATUCK2 et nested PARAFAC. En exploitant les propriétés d'unicité de ces modèles tensoriels établies dans la thèse, plusieurs récepteurs semi-aveugles sont dérivés. Certains de ces récepteurs sont du type ALS, tandis que d'autres sont des solutions non itératives basées sur des factorisations de produits de Khatri-Rao. Des résultats de simulation sont présentés pour illustrer les performances des récepteurs proposés qui sont comparés à des estimateurs supervisés In cooperative communication systems, two or more transmitting terminals arecombined to increase the diversity and/or the power of the signals arriving at aparticular receiver. Recently, the so-called tensor analysis has been an efficient approach for channel estimation in systems with cooperative diversity. However, among the few works devoted to this task, the utilization of the PARAFAC tensor decomposition for modeling the received signals did not allow the development of techniques for joint symbol and channel estimation. Aiming to avoid the use of pilot-based sequences, the objective of this thesis is to provide new tensor-based strategies, including transmission systems and semi-blind receivers, for one-way two-hop relaying systems. Based on a Khatri-Rao space-time coding at the source and two different Amplify-and-Forward (AF) relaying strategies, two transmission systems are proposed. For these systems, named PT2-AF and NP-AF, the received signals at the destination node follow respectively a PARATUCK2 and a nested PARAFAC tensor model. Exploiting uniqueness properties of these tensor models which are established in the thesis, several semi-blind receivers are derived. Some of these receivers are of iterative form using an ALS algorithm, whereas some other ones are close-form solutions associated with Khatri-Rao factorizations. Some simulation results are finally presented to illustrate the performance of the proposed receivers which are compared to some state-of-the-art supervised techniques

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Liu, Chih-Sheng, and 劉稚聖. "Study in relay ordering in wireless cooperative communication system." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/68511788036471983930.

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碩士 國立中興大學 通訊工程研究所 102 In this paper,we first propose Algorithm of relay ordering for a wireless multihop cooperative diversity network. This Algorithm of relay ordering reduce the relay used than present research. Furthermore, for reduce the relay used more another step. We second propose another Algorithm of relay ordering in a different relay selection mechanism. Indeed the second Algorithm of relay ordering reduce more relay used than the first Algorithm. In the other hand we third propose two-stage stable matching algorithm of relay ordering which base on the stable matching framework in solving networking problem, which are traditionally solved using utility-based optimization or game theory. For a cooperative network with multiple relays, we simulate to performance of these Algorithm by using an approximate end-to-end signal-to-noise ratio expression. The analysis and the numerical results demonstrate that these selection mechanism of relay ordering shown below. Finally, the simulation results illustrate the performance of the proposed relay selection mechanism.

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40

Lu, Yuan-Kang, and 呂元剛. "An Improved OFDM-Based Cooperative Relay System Using Conjugate Transmission." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/34030917853309827769.

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碩士 國立清華大學 通訊工程研究所 101 In this thesis, we investigate intercarrier interference (ICI) cancellation for OFDM-based cooperative relay systems using conjugate transmission. First, we modify an existing adaptive receiver for such systems by introducing a new amplitude scaling factor for each subcarrier. The presented amplitude scaling factor is optimized by a carrier-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (CINR) criterion derived under multipath environments, rather than by the carrier-to-interference ratio (CIR) derived under AWGN channels in a previous scheme. With the proposed adaptive receiver, we then develop a relay selection method based on a max-min CINR criterion for OFDM-based cooperative relay systems using conjugate transmission, where the frequency offset and channel state information are jointly considered for relay selection. Computer simulation results demonstrate that the proposed adaptive receiver and the proposed relay selection method outperform previous related schemes in terms of the bit-error-rate performance.

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41

Chiu, Han-Chiuan, and 邱翰銓. "Precoding Design in Two-Way Cooperative System with Energy Harvesting Relay." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/64785606245180005933.

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碩士 國立中山大學 電機工程學系研究所 102 Due to rapid development of mobile communications, radio-frequency signals are surrounded in our environment. Besides conveying information, the ambient radio-frequency signal has gradually been utilized for energy harvesting. Radio Frequency energy harvesting begins from the fact that people gradually rely on mobile applications, such as communication apps., picturing software, and games, in their daily life. However, these applications are energy consuming. Although these devices can be charged through portable power bank, the energy stored in the power bank is still limited, which leads to inconvenience when the power bank is in outage. To provide further convenience, RF energy harvesting has been developed to avoid mobile devices suffering power outage by gathering energy from from the ambient radio frequency signals and transferring into electricity. Furthermore, simultaneously processing information and harvesting energy from the RF signal has been studied extensively in recent years. In this thesis, we will employ this technique in two-way amplify-and-forward relay system, where two users exchange information under assistance of an energy-harvesting relay node. Specifically speaking, transmission power of the relay node depends on the electrical energy harvested in previous phase. We assume that the relay node is equipped with two antennas, while the users are equipped with a single antenna. With perfect channel information, the relay node can coherently combines the signals received at two antennas, so that the relay node is able to gather more energy. In this thesis, we proposed a joint design of a precoding matrix and power-slitting ratios for the relay node to maximize the sum-rate of two users under a constraint that the transmission power of the relay node cannot exceed the harvested energy. However, this optimization problem is neither convex nor concave, and it can’t be solved by CVX tool. Thus, we divide the problem into two sub-problems to approach a locally-optimal solution of the precoding matrix and power-splitting ratios in an iterative manner. Specifically, we employ gradient algorithm to obtain power-splitting ratios with initial value obtained by exhaustively searching over a rough grid. Then, the beamforming matrix is obtained using power iteration algorithm. After several iterations, two subproblems get converged and we can find the set of suboptimal solutions. It shows through simulation results that the proposed scheme can effectively improve the spectrum efficiency of the system.

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42

Chopra, Khyati. "Secrecy performance analysis of threshold-based cognitive and cooperative relay system with diversity reception." Thesis, 2018. http://eprint.iitd.ac.in:80//handle/2074/7936.

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43

Yeh, Tzu-Ming, and 葉子鳴. "Relay Selection in the Cooperative Communication System Based on the Maximum Security Capacity." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/448vnn.

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碩士 臺北市立大學 資訊科學系碩士在職專班 107 In the wireless communication development of nowadays, the need for information communicating medias is also elevated by prosperity of multi-media internet. The created wireless bandwidth demand is rapidly growing with various applications, and cooperative communication could support to improve wireless communication system efficiency through Spatial Diversity. In the wireless communication system based on the cooperative communication, all nodes can take different roles simultaneously as node for sending, node for relay, and receive destination. Through mutual association and forwarding among nodes, this could lead to a more reliable and efficient information transmission. With these facts, the hardware complexity and cost could be lowered and reduce demand for basic establishment to build a low-cost internet. Therefore, how to use cooperative communication system to transmit with maximum security capacity has become an important issue. In most wireless transmission, each node proceeds broadcast in the air in open environment, and hence most security threats would come from signal interception and information eavesdropping by disguised relay. Traditionally, the process of packet encryption and decryption with key needs to cost massive calculation resource which is the process in high level of network. However, physical layer actually has the safely transmission ability. To achieve relay selection with maximum secrecy capacity, this article applies AF mode and CF mode to compliment with MRC and SC as receive station mode to achieve maximum bandwidth capacity. On the maximum security capacity calculation, we apply method of exhaustion to achieve best result and to prove effectiveness of the algorithm.

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44

Bansal, Gaurav. "Cooperative Communication In Store And Forward Wireless Networks Using Rateless Codes." Thesis, 2010. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/2225.

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In this thesis, we consider a cooperative relay-assisted communication system that uses rateless codes. When multiple relays are present, the relay with the highest channel gain to the source is the first to successfully decode a message from the source and forward it to the destination. Thus, the unique properties of rateless codes ensure that both rate adaptation and relay selection occur without the transmitting source or relays acquiring instantaneous channel knowledge. We show that in such cooperative systems, buffering messages at relays significantly increases throughput. We develop a novel analysis of these systems that combines the communication-theoretic aspects of cooperation over fading channels with the queuing-theoretic aspects associated with buffering. Closed-form expressions are derived for the throughput and end-to-end delay for the general case in which the channels between various nodes are not statistically identical. Results are also shown for the benchmark system that does not buffer messages. Though relay selection combined with buffering of messages at the relays substantially increases the throughput of a cooperative network, it also increases the end-to-end delays due to the additional queuing delays at the relay nodes. In order to overcome this, we propose a novel method that exploits a unique property of rateless codes that enables a receiver to decode a message from non-contiguous and unordered portions of the received signal. In it, each relay, depending on its queue length, ignores its received coded bits with a given probability. We show that this substantially reduces the end-to-end delays while retaining almost all of the throughput gain achieved by buffering. In effect, the method increases the odds that the message is first decoded by a relay with a smaller queue. Thus, the queuing load is balanced across the relays and traded off with transmission times. We derive conditions for the stability of this system when the various channels undergo fading. Despite encountering analytically intractable G/GI/1 queues in our system, we also gain insights about the method by analyzing a similar system with a simpler model for the relay-to-destination transmission times. Next we combine the single relay selection scheme at the source with physical layer power control at the relays (due to the diversity provided by the rateless codes, power control at the source is not needed). We derive an optimal power control policy that minimizes the relay to destination transmission time. Due to its computational and implementation complexity, we develop another heuristic easily implementable near optimal policy. In this policy, power allocated turns out to be inversely proportional to the square root of channel gain. We also see that this policy performs better than the channel inversion policy. Our power control solution substantially decreases the mean end-to-end delays with a marginal increase in throughput also. Finally, we combine bit dropping with power control at the relays which further improves the system performance.

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45

Bansal, Gaurav. "Cooperative Communication In Store And Forward Wireless Networks Using Rateless Codes." Thesis, 2010. http://etd.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2005/2225.

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In this thesis, we consider a cooperative relay-assisted communication system that uses rateless codes. When multiple relays are present, the relay with the highest channel gain to the source is the first to successfully decode a message from the source and forward it to the destination. Thus, the unique properties of rateless codes ensure that both rate adaptation and relay selection occur without the transmitting source or relays acquiring instantaneous channel knowledge. We show that in such cooperative systems, buffering messages at relays significantly increases throughput. We develop a novel analysis of these systems that combines the communication-theoretic aspects of cooperation over fading channels with the queuing-theoretic aspects associated with buffering. Closed-form expressions are derived for the throughput and end-to-end delay for the general case in which the channels between various nodes are not statistically identical. Results are also shown for the benchmark system that does not buffer messages. Though relay selection combined with buffering of messages at the relays substantially increases the throughput of a cooperative network, it also increases the end-to-end delays due to the additional queuing delays at the relay nodes. In order to overcome this, we propose a novel method that exploits a unique property of rateless codes that enables a receiver to decode a message from non-contiguous and unordered portions of the received signal. In it, each relay, depending on its queue length, ignores its received coded bits with a given probability. We show that this substantially reduces the end-to-end delays while retaining almost all of the throughput gain achieved by buffering. In effect, the method increases the odds that the message is first decoded by a relay with a smaller queue. Thus, the queuing load is balanced across the relays and traded off with transmission times. We derive conditions for the stability of this system when the various channels undergo fading. Despite encountering analytically intractable G/GI/1 queues in our system, we also gain insights about the method by analyzing a similar system with a simpler model for the relay-to-destination transmission times. Next we combine the single relay selection scheme at the source with physical layer power control at the relays (due to the diversity provided by the rateless codes, power control at the source is not needed). We derive an optimal power control policy that minimizes the relay to destination transmission time. Due to its computational and implementation complexity, we develop another heuristic easily implementable near optimal policy. In this policy, power allocated turns out to be inversely proportional to the square root of channel gain. We also see that this policy performs better than the channel inversion policy. Our power control solution substantially decreases the mean end-to-end delays with a marginal increase in throughput also. Finally, we combine bit dropping with power control at the relays which further improves the system performance.

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46

MEHRPOUYAN, HANI. "Estimation and Effects of Imperfect System Parameters on the Performance of Multi-Relay Cooperative Communications Systems." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/7475.

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To date the majority of research in the area of cooperative communications focuses on maximizing throughput and reliability while assuming perfect channel state information (CSI) and synchronization. This thesis, seeks to address performance enhancement and system parameter estimation in cooperative networks while relaxing these idealized assumptions. In Chapter 3 the thesis mainly focuses on training-based channel estimation in multi-relay cooperative networks. Channel estimators that are capable of determining the overall channel gains from source to destination antennas are derived. Next, a new low feedback and low complexity scheme is proposed that allows for the coherent combining of signals from multiple relays. Numerical and simulation results show that the combination of the proposed channel estimators and optimization algorithm result in significant performance gains. As communication systems are greatly affected by synchronization parameters, in Chapter 4 the thesis quantitatively analyzes the effects of timing and frequency offset on the performance of communications systems. The modified Cramer-Rao lower bound (MCRLB) undergoing functional transformation, is derived and applied to determine lower bounds on the estimation of signal pulse amplitude and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) due to timing offset and frequency offset, respectively. In addition, it is shown that estimation of timing and frequency offset can be decoupled in most practical settings. The distributed nature of cooperative relay networks may result in multiple timing and frequency offsets. Chapters 5 and 6 address multiple timing and frequency offset estimation using periodically inserted training sequences in cooperative networks with maximum frequency reuse, i.e., space-division multiple access (SDMA) networks. New closed-form expressions for the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) for multiple timing and multiple frequency offset estimation for different cooperative protocols are derived. The CRLBs are then applied in a novel way to formulate training sequence design guidelines and determine the effect of network protocol and topology on synchronization parameter estimation. Next, computationally efficient estimators are proposed. Numerical results show that the proposed estimators outperform existing algorithms and reach or approach the CRLB at mid-to-high SNR. When applied to system compensation, simulation results show that application of the proposed estimators allow for synchronized cooperation amongst the nodes within the network. Thesis (Ph.D, Electrical & Computer Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2010-07-29 16:52:50.272

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47

Chen, Moyuan. "Single and multiple user pair cooperation schemes with delay issues." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/3530.

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Cooperative communication is a promising technique to provide spatial diversity in a virtual multi-input and multi-output (MIMO) manner. However, as application evolves toward a more practical situation, realistic constraints and issues such as channel state information (CSI) assumption must be accounted when developing appropriate cooperative schemes. In this thesis, we have addressed delay related problems in both single user pair cooperation (SUPC) and multiple user pair cooperation (MUPC) networks. In SUPC, realizing that the outdated CSI caused by delay between relay selection instant and transmission instant can impair diversity order severely, we propose an opportunistic multiple relay selection (MRS) scheme to achieve desired diversity order and combat the variation of the wireless environment. On the other hand, for multiple user pairs cooperation (MUPC), we start from one of the notable work, two hop opportunistic relaying (THOR), and analyze its the delay related problems. We propose an opportunistic pair scheduling (OPS) scheme which can get rid of the buffer requirement at the relay nodes of THOR and incurs no loss in terms of throughput scaling. Furthermore, we extend OPS to a general scheduling scheme, $L$ scheduling, which can achieve controllable throughput-and-delay trandeoffs. Graduate

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48

Lai, Chih-Ming, and 賴志銘. "The Relay Selection of Dynamic Decode and Forward Protocol With Cooperative Network Coding System." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/16967657124059417896.

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碩士 國立中正大學 通訊工程研究所 101 Cooperative communication is a very popular research area, and it plays an important role in the new generations of wireless communications. Network coding technology combines several messages, and transmit the mixed messages into next receiver for providing higher transmitting throughput and performance. This thesis builds a wireless communication system combined with dynamic decode and forward (DDF) and network coding technology. We consider the situation when the system has multiple relays, how to select a proper relay? We research outage probability of this system under Rayleigh, Rician and Nakagami fading channels. We choose a single relay to transmit, and derive the theoretical value of outage probability. Last, we compare theoretical value with simulation result. After simulation and analysis, we find whether the system can transmit successfully in the network coding stage is the main factor in affecting outage probability, and we know when we get more relays, outage probability is lower.

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49

Bharadwaj, Sachin. "Analysis and Optimization of Cooperative Amplify-and-Forward Relaying with Imperfect Channel Estimates." Thesis, 2013. http://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/3279.

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Relay-based cooperation promises significant gains in a wireless network as it provides an inde-pendent path between a source and a destination. Using simple single antenna nodes, it exploits the spatial diversity provided by the geographically separated nodes in a network to improve the robustness of the communication system against fading. Among the cooperative commu¬nication schemes, the amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying scheme is considered to be easy to implement since the relay does not need to decode its received signal. Instead, it just forwards to the destination the signal it receives from the source. We analyze the performance of fixed-gain AF relaying with imperfect channel knowledge that is acquired through an AF relay-speciﬁc training protocol. The analysis is challenging because the received signal at the destination contains the product (or cascade) of source-relay (SR) and relay-destination (RD) complex baseband channel gains, and additional products terms that arise due to imperfect estimation related errors. We focus on the time-efficient cascaded channel estimation (CCE) protocol to acquire the channel estimates at the destination. Using it, the destination can only estimate the product of SR and RD complex baseband channel gains, but not the two separately. Our analysis encompasses a single AF relay system and an opportunistic system with mul¬tiple AF relays, among which one is selected to forward its received signal to the destination, based on its SR and RD complex baseband channel gains. For a single relay system, we ﬁrst de¬velop a novel SEP expression and a tight SEP upper bound. We then analyze the opportunistic multi-relay system, in which both selection and coherent demodulation use imperfect channel estimates. A distinctive aspect of our approach is the use of as few simplifying approximations as possible. It results in a new analysis that is accurate at signal-to-noise-ratios as low as 1 dB for single and multi-relay systems. Further, the training protocol is an integral part of the model and analysis. Using an insightful asymptotic analysis, we then present a simple, closed-form, nearly-optimal solution for allocation of energy between pilot and data symbols at the source and relay(s). Further, the optimal energy allocation between a source and a relay is characterized when both together operate under a sum energy constraint, as has often been assumed in the literature. In summary, the sum total of the results in this work provides a rigorous and accurate performance characterization and optimization of cascaded channel estimation for AF relaying.

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50

Bharadwaj, Sachin. "Analysis and Optimization of Cooperative Amplify-and-Forward Relaying with Imperfect Channel Estimates." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/3279.

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Relay-based cooperation promises significant gains in a wireless network as it provides an inde-pendent path between a source and a destination. Using simple single antenna nodes, it exploits the spatial diversity provided by the geographically separated nodes in a network to improve the robustness of the communication system against fading. Among the cooperative commu¬nication schemes, the amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying scheme is considered to be easy to implement since the relay does not need to decode its received signal. Instead, it just forwards to the destination the signal it receives from the source. We analyze the performance of fixed-gain AF relaying with imperfect channel knowledge that is acquired through an AF relay-speciﬁc training protocol. The analysis is challenging because the received signal at the destination contains the product (or cascade) of source-relay (SR) and relay-destination (RD) complex baseband channel gains, and additional products terms that arise due to imperfect estimation related errors. We focus on the time-efficient cascaded channel estimation (CCE) protocol to acquire the channel estimates at the destination. Using it, the destination can only estimate the product of SR and RD complex baseband channel gains, but not the two separately. Our analysis encompasses a single AF relay system and an opportunistic system with mul¬tiple AF relays, among which one is selected to forward its received signal to the destination, based on its SR and RD complex baseband channel gains. For a single relay system, we ﬁrst de¬velop a novel SEP expression and a tight SEP upper bound. We then analyze the opportunistic multi-relay system, in which both selection and coherent demodulation use imperfect channel estimates. A distinctive aspect of our approach is the use of as few simplifying approximations as possible. It results in a new analysis that is accurate at signal-to-noise-ratios as low as 1 dB for single and multi-relay systems. Further, the training protocol is an integral part of the model and analysis. Using an insightful asymptotic analysis, we then present a simple, closed-form, nearly-optimal solution for allocation of energy between pilot and data symbols at the source and relay(s). Further, the optimal energy allocation between a source and a relay is characterized when both together operate under a sum energy constraint, as has often been assumed in the literature. In summary, the sum total of the results in this work provides a rigorous and accurate performance characterization and optimization of cascaded channel estimation for AF relaying.

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