Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Cost of CO2 avoided

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Cost of CO2 avoided”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 6 lutego 2022

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Cost of CO2 avoided"

Escosa, Jesús M., i Luis M. Romeo. "Optimizing CO2 avoided cost by means of repowering". Applied Energy 86, nr 11 (listopad 2009): 2351–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.02.015.

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Gatti, Manuele, Emanuele Martelli, Daniele Di Bona, Marco Gabba, Roberto Scaccabarozzi, Maurizio Spinelli, Federico Viganò i Stefano Consonni. "Preliminary Performance and Cost Evaluation of Four Alternative Technologies for Post-Combustion CO2 Capture in Natural Gas-Fired Power Plants". Energies 13, nr 3 (22.01.2020): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030543.

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The objective of this study is to assess the technical and economic potential of four alternative processes suitable for post-combustion CO2 capture from natural gas-fired power plants. These include: CO2 permeable membranes; molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs); pressurized CO2 absorption integrated with a multi-shaft gas turbine and heat recovery steam cycle; and supersonic flow-driven CO2 anti-sublimation and inertial separation. A common technical and economic framework is defined, and the performance and costs of the systems are evaluated based on process simulations and preliminary sizing. A state-of-the-art natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) without CO2 capture is taken as the reference case, whereas the same NGCC designed with CO2 capture (using chemical absorption with aqueous monoethanolamine solvent) is used as a base case. In an additional benchmarking case, the same NGCC is equipped with aqueous piperazine (PZ) CO2 absorption, to assess the techno-economic perspective of an advanced amine solvent. The comparison highlights that a combined cycle integrated with MCFCs looks the most attractive technology, both in terms of energy penalty and economics, i.e., CO2 avoided cost of 49 $/tCO2 avoided, and the specific primary energy consumption per unit of CO2 avoided (SPECCA) equal to 0.31 MJLHV/kgCO2 avoided. The second-best capture technology is PZ scrubbing (SPECCA = 2.73 MJLHV/kgCO2 avoided and cost of CO2 avoided = 68 $/tCO2 avoided), followed by the monoethanolamine (MEA) base case (SPECCA = 3.34 MJLHV/kgCO2 avoided and cost of CO2 avoided = 75 $/tCO2 avoided), and the supersonic flow driven CO2 anti-sublimation and inertial separation system and CO2 permeable membranes. The analysis shows that the integrated MCFC–NGCC systems allow the capture of CO2 with considerable reductions in energy penalty and costs.

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Lee, Bong Jae, Jeong Il Lee, Soo Young Yun, Cheol-Soo Lim i Young-Kwon Park. "Economic Evaluation of Carbon Capture and Utilization Applying the Technology of Mineral Carbonation at Coal-Fired Power Plant". Sustainability 12, nr 15 (31.07.2020): 6175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12156175.

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Based on the operating data of a 40 tCO2/day (2 megawatt (MW)) class carbon capture and utilization (CCU) pilot plant, the scaled-up 400 tCO2/day (20 MW) class CCU plant at 500 MW power plant was economically analyzed by applying the levelized cost of energy analysis (LCOE) and CO2 avoided cost. This study shows that the LCOE and CO2 avoided cost for 400 tCO2/day class CCU plant of mineral carbonation technology were 26 USD/MWh and 64 USD/tCO2, representing low LCOE and CO2 avoided cost, compared to other carbon capture and storage CCS and CCU plants. Based on the results of this study, the LCOE and CO2 avoided cost may become lower by the economy of scale, even if the CO2 treatment capacity of the CCU plant could be extended as much as for similar businesses. Therefore, the CCU technology by mineral carbonation has an economic advantage in energy penalty, power plant construction, and operating cost over other CCS and CCU with other technology.

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Fimbres Weihs, G. A., i D. E. Wiley. "Steady-state design of CO2 pipeline networks for minimal cost per tonne of CO2 avoided". International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 8 (maj 2012): 150–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2012.02.008.

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Gładysz, Paweł, Anna Sowiżdżał, Maciej Miecznik, Maciej Hacaga i Leszek Pająk. "Techno-Economic Assessment of a Combined Heat and Power Plant Integrated with Carbon Dioxide Removal Technology: A Case Study for Central Poland". Energies 13, nr 11 (3.06.2020): 2841. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13112841.

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The objective of this study is to assess the techno-economic potential of the proposed novel energy system, which allows for negative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2). The analyzed system comprises four main subsystems: a biomass-fired combined heat and power plant integrated with a CO2 capture and compression unit, a CO2 transport pipeline, a CO2-enhanced geothermal system, and a supercritical CO2 Brayton power cycle. For the purpose of the comprehensive techno-economic assessment, the results for the reference biomass-fired combined heat and power plant without CO2 capture are also presented. Based on the proposed framework for energy and economic assessment, the energy efficiencies, the specific primary energy consumption of CO2 avoidance, the cost of CO2 avoidance, and negative CO2 emissions are evaluated based on the results of process simulations. In addition, an overview of the relevant elements of the whole system is provided, taking into account technological progress and technology readiness levels. The specific primary energy consumption per unit of CO2 avoided in the analyzed system is equal to 2.17 MJLHV/kg CO2 for biomass only (and 6.22 MJLHV/kg CO2 when geothermal energy is included) and 3.41 MJLHV/kg CO2 excluding the CO2 utilization in the enhanced geothermal system. Regarding the economic performance of the analyzed system, the levelized cost of electricity and heat are almost two times higher than those of the reference system (239.0 to 127.5 EUR/MWh and 9.4 to 5.0 EUR/GJ), which leads to negative values of the Net Present Value in all analyzed scenarios. The CO2 avoided cost and CO2 negative cost in the business as usual economic scenario are equal to 63.0 and 48.2 EUR/t CO2, respectively, and drop to 27.3 and 20 EUR/t CO2 in the technological development scenario. The analysis proves the economic feasibility of the proposed CO2 utilization and storage option in the enhanced geothermal system integrated with the sCO2 cycle when the cost of CO2 transport and storage is above 10 EUR/t CO2 (at a transport distance of 50 km). The technology readiness level of the proposed technology was assessed as TRL4 (technological development), mainly due to the early stage of the CO2-enhanced geothermal systems development.

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Hamadeh, Hachem, Sannan Y. Toor, Peter L. Douglas, S. Mani Sarathy, Robert W. Dibble i Eric Croiset. "Techno-Economic Analysis of Pressurized Oxy-Fuel Combustion of Petroleum Coke". Energies 13, nr 13 (4.07.2020): 3463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13133463.

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Petroleum coke (petcoke) is a by-product of heavy petroleum refining, with heating values comparable to that of coal. It is readily available in oil-producing countries such as the United States of America (USA) and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) at minimum costs and can be used as an inexpensive fossil fuel for power generation. Oxy-petcoke combustion is an attractive CO2 capture option as it avoids the use of additional absorption units and chemicals, and results in a CO2 + H2O flue gas stream that is compressed and dehydrated in a CO2 capture and purification unit (CO2CPU). The additional cost of the CO2CPU can be reduced through high pressure combustion. Hence, this paper reports a techno-economic analysis of an oxy-petcoke plant with CO2 capture simulated at pressures between 1 and 15 bars in Aspen PlusTM based on USA and KSA scenarios. Operating at high pressures leads to reduced equipment sizes and numbers of units, specifically compressors in CO2CPU, resulting in increased efficiencies and decreased costs. An optimum pressure of ~10 bars was found to maximize the plant efficiency (~29.7%) and minimize the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), cost of CO2 avoided and cost of CO2 captured for both the USA and KSA scenarios. The LCOE was found to be moderately sensitive to changes in the capital cost (~0.7% per %) and increases in cost of petcoke (~0.5% per USD/tonne) and insensitive to the costs of labour, utilities and waste treatment.

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Calili, Rodrigo F., Reinaldo C. Souza, Alain Galli, Margaret Armstrong i André Luis M. Marcato. "Estimating the cost savings and avoided CO2 emissions in Brazil by implementing energy efficient policies". Energy Policy 67 (kwiecień 2014): 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.09.071.

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Gardarsdottir, Stefania, Edoardo De Lena, Matteo Romano, Simon Roussanaly, Mari Voldsund, José-Francisco Pérez-Calvo, David Berstad i in. "Comparison of Technologies for CO2 Capture from Cement Production—Part 2: Cost Analysis". Energies 12, nr 3 (10.02.2019): 542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12030542.

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This paper presents an assessment of the cost performance of CO2 capture technologies when retrofitted to a cement plant: MEA-based absorption, oxyfuel, chilled ammonia-based absorption (Chilled Ammonia Process), membrane-assisted CO2 liquefaction, and calcium looping. While the technical basis for this study is presented in Part 1 of this paper series, this work presents a comprehensive techno-economic analysis of these CO2 capture technologies based on a capital and operating costs evaluation for retrofit in a cement plant. The cost of the cement plant product, clinker, is shown to increase with 49 to 92% compared to the cost of clinker without capture. The cost of CO2 avoided is between 42 €/tCO2 (for the oxyfuel-based capture process) and 84 €/tCO2 (for the membrane-based assisted liquefaction capture process), while the reference MEA-based absorption capture technology has a cost of 80 €/tCO2. Notably, the cost figures depend strongly on factors such as steam source, electricity mix, electricity price, fuel price and plant-specific characteristics. Hence, this confirms the conclusion of the technical evaluation in Part 1 that for final selection of CO2 capture technology at a specific plant, a plant-specific techno-economic evaluation should be performed, also considering more practical considerations.

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Zhuang, Quan, Philip Geddis i Bruce Clements. "The Impact of Coal and Biomass Co-Firing on the Economy of Power Plant Carbon Capture". Advances in Sciences and Engineering 12, nr 2 (25.12.2020): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.32732/ase.2020.12.2.67.

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A detailed economic evaluation was carried out to determine the impact of biomass and coal co-firing on power plant carbon capture by methods of plants equipment designing factors and performance, and the sum up of the associated breakdowns of CAPEX and OPEX. Based on the assumptions of the CO2 neutrality of biomass and likely governmental incentives to reduce CO2 emissions, the study results show that biomass and coal co-firing would result in both lower cost of carbon avoided (carbon capture) and lower incremental cost of electricity generation when MEA solvent carbon capture is applied. Two scenarios for co-firing with carbon capture, 30% biomass blending and 90% or 60% CO2 capture from stack, indicate different preference depending on lower or higher incentives.

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Mukundufite, Fabien, Jean Marie Vianney Bikorimana, Etienne Ntagwirumugara i Alex Kyaruzi. "CO2 emission reduction and energy management for an integrated smart grid — Case of study: Rwandan electrical network". E3S Web of Conferences 181 (2020): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018103002.

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Many scholars have been focusing on the energy management by Integrating a smart grid into a conventional electrical grid. They have showed that to meet a certain power demand of the consumers, using energy management, the electric utility can turn on some generators, which may have the least operation cost, while the generators with high operation cost are left to supply extra load demand in specific peak periods. Henceforth, the operation cost of its generation units is minimized. The issue remains at a level of relating the energy management to CO2 emission. The present paper briefly discusses the Rwandan electrical network that still integrates the use of diesel generators. It estimates the amount of CO2 emission that can be avoided once a PV system is integrated into the electrical network. The paper as well proposes an algorithm for energy management with consideration of CO2 emission.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Cost of CO2 avoided"

Nyberg, Jesper. "Kostnaden för CCS vid Cementa AB i Degerhamn". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för biologi och miljö (BOM), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-54270.

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CCS, Carbon Capture and Storage, innebär infångning och lagring av koldioxid från stora punktutsläpp. Detta gör cementindustrin aktuell för implementering av CCS. Stora delar av branschens koldioxidutsläpp går inte att eliminera på annat sätt. Kostnaden för monoetanolamin-baserad post-combustion capture med efterföljande transport och lagring av koldioxiden vid cementfabriken Cementa AB i Degerhamn undersöktes. Studiens kostnadsberäkningar är baserade på publicerade uppgifter om kostnaden för koldioxidinfångning vid den norska cementfabriken Norcem Brevik, och på publicerade uppgifter om kostnaden för transport av koldioxid till en lagringsplats i Östersjön. Cementa Degerhamns koldioxidutsläpp kan reduceras med 5,4 miljoner ton under en 25-årsperiod till en kostnad av 2,2 miljarder SEK. Slutresultatet, som uttrycks i måttet Cost of CO2 avoided, ger en kostnad på 890 SEK/ton CO2. En känslighetsanalys visar att av de undersökta parametrarna är storleken på koldioxidutsläppen och kostnaden för användning och underhåll viktigast för storleken på Cost of CO2 avoided. Vidare studier behövs för en mer exakt beräkning av kostnaden för CCS vid Cementa Degerhamn.
CCS, Carbon Capture and Storage, involves the capture and storage of carbon dioxide from large point sources. This makes the cement industry suitable for the implementation of CCS. Large parts of the industry's carbon dioxide emissions cannot be eliminated by other means. The cost of monoethanolamine-based post-combustion capture and subsequent transport and storage of the carbon dioxide at the cement factory Cementa AB in Degerhamn was studied. This study's cost estimates are based on published data on the cost of carbon capture at the Norwegian cement plant Norcem Brevik, and on published data on the cost of transport of carbon dioxide to a storage site in the Baltic Sea. Cementa Degerhamn’s carbon dioxide emissions can be reduced by 5.4 million tons over a 25 year period to a cost of 2.2 billion SEK. The result, expressed in Cost of CO2 avoided, gives a cost of 890 SEK/ton CO2. A sensitivity analysis shows that of the examined parameters, the size of the carbon dioxide emissions and the cost of use and maintenance are the most important for the size of Cost of CO2 avoided. Further studies are required for a more accurate calculation of the cost of CCS at Cementa Degerhamn.

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Cohen, Matthew. "Avoided Water Cost of Electricity Generation for Solar PV and Wind Technologies in Southern California". DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2014. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1301.

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The objective of this thesis is to provide a foundation for evaluating the water costs associated with electricity production to calculate the avoided water cost of energy for solar PV and wind technologies relative to coal, natural gas, nuclear, geothermal, concentrated solar thermal, and biomass. Water consumption is estimated for energy production (fuel extraction and preparation) and electricity generation (power plant operation) using the best available information from published articles. The quantity of water consumed for electricity production is monetized for a Southern California case study based on the water rates of Metropolitan Water District of Southern California (MET), which is the largest wholesale supplier of surface water in the United States. Water withdrawals are addressed but not included in the monetization of water consumption. Case studies of specific power plant’s water costs are used for comparison and demonstrate variation in water costs due to variations in water consumption. Water costs are estimated in terms of water cost ($) per unit energy generated (MWh). Since solar PV and wind energy are shown to have negligible water consumption relative to the other technologies, the water costs for each of the other electrical generation methods are equivalent to the water savings potential of solar PV and wind generated electricity. Compared to other evaluated electricity sources that could provide electricity to Southern California, solar PV and wind energy can save water worth $0.76/MWh for natural gas combined-cycle plants, $0.94/MWh for geothermal power plants, $1.01/MWh for biomass power plants, between $1.14 and $1.82 per MWh for concentrated solar thermal plants, $1.43/MWh for nuclear power plants, and $1.49/MWh for coal power plants. Results indicate that there are three processes that use substantial amounts of water: fuel extraction (for coal, natural gas, and nuclear), thermoelectric cooling of power plants and emissions controls such as carbon capture and sequestration. Carbon capture and sequestration are estimated to almost double the water consumption costs of coal and natural gas power plants. Of the evaluated technologies, only solar PV and wind do not require any of those three steps. Solar PV and wind energy can thus save the greatest value of water when displacing power plants that utilize (or may someday be required to utilize) all three of the major culprits of water consumption. Even the use of one of these processes (particularly thermoelectric cooling) results in substantial water consumption. Total water costs for each technology were normalized to the total expected electrical output of a typical capacity natural gas combined-cycle power plant to demonstrate the economies of scale of power production. Over a forty year lifespan of a typical natural gas power plant, total water consumption would result in $67 million worth of water (southern CA wholesale prices). To generate the same amount of electricity the total value of water consumption is estimated to be $83 million for geothermal plants, $89 million for biomass plants, $100 million to $160 million for concentrated solar thermal plants, $126 million for nuclear plants, and $131 million for coal power plants. The use of carbon capture and sequestration is expected to nearly double these total water costs. Compliance with environmental regulations can cause expenses much greater than water consumption. For example, mitigation costs for impingement and entrainment (a consequence of cooling water withdrawals) as well as the cost to convert to closed-loop cooling for environmental compliance can be considered costs associated with water usage. This is demonstrated by a case study about the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power regarding the elimination of once through cooling. The conversion to closed-loop cooling for the Haynes natural gas power plant is expected to cost $782 million, resulting in an estimated unit cost of $10.66/MWh. Finally, the economic benefits of the California Renewables Portfolio Standard are calculated with respect to water consumption. By holding hydroelectricity, geothermal, biomass and CST production constant and utilizing solar PV and wind to meet the 33% renewables target by 2020, a water value of $28.5 million/year can be conserved relative to meeting rising electricity demand with only natural gas combined-cycle generation. MET water rates increased 70% from 2008 to 2014. If water rates increase at the same rate over the next six years, the water savings of the Renewable Portfolio Standard would be 70% higher in 2020 dollars, equating to water savings of $48.4 million per year.

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Kökler, Cihan. "Inbound Logistics Cost and CO2 Calculations". Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-10347.

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Business has globalized rapidly during the last decades. Distances between point of origin and point of consumption have increased as a result of globalization. Today’s increased distances mean that companies require faster logistic responses. Air transportation is preferred because it’s worldwide lead-time, of just 1-2 day, fulfill business expectations. However, transportation operation costs have risen dramatically and there are growing concerns about the high CO2 emission levels associated with air transportation. These issues have recently become a point of focus for most globalized companies. Currently, Atlas Copco Rock Drills AB, in Örebro is mostly using air transportation for their inbound logistics flow from North America Shared Distribution Center (SDC). In this thesis, sea transportation is surveyed to asses it’s suitability as a replacement in both economic and environmental terms. The formulated questions are: (1) For which items can SDC use sea transportation instead of air transportation at the lowest cost and with the lowest risk? (2) How much can SDC reduce their CO2 emission with the new setup? Does it comply with the ”environmental targets” of Atlas Copco Rock Drills AB? (3) How would SDC make decisions about suitable transportation setups for additional items in the future? When the transportation method is changed from air to sea more than one of the total logistics costs are affected. In reflection of the longer lead-times connected with sea transportation warehousing costs will increase. Therefore, when researching the ”lowest cost” we must consider the lowest total logistics cost. Extended lead-times also decrease the companies’ capability for flexibility; additionally, there will be heightened risk in connection with product life cycles. The possible environmental effects of sea transportation are considered carefully before an item’s transportation method change is suggested to the company. All calculations of CO2 emissions have been done in accordance with Nätverk för Transporter och Miljö ’s (Network for Transporter and Environment) (NTM) formula in order to reach a credible result. The findings are compared with the company’s environmental policy. An excel model has been developed to calculate results for extra items which may be added to the product range in the future. As a result of the research analysis it has been shown possible to reduce total logistic cost up to, 33%, 3.247.000 SEK. By changing transportation mode, the CO2 emission levels for transportation per item for these can even be reduced by up to 97%. Additionally, the excel model can be used internally to implement future changes.

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Nygård, Skalman Jonas. "CO2 Sensor Core on FPGA : ASIC prototyping and cost estimates". Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för elektronikkonstruktion, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-35963.

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Demand of CO2 gas sensors is expected to continue to increase in the foreseeable future, due to an increasing awareness of air pollution and fossil fuel emissions. A truly low cost and accurate NDIR sensor has the potential of greatly benefiting the environment by an increased human awareness due to CO2 measurements. In the objective to reach these goals, a CO2 sensor core on an ASIC needs to be investigated. In this study an ASIC prototype design is tested on an FPGA and evaluated towards logic resource requirements, power analysis and estimated cost impacts towards a full ASIC. The results show that a potential ASIC implementation would have a very small cost impact on a full system design if the use of a preexisting ASIC design is utilized. Using a manufacturing process of 180 nm, the total logic implementation would require between 0.54-0.76 mm2. The cost impact of such a logic area would be around $0.025 USD per chip. The power consumption of the logical part would also be very small when compared to the various analog components of a full system design.

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Liu, Chunlu, In-Tae Kim, Saori Tsubouchi i Yoshito Itoh. "Lifecycle cost and CO2 emission comparison of conventional and rationalized bridges". 土木学会, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/18851.

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Maxwell, Andrew Douglas. "A CO2 measurement system for low-cost applications using chemical transduction". University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Engineering and Surveying, 2002. http://eprints.usq.edu.au/archive/00001468/.

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It is demonstrated that by using a miniature chemical reaction vessel under adaptive mechatronic control, it is possible to design and construct a low-cost carbon dioxide measurement system. With further development such a system would be potentially suitable for low-cost commercial application, in particular as sacrificial, single-mission instrumentation packages in horticultural cargo monitoring. Current instrumentation systems for carbon dioxide (CO2) gas measurement are reviewed and their limitations with respect to low cost commercial applications determined. These utilise technology intended for laboratory measurements. In particular the optical energy absorbance of CO2 in the infra-red electromagnetic spectrum. These systems require large optical paths (typically 10cm) in order to measure small CO2 concentrations. This in turn has a large impact on the physical size of the sensing system. Of the many applications requiring online CO2 sensing packages (such as medical, petroleum, environmental and water treatment)the horticultural industry is the primary focus for this research. CO2 sensing systems are primarily used in horticulture to monitor the produce environment and help extend storage time. For these applications CO2 concentrations are typically low (in the range 0 to 1%) and the paramount need is for low-cost (and possibly disposable) sensing packages. The basis of the measurement technique is the use of bulk (but small volume) aqueous chemical reaction under mechatronic control. Unlike thin film technologies where very thin membranes are passively exposed to the gaseous sample, here a small volume (approximately 2mL) of simple and very cheap liquid chemical indicator (calcium hydroxide solution) is used to produce an opaque precipitate. CO2 concentration is then assessed by low-cost optical attenuation measurements of the developing opacity of the solution. The instrumentation package comprises pumps, flowmeter, reaction cell and infra-red optics for the turbidity measurement, plus reagent and waste vessels, pipelines and electronics. During each measurement cycle, the reaction cell is flushed, with fresh chemical indicator and a sample of gas admitted. The indicator and the sample gas are then vigorously mixed and the change in the indicators optical properties measured at regular intervals. An embedded 8-bit microcontroller performs the necessary analysis to deduce the CO2 concentration (as percentage by volume) for the sample gas by reference to one or more of five ``Time-To-Threshold'' calibration models. These models evaluate the trend in turbidity development as precipitate is formed. First and second prototypes of the measurement system have been constructed and their (low-cost) components and overall performance evaluated, the first a `proof-of-concept' and the second to investigate methodology shortcomings. As a result the design of a third prototype is outlined. The measurement systems have been shown to work adequately well within expected limitations, resulting in a usable low-cost measurement technique. The current prototypes have a useful range of at least 5% to 100% CO2 with a discrimination of typically +-6%. Deficiencies, particularly performance at low concentrations, are identified and potential enhancements for future prototypes proposed.

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Ma, Chunyan. "Development of low-cost ionic liquids based technology for CO2 separation". Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Energivetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-72567.

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CO2 separation plays an important role to mitigate the CO2 emissions due to burning of fossil fuels, and it is also of importance in biofuel production (e.g. biogas upgrading and bio-syngas purification and conditioning). The solvent-based absorption is the state-of-art technology for CO2 separation, where various solvents, e.g. amine solutions, Selexol (i.e. dimethyl ethers of polyethylene glycol), and propylene carbonate, have been introduced. However, these solvent-based technologies meet challenges such as high solvent degradation, high corrosion rate to equipment, high construction cost, high energy demand for solvent regeneration and high solvent make-up rate. Therefore, the development of novel solvents to overcome the challenges of the currently available solvents is essential. Recently, ionic liquids (ILs) have gained great interest as new potential solvents for CO2 separation, mainly due to their very low vapor pressure and relatively high CO2 solubility. In addition, ILs have lower corrosive characteristic, lower degradation rate and lower energy requirement for solvent regeneration compared with the conventional organic solvents. However, the main challenge of the application of ILs is their higher viscosity than the conventional solvents, which can be solved by adding co-solvents such as water. The overall objective of this thesis work was to develop low-cost IL based technologies for CO2 separation. To achieve this objective, the deep eutectic solvent (DES) of choline chloride (ChCl)/Urea with molar ratio 1:2 as a new type of IL was selected as an absorbent and H2O was used as co-solvent for CO2 separation from biogas. The conceptual process was developed and simulated based on Aspen Plus, and the effect of water content on the performance of ChCl/Urea for CO2 separation was evaluated. It was found that the optimal proportion of aqueous ChCl/Urea was around 50 wt% (percentage by weight) of water with the lowest energy usage and environmental effect. The performance of aqueous ChCl/Urea was further compared with the commercial organic solvents in this thesis work. The rate-based process simulation was carried out to compare the energy usage and the cost for CO2 separation from biogas. It was found that aqueous ChCl/Urea achieved the lowest cost and energy usage compared with other commercial solvents except propylene carbonate. The performance comparison proved that CO2 solubility, selectivity and viscosity were three important parameters which can be used as criteria in the development of novel physical solvents for CO2 separation. ILs with acetate anions normally show high CO2 solubility and selectivity, and the ILs with alkylmorpholinium as cations have low toxicity leading to lower environmental effect. Therefore, in this thesis work, a series of N-alkyl-N-methylmorpholinium-based ILs with acetate as counterpart anion were investigated, and water was added as co-solvent to adjust the viscosity. The CO2 solubility in these aqueous ILs was measured at different temperatures and pressures. It was found that the increase of alkyl chain length in the cation led to an increase of CO2 solubility of the ILs with the same anion. Aqueous N-butyl-N-methylmorpholinium acetate ([Bmmorp][OAc]) had the highest CO2 solubility, and it was selected to further carry out thermodynamic modeling and process simulation. The energy usage and the size of equipment of using aqueous [Bmmorp][OAc], aqueous ChCl/Urea, water, Selexol, and propylene carbonate for CO2 separation from biogas were compared. It was found that this novel IL mixing with water had better performance, that is, with lower energy usage and smaller size of equipment than the other solvents. This result suggests that using this aqueous [Bmmorp][OAc] has the potential to decrease the cost of CO2 separation.

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Moore, Jared. "Cost Effectiveness of CO2 Mitigation Technologies and Policies in the Electricity Sector". Research Showcase @ CMU, 2014. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/484.

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In order to find politically feasible ways to reduce greenhouse gas emission emissions, governments must examine how policies affect a variety of stakeholders. The costs and benefits of low carbon technology options are unique and affect different market participants in different ways. In this thesis, we examine the cost effectiveness of carbon mitigation technologies and policies from the social perspective and from the perspective of consumers. In Chapter 2, we perform an engineering-economic analysis of hybridizing concentrating solar thermal power with fossil fuel. We examine the cost effectiveness of substituting the solar power for new coal or gas and find the cost of mitigation to be approximately ~$130/tCO2 to ~$300/tCO2. In Chapter 3, we quantify some externalized social costs and benefits of wind energy. We estimate the costs due to variability and transmission unique to wind to have an expected value of ~$20/MWh. In Chapter 4, we quantify the cost effectiveness of a renewable portfolio standard and a carbon price from the perspective of consumers in restructured markets. We find that both that the RPS can be more cost effective than a carbon price for consumers under certain circumstances: continued excess supply of capacity, retention of nuclear generators, and high natural gas prices. In Chapter 5, we examine the implications of lowering electricity sector CO2 emissions in PJM through a Low Carbon Capacity Standard (LCCS). We estimate that an LCCS would supply the same amount of energy (105,000 GWh) as the RPS’s in PJM and an additional ~10 GW of capacity. We find that the LCCS could be more cost effective for consumers than an RPS if it lowered capacity prices.

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Castanheira, Ricardo José Martins. "Taxi low cost : transporte a baixo custo e amigo do ambiente". Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/10206.

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Mestrado em Ciências Empresariais
Este projeto, realizada na área do empreendedorismo, destina-se a desenvolver uma rede de transporte rodoviário de passageiros (TÁXI), inovador no mercado, combinando a eficiência energética com a redução de custos associados à exploração. Esta investigação realça a importância do empreendedorismo e do papel do empreendedor na conjuntura económica portuguesa, realçando as suas influências e contributos, bem como os principais fatores de bloqueio à criação de novas empresas. A investigação apresenta alguns meios que incentivam a prática do empreendedorismo e da criação de empresas, através da demonstração de um conjunto de soluções legais de investimento e de formação empresarial. A análise do tipo de combustível utilizado leva-nos a concluir que o automóvel Elétrico poderá ser uma boa solução de futuro para o serviço de transporte de passageiro. Atualmente, a solução mais exequível, tendo em conta a conjuntura económica e os protocolos sobre ambiente, poderá ser o transporte em automóveis Híbridos. Verificamos que é possível criar uma rede transporte rodoviário de passageiros a custos substancialmente menores, tanto para o condutor e como para o passageiro, utilizando o automóvel Elétrico. Igualmente com isto reduzir a níveis nulos as emissões de gases poluentes, sem qualquer perca de competitividade no exercício da atividade.
This project, nesting in the entrepreneurism area, aims to develop an innovative road network of passenger transport (TÁXI) in the market, combining the energetic efficiency with the cost reduction associated with the exploration of said network. This research highlights the importance of entrepreneurism and the role of the entrepreneur in the Portuguese economic conjecture, showing its influences and contributes, as well as the main blockage factors to the creation of new ventures. The research presents some means that encourages the practices of entrepreneurism and venture creation, through the demonstration of a legal investment solutions set, as well as managerial formation. The analysis of the type of fuel that?s used leads us to conclude that the electric car is the most beneficial solution to passenger transportation. Nowadays, the most feasible solution, taking into account the economic conjecture and the environment protocols, is the hybrid car transportation. We checked that it?s possible to create a road network of passenger transport at substantial minor costs, for the driver as well as for the passenger, using the electrical car. Likewise, we also verified that it?s possible to reduce to zero levels of pollutant gases emissions, without any loss of competitively in the exercise of the activity.

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Johannesson, Daniel. "CO2 and Cost Impact of Pre-and Post shift of Residential Electric Loads". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-58972.

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The Royal Seaport project, which is a project in the Clinton Climate Initiative, develops a new, sustainable city area in Stockholm and aims to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions, using pre- and post load shifting methods to reduce the peak electricity load. The Active House, that is one work package in the Royal Seaport project, is a residential building that is equipped with systems for automated demand response, such as smart appliances and electricity storage, and also local photovoltaic power and charging poles for electric vehicles. The thesis investigates if pre- and post shifting electricity load will reduce greenhouse gas emissions and electricity cost for the residents in the Active House. The greenhouse gas emissions are investigated for three Clinton Climate Initiative cities, Stockholm, London and San Francisco to further calculate the pre- and post shifting impacts of greenhouse gas emissions and electricity cost. A simulation tool based on statistics of the power systems is developed, to investigate the greenhouse gas emissions from electricity production and the simulator is used to solve the research questions in the thesis. The simulator calculates an hourly greenhouse gas intensity distribution during the day and the results are used to observe differences between seasons and countries. The electricity loads of the households in the Active House are also investigated to determine the peak electricity loads to be able to dimension the photovoltaic power system and electricity storage. Some of the most important results and conclusions in the thesis are: The relationship between the greenhouse gas emissions and the electricity production determined, in most cases the greenhouse gas intensity distribution has a similar shape as the consumption and electricity price. The photovoltaic power system will be able to provide 30 % of the fixed building electricity load. The electricity storage could be charged during night, when the greenhouse gas intensity is low, or when the photovoltaic power system generates surplus electricity that otherwise would be given away to the utility grid. The dimensions of the electricity storage are cycled one time during the day and calculated to be 205 kWh to be able to pre shift an electricity load of 114 kWh from the electricity peak in the afternoon. The electricity storage are able to reduce the peak power with 40 kWh/h, electricity cost with up to 137 SEK and the greenhouse gas emissions with up to 13 kg CO2 depending on season and country. The electricity storage is not profitable in an economical point of view today, because of life time of the electricity storage and the electricity price today but mostly on the high investments cost. The cost of reducing the greenhouse gas intensity is between 8-55 SEK/ kg CO2 in average during a year, depending on season and country. The investment cost of electricity storage will be reduced in the future and in 3 years it could be profitable with electricity storage in some countries. Further investigations about the impact of greenhouse gas emissions and electricity cost for smart appliances and electrical vehicles have also been done in this thesis.

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Książki na temat "Cost of CO2 avoided"

Guerrero-Lemus, Ricardo. Renewable Energies and CO2: Cost Analysis, Environmental Impacts and Technological Trends- 2012 Edition. London: Springer London, 2013.

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Office, General Accounting. F-22 aircraft: Development cost goal achievable if major problems are avoided : report to Congressional committees. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington 20013): The Office, 2000.

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Internationale Kompensationsmöglichkeiten zur CO2-Reduktion: Steuerliche Anreize und ordnungsrechtliche Massnahmen. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1997.

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Michaelowa, Axel. Internationale Kompensationsmöglichkeiten zur CO2-Reduktion unter Berücksichtigung steuerlicher Anreize und ordnungsrechtlicher Massnahmen. Hamburg: HWWA-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, 1995.

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Kagaku Gijutsu Shinkō Kikō. Teitanso Shakai Senryaku Sentā. "Teitanso gijutsu sekkei, hyōka purattofōmu" no kōchiku: Platform of low carbon technologies for process design and evaluation of manufacturing cost and CO2 emissions. Tōkyō-to Chiyoda-ku: Kagaku Gijutsu Shinkō Kikō Teitanso Shakai Senryaku Sentā, 2014.

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Guerrero-Lemus, Ricardo, i José Manuel Martínez-Duart. Renewable Energies and CO2: Cost Analysis, Environmental Impacts and Technological Trends- 2012 Edition. Springer, 2012.

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Guerrero-Lemus, Ricardo, i José Manuel Martínez-Duart. Renewable Energies and CO2: Cost Analysis, Environmental Impacts and Technological Trends- 2012 Edition. Springer, 2012.

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F-22 aircraft: Development cost goal achievable if major problems are avoided : report to congressional committees. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington 20013): The Office, 2000.

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F-22 aircraft: Development cost goal achievable if major problems are avoided : report to congressional committees. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 2000.

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Office, General Accounting. F-22 aircraft: Development cost goal achievable if major problems are avoided : report to congressional committees. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 2000.

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Części książek na temat "Cost of CO2 avoided"

Huber, Jochen, Juan Antonio Enriquez, Antonio Escobar, Stefan Kolb, Alfons Dehé, Franz Jost i Jürgen Wöllenstein. "Photoakustischer Low-Cost CO2-Sensor für Automobilanwendungen". W Automobil-Sensorik, 79–96. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48944-4_4.

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Edmonds, Jae, i Marshall Wise. "The value of advanced energy technologies in stabilizing atmospheric CO2". W Cost-Benefit Analyses of Climate Change, 87–104. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8928-5_7.

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Manne, Alan, i Richard Richels. "On stabilizing CO2 concentrations — cost-effective emission reduction strategies". W International Environmental Agreements on Climate Change, 109–30. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9169-0_7.

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Kim, Keun Ho, Chaeyeon Lim, Youngju Na, Jeong Tai Kim i Sunkuk Kim. "Cost and CO2 Analysis of Composite Precast Concrete Columns". W Sustainability in Energy and Buildings, 995–1002. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36645-1_88.

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Larson, Ronal W. "Using Biochar for Cost-Effective CO2 Sequestration in Soils". W Proceedings of ISES World Congress 2007 (Vol. I – Vol. V), 2462–67. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75997-3_499.

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Nielsen, Kai L., Jonathan P. Lynch, Andrei G. Jablokow i Peter S. Curtis. "Carbon cost of root systems: an architectural approach". W Belowground Responses to Rising Atmospheric CO2: Implications for Plants, Soil Biota, and Ecosystem Processes, 161–69. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0851-7_16.

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Haapio, Jaakko, Timo Jokinen, Markku Heinisuo i Mauri Laasonen. "Feature-Based Cost and CO2 Equivalent Optimization of Semi-rigid Steel Frames". W Design, Fabrication and Economy of Metal Structures, 11–16. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36691-8_2.

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Kuiper, P. J. C. "Cost 614: Impacts of Elevated CO2, Air Pollutants and Climate Change on Tree Physiology (ICAT):Review of COST Action". W Impacts of Global Change on Tree Physiology and Forest Ecosystems, 365–68. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8949-9_47.

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Harvey, Reid, i Francisco C. de la Chesnaye. "The Potential for Cost-Effective Reductions of Non-Carbon Dioxide Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the U.S." W Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases: Scientific Understanding, Control and Implementation, 469–76. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9343-4_72.

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He, Hui, Mengxiang Fang, Wei Yu, Qunyang Xiang, Tao Wang i Zhongyang Luo. "A Low-Cost Chemical Absorption Scheme for 500,000 t/y CO2 Capture Project". W Clean Coal Technology and Sustainable Development, 373–78. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2023-0_50.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Cost of CO2 avoided"

Finkenrath, Matthias, Tord Peter Ursin, Ste´phanie Hoffmann, Michael Bartlett, Andrei Evulet, Michael J. Bowman, Arne Lynghjem i Jon Jakobsen. "Performance and Cost Analysis of a Novel Gas Turbine Cycle With CO2 Capture". W ASME Turbo Expo 2007: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2007-27764.

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In this paper, a new gas turbine cycle with integrated post-combustion CO2 capture is presented. The concept advantageously uses an intercooled gas turbine in combination with exhaust gas recirculation to enable CO2 separation at elevated concentration and pressure. Therefore, less energy is required for the CO2 separation process. In addition, due to the reduced volume flow entering the CO2 separation unit, the costs of the CO2 separation equipment are significantly reduced. The performance and cost of CO2 avoided of the power cycle have been analyzed. The results show that the concept is able to reach high CO2 capture rates of 80% and above. When accounting for CO2 capture and compression, nearly 50% (LHV) combined cycle net efficiency is obtained based on an existing medium scale intercooled gas turbine. Furthermore, the cycle has an even higher efficiency potential if applied to larger intercooled gas turbine combined cycles in the future. Using CO2 separation membrane technology which is currently under development, the cost of CO2 avoided is estimated at 31 $/tCO2 based on a medium scale intercooled gas turbine. A future scaled-up configuration based on a large-frame intercooled gas turbine has the potential to meet 30 $/tCO2 cost of CO2 avoided.

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Hoffmann, Ste´phanie, Michael Bartlett, Matthias Finkenrath, Andrei Evulet i Tord Peter Ursin. "Performance and Cost Analysis of Advanced Gas Turbine Cycles With Pre-Combustion CO2 Capture". W ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-51027.

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This paper presents the results of an evaluation of advanced combined cycle gas turbine plants with pre-combustion capture of CO2 from natural gas. In particular, the designs are carried out with the objectives of high efficiency, low capital cost and low emissions of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. The novel cycles introduced in this paper are comprised of a high-pressure syngas generation island, in which an air-blown POX reformer is used to generate syngas from natural gas, and a power island, in which a CO2-lean syngas is burnt in a large frame machine. In order to reduce the efficiency penalty of natural gas reforming, a significant effort is spent evaluating and optimizing alternatives to recover the heat released during the process. CO2 is removed from the shifted syngas using either CO2 absorbing solvents or a CO2 membrane. CO2 separation membranes, in particular, have the potential for considerable cost or energy savings compared to conventional solvent-based separation and benefit from the high pressure level of the syngas generation island. A feasibility analysis and a cycle performance evaluation are carried out for large frame gas turbines such as the 9FB. Both short term and long term solutions have been investigated. An analysis of the cost of CO2 avoided is presented, including an evaluation of the cost of modifying the combined cycle due to CO2 separation. The paper describes a power plant reaching the performance targets of 50% net cycle efficiency and 80% CO2 capture, as well as the cost target of 30$ per ton of CO2 avoided. This paper indicates a development path to this power plant that minimizes technical risks by incremental implementation of new technology.

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Chiesa, Paolo, i Stefano Consonni. "Natural Gas Fired Combined Cycles With Low CO2 Emissions". W ASME 1999 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/99-gt-370.

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This paper assesses performances and economic viability of CO2 removal by chemical absorption from the flue gases of natural gas-fired Combined Cycles, more specifically for two configurations: one where CO2 is removed ahead of the stack without modifying the power cycle; the other where part of the flue gases is recirculated to the gas turbine, thereby reducing the flow to be treated by chemical absorption. In both cases sequestered CO2 is made available at conditions suitable to storage into deep oceanic waters. Performances and cost of electricity are evaluated for systems based on large, heavy-duty turbines representative of state of the art “FA” technology. Carbon sequestration reduces net plant efficiency and power output by about 10% and increases the cost of electricity from 36 to about 50 mills/kWh. Flue gas recirculation warrants slightly higher efficiencies and lower costs. CO2 removal is eventually compared with other strategies for the reduction of CO2 emissions, like switching existing coal-fired steam plants to natural gas or replacing existing steam plants with conventional CCs. At current fuel prices the latter appears the option of choice, with a cost of about 25 $ per tonn of avoided CO2 emission.

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Koopman, Aaron A., i David A. Bahr. "The Impact of CO2 Compressor Characteristics and Integration in Post Combustion Carbon Sequestration Comparative Economic Analysis". W ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-22974.

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The objective of this paper is to better equip the reader with tools to make relative comparisons between different Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) concepts including various CO2 compressor configurations with more confidence. Methods for analyzing comparative costs for CCS implementation in Coal plants, in terms of Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) and cost per ton CO2 removed or avoided ($/tonCO2) are described. The contribution of compression to LCOE is significant and highly dependent on configuration. Critical inputs required for accurately calculating compressor power and some common errors that significantly impact the results of power consumption can increase the estimated power required by 40%. Sensitivity analyses for critical compressor characteristics are provided. In addition, the impact of energy (heat) integration on the overall economics of the plant can reduce the LCOE penalty. Finally, configuration parameters for systems meeting the national targets of 35% LCOE penalty for CCS costs are explored.

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Sanz, W., H. Jericha, F. Luckel, E. Go¨ttlich i F. Heitmeir. "A Further Step Towards a Graz Cycle Power Plant for CO2 Capture". W ASME Turbo Expo 2005: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2005-68456.

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Introduction of closed cycle gas turbines with their capability of retaining combustion generated CO2 can offer a valuable contribution to the Kyoto goal and to future power generation. Therefore research and development work at Graz University of Technology since the nineties has led to the Graz Cycle, a zero emission power cycle of highest efficiency. It burns fossil fuels with pure oxygen which enables the cost-effective separation of the combustion CO2 by condensation. The efforts for the oxygen supply in an air separation plant are partly compensated by cycle efficiencies far higher than for modern combined cycle plants. At the ASME IGTI conference 2004 in Vienna a high steam content S-Graz Cycle power plant was presented showing efficiencies for syngas firing up to 70% and a net efficiency of 57% considering oxygen supply and CO2 compression. A first economic analysis gave CO2 mitigation costs of about 10 $/ton CO2 avoided. These favourable data induced the Norwegian oil and gas company Statoil ASA to order a techno-economic evaluation study of the Graz Cycle. In order to allow a benchmarking of the Graz Cycle and a comparison with other CO2 capture concepts, the assumptions of component efficiency and losses are modified to values agreed with Statoil. In this work the new assumptions made and the resulting power cycle for natural gas firing, which is the most likely fuel of a first demonstration plant, are presented. Further modifications of the cycle scheme are discussed and their potential is analyzed. Finally, an economic analysis of the Graz Cycle power plant is performed showing low CO2 mitigation costs in the range of 20 $/ton CO2 avoided, but also the strong dependence of the economics on the investment costs.

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Atsonios, Kostantinos, Antonios Koumanakos, Kyriakos D. Panopoulos, Aggelos Doukelis i Emmanuel Kakaras. "Techno-Economic Comparison of CO2 Capture Technologies Employed With Natural Gas Derived GTCC". W ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-95117.

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Carbon Capture and Storage can either concern the removal of carbon as CO2 in flue gases (post-combustion option) or before its combustion in a Gas Turbine (pre-combustion option). Among the numerous CO2 capture technologies, amine scrubbing (MEA and MDEA), physical absorption (Selexol™ and Rectisol™) and H2 separator membrane reactors are investigated and compared in this study. In the pre-combustion options, the final fuel combusted in the GT is a rich-H2 fuel. Process simulations in ASPEN Plus™ showed that the case of H2 separation with Pd-based membranes has the greatest performance as far as the net efficiency of the energy system is concerned. The economic assessment reveals that the technology is promising in terms of cost of CO2 avoided, provided that the current high membrane costs are reduced.

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Spinelli, Maurizio, Stefano Campanari, Matteo C. Romano, Stefano Consonni, Thomas G. Kreutz, Hossein Ghezel-Ayagh, Stephen Jolly i Matthew Di Nitto. "Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells as Means for Post-Combustion CO2 Capture: Retrofitting Coal-Fired Steam Plants and Natural Gas-Fired Combined Cycles". W ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology collocated with the ASME 2015 Power Conference, the ASME 2015 9th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, and the ASME 2015 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2015-49454.

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The state-of-the-art conventional technology for post combustion capture of CO2 from fossil-fuelled power plants is based on chemical solvents, which requires substantial energy consumption for regeneration. Apromising alternative, available in the near future, is the application of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC) for CO2 separation from post-combustion flue gases. Previous studies related to this technology showed both high efficiency and high carbon capture rates, especially when the fuel cell is thermally integrated in the flue gas path of a natural gas-fired combined cycle or an integrated gasification combined cycle plant. This work compares the application of MCFC based CO2 separation process to pulverized coal fired steam cycles (PCC) and natural gas combined cycles (NGCC) as a ‘retrofit’ to the original power plant. Mass and energy balances are calculated through detailed models for both power plants, with fuel cell behaviour simulated using a 0D model calibrated against manufacturers’ specifications and based on experimental measurements, specifically carried out to support this study. The resulting analysis includes a comparison of the energy efficiency and CO2 separation efficiency as well as an economic comparison of the cost of CO2 avoided under several economic scenarios. The proposed configurations reveal promising performance, exhibiting very competitive efficiency and economic metrics in comparison with conventional CO2 capture technologies. Application as a MCFC retrofit yields a very limited (<3%) decrease in efficiency for both power plants (PCC and NGCC), a strong reduction (>80%) in CO2 emission and a competitive cost for CO2 avoided (25–40 €/ton).

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Petrakopoulou, F., G. Tsatsaronis i T. Morosuk. "Exergoeconomic Analysis of an Advanced Zero Emission Plant". W ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-11015.

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Exergy-based methods are reliable means for the comparison and the evaluation of the operation of energy conversion systems. In this paper, the Advanced Zero Emission Plant, a plant that performs combustion in a nitrogen-free environment (oxy-fuel combustion) is presented, compared to a reference plant (without CO2 capture) and evaluated based on an exergoeconomic analysis. A variation of the oxy-fuel plant with a lower CO2 capture percentage (85%) is also presented in order to (1) evaluate the influence of CO2 capture on a plant’s overall performance and cost, and (2) enable the comparison with other conventional methods, such as post-combustion with chemical absorption that also performs CO2 capture with lower effectiveness. When compared to the reference case, the oxy-fuel plants achieve a minimal decrease in exergetic efficiency, essentially due to their more efficient combustion processes. Cost calculations reveal that the membrane used for the oxygen production in the oxy-fuel plants is their main expenditure. Nonetheless, the cost of electricity and the cost of CO2 avoided for these plants are calculated to be competitive with chemical absorption.

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Jericha, H., W. Sanz i E. Go¨ttlich. "Design Concept for Large Output Graz Cycle Gas Turbines". W ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-90032.

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Introduction of closed cycle gas turbines with their capability of retaining combustion generated CO2 can offer a valuable contribution to the Kyoto goal and to future power generation. Therefore research and development work at Graz University of Technology since the nineties has led to the Graz Cycle, a zero emission power cycle of highest efficiency. It burns fossil fuels with pure oxygen which enables the cost-effective separation of the combustion CO2 by condensation. The efforts for the oxygen supply in an air separation plant are partly compensated by cycle efficiencies far higher than for modern combined cycle plants. Upon the basis of the previous work the authors present the design concept for a large power plant of 400 MW net power output making use of the latest developments in gas turbine technology. The Graz Cycle configuration is changed insofar, as condensation and separation of combustion generated CO2 takes place at the 1 bar range in order to avoid the problems of condensation of water out of a mixture of steam and incondensable gases at very low pressure. A final economic analysis shows promising CO2 mitigation costs in range of 20–30 $/ton CO2 avoided. The authors believe that they present here a partial solution regarding thermal power production for the most urgent problem of saving our climate.

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Hu, Zupan, i Joseph W. Pratt. "The Environmental and Economic Impact of IGCC in China, With Comparison to Alternative Options". W ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90315.

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The goal of this study is to evaluate the economic and environmental performance of power plants based on integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) technology, and to compare it with currently relevant renewable and nuclear power generation options in China, until the year 2020. First, electricity demand is predicted, based on up-to-date policies made by Chinese government organizations. From this, a business as usual (BAU) study, in which coal-fired power plant technology is assumed to be unchanged from 2010 to 2020, is carried out as a reference. Different scenarios of IGCC technology adoption are then studied using a newly developed model, and the result show, for example, that there could be 10.05 billion tons of CO2 emission avoided from 2010 to 2020 if 50% of newly built coal-fired plants are based on IGCC technology with CO2 capture. When compared with other options, the cost of avoided CO2 emissions in this scenario is more expensive than hydroelectric, nuclear, and wind, but cheaper than solar (thermal and photovoltaic). The results also show that IGCC, although more expensive, could still be important in China’s coal-dominated electricity industry.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Cost of CO2 avoided"

Tucker, John, i Eric Danziger. Solar Avoided Cost Solution SunShot 6 Final Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), styczeń 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1116726.

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Herron, Steve, Alexander Zoelle i Wm Morgan Summers. Cost of Capturing CO2 from Industrial Sources. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), styczeń 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1480985.

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Morgan, Dave, Jason Valenstein, Mike Godec, Richard Lawrence, Robert Murray i Tim Grant. NETL CO2 Injection and Storage Cost Model. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), luty 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1558603.

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Robert Perry, Teresa Grocela-Rocha, Michael O'Brien, Sarah Genovese, Benjamin Wood, Larry Lewis, Hubert Lam, Malgorzata Rubinsztajn, Grigorii Soleveichik i Sergei Kniajanski. Novel High Capacity Oligomers for Low Cost CO2 Capture. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), wrzesień 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1013258.

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Morgan, David, i Tim Grant. FE/NETL CO2 Transport Cost Model (2018): Description and User's Manual. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), lipiec 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1556911.

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Dooley, James J., Robert T. Dahowski i Casie L. Davidson. On the Long-Term Average Cost of CO2 Transport and Storage. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), marzec 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/939041.

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Williams, J., M. Aarnio, A. Grosvenor, D. Taylor i J. Bucher. High Efficiency Low Cost CO2 Compression Using Supersonic Shock Wave Technology. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), grudzień 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1011244.

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Sheldon, Tamara, i Rubal Dua. How cost-effective are electric vehicle subsidies in reducing tailpipe-CO2 emissions? King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, czerwiec 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2021-dp07.

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The transportation sector accounts for 24% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (IEA 2020). Road transport is the most utilized mode because of its convenience (Van Essen 2008). However, it is also the most emissions intensive mode, accounting for 75% of global transport GHG emissions, with roughly 44% coming from road passenger vehicles alone (IEA 2020).

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Max Christie, Rick Victor, Juan Li i Bart Van Hassel. ADVANCED OXYFUEL BOILERS AND PROCESS HEATERS FOR COST EFFECTIVE CO2 CAPTURE AND SEQUESTRATION. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), grudzień 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/892744.

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Bart van Hassel i John Sirman. ADVANCED OXYFUEL BOILERS AND PROCESS HEATERS FOR COST EFFECTIVE CO2 CAPTURE AND SEQUESTRATION. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), lipiec 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/859025.

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