Rozprawy doktorskie: „Cost of CO2 avoided”

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Nyberg, Jesper. "Kostnaden för CCS vid Cementa AB i Degerhamn". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för biologi och miljö (BOM), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-54270.

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CCS, Carbon Capture and Storage, innebär infångning och lagring av koldioxid från stora punktutsläpp. Detta gör cementindustrin aktuell för implementering av CCS. Stora delar av branschens koldioxidutsläpp går inte att eliminera på annat sätt. Kostnaden för monoetanolamin-baserad post-combustion capture med efterföljande transport och lagring av koldioxiden vid cementfabriken Cementa AB i Degerhamn undersöktes. Studiens kostnadsberäkningar är baserade på publicerade uppgifter om kostnaden för koldioxidinfångning vid den norska cementfabriken Norcem Brevik, och på publicerade uppgifter om kostnaden för transport av koldioxid till en lagringsplats i Östersjön. Cementa Degerhamns koldioxidutsläpp kan reduceras med 5,4 miljoner ton under en 25-årsperiod till en kostnad av 2,2 miljarder SEK. Slutresultatet, som uttrycks i måttet Cost of CO2 avoided, ger en kostnad på 890 SEK/ton CO2. En känslighetsanalys visar att av de undersökta parametrarna är storleken på koldioxidutsläppen och kostnaden för användning och underhåll viktigast för storleken på Cost of CO2 avoided. Vidare studier behövs för en mer exakt beräkning av kostnaden för CCS vid Cementa Degerhamn.
CCS, Carbon Capture and Storage, involves the capture and storage of carbon dioxide from large point sources. This makes the cement industry suitable for the implementation of CCS. Large parts of the industry's carbon dioxide emissions cannot be eliminated by other means. The cost of monoethanolamine-based post-combustion capture and subsequent transport and storage of the carbon dioxide at the cement factory Cementa AB in Degerhamn was studied. This study's cost estimates are based on published data on the cost of carbon capture at the Norwegian cement plant Norcem Brevik, and on published data on the cost of transport of carbon dioxide to a storage site in the Baltic Sea. Cementa Degerhamn’s carbon dioxide emissions can be reduced by 5.4 million tons over a 25 year period to a cost of 2.2 billion SEK. The result, expressed in Cost of CO2 avoided, gives a cost of 890 SEK/ton CO2. A sensitivity analysis shows that of the examined parameters, the size of the carbon dioxide emissions and the cost of use and maintenance are the most important for the size of Cost of CO2 avoided. Further studies are required for a more accurate calculation of the cost of CCS at Cementa Degerhamn.

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Cohen, Matthew. "Avoided Water Cost of Electricity Generation for Solar PV and Wind Technologies in Southern California". DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2014. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1301.

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The objective of this thesis is to provide a foundation for evaluating the water costs associated with electricity production to calculate the avoided water cost of energy for solar PV and wind technologies relative to coal, natural gas, nuclear, geothermal, concentrated solar thermal, and biomass. Water consumption is estimated for energy production (fuel extraction and preparation) and electricity generation (power plant operation) using the best available information from published articles. The quantity of water consumed for electricity production is monetized for a Southern California case study based on the water rates of Metropolitan Water District of Southern California (MET), which is the largest wholesale supplier of surface water in the United States. Water withdrawals are addressed but not included in the monetization of water consumption. Case studies of specific power plant’s water costs are used for comparison and demonstrate variation in water costs due to variations in water consumption. Water costs are estimated in terms of water cost ($) per unit energy generated (MWh). Since solar PV and wind energy are shown to have negligible water consumption relative to the other technologies, the water costs for each of the other electrical generation methods are equivalent to the water savings potential of solar PV and wind generated electricity. Compared to other evaluated electricity sources that could provide electricity to Southern California, solar PV and wind energy can save water worth $0.76/MWh for natural gas combined-cycle plants, $0.94/MWh for geothermal power plants, $1.01/MWh for biomass power plants, between $1.14 and $1.82 per MWh for concentrated solar thermal plants, $1.43/MWh for nuclear power plants, and $1.49/MWh for coal power plants. Results indicate that there are three processes that use substantial amounts of water: fuel extraction (for coal, natural gas, and nuclear), thermoelectric cooling of power plants and emissions controls such as carbon capture and sequestration. Carbon capture and sequestration are estimated to almost double the water consumption costs of coal and natural gas power plants. Of the evaluated technologies, only solar PV and wind do not require any of those three steps. Solar PV and wind energy can thus save the greatest value of water when displacing power plants that utilize (or may someday be required to utilize) all three of the major culprits of water consumption. Even the use of one of these processes (particularly thermoelectric cooling) results in substantial water consumption. Total water costs for each technology were normalized to the total expected electrical output of a typical capacity natural gas combined-cycle power plant to demonstrate the economies of scale of power production. Over a forty year lifespan of a typical natural gas power plant, total water consumption would result in $67 million worth of water (southern CA wholesale prices). To generate the same amount of electricity the total value of water consumption is estimated to be $83 million for geothermal plants, $89 million for biomass plants, $100 million to $160 million for concentrated solar thermal plants, $126 million for nuclear plants, and $131 million for coal power plants. The use of carbon capture and sequestration is expected to nearly double these total water costs. Compliance with environmental regulations can cause expenses much greater than water consumption. For example, mitigation costs for impingement and entrainment (a consequence of cooling water withdrawals) as well as the cost to convert to closed-loop cooling for environmental compliance can be considered costs associated with water usage. This is demonstrated by a case study about the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power regarding the elimination of once through cooling. The conversion to closed-loop cooling for the Haynes natural gas power plant is expected to cost $782 million, resulting in an estimated unit cost of $10.66/MWh. Finally, the economic benefits of the California Renewables Portfolio Standard are calculated with respect to water consumption. By holding hydroelectricity, geothermal, biomass and CST production constant and utilizing solar PV and wind to meet the 33% renewables target by 2020, a water value of $28.5 million/year can be conserved relative to meeting rising electricity demand with only natural gas combined-cycle generation. MET water rates increased 70% from 2008 to 2014. If water rates increase at the same rate over the next six years, the water savings of the Renewable Portfolio Standard would be 70% higher in 2020 dollars, equating to water savings of $48.4 million per year.

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Kökler, Cihan. "Inbound Logistics Cost and CO2 Calculations". Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-10347.

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Business has globalized rapidly during the last decades. Distances between point of origin and point of consumption have increased as a result of globalization. Today’s increased distances mean that companies require faster logistic responses. Air transportation is preferred because it’s worldwide lead-time, of just 1-2 day, fulfill business expectations. However, transportation operation costs have risen dramatically and there are growing concerns about the high CO2 emission levels associated with air transportation. These issues have recently become a point of focus for most globalized companies. Currently, Atlas Copco Rock Drills AB, in Örebro is mostly using air transportation for their inbound logistics flow from North America Shared Distribution Center (SDC). In this thesis, sea transportation is surveyed to asses it’s suitability as a replacement in both economic and environmental terms. The formulated questions are: (1) For which items can SDC use sea transportation instead of air transportation at the lowest cost and with the lowest risk? (2) How much can SDC reduce their CO2 emission with the new setup? Does it comply with the ”environmental targets” of Atlas Copco Rock Drills AB? (3) How would SDC make decisions about suitable transportation setups for additional items in the future? When the transportation method is changed from air to sea more than one of the total logistics costs are affected. In reflection of the longer lead-times connected with sea transportation warehousing costs will increase. Therefore, when researching the ”lowest cost” we must consider the lowest total logistics cost. Extended lead-times also decrease the companies’ capability for flexibility; additionally, there will be heightened risk in connection with product life cycles. The possible environmental effects of sea transportation are considered carefully before an item’s transportation method change is suggested to the company. All calculations of CO2 emissions have been done in accordance with Nätverk för Transporter och Miljö ’s (Network for Transporter and Environment) (NTM) formula in order to reach a credible result. The findings are compared with the company’s environmental policy. An excel model has been developed to calculate results for extra items which may be added to the product range in the future. As a result of the research analysis it has been shown possible to reduce total logistic cost up to, 33%, 3.247.000 SEK. By changing transportation mode, the CO2 emission levels for transportation per item for these can even be reduced by up to 97%. Additionally, the excel model can be used internally to implement future changes.

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Nygård, Skalman Jonas. "CO2 Sensor Core on FPGA : ASIC prototyping and cost estimates". Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för elektronikkonstruktion, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-35963.

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Demand of CO2 gas sensors is expected to continue to increase in the foreseeable future, due to an increasing awareness of air pollution and fossil fuel emissions. A truly low cost and accurate NDIR sensor has the potential of greatly benefiting the environment by an increased human awareness due to CO2 measurements. In the objective to reach these goals, a CO2 sensor core on an ASIC needs to be investigated. In this study an ASIC prototype design is tested on an FPGA and evaluated towards logic resource requirements, power analysis and estimated cost impacts towards a full ASIC. The results show that a potential ASIC implementation would have a very small cost impact on a full system design if the use of a preexisting ASIC design is utilized. Using a manufacturing process of 180 nm, the total logic implementation would require between 0.54-0.76 mm2. The cost impact of such a logic area would be around $0.025 USD per chip. The power consumption of the logical part would also be very small when compared to the various analog components of a full system design.

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Liu, Chunlu, In-Tae Kim, Saori Tsubouchi i Yoshito Itoh. "Lifecycle cost and CO2 emission comparison of conventional and rationalized bridges". 土木学会, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/18851.

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Maxwell, Andrew Douglas. "A CO2 measurement system for low-cost applications using chemical transduction". University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Engineering and Surveying, 2002. http://eprints.usq.edu.au/archive/00001468/.

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It is demonstrated that by using a miniature chemical reaction vessel under adaptive mechatronic control, it is possible to design and construct a low-cost carbon dioxide measurement system. With further development such a system would be potentially suitable for low-cost commercial application, in particular as sacrificial, single-mission instrumentation packages in horticultural cargo monitoring. Current instrumentation systems for carbon dioxide (CO2) gas measurement are reviewed and their limitations with respect to low cost commercial applications determined. These utilise technology intended for laboratory measurements. In particular the optical energy absorbance of CO2 in the infra-red electromagnetic spectrum. These systems require large optical paths (typically 10cm) in order to measure small CO2 concentrations. This in turn has a large impact on the physical size of the sensing system. Of the many applications requiring online CO2 sensing packages (such as medical, petroleum, environmental and water treatment)the horticultural industry is the primary focus for this research. CO2 sensing systems are primarily used in horticulture to monitor the produce environment and help extend storage time. For these applications CO2 concentrations are typically low (in the range 0 to 1%) and the paramount need is for low-cost (and possibly disposable) sensing packages. The basis of the measurement technique is the use of bulk (but small volume) aqueous chemical reaction under mechatronic control. Unlike thin film technologies where very thin membranes are passively exposed to the gaseous sample, here a small volume (approximately 2mL) of simple and very cheap liquid chemical indicator (calcium hydroxide solution) is used to produce an opaque precipitate. CO2 concentration is then assessed by low-cost optical attenuation measurements of the developing opacity of the solution. The instrumentation package comprises pumps, flowmeter, reaction cell and infra-red optics for the turbidity measurement, plus reagent and waste vessels, pipelines and electronics. During each measurement cycle, the reaction cell is flushed, with fresh chemical indicator and a sample of gas admitted. The indicator and the sample gas are then vigorously mixed and the change in the indicators optical properties measured at regular intervals. An embedded 8-bit microcontroller performs the necessary analysis to deduce the CO2 concentration (as percentage by volume) for the sample gas by reference to one or more of five ``Time-To-Threshold'' calibration models. These models evaluate the trend in turbidity development as precipitate is formed. First and second prototypes of the measurement system have been constructed and their (low-cost) components and overall performance evaluated, the first a `proof-of-concept' and the second to investigate methodology shortcomings. As a result the design of a third prototype is outlined. The measurement systems have been shown to work adequately well within expected limitations, resulting in a usable low-cost measurement technique. The current prototypes have a useful range of at least 5% to 100% CO2 with a discrimination of typically +-6%. Deficiencies, particularly performance at low concentrations, are identified and potential enhancements for future prototypes proposed.

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Ma, Chunyan. "Development of low-cost ionic liquids based technology for CO2 separation". Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Energivetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-72567.

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CO2 separation plays an important role to mitigate the CO2 emissions due to burning of fossil fuels, and it is also of importance in biofuel production (e.g. biogas upgrading and bio-syngas purification and conditioning). The solvent-based absorption is the state-of-art technology for CO2 separation, where various solvents, e.g. amine solutions, Selexol (i.e. dimethyl ethers of polyethylene glycol), and propylene carbonate, have been introduced. However, these solvent-based technologies meet challenges such as high solvent degradation, high corrosion rate to equipment, high construction cost, high energy demand for solvent regeneration and high solvent make-up rate. Therefore, the development of novel solvents to overcome the challenges of the currently available solvents is essential. Recently, ionic liquids (ILs) have gained great interest as new potential solvents for CO2 separation, mainly due to their very low vapor pressure and relatively high CO2 solubility. In addition, ILs have lower corrosive characteristic, lower degradation rate and lower energy requirement for solvent regeneration compared with the conventional organic solvents. However, the main challenge of the application of ILs is their higher viscosity than the conventional solvents, which can be solved by adding co-solvents such as water. The overall objective of this thesis work was to develop low-cost IL based technologies for CO2 separation. To achieve this objective, the deep eutectic solvent (DES) of choline chloride (ChCl)/Urea with molar ratio 1:2 as a new type of IL was selected as an absorbent and H2O was used as co-solvent for CO2 separation from biogas. The conceptual process was developed and simulated based on Aspen Plus, and the effect of water content on the performance of ChCl/Urea for CO2 separation was evaluated. It was found that the optimal proportion of aqueous ChCl/Urea was around 50 wt% (percentage by weight) of water with the lowest energy usage and environmental effect. The performance of aqueous ChCl/Urea was further compared with the commercial organic solvents in this thesis work. The rate-based process simulation was carried out to compare the energy usage and the cost for CO2 separation from biogas. It was found that aqueous ChCl/Urea achieved the lowest cost and energy usage compared with other commercial solvents except propylene carbonate. The performance comparison proved that CO2 solubility, selectivity and viscosity were three important parameters which can be used as criteria in the development of novel physical solvents for CO2 separation. ILs with acetate anions normally show high CO2 solubility and selectivity, and the ILs with alkylmorpholinium as cations have low toxicity leading to lower environmental effect. Therefore, in this thesis work, a series of N-alkyl-N-methylmorpholinium-based ILs with acetate as counterpart anion were investigated, and water was added as co-solvent to adjust the viscosity. The CO2 solubility in these aqueous ILs was measured at different temperatures and pressures. It was found that the increase of alkyl chain length in the cation led to an increase of CO2 solubility of the ILs with the same anion. Aqueous N-butyl-N-methylmorpholinium acetate ([Bmmorp][OAc]) had the highest CO2 solubility, and it was selected to further carry out thermodynamic modeling and process simulation. The energy usage and the size of equipment of using aqueous [Bmmorp][OAc], aqueous ChCl/Urea, water, Selexol, and propylene carbonate for CO2 separation from biogas were compared. It was found that this novel IL mixing with water had better performance, that is, with lower energy usage and smaller size of equipment than the other solvents. This result suggests that using this aqueous [Bmmorp][OAc] has the potential to decrease the cost of CO2 separation.

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Moore, Jared. "Cost Effectiveness of CO2 Mitigation Technologies and Policies in the Electricity Sector". Research Showcase @ CMU, 2014. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/484.

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In order to find politically feasible ways to reduce greenhouse gas emission emissions, governments must examine how policies affect a variety of stakeholders. The costs and benefits of low carbon technology options are unique and affect different market participants in different ways. In this thesis, we examine the cost effectiveness of carbon mitigation technologies and policies from the social perspective and from the perspective of consumers. In Chapter 2, we perform an engineering-economic analysis of hybridizing concentrating solar thermal power with fossil fuel. We examine the cost effectiveness of substituting the solar power for new coal or gas and find the cost of mitigation to be approximately ~$130/tCO2 to ~$300/tCO2. In Chapter 3, we quantify some externalized social costs and benefits of wind energy. We estimate the costs due to variability and transmission unique to wind to have an expected value of ~$20/MWh. In Chapter 4, we quantify the cost effectiveness of a renewable portfolio standard and a carbon price from the perspective of consumers in restructured markets. We find that both that the RPS can be more cost effective than a carbon price for consumers under certain circumstances: continued excess supply of capacity, retention of nuclear generators, and high natural gas prices. In Chapter 5, we examine the implications of lowering electricity sector CO2 emissions in PJM through a Low Carbon Capacity Standard (LCCS). We estimate that an LCCS would supply the same amount of energy (105,000 GWh) as the RPS’s in PJM and an additional ~10 GW of capacity. We find that the LCCS could be more cost effective for consumers than an RPS if it lowered capacity prices.

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Castanheira, Ricardo José Martins. "Taxi low cost : transporte a baixo custo e amigo do ambiente". Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/10206.

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Mestrado em Ciências Empresariais
Este projeto, realizada na área do empreendedorismo, destina-se a desenvolver uma rede de transporte rodoviário de passageiros (TÁXI), inovador no mercado, combinando a eficiência energética com a redução de custos associados à exploração. Esta investigação realça a importância do empreendedorismo e do papel do empreendedor na conjuntura económica portuguesa, realçando as suas influências e contributos, bem como os principais fatores de bloqueio à criação de novas empresas. A investigação apresenta alguns meios que incentivam a prática do empreendedorismo e da criação de empresas, através da demonstração de um conjunto de soluções legais de investimento e de formação empresarial. A análise do tipo de combustível utilizado leva-nos a concluir que o automóvel Elétrico poderá ser uma boa solução de futuro para o serviço de transporte de passageiro. Atualmente, a solução mais exequível, tendo em conta a conjuntura económica e os protocolos sobre ambiente, poderá ser o transporte em automóveis Híbridos. Verificamos que é possível criar uma rede transporte rodoviário de passageiros a custos substancialmente menores, tanto para o condutor e como para o passageiro, utilizando o automóvel Elétrico. Igualmente com isto reduzir a níveis nulos as emissões de gases poluentes, sem qualquer perca de competitividade no exercício da atividade.
This project, nesting in the entrepreneurism area, aims to develop an innovative road network of passenger transport (TÁXI) in the market, combining the energetic efficiency with the cost reduction associated with the exploration of said network. This research highlights the importance of entrepreneurism and the role of the entrepreneur in the Portuguese economic conjecture, showing its influences and contributes, as well as the main blockage factors to the creation of new ventures. The research presents some means that encourages the practices of entrepreneurism and venture creation, through the demonstration of a legal investment solutions set, as well as managerial formation. The analysis of the type of fuel that?s used leads us to conclude that the electric car is the most beneficial solution to passenger transportation. Nowadays, the most feasible solution, taking into account the economic conjecture and the environment protocols, is the hybrid car transportation. We checked that it?s possible to create a road network of passenger transport at substantial minor costs, for the driver as well as for the passenger, using the electrical car. Likewise, we also verified that it?s possible to reduce to zero levels of pollutant gases emissions, without any loss of competitively in the exercise of the activity.

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Johannesson, Daniel. "CO2 and Cost Impact of Pre-and Post shift of Residential Electric Loads". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-58972.

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The Royal Seaport project, which is a project in the Clinton Climate Initiative, develops a new, sustainable city area in Stockholm and aims to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions, using pre- and post load shifting methods to reduce the peak electricity load. The Active House, that is one work package in the Royal Seaport project, is a residential building that is equipped with systems for automated demand response, such as smart appliances and electricity storage, and also local photovoltaic power and charging poles for electric vehicles. The thesis investigates if pre- and post shifting electricity load will reduce greenhouse gas emissions and electricity cost for the residents in the Active House. The greenhouse gas emissions are investigated for three Clinton Climate Initiative cities, Stockholm, London and San Francisco to further calculate the pre- and post shifting impacts of greenhouse gas emissions and electricity cost. A simulation tool based on statistics of the power systems is developed, to investigate the greenhouse gas emissions from electricity production and the simulator is used to solve the research questions in the thesis. The simulator calculates an hourly greenhouse gas intensity distribution during the day and the results are used to observe differences between seasons and countries. The electricity loads of the households in the Active House are also investigated to determine the peak electricity loads to be able to dimension the photovoltaic power system and electricity storage. Some of the most important results and conclusions in the thesis are: The relationship between the greenhouse gas emissions and the electricity production determined, in most cases the greenhouse gas intensity distribution has a similar shape as the consumption and electricity price. The photovoltaic power system will be able to provide 30 % of the fixed building electricity load. The electricity storage could be charged during night, when the greenhouse gas intensity is low, or when the photovoltaic power system generates surplus electricity that otherwise would be given away to the utility grid. The dimensions of the electricity storage are cycled one time during the day and calculated to be 205 kWh to be able to pre shift an electricity load of 114 kWh from the electricity peak in the afternoon. The electricity storage are able to reduce the peak power with 40 kWh/h, electricity cost with up to 137 SEK and the greenhouse gas emissions with up to 13 kg CO2 depending on season and country. The electricity storage is not profitable in an economical point of view today, because of life time of the electricity storage and the electricity price today but mostly on the high investments cost. The cost of reducing the greenhouse gas intensity is between 8-55 SEK/ kg CO2 in average during a year, depending on season and country. The investment cost of electricity storage will be reduced in the future and in 3 years it could be profitable with electricity storage in some countries. Further investigations about the impact of greenhouse gas emissions and electricity cost for smart appliances and electrical vehicles have also been done in this thesis.

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Davidsson, Emelie, i Charlotte Lilja. "Accounting for Climate Change : Incorporating Externalities due to CO2 Emissions into Financial Statements". Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Internationella Handelshögskolan, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-18173.

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The full cost of climate change is not accounted for in today’s financial reporting. Today’s sustainability reporting mainly consists of disclosures which do not affect any financial statement. If externalities were accounted for it would help stakeholders become aware of companies’ true sustainability. The purpose of this thesis is to identify and describe ways for companies to account for their climate impact, in general and by incorporating externalities into the financial statements. A qualitative method is used in the form of a descriptive case study with a Swedish perspective. The study is based on interviews with accountants and company representatives who work actively with sustainability reporting issues. The main finding of the study is that the best way to account for negative externalities is to use full cost accounting. However, it is difficult to use in practice since monetising externalities is difficult. The currently most used frameworks (the GRI guidelines and the GHG Protocol) account for externalities to some extent, but have no connection to financial reporting. An evolving framework within integrated reporting has the potential to increase the connection between the current disclosures in sustainability reports and financial reporting. So far the best solution to account for externalities is to separately account for taxes, fees and cap-and-trade since externalities are internalised in these costs. The effects of accounting for negative externalities will differ depending on the degree of climate impact the company has. It will also depend on how far down the value-chain emissions are accounted for. It will nevertheless be an incentive to reduce climate impact and act as a management tool.
Den fulla kostnaden av klimatförändringar redovisas inte i dagens finansiella redovisning. Dagens hållbarhetsredovisning består mestadels av upplysningar som inte påverkar några finansiella rapporter. Om externaliteter redovisades skulle det hjälpa intressenter att bli medvetna om företags verkliga hållbarhet. Syftet med uppsatsen är att identifiera och beskriva sätt för företag att redovisa sin klimatpåverkan. Både generellt och i de finansiella rapporterna. En kvalitativ metod används i form av en beskrivande fallstudie med svenskt perspektiv. Studien är baserad på intervjuer med redovisningskonsulter och företagsrepresentanter som arbetar aktivt med frågor som rör hållbarhetsredovisning. Den viktigaste slutsatsen av studien är att det bästa sättet att redovisa negativa externaliteter är att använda full cost accounting. Dock är det svårt att använda i praktiken eftersom det är svårt att monetärisera externaliteter. De för närvarande mest använda ramverken (GRIs riktlinjer och GHG Protocol) inkluderar till viss del externaliteter, men har ingen koppling till finansiella rapporter. Ett ramverk inom integrerad rapportering är under utveckling och det kan potentiellt öka kopplingen mellan upplysningarna i hållbarhetsredovisningar och finansiell rapportering. Den hittills bästa lösningen för att redovisa externaliteter är att separat redovisa miljöskatter, avgifter och handel med utsläppsrätter eftersom externaliteter internaliseras i dessa kostnader. Effekterna av att redovisa negativa externaliteter kommer att bero på företagets grad av klimatpåverkan. Det kommer också att bero på hur långt ner i värdekedjan utsläpp redovisas. Det kommer oavsett att bli ett incitament för att minska klimatpåverkan och fungera som ett verktyg för förvaltning och styrning av företaget.

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Priesolová, Martina. "Analýza nákladů na zamezení emisí CO2 v rámci dotačního programu Zelená úsporám". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-73562.

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The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the cost to prevent CO2 emissions in the Green Investment Scheme. The research grant program, funded through the sale of surplus emission of bills under the Kyoto Protocol, is briefly framed in the overall context of climate policy (funding sources, AAU units, rules of emission trading, etc.). The thesis analysis the specific projects and then comparing the results obtained with the assumption of the Ministry of Environment on the possible development of the program. The thesis deals with the reduciton of CO2 emissions over the life of action based on available data. The analysis seeks to quantify of the average cost of one ton reduction of CO2 emissions.

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Panigrahi, Manaswita. "Energy and cost analysis of household electricity efficiency improvements in a rental apartment building". Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för teknik och hållbar utveckling, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-17151.

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In this thesis potential for (final and primary) energy and CO2 emission reductions and cost effectiveness of replacing existing household electric appliances and light bulbs with most popular or most energy efficient appliances in a multifamily apartment building in Växjö city is studied. The results showed that there is significant potential to reduce electricity demand and thereby to reduce primary energy use and CO2 emissions. The greatest potential lies with replacing existing incandescent bulbs with LED bulbs, while the lowest savings seem to be with replacement of microwave ovens. Assuming that reduced electricity demand reduces electricity generation in coal-based steam turbine (CST) technology, annually about 63 MWh of primary energy and 25 ton CO2 emissions could be reduced from the investigated building if the existing refrigerator/freezer, stove/oven, microwave oven, televisions and light bulbs are replaced with the most energy efficient alternatives available in the market today. Also, the results from ‚discounted payback period‛ and ‚cost of conserved energy‛ analyses also showed that it is cost-effective to install the most energy efficient appliances. This study for a single building is based on limited number of interviews, selected appliance types, and number of assumptions about marginal electricity production systems. To generalize the results more such studies in different conditions with measurement of actual energy use of all the household appliances should be conducted, which would help to fully understand the potential of primary energy savings and CO2 emission reductions in Swedish apartment buildings.

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Lander, Jasmine. "Cost-efficient approaches to measure carbon dioxide (CO2) under different environmental factors such as temperature and humidity using mini loggers". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-165993.

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Fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2), being a major greenhouse gas, are of great importance to understand and monitor. Findings have shown that while CO2 emissions enhanced by humans triggered the greenhouse gas effect, several significant CO2 fluxes in nature that are climate sensitive may still be poorly constrained, especially those from inland waters and its surrounding soils and sediments. This including different processes such as decomposers degrading organic material. At present, direct measurements of CO2 from soils, waters or CO2 concentrations in surface water, are typically labour intensive or require costly equipment. Therefore, small inexpensive CO2 mini loggers, originally made for indoor air quality monitoring, are for this project being developed further for field use, as a convenient equipment to measure CO2 emissions. However, a requirement is that the mini loggers are stable and robust against interference by other air components, including water vapour, and physical factors such as temperature. Therefore, the mini loggers were for this project studied further under different environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity in a controlled environment. The results were analysed using multiple regression analysis where the CO2 concentration (CO2), measured by the LGR instrument, versus the logger IR signal (IR), temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) were studied. Unlike some previous studies, this project studied a large CO2 concentration interval (400 – 10 000 ppm). The results show that there was a strong regression for IR versus CO2. The regression for both RH and the T was on the other hand very weak. However, there were factors that could have affected the mini logger. This since it was noticed that the mini loggers’ ability to calculate the CO2 concentration was worsened when the humidity was increased during the experiments. It is believed that the cause was condensed water, gathering in the inner parts of the mini logger. This because the sensor chamber had a lower temperature than the hot air entering the sensor chamber from the humidity bottle, together with the CO2, leading to condensation. Hence, prevention of condensation inside the measurement cell is important. However, the results from the analysis shows that the factors; RH and T do not need to be taken into account when studying the CO2 concentration over a larger interval, as long as the conditions are not condensing.

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Li, Hailong. "Thermodynamic Properties of CO2 Mixtures and Their Applications in Advanced Power Cycles with CO2 Capture Processes". Doctoral thesis, KTH, Energiprocesser, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-9109.

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The thermodynamic properties of CO2-mixtures are essential for the design and operation of CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS) systems. A better understanding of the thermodynamic properties of CO2 mixtures could provide a scientific basis to define a proper guideline of CO2 purity and impure components for the CCS processes according to technical, safety and environmental requirements. However the available accurate experimental data cannot cover the whole operation conditions of CCS processes. In order to overcome the shortage of experimental data, theoretical estimation and modelling are used as a supplemental approach. In this thesis, the available experimental data on the thermodynamic properties of CO2 mixtures were first collected, and their applicability and gaps for theoretical model verification and calibration were also determined according to the required thermodynamic properties and operation conditions of CCS. Then in order to provide recommendations concerning calculation methods for engineering design of CCS, totally eight equations of state (EOS) were evaluated for the calculations about vapour liquid equilibrium (VLE) and density of CO2-mixtures, including N2, O2, SO2, Ar, H2S and CH4. With the identified equations of state, the preliminary assessment of impurity impacts was further conducted regarding the thermodynamic properties of CO2-mixtures and different processes involved in CCS system. Results show that the increment of the mole fraction of non-condensable gases would make purification, compression and condensation more difficult. Comparatively N2 can be separated more easily from the CO2-mixtures than O2 and Ar. And a lower CO2 recovery rate is expected for the physical separation of CO2/N2 under the same separation conditions. In addition, the evaluations about the acceptable concentration of non-condensable impurities show that the transport conditions in vessels are more sensitive to the non-condensable impurities and it requires very low concentration of non-condensable impurities in order to avoid two-phase problems. Meanwhile, the performances of evaporative gas turbine integrated with different CO2 capture technologies were investigated from both technical and economical aspects. It is concluded that the evaporative gas turbine (EvGT) cycle with chemical absorption capture has a smaller penalty on electrical efficiency, while a lower CO2 capture ratio than the EvGT cycle with O2/CO2 recycle combustion capture. Therefore, although EvGT + chemical absorption has a higher annual cost, it has a lower cost of electricity because of its higher efficiency. However considering its lower CO2 capture ratio, EvGT + chemical absorption has a higher cost to avoid 1 ton CO2. In addition the efficiency of EvGT + chemical absorption can be increased by optimizing Water/Air ratio, increasing the operating pressure of stripper and adding a flue gas condenser condensing out the excessive water.
QC 20100819

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Natafgi, Nabil M. "Improving care delivery in critical access hospitals: evaluating the quality environment and the 'critical' role of telemedicine on access and costs". Diss., University of Iowa, 2017. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/5577.

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Critical Access Hospitals (CAHs) – the predominant type of hospital operating in rural areas – play an integral role in the US healthcare system, providing care for over 7 million rural residents each year who might otherwise have no local access to urgent care or inpatient services. This dissertation examines three aspects of care delivery in CAHs – effectiveness, cost/efficiency, and access – each of which has separate implications for policy and practice. The first study addresses effectiveness and evaluates the performance of CAHs on specific patient safety indicators compared to small Prospective Payment System (PPS) hospitals. A total of 35,674 discharges from 136 non-federal general hospitals with fewer than 50 beds were included in the analyses: 14,296 from 100 CAHs and 21,378 from 36 PPS hospitals. Outcome measures included six bivariate indicators of adverse events of surgical care that were developed from Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Patient Safety Indicators. Multiple logistic regression models were developed to examine the relationship between hospital adverse events and CAH status. The results indicated that compared to PPS hospitals, CAHs are less likely to have any observed (unadjusted) adverse event on all six indicators, four of which are statistically significant. After adjusting for patient mix and hospital characteristics, CAHs perform better on three of the six indicators. Accounting for the number of discharges eliminated the differences between CAHs and PPS hospitals in the likelihood of adverse events across all indicators except one. Tele-emergency (tele-ED) services can address several challenges facing emergency departments (EDs) in rural areas. The second study investigates access and characterizes the impact of a rural-ED-based telemedicine program on discharge disposition in terms of patient transfer, local hospital admission, and routine discharge. This study tests the hypothesis that telemedicine enhances access by allowing patients to receive care in the local community, and does so by looking at the probability of transfer and local admissions before and after telemedicine was implemented in CAHs. The results indicate that in the post-telemedicine period, patients were 38% less likely to be admitted to the local inpatient facility than to be routinely discharged [aOR=0.62, 95%CI=(0.57,0.67)] after adjusting for age, sex, race, time of visit, clinical diagnosis, CPT code, number of diagnoses, and admitting hospital. The third study addresses cost and efficiency by modeling the financial implications of using the same telemedicine program to avoid transfers and estimating the costs and benefits associated with tele-ED implementation in CAHs. Analysis is based on 9,048 tele-ED encounters generated by the Avera eEmergency program in 85 rural hospitals across seven states between October 2009 and February 2014. For each non-transfer patient, physicians indicated whether the transfer was avoided because of tele-ED activation. The cost-benefit analysis is conducted from the hospital, patient, and societal perspectives, and includes technology costs, local hospital revenues, and patient-associated savings. The results show that 1,175 avoided transfers could be attributed to tele-ED. From a rural hospital perspective, tele-ED costs around $1,739 to avoid a single transfer but saves approximately $5,563 in avoided transportation and indirect patient costs. From a societal perspective, tele-ED results in a net savings of $3,823 per avoided transfer while accounting for tele-ED technology costs, hospital revenues, and patient-associated savings. This study highlights various stakeholder perspectives on the financial impact of tele-ED in avoiding patient transfers in rural EDs. Telemedicine has the potential to reduce the number of transfers of ED patients and generate some revenue for rural hospitals despite associated technology costs, while incurring substantial patient savings.

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Artieda, Urrutia Juan. "Desiccant Cooling Analysis : Simulation software, energy, cost and environmentalanalysis of desiccant cooling system". Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-6994.

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Desiccant cooling is a technology that, based on a open psychrometric cycle, is able to provide cooling using heat as the main energy carrier. This technology uses a considerably smaller amount of electricity than refrigerators based on the vapor-compression cycle, which is an electricity driven cycle. Electricity is often more expensive than other types of energy and has CO2 emissions associated with its generation , so desiccant cooling has the potential of achieving both economic and environmental benefits. In addition to this, the heat the desiccant cooling cycle needs to work can be supplied at relative low temperatures, so it can use heat coming from the district heating grid, from a solar collector or even waste heat coming from industries. The system which will be studied in this report is a desiccant cooling system based on the model designed by the company Munters AB. The systems relies on several components: a desiccant rotor, a rotary heat exchanger two evaporative humidifiers and two heating coils. It is a flexible system that is able to provide cooling in summer and heat during winter. This study performs a deep economic and environmental analysis of the desiccant cooling systems, comparing it with traditional vapor compression based systems: In order to achieve this objective a user-friendly software was created, called the DCSS – Desiccant Cooling Simulation Software – that simulates the operation of the system during a year and performs automatically all the necessary calculations. This study demonstrates that economic savings up to 54% percent can be achieved in the running costs of desiccant cooling systems when compared to traditional compressor cooling systems, and reductions up to39% in the CO2 emissions. It also demonstrates that desiccant cooling is more appropriate in dry climate zones with low latent heat generation gains. In addition to that, the DSCC software created will help further studies about the physical, economic and environmental feasibility of installing desiccant cooling systems in different locations.

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Johansson, Emma, i Vilborg Pétursdóttir. "Evaluation of Onshore Transportation Methods for Captured CO2 between Facility and Harbour in Stockholm". Thesis, KTH, Maskinkonstruktion (Avd.), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-297664.

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Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a method to reduce the emission of CO2 into the atmosphere. Stockholm Exergi is a Stockholm based company with combined heat and power (CHP) plants in various places around the city and are currently investigating the possibilities to implement CCS on their CHP plant Högdalenverket. The captured CO2 is required to be transferred from the facility to a harbour for further transport to its injection site. This report investigates the optimal means of transportation from the facility to harbour. The methods considered are pipeline and trucks.From the frame of reference, it is concluded that the shortest distance possible is preferable, so the harbour alternative is set to be Värtan. For pipelines the cheapest alternative of the state of form, for the specific case, is gas. For trucks the best alternative is liquid since a larger amount can fit in each load. For the cost estimation the method from (Piessenset al., 2008) is used to calculate the price estimate of pipelines, and (Marufuzzaman, 2015) is used for the trucks. Parameters such as the diameter of the pipe, pressure drop and power requirement are of high importance for the pipeline. For truck road regulations, CO2’s density and operation time is essential. The results from the implementation shows the pipelines to be the more beneficial option in regards to price, stability and robustness. The NPV for the pipeline is calculated, with the lifetime of theproject as 25 years, to be 75 million €, which is the cheaper alternative compared to the truck, which has a NPV of 95 million €. The optimal inlet pressure for the pipes is calculated to be 3.5MPa and the temperature to be 57.5°C due to an implemented heat exchange operation before the inlet. Future work and recommendations are to continue creating a more detailed design over the pipelines and to discard the truck transport alternative.
Infångning och lagring av koldioxid (CCS) är en metod för att minska utsläppen av CO2 i atmosfären. Stockholm Exergi är ett energibolag i Stockholm med diverse kraftvärmeverk runtom i staden. En undersökning pågår där företaget forskar kring möjligheterna att implementera CCS på kraftvärmeverk Högdalenverket. Den uppfångade koldioxiden ska transporteras från anläggning till hamn, där den sedan ska vidare med skepp till sin injektionsplats. Denna rapport studerar vilken den optimala metoden för transport från anläggning till hamn är. Metoderna som berörs är rörledningar och lastbilar. Från bakgrundstudien var det möjligt att dra slutsatsen om att det kortaste möjliga avståndet är optimalt, så den valda hamnen är Värtahamnen. För rörledningarna är det billigaste alternativet på substansen gas för det behandlade fallet i rapporten. För lastbilsalternativet är den optimala formen vätska då det får plats mer volym per last. För uppskattningen av priserna används metoden från (Piessenset al., 2008) för rörledningarna och (Marufuzzaman, 2015) för lastbilarna. Parametrar såsom diametern på rören, tryckfall och effektkrav är viktiga för rörledningarna. För lastbilarna är vägkrav, CO2 s densitet och operationstid essentiella. Resultaten från implementationen visar att transport med rörledningar är det optimala alternativet i avseende av pris och stabilitet. Nuvärdet på investeringen av rörledningarna är beräknade till 75miljoner €, som är billigare jämfört med 95 miljoner € för lastbilsalternativet. Det optimala trycket för inloppet till rörledningarna är beräknat till 3.5 MPa och inloppstemperaturen till 57.5°C som resultat av en implementerad värmeväxlaroperation precis före starten på rörledningen. Framtida arbete och rekommendationer är att fortsätta utveckla en mer detaljerad design överrörledningen och att avfärda alternativet med transport av lastbilar.

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Alkhwaildi, Hassan. "TRADE-OFF BETWEEN COST AND CO2 EMISSION IN OPTIMIZATION OF HYBRID RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS: A CASE STUDY IN SAUDI ARABIA". OpenSIUC, 2020. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2789.

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Renewable energy sources (RESs) are considered as the most reliable option in the terms of reducing CO2 emission. RESs are known by their low operation and maintenance (O&M) cost and easier installation. In the previous years, their reliability was less due to their uncertainty; however, in the modern days, it is possible to limit RES fluctuations by recently developed technologies such as optimization tools and precise forecasting algorithms. RESs are not always preferred in case studies where the fossil fuels are extremely cheap. In such countries, investors prefer to implement gas turbines or diesel generators regardless of the penalty associated with their negative impacts of such plants on the environmental. Many countries that have low fuel cost are going forward with expanding the conventional power systems with a low growth towards the hybrid renewable power system. This would increase the reliance on sources such as fossil fuels which diminish over time. Moreover, many environmental benefits of the hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) would not be achieved in which it will be harmful to the environment. Therefore, a trade-off solution is proposed towards solving this problem in which it would make a balance between cost and CO2 emissions. To this end, in this thesis, the objective is to find a reasonable solution (i.e., trade-off) between the cost and the emission. To find such a trade-off, an optimization software called “HOMER Pro” is utilized to identify the optimal design. A compromised solution will be identified with low CO2 emission and low net present cost (NPC). Saudi Arabian Wasit Gas Plant (WGP) owned by Saudi Aramco Company, which is located in a remote area of the country, is chosen as the case study of this thesis. A photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine, reformer, battery, hydrogen tank, and fuel cells are considered to be implemented on the investigated case study.

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Milić, Vlatko. "Energy Renovation of an Historic Town Using Life Cycle Cost Optimization : An Assessment of Primary Energy Use and CO2 Emissions". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Energisystem, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-129367.

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Historic buildings, buildings built before 1945, represent a third of the total building stock in Sweden. While implementing energy efficiency measures (EEMs) on historic buildings it is important to consider heritage values. This thesis aims to investigate impacts on primary energy use and CO2 emissions while using life cycle cost (LCC) optimization on historic buildings in three studied cases: reference case with no implemented EEMs (case 1), lowest possible LCC (case 2) and a decrease by 50% in energy use (case 3). As a case study 920 historic buildings divided into twelve typical buildings (6 wood buildings, 1w-6w, and 6 stone buildings, 1s-6s) in the downtown area of Visby, Sweden, are used. Within the scope of the thesis, how to achieve the most profitable EEMs and how the profitability of energy renovation varies between the typical buildings in the studied cases will be analyzed also. An interdisciplinary method is applied in the thesis that considers both heritage values and energy savings. However, the keystone of the thesis is the use of the program Optimal Energy Retrofit Advisory-Mixed Integer Linear Programming (OPERA-MILP), which is a part of the interdisciplinary method. With the use of OPERA-MILP, the cost-optimal energy renovation strategy is obtained for a building. The program takes into account all energy-related investment costs, as well as the investment and operation costs for the heating system, during a set time period. The results show unique packages of EEMs for each of the twelve typical buildings with a potential to lower the total LCC by between 4-11% in the building stock and simultaneously decrease the energy use by more than 50%. The thesis also shows a possible decrease in primary energy use from 24%-57%. The CO2 emissions vary significantly depending on what assumptions are made related to electricity production and biomass use; the results show increases up to 224% in CO2 emissions but also decreases up to 85%. All typical buildings are economically viable to energy renovate. The LCC savings are between 1.4-11.8 SEK with a life cycle set to 50 years for every annually saved kWh, except for case 3 where cost is incurred for every annually saved kWh, 10.0-17.2 SEK, for a number of the typical buildings.
Historiska byggnader, byggnader uppförda före 1945, utgör en tredjedel av det totala byggnadsbeståndet i Sverige. Historiska byggnader har ofta kulturhistoriska värden som måste beaktas vid energieffektiviseringar. Detta examensarbete syftar till att undersöka påverkan på primärenergianvändning och CO2-utsläpp genom optimering av livscykelkostnaderna (LCC) för historiska byggnader. Som fallstudie används 920 historiska byggnader i Visbys innerstad, indelade i tolv olika typbyggnader (6 träbyggnader, 1w-6w, och 6 stenbyggnader, 1s-6s). Tre fall undersöks: referensfall utan implementerade energieffektiviseringsåtgärder (fall 1), lägsta möjliga LCC (fall 2) och en minskning av energianvändningen med 50 % (fall 3). Inom examensarbetets kommer även de mest lönsamma energieffektiviseringsåtgärderna tas fram. Examensarbetet kommer också att visa hur lönsamheten för energirenovering varierar mellan de olika typbyggnaderna. Vid utförandet av examensarbetet tillämpas en tvärvetenskaplig metod som beaktar både kulturhistoriska värden och energibesparing. Tyngdpunkten ligger dock på användningen av programmet Optimal Energy Retrofit Advisory-Mixed Integer Linear Programming (OPERA-MILP), som är en del av den tvärvetenskapliga metoden. Med användningen av OPERA-MILP erhålls den kostnadsoptimala energieffektiviseringsstrategin för en byggnad. Programmet beaktar alla energirelaterade investeringskostnader, samt investering- och driftkostnader för värmetillförselsystem, under en bestämd tidsperiod. Resultaten visar unika energieffektiviseringspaket för de olika typbyggnaderna med en potential att sänka totala LCC för byggnadsbeståndet med 4-11 % och samtidigt minska energianvändningen med mer än 50 %. Examensarbetet visar också en möjlig minskning i primärenergianvändning med 24-57 %. CO2-utsläppen varierar mycket beroende på vilka antaganden görs relaterat till elektricitetsproduktion och användning av biomassa; resultaten visar ökningar upp till 224 % i CO2-utsläpp men också minskningar ned till 85 %. Samtliga typbyggnader är ekonomiskt lönsamma att energirenovera med LCC-besparingar på 1,4-11,8 SEK med en livscykel satt till 50 år för varje årligen sparad kWh, förutom i fall 3 då kostnader uppstår för varje årligen sparad kWh med 10,0-17,2 SEK, för ett antal av typbyggnaderna.
Potential and Policies for Energy Efficiency in Swedish Buildings Built Before 1945 (Stage II) - Energy Systems Analysis

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Ruiz, Gomez Alvaro. "Energy Conservation in the Canadian Residential Sector : Revealing Potential Carbon Emission Reductions through Cost Effectiveness Analysis". Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-16239.

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The study uses Cost Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) as a method to analyse the economicand environmental impact of carbon dioxide (CO2e) emission abatement projects in theCanadian residential sector. It includes the more traditional environmental andeconomic criteria, yet it incorporates a behavioural component to the analysis. Adetailed account of the environmental specifications, emission reductions, and economicconsiderations of 11 abatement projects are used as input for the CEA. In addition,behavioural variables, such as disposable income, home ownership, and home repairskills, are taken into account to complement the study.The results indicate that the implementation of several of these carbon abatementprojects, such as insulating hot water pipes, replacing incandescent light bulbs,installing a programmable thermostat, etc. can bring about large emission reductionstogether with a net economic benefit, and in most cases, without altering the levels ofcomfort. This method can serve as a template for the evaluation of other related projectswithin the climate change mitigation context in Canada and in other countries, in anattempt to increase adoption rates of such projects.

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Rothén, Maria, i Sofie Svensson. "Volontary carbon offsetting : A case study of Husqvarna AB from a firm, consumer and a society wide perspective". Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Economics, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-12911.

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Global warming is an international problem which has led to that many corporations today has an increased environmental awareness.

This thesis includes a Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) approach which evaluates whether carbon offsetting is a profitable alternative for corporations and society wide. The study is predominately focusing on the emissions of the greenhouse gas . The calculations of CBA show the difference between the scenarios with or without the carbon offsetting. In the CBA approach effects are divided into benefits and costs.

The study includes a case study of Husqvarna AB and is carried through with aim to get a decision support whether or not to make the corporation carbon neutral. Basic data from Husqvarna AB has been used.

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Svensson, Sofie, i Maria Rothén. "Voluntary carbon offsetting : A case study of Husqvarna AB from a firm, consumer and society wide perspective". Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Economics, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-12986.

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Global warming is an international problem which has led to that many corporations today has an increased environmental awareness.

This thesis includes a Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) approach which evaluates whether carbon offsetting is a profitable alternative for corporations and society wide. The study is predominately focusing on the emissions of the greenhouse gas . The calculations of CBA show the difference between the scenarios with or without the carbon offsetting. In the CBA approach effects are divided into benefits and costs.

The study includes a case study of Husqvarna AB and is carried through with aim to get a decision support whether or not to make the corporation carbon neutral. Basic data from Husqvarna AB has been used.

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Nyari, Judit. "Techno-economic feasibility study of a methanol plant using carbon dioxide and hydrogen". Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-244456.

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In 2015, more than 80% of energy consumption was based on fossil resources. Growing population especially in developing countries fuel the trend in global energy consumption. This constant increase however leads to climate change caused by anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. GHG, especially CO2 mitigation is one of the top priority challenges in the EU. Amongst the solutions to mitigate future emissions, carbon capture and utilization (CCU) is gaining interest. CO2 is a valuable, abundant and renewable carbon source that can be converted into fuels and chemicals. Methanol (MeOH) is one of the chemicals that can be produced from CO2. It is considered a basic compound in chemical industry as it can be utilised in a versatility of processes. These arguments make methanol and its production from CO2 a current, intriguing topic in climate change mitigation. In this master’s thesis first the applications, production, global demand and market price of methanol were investigated. In the second part of the thesis, a methanol plant producing chemical grade methanol was simulated in Aspen Plus. The studied plants have three different annual capacities: 10 kt/a, 50 kt/a and 250 kt/a. They were compared with the option of buying the CO2 or capturing it directly from flue gases through a carbon capture (CC) unit attached to the methanol plant. The kinetic model considering both CO and CO2 as sources of carbon for methanol formation was described thoroughly, and the main considerations and parameters were introduced for the simulation. The simulation successfully achieved chemical grade methanol production, with a high overall CO2 conversion rate and close to stoichiometric raw material utilization. Heat exchanger network was optimized in Aspen Energy Analyzer which achieved a total of 75% heat duty saving. The estimated levelised cost of methanol (LCOMeOH) ranges between 1130 and 630 €/t which is significantly higher than the current listed market price for fossil methanol at 419 €/t. This high LCOMeOH is mostly due to the high production cost of hydrogen, which corresponds to 72% of LCOMeOH. It was revealed that selling the oxygen by-product from water electrolysis had the most significant effect, reducing the LCOMeOH to 475 €/t. Cost of electricity also has a significant influence on the LCOMeOH, and for a 10 €/MWh change the LCOMeOH changed by 110 €/t. Finally, the estimated LCOMeOH was least sensitive for the change in cost of CO2. When comparing owning a CC plant with purchasing CO2, it was revealed that purchasing option is only beneficial for smaller plants.

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Hassan, S. M. Nazmul. "Techno-Economic Study of CO₂ Capture Process for Cement Plants". Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/925.

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Carbon dioxide is considered to be the major source of GHG responsible for global warming; man-made CO₂ contributes approximately 63. 5% to all greenhouse gases. The cement industry is responsible for approximately 5% of global anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions emitting nearly 900 kg of CO₂ for every 1000 kg of cement produced! Amine absorption processes in particular the monoethanolamine (MEA) based process, is considered to be a viable technology for capturing CO₂ from low-pressure flue gas streams because of its fast reaction rate with CO₂ and low cost of raw materials compared to other amines. However, MEA absorption process is associated with high capital and operating costs because a significant amount of energy is required for solvent regeneration and severe operating problems such as corrosion, solvent loss and solvent degradation. This research was motivated by the need to design size and cost analysis of CO₂ capture process from cement industry. MEA based absorption process was used as a potential technique to model CO₂ capture from cement plants. In this research four cases were considered all to reach a CO₂ purity of 98% i) the plant operates at the highest capacity ii) the plant operates at average load iii) the plant operates at minimum operating capacity and iv) switching to a lower carbon content fuel at average plant load. A comparison among four cases were performed to determine the best operating conditions for capturing CO₂ from cement plants. A sensitivity analysis of the economics to the lean loading and percent recovery were carried out as well as the different absorber and striper tray combinations.

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Núñez, Eustorgio Jaén. "Valoração econômica do serviço de redução de sedimentos das florestas da bacia hidrográfica do Canal do Panamá". Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-02082011-102237/.

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O processo de sedimentação e assoreamento reduz a profundidade e a capacidade dos lagos de armazenamento de água do Canal do Panamá, obrigando a realizar dragagens periódicas que aumentam os custos de operação. Esses processos são acelerados pela perda de cobertura florestal na bacia. O presente estudo teve por objetivo estimar o valor econômico associado à redução de sedimentos na floresta da bacia do Canal, através do método de custo evitado de dragagem. O efeito físico da cobertura florestal sobre a redução de sedimentos foi estimado a través de regressão linear de dados biofísicos de sete microbacias que dispõem de medições de produção de sedimentos: Chagres, Pequení, Boquerón, Gatún, Trinidad, Cirí Grande e Caño Quebrado. Os resultados mostram que cada hectare de floresta nesta área reduz em 14,76 t.ano-1 de sedimentos em suspensão. Adicionando sedimentos de fundo isso corresponde a 14,32 t.ha-1.ano-1 e a um valor econômico de USD 197,40 por hectare por ano. Concluiu-se que as florestas contribuem significativamente para mitigar o processo de assoreamento dos lagos de armazenamento de água para o funcionamento do Canal do Panamá, e essa contribuição pode ser valorada em USD 39.640.091 por ano, para toda a floresta da bacia.
Sedimentation and siltation reduce the lakes depth and capacity to hold water in the Panama Canal, requiring periodic dredging which increases the operation costs. These processes are accelerated by the loss of forests that cover the basin. This studys objective is to estimate the economic value associated with reduction of sediments in the Canal basin, based on the method of avoided dredging cost. The physical effect of forest on sediment reduction was estimated through linear regression of biophysical data for seven watersheds that have measurements of sediments yield: Chagres, Pequení, Boquerón, Gatún, Trinidad, Cirí Grande and Caño Quebrado. These results shows that each hectare of forest in this area reduces the sediments in suspension. By adding sediments from the bottom of the riverbed, this corresponds to 14.32 m3.ha- 1.year-1 and to an economic value of USD 197.40 per hectare per year. It was concluded that forests contribute significantly to mitigate the process of siltation of lakes water storage for the operation of the Panama Canal, and this contribution may be valued at USD 39,640,091 per year for the entire basin forest.

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Girard, Cecilia. "Exploring a decision framework for evaluating cost-effectiveness and utility of CO2 abatement measures in shipping : A methodology applied to the cast fleet of Grieg Shipping Group". Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for marin teknikk, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-11482.

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Selecting greenhouse gas abatement measures for a specific fleet of ships is not an easy task and many factors are to be considered by ship operators. Current methodologies for assessing measures are based on cost-effectiveness evaluations. The main aim of this paper is to explore new ways to evaluate and select greenhouse gas abatement measures in shipping. To address this, a case study regarding the open hatch bulk fleet of Grieg Shipping Group is presented in order to illustrate the decision problem. In this case, 25 abatement measures were evaluated for cost effectiveness and reduction effect using current methodology in combination with a qualitative ‘utility’ assessment of the measures. Existing marginal abatement cost methodology was used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the chosen abatement measures. It was found that 37% of the current greenhouse gas emissions of Grieg ships were abatable in a cost efficient way, using multiplicative aggregation. The savings potential was estimated to reach an annual amount of 1,5 million $ per year per ship. The cost–effectiveness assessments was added to a qualitative ‘utility’ assessment using a methodology called Multi Criteria Decision Analysis. For each measure, this decision analysis included qualitative utility criteria such as safety considerations, technical maturity and complexity. Employees of Grieg Shipping Group were used both to score the performance of each alternative and to attribute weights of preference to the different criteria. The results of the analysis yielded a cost-effectiveness ranking and a utility ranking. These two rankings were then aggregated in a Marginal Abatement Utility and Cost chart (MAUCC) where all three parameters; cost-effectiveness, utility score and reduction effect are presented at the same time(Figure 37). This chart can be seen as the primary outcome from the adopted decision framework, and summarizes a lot of information without overly simplifying. Its results as well as its use are discussed in chapters 5 and 6. In this case study, some measures were found to have high ratings for both utility and costeffectiveness (“1-Voyage execution”, “9-Propeller condition”, “4-Engine monitoring”, “5-Reduction of aux. power” and “7-Trim/draft optimization”), while the more emerging abatement measures represented a higher reduction effect, but also lower cost – and utility scores (See “21-Kite” and “22-Fixed sails” or ”12-air cavity lubrication”). It is suggested that increased research on emerging abatement measures could increase their qualitative “utility scores”. Using the MAUCC chart it is shown that these new and exciting alternatives do not all need large qualitative improvements before they become viable alternatives for emission reduction. A discussion on the obstacles to implementation of seemingly cost effective abatement measures is also conducted, and it is shown that the main factors identified by Grieg employees were circumstances related to the organization and uncertainty about pricing and benefit of abatement measures. Discussion on the main findings as well as suggestions for further study is conducted in chapters 5, 6 and 7.

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Sousa, Ana Carolina Monteiro de. "Battery electric and hybrid electric vehicles : an economic and environmental evaluation". Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/10533.

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Mestrado em Economia
A mobilidade elétrica pode ser um fator importante na promoção de um crescimento económico mais sustentável, mais inteligente e mais inclusivo. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a viabilidade económica e ambiental dos Veículos Elétricos e Híbridos, em Portugal. Para isso, são estimados os custos totais suportados durante a vida útil do veículo em três perspetivas: consumidor, sociedade e emissão de Dióxido de Carbono; para três tecnologias distintas: elétrica, híbrida e convencional. É também realizada uma análise de sensibilidade. Os resultados obtidos indicam que nem o veículo elétrico nem o veículo híbrido são competitivos no mercado automóvel português, por enquanto.
This paper aims to estimate the costs and the performance of an electrically powered and a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) in relation to a conventional internal combustion engine car in the consumer, society and the exhaust Well-to-Wheel (WtW) carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, using portuguese data. This goal will be achieved by building a total ownership cost model. A sensibility analysis is also conducted to assess the impact of alterations on the values of the key parameters. The results of this study suggest that neither the hybrid electric vehicle neither the battery electric vehicle (BEV) are yet competitive with the internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) in the Portuguese market.

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Weiland, Daniel Albert. "Rooftop pv impacts on fossil fuel electricity generation and co2 emissions in the pacific northwest". Thesis, Portland State University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1547603.

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This thesis estimates the impacts of rooftop photovoltaic (PV) capacity on electricity generation and CO2 emissions in America's Pacific Northwest. The region's demand for electricity is increasing at the same time that it is attempting to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions. The electricity generated by rooftop PV capacity is expected to displace electricity from fossil fueled electricity generators and reduce CO2 emissions, but when and how much? And how can this region maximize and focus the impacts of additional rooftop PV capacity on CO2 emissions? To answer these questions, an hourly urban rooftop PV generation profile for 2009 was created from estimates of regional rooftop PV capacity and solar resource data. That profile was compared with the region's hourly fossil fuel generation profile for 2009 to determine how much urban rooftop PV generation reduced annual fossil fuel electricity generation and CO2 emissions. Those reductions were then projected for a range of additional multiples of rooftop PV capacity. The conclusions indicate that additional rooftop PV capacity in the region primarily displaces electricity from natural gas generators, and shows that the timing of rooftop PV generation corresponds with the use of fossil fuel generators. Each additional Wp/ capita of rooftop PV capacity reduces CO2 emissions by 9,600 to 7,300 tons/ year. The final discussion proposes some methods to maximize and focus rooftop PV impacts on CO2 emissions, and also suggests some questions for further research.

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坪内, 佐織, Saori TSUBOUCHI, 義人伊藤, Yoshito ITOH, 仁泰金 i In-Tae KIM. "合理化橋梁のライフサイクルアナリシスに関する研究". 土木学会, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/8543.

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Zanobetti, Francesco. "Development of a multi-objective optimisation approach for the assessment of techno-economical and environmental performances of pipeline-based Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) systems". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.

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It is widely recognized that Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) may be playing a key role in decarbonising industrial and power generation processes and meeting net zero emission targets by 2050. However, the successful large-scale development of CCS is still hindered by a wide lack of reliable techno-economic and environmental assessment methodologies. In the present work, a CFD code developed by UCL Chemical Engineering, named PipeTech, was first used to simulate CO2 pipeline transport performances with respect to variations of main design and operational parameters. Based on these results, a multi-objective optimisation methodology for CCS pipelines is proposed to minimise economic and environmental footprints while reliably simulating fluid flow behaviour. Then, the Decision Maker (DM) is supposed to select one or more trade-offs that best suit his preferences. Three potentially most effective solutions were determined by applying the mathematical Level Diagrams technique. Uncertainty affecting CO2 transport cost modelling is assessed by employing a Monte Carlo simulation approach, which also provides the DM with a probabilistic tool to compare the different alternatives. Lastly, a quantitative methodology is applied to convert multi-criteria optimisation results in impact indicators weighting economic and environmental issues. Results were then compared with those given by the single minimisation of two additional indices. These are presented as a “CO2 avoided transport cost”, which considers an apparent transported flow rate decreased by emitted GHG expressed as CO2 equivalents, and as a “market-based transport cost”, which applies a carbon pricing to the greenhouse gas emissions according to carbon markets. Overall, this approach provided a route to flexibly weigh environmental and economic concerns according to DM preferences, whereas the two aggregated indices give a lower visibility to the environmental footprint of the system.

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Näslund, Eriksson Lisa. "Forest-Fuel Systems : Comparative Analyses in a Life Cycle Perspective". Doctoral thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för teknik och hållbar utveckling, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-206.

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Forest fuels can be recovered, stored and handled in several ways and these different ways have different implications for CO2 emissions. In this thesis, comparative analyses were made on different forest-fuel systems. The analyses focused on the recovery and transport systems. Costs, primary energy use, CO2 emissions, storage losses and work environment associated with the use of forest fuel for energy were examined by using systems analysis methodology in a life cycle perspective. The bundle system showed less dry-matter losses and lower costs than the chip system. The difference was mainly due to more efficient forwarding, hauling and large-scale chipping. The potential of allergic reactions by workers did not differ significantly between the systems. In difficult terrain types, the loose material and roadside bundling systems become as economical as the clearcut bundle system. The stump and small roundwood systems showed the greatest increase in costs when the availability of forest fuel decreased. Stumps required the greatest increase in primary energy use. Forest fuels are a limited resource. A key factor is the amount of biomass recovered per hectare. Combined recovery of logging residues, stumps and small roundwood from thinnings from the same forest area give a high potential of reduced net CO2 emissions per hectare of forest land. Compensation fertilization becomes more cost-effective and the primary energy use for ash spreading becomes low – about 0,25‰. The total amount of available forest fuel in Sweden is 66 TWh per year. This would cost 1 billion €2007 to recover and would avoid 6.9 Mtonne carbon if fossil coal were replaced. In southern Sweden almost all forest fuel is obtainable in high-concentration areas where it is easy to recover. When determining potential CO2 emissions avoidance, the transportation distance was found to be less important than the other factors considered in this work. The type of transportation system did not have a significant influence over the CO2 avoided per hectare of forest land. The most important factor analysed here was the type of fossil fuel (coal, oil or natural gas) replaced together with the net amount of biomass recovered per hectare of forest land. Large-scale, long-distance transportation of biofuels from central Sweden has the potential to be cost-effective and also attractive in terms of CO2 emissions. A bundle recovery system meant that more biomass per hectare could be delivered to end-users than a pellet system due to conversion losses when producing pellets.

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Almutairi, Hamad Hhn. "Low energy air conditioning for hot climates". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/low-energy-air-conditioning-for-hot-climates(8e4fe7e9-c0d0-4bc3-8b81-96ced66331e1).html.

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Fossil fuels are the major sources of electrical power generation in the world. Among all fossil fuels, oil is considered as the most sought-after fuel. The burden on countries that provide subsidized electricity produced from oil-fired power plants is noteworthy. Kuwait is a notable example of these countries. Electricity in Kuwait is heavily consumed by residential air conditioning, which comprises 60% of the total electricity generated at peak times on a hot summer day. From this perspective, residential air conditioning in Kuwait was selected to undergo further investigation regarding low energy air conditioning choices. Three solutions to control the rapid growth of demand for electricity by residential air conditioning are examined. The first solution investigated assesses the orientation and grouping of houses in Kuwait in order to examine their effect on cooling load and electrical energy consumption for future houses. Four residential cases were developed; each case comprises six typical houses. The cases identified are: (1) single block facing east-west, (2) single block facing north-south, (3) double block facing east-west and (4) double block facing north-south. Cooling loads are calculated using the DesignBuilder building thermal simulation software. Case (2) is found to have the smallest cooling load, and case (1) the largest. The estimated savings from applying case (2) compared to the average of the four cases for the future houses planned to be built by the government by the year 2016 (i.e. approximately 20,000 houses) are found to be approximately .US 33 million of power system capital costs, 15 GWh per year of electrical energy consumption and 11 kilotons per year of CO2 emissions. In the second solution, a lifecycle cost analysis is performed to evaluate the economic feasibilities of electricity driven chilled water system compared to predominant air conditioning system in Kuwaiti houses which is Packaged- Direct Expansion. The study considers the total cash paid by the consumer and the total cash paid by the government, since electricity is subsidized in Kuwait. The study finds that the chilled water system is not cost-effective for consumers due to high installation cost. However, a chilled water system would be cost-effective for the government because it consumes 40%less electrical energy than Packaged-DX. So, the study suggests subsidising the installation of chilled water systems so that the installation cost to the consumer is the same as for Packaged-DX systems. In the third solution, the study examines the viability of a single-effect LiBr absorption chiller driven by steam extracted from the steam turbine in the configuration of a combined cycle power plant (CCPP). The analysis shows that CCPP with absorption chiller yields less net electrical power available to utility grid compared to similar CCPP giving electricity to the grid and to Direct-Expansion air conditioning systems for the same cooling requirements. The reasons for that are the reduction in steam turbine power output resulted from steam extraction, and the amount of electrical energy required to operate the configuration of CCPP with absorption chiller.

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Aspvik, Eveline, i Amanda Asker. "Växtbaserad glasstillverkning och dess hållbarhetspåverkan : En studie på det gotländska företaget Gute Glass". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och industriell teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-445394.

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Denna studie har genomförts inom området för industriell teknik och tillhandahåller vidare förslag på en hållbar förbättring för ett svenskt företag som tillverkar glass, Gute Glass, beläget i Visby Gotland. Hållbarhetsutveckling utgör ett fundamentalt område och ligger vidare till grund för arbetet med att ta fram förbättringsförslaget för studien och företaget ifråga, i vilket hållbar utveckling är ett antaget globalt mål som alla länder ska arbeta för och som vidare kan definieras som ”Utveckling som möter nutidens behov utan att riskera möjligheten för kommande generationer att möta sina behov” (Gröndahl och Svanström, 2010, s. 32). Växtbaserade dieter är något som gynnar den hållbara utvecklingen i förhållande till animaliskt baserade dieter och dessa områden samt vilken påverkan de har på miljön ligger till grund för förbättringsförslaget.
This study has been carried out within the field of industrial technology and further provides suggestions for sustainable improvement for a Swedish company that produces ice cream, Gute Glass, located in Visby Gotland. Sustainability development is a fundamental area and also forms the basis for the work of developing the improvement proposal for the study and the company in question, in which sustainable development is an assumed global goal that all countries must work for and which can further be defined as "Development that meets today's needs without risking the opportunity for future generations to meet their needs'' (Gröndahl and Svanström, 2010, p. 32). Plant-based diets are something that benefits the sustainable development in relation to animal-based diets and these areas and the impact they have on the environment is the basis for the improvement proposal.

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Unzeitig, Filip. "Kritické srovnání vládních postupů za účelem dosažení vyšší energetické efektivnosti bytové a nebytové výstavby ve vybraných zemích EU". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-222898.

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Práce srovnává, jak vlády vybraných Evropských zemí stimulují občany a podniky k tomu, aby stavěli energeticky úsporně se zaměřením na ekonomickou stránku věci. Práce srovnává poznatky, sjednocuje je a vyvozuje patřičné závěry.

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Liška, Pavel. "Revitalizace vybraných lehkých obvodových plášťů budov, realizovaných u nás do roku 1990". Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-355633.

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The dissertation thesis is focused on a design of new methodology that can be used for selection of optimal variant for the revitalization of light building facade system known as OD-001 “Boletice panel” when current construction solutions and materials are implemented. Thermographic measurement and engineering survey of selected buildings was carried out to determine the defects and insufficiencies that might accompanied these structures and their revitalization. Another point of my thesis was a possibility of revitalization by bonded facade. Mechanical resistance of bonded facade was verified throughout experimental testing and by mathematical calculation. The usability was confirmed on the basis of specific criteria that were stipulated in advance. The selected criteria are focused on areas which are important for investors. These are mainly financial cost, payback period but also the impact on the environment. Simulations and advanced methods of decision making were used.

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Almutairi, Badriya L. "Investigating the feasibility and soil-structure integrity of onshore wind turbine systems in Kuwait". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2017. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/27612.

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Wind energy technologies are considered to be among the most promising types of renewable energy sources, which have since attracted broad considerations through recent years due to the soaring oil prices and the growing concerns over climate change and energy security. In Kuwait, rapid industrialisation, population growth and increasing water desalination are resulting in high energy demand growth, increasing the concern of oil diminishing as a main source of energy and the climate change caused by CO2 emissions from fossil fuel based energy. These demands and challenges compelled governments to embark on a diversification strategy to meet growing energy demand and support continued economic growth. Kuwait looked for alternative forms of energy by assessing potential renewable energy resources, including wind and sun. Kuwait is attempting to use and invest in renewable energy due to the fluctuating price of oil, diminishing reserves, the rapid increase in population, the high consumption of electricity and the environment protection. In this research, wind energy will be investigated as an attractive source of energy in Kuwait.

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Mandana, Raghav Somayya. "Policy Tools for the Decarbonisation of Urban Freight Transport in Brazil". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-299857.

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There has been an increase in the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the last 3 decades. A large share of these emissions is produced by the transport sector. In 2010 alone, global transport accounted for 7 GtCO2 eq and approximately 23% of total energy-related CO2 emissions. In order for the decarbonisation of the transport sector, one of the most important strategies is to reduce the use of fossil fuels. Fossil fuel consumption can be reduced by rolling out more battery electric vehicles (BEVs) on public roads. This is one of the methods by which the concept of electromobility is promoted. In order to increase the share of EVs, many countries have implemented different policies that promote the electrification of the transport sector. With respect to freight transport, electric commercial vans are one of the feasible choices. This Master thesis involves a quantitative study which focus on the “total cost of ownership” (TCO) of light commercial vehicles (LCVs). Two diesel vans currently used in Curitiba, Brazil were selected - the Sprinter van by Mercedes-Benz and the Master van by Renault. In addition, their electric counterparts were also chosen; in conjunction, a sensitivity analysis with respect to fuel prices and annual distance driven was conducted. The results showed that the TCO of the electric LCVs is around 1.6 to 1.7 times higher than their diesel versions. As far as the two van model types were concerned, the Mercedes-Benz Sprinter had a higher TCO than the Renault Master over the chosen vehicle lifetime for both the diesel and electric versions, with the difference around 7.5% for the diesel versions and approximately 13% for the electric versions. Based on the results of the TCO study, possible economic policies and fiscal instruments were recommended with regards to light commercial freight transport for Curitiba.
Det har skett en ökning av koldioxidutsläppen (CO2) under de senaste 3 decennierna. En stor del av dessa utsläpp produceras av transportsektorn. Bara 2010 svarade, global transport för 7 GtCO2 ekvivalenter och cirka 23% av de totala energirelaterade koldioxidutsläppen. För att avkolning av transportsektorn är en av de viktigaste strategierna att minska användningen av fossila bränslen. Fossil bränsleförbrukning kan minskas genom att rulla ut fler elektriska fordon (EF) på allmänna vägar när det gäller transportsektorn i allmänhet. Detta är en av metoderna som begreppet elektromobilitet främjas. För att öka andelen elbilar har många länder genomfört olika policyer som främjar elektrifiering av transportsektorn. När det gäller godstransport, är elektriska kommersiella lastbilar och skåpbilar två av de möjliga valen. Detta examensarbete involverar en kvantitativ studie som fokuserar på “totala ägandekostnaderna” (TÄK) för lätta nyttofordon. Två dieselbilar som för närvarande används i Curitiba, Brasilien valdes - Sprinter-skåpbilen från Mercedes-Benz och Master-skåpbilen av Renault. Dessutom valdes deras elektriska motsvarigheter; i samband med detta genomfördes en känslighetsanalys avseende bränslepriser och årlig körd distans. Resultaten visade att T för elektriska LCV är cirka 1.6 till 1.7 gånger högre än deras dieselversioner. När det gäller de två typerna av skåpbilar hade Mercedes-Benz Sprinter en högre TCO än Renault Master under den valda fordonstiden för både diesel - och elektriska versioner, med skillnaden cirka 7.5% för dieselversionerna och cirka 13% för de elektriska versionerna. Baserat på resultaten av TCO-studien rekommenderades möjlig ekonomisk politik och finanspolitiska instrument när det gäller lätt kommersiell godstransport för Curitiba.

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"Average cost power contracts and CO2 burdens for energy intensive industry". Université catholique de Louvain, 2008. http://edoc.bib.ucl.ac.be:81/ETD-db/collection/available/BelnUcetd-05312008-150749/.

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Jean, Jyh-Dar, i 簡志達. "Power system bi-objective dispatch method considering CO2 emission and fuel cost". Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/27935821639098182264.

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碩士
中原大學
電機工程學系
87
The global warming is mainly caused by carbon dioxide (CO2) emission. The fossil-fired power plants have an impact on air quality due to the emissions of CO2, oxides of nitrogen (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SOx), and solid particulate, etc. To reduce the environmental pollution, diverse emission compliance strategies have emerged in the literature. These strategies include emission dispatching, fuel switching and/or blend,purchase/sale of emission allowance, installation of emission reduction equipment in the existing thermal plants, and retirement of old fuel-burning equipment or generating unit and replacement with cleaner and efficient one. Although, these technologies mentioned above have made a large contribution to reduce the emission, researches on control of CO2 emission still demand further exploration. Besides, following deregulation of power industry, the role of monopoly utility power company of the Taipower will change with the pass of Electricity Law. According to the new Executive-Yuan-version Electricity Law, which is now under reviewing in Legislation Yuan, the future power market will be much more competitive due to the government-guided policies of multiple aspects and deregulation of power industry. After the private power generators entering the power market, the relationship of the CO2 emission and the power generation cost will be entirely different with the current situations. Therefore, it is worth investigating these relationships in advance. To effectively reduce the CO2 emission, this thesis will incorporate CO2 emission model into conventional power dispatch by scheduling power output of the generators. Reaching the purpose of reducing pollutant creation, the power dispatch model mainly considers the objectives of both the fuel cost and CO2 emission. Theoretically, the two objective functions have non-linear trade-off relationship. The Lagrange bi-objective power dispatch method uses two-phase solution process. Based on the upper limit of the CO2 emission assigned by the decision-makers, the CO2 emission is reduced. Solving the dual problems and adjusting the Lagrange multipliers have the CO2 emission and spinning reserve constraints satisfied to achieve minimum fuel cost. The proposed method has been applied to the generating units of the Taipower thermal systems. According to the IPCC formula, models of CO2 emission can be built. Cases of peak and off-peak loads are studied for the feasibility of bi-objective power dispatch to obtain optimal power dispatch considering fuel cost and CO2 emission simultaneously. Although, only CO2 emission is considered in this thesis, the proposed approach can also be applied to deal with the problem of more than one pollutants.

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Voon-CheanSeow i 蕭雯倩. "A Study of Abatement Cost Analysis in CO2 Emmision for Taiwan Power Industry". Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/32696083648076741558.

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碩士
國立成功大學
資源工程學系碩博士班
98
The usage of electricity in industries and residences is increasing every year in this advanced technology and peaceful society; as a result, there is a keen demand of energy source. Whilst the power generation meets the need of electricity, a copious amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) is also released in the process of energy transformation from fossil fuel. According to the IEA statistics in 2009, generation of electricity and heat by the electricity sector has released about 41% of the total global CO2 emission in 2007 based on a sectoral approach. As a result, the electricity sector is always the first department to be criticized on the issue of reduction in the total global CO2 emission. When faced with the crisis of global warming caused by the release of CO2, the electricity sector in every country is trying hard to find a solution that can reduce the emission of CO2 while ensuring the electricity supply meets their demand. Taiwan in and of itself is an isolated electric power system and is difficult to access the outside power supply. Meanwhile, Taiwan is also highly dependent on imported energy, and therefore advanced planning is very important. In this study, multi-objective planning methods are applied, with a goal of power economy and the least CO2 emission, to simulate and verify the feasibility of the historical electrical power generation scheduling. Simulations of electrical power generation scheduling in the future and observations of the power behaviors under different circumstances are also performed. The results will be provided to decision-making units as a reference for the planning of future power supply. In addition, the constraint method, one of the multi-objective planning methods, is also applied to investigate the relationship of marginal rate of substitution and non-inferior solutions between the total cost of power generation and CO2 emission. The results will also be provided to the relevant units as a reference on the issue of reduction of CO2 emission. In this study, the result showed that extending the service operation of Nuclear Power Units was the best solution for the reduction of CO2 emission. Besides, improvement in efficacy of the generators may also lead to a satisfactory outcome in the reduction of cost and CO2 emission, if the fluctuation in the total costs is not taken into account. In contrast, the increase of power generation capacity with natural gas appears to reduce the power supply from coal power and renewable energy, resulting in the increase of cost without remarkable reduction of CO2 emission. Moreover, the relationship of marginal rate substitution between the total cost of power generation and CO2 emission becomes moderate, due to the reduction of the man-machine scheduling of the electrical power system.This also increases the cost in the reduction of CO2 emission.

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Soh, Tiongchen, i 蘇中正. "Cost Benefit Analysis of KuoKuang Petrochemical’s CO2 Emission Reduction- The application of PAGE2009 model". Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/10458724284272601141.

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碩士
國立臺北大學
自然資源與環境管理研究所
99
Abstract The siting of the KouKuang petrochemical plant has been one of the most controversial events concerning environment and development in Taiwan. Several environmental protection issues had been debated thoroughly. However, the costs of global warming, or the damage costs that would be caused by the CO2 emission of the plant, had been rarely justified. This study aim to apply PAGE2009 Integrated Assessment Model (PAGE2009 model) to analyze the cost and benefit of reducing KuoKuang Petrochemical’s CO2 emission and to provide some useful insights on climate change issues in Taiwan. PAGE2009 model has been well known as cost-benefit-analysis framework of climate change since Stern Review. PAGE2009 model has several important features, namely climate module with very detailed description and supported by IPCC scientific evidence, flexible modeling structure and ability to perform the risk analysis of climate change issues by Monte-Carlo simulation. The simulation result unsurprisingly reveal that by 2040 the aggregated present value of the preventative costs bear by Taiwan will exceed the aggregated present value of the preventative global benefit. The aggregated present value of the preventative benefit will exceed the preventative costs after some turning point around 2065. Keywords: Cost Benefit Analysis, CO2 emission reduction, PAGE2009 model

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Chang, Yao-Tung, i 張堯棟. "Environmental Impact Assessment and Cost-Benefit Analysis of Green Buildings in Consideration of CO2 Emission". Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/73304012729032128900.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
工業工程學研究所
101
As environmental consciousness grows, the concept of green environment has gradually become an important issue for sustainable developments. Applying the concept to green building design including materials selection and its construction can not only reduce effectively the amount of pollution but also save the cost of future electricity usage. Therefore, in the present study, life cycle assessment methods are employed to investigate the environmental impact of a building for the purpose of making it a green building. The assessment covers from materials selection to the actual construction process of each floor of the building, and applies carbon footprint concept to analyze their life-cycle carbon emissions. Then, appropriate carbon reduction strategies are proposed. In the end, this study also applies cost-benefit analysis to find how the usage of green-building materials can achieve the carbon reduction benefits. The demonstrative example in this study is the design draft of the new College of Engineering Building of National Taiwan University. With regard to materials to be used, Eco-indicator 99 of SimaPro7.3 is employed to analyze the environmental impact of each floor of the building. The life cycle carbon emission of the building is estimated. The result shows that the usage of steel and PVC causes the greatest environmental impact, and the impact per ton of PVC is approximately four times that of the steel. Thus, reducing the amount of PVC usage should be considered seriously to make the building be a green one. This study also finds based on environmental inventory study that the building under its current design will emit a total of 646,272 kg carbon dioxide during its life-cycle counting from its construction to its future daily use. If the usage of cement is replaced by pozzolan, the carbon emission can be reduced by 22,569 kg with a 3.94% of return-on-investment (ROI). If solar panel is further installed, the daily life carbon emission can be reduced by 14.56% with an additional 6.78% ROI.

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Itoh, Yoshito, i Saori Tsubouchi. "Lifecycle Analysis of Steel Bridge Paint System". 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/18862.

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伊藤, 義人, Yoshito Itoh, M. Wada i Chunlu Liu. "Lifecycle Environmental Impact and Cost Analyses of Steel Bridge Piers with Seismic Risk". 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/5328.

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Beigzadeh, Ashkan. "Economic Evaluation of an Advanced Super Critical Oxy-Coal Power Plant with CO2 Capture". Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/4693.

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Today’s carbon constrained world with its increasing demand for cheap energy and a fossil fuel intensive fleet of power producers is making carbon capture and storage (CCS) desirable. Several CCS technologies are under investigation by various research and development groups globally. One of the more promising technologies is oxy-fuel combustion, since it produces a CO2 rich flue gas which requires minor processing to meet storage condition requirements. In this study the economics of an advanced super critical oxy-coal power plant burning lignite, simulated in-house was assessed. A robust and user-friendly financial tool box has been developed with commonly acceptable default parameter settings. Capital, operation and maintenance costs were estimated along with corresponding levelized cost of electricity and CO2 avoidance costs calculated using the detailed financial model developed. A levelized cost of electricity of 131 $/MWhrnet along with a levelized CO2 avoidance cost of 64 $/tonne was estimated for an ASC oxy-coal power plant with CO2 capture. Also a levelized cost of electricity of 83 $/MWhrnet was estimated for an ASC air-fired coal power plant without CO2 capture capabilities as the base plant. The price of electricity was observed to increase from 83 $/MWhrnet to 131 $/MWhrnet translating into a 57% increase. The sensitivity of the overall economics of the process was assessed to several parameters. The overall economics was found sensitive to the choice chemical engineering plant cost index (CEPCI), capacity factor, size of power plant, debt ratio, fuel price, interest rate, and construction duration.

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Wang, Ruoh-Min, i 王若閔. "Cost Comparison of Photovoltaic Systems in Taiwan: Internalizing External Benefits of Reducing CO2 Emission and Related Hazardous Substances". Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/95282210635044039858.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
工業工程學研究所
99
To investigate the costs differences among regions and scales of photovoltaic generation systems, this study simulates 30 weather stations set up by Central Weather Bureau in Taiwan, which located in the regions of north, center, south, eastern north, eastern south and islands of Taiwan. Total cost for each weather stations and grouped for each region are then estimated and calculated by adopting life-cycle cost method. The total cost includes not only the expenditures incurred during life-time of the generation but also the avoided external damage from the emission of CO2 and other related hazardous substances due to the photovoltaic system. This is an internalization of external benefit to reflect the existence of the photovoltaic system. In order to compare the suitability of generation in the regions, levelized cost of energy model (LCOE) is used as an indicator and land efficiency is adopted as another indicator. The results show that the more items of the external benefit are taken into account while photovoltaic systems adopted the more predominant is. That is, total cost of photovoltaic systems will be reduced significantly. In either internalizing external benefit of the CO2 emission or other relating hazardous substances, by adopting the method of LCOE, the results indicate that the most suitable locations for photovoltaic system is in Chiku (in southern region of Tainan) and the highest of land efficiency is in Lanyu (belonging to islands of Taiwan).

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Lu, Zheng-Sheng, i 盧正笙. "Minimization of Energy Cost for CO2 Capture Process in 500 MW Coal-fired Power Plants Using Aqueous Ammonia". Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/w6d39z.

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碩士
東海大學
化學工程與材料工程學系
107
In the past twenty years, the severity of the increase in CO2 concentration has been proven, so such an effective method to capture CO2 is much more important. Based on the rise of green awareness, this study uses aqueous ammonia as an absorbent to capture CO2 from a 500 MW coal-fired power plant. The base-case process uses the staged absorption process as the CO2 absorbers and the NH3 washing tower. The design targets are 90% CO2 removal and the NH3 emission concentration under 10 ppm by adjusting process parameters, such as CO2 lean loading (mol-CO2/mol-NH3), NH3 concentration (M) and stripper operating pressure (atm) in order to minimize the regeneration energy. The simulation results show that 3 M NH3 concentration of absorbent, 0.26 CO2 lean loading and the CO2 stripper at 10 atm, the minimum of energy consumption can be found as 3.94 GJ/ton-CO2 for base-case process. After that, the advanced stripper processes reported in the literature, for example : the rich-split process, inter-heating process, and combined process are investigated for the energy-saving mechanisms and the minimum of energy consumption can be futher driven to 2.72 GJ/ton-CO2 by the rich-split process.

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Cobirzan, N., Crina Oltean-Dumbrava i M. Brumaru. "Thermal rehabilitation of Romanian housing: a low cost assessment tool". 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5936.

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The numerous buildings that currently require thermal rehabilitation in Romania means that substantial resources and a large number of competent people are required to carry out surveys and energy audits. However, commercial energy balance software is mostly unaffordable for those organisations involved in this process. This paper describes an energy balance programme – ENEFControl – developed to be a rapid, low cost, local tool able to assist in the choice of energy efficient solutions for buildings. To test the software, thermal and energy analyses were carried out on a 1970s built apartment block in Transylvania. Based on these analyses, three constructive scenarios were proposed for thermal rehabilitation. Compared to the performance of the analysed building, the thermal and energy performance of the retrofitted building in all three scenarios significantly improved. Since European Union accession in 2007, rapidly rising energy costs have affected the Romanian population. ENEFControl offers Romanian engineers and architects an opportunity to speed up the rehabilitation programme of buildings without the need for more expensive expertise and tools.

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Chen, Chai-Tzu, i 陳佳慈. "Construction of Meta-technology Cost Ratio-- The Comparison of Technology Across Countries under Economic Development and Emission of CO2". Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/43229935965548592241.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
農業經濟學研究所
99
The purpose of this paper is to construct a meta-technology cost ratio indicator by combining shadow price model and meta-frontier analysis under grouping different technological competitiveness index. The meta-technology cost ratio which can be used to measure the technical differences across countries under economic development and different emissions of carbon dioxide. The meta-technology cost ratio can not only reflect the improvement rate of carbon abatement cost by technological progress but also provide the exact amount of cost savings. Traditional meta-technology ratios are also computed for comparison. Estimates results find that the performance of technical efficiency of each country increases as the technological competitiveness reaches to higher level. At the same time, the abatement cost for emission reductions will be declined and then increased later on. Those countries with the lowest technological competitiveness level result in the most technical improvement and the highest cost saving for carbon emission reductions. It shows that more resources are required for these countries to pursuit the higher technology levels. On the contrary, although there is similar abatement cost for emission reductions for countries with the highest and the lowest technology levels. Such cost saving is insignificantly for countries with high income however similar amount for low income countries has critical impact. As such, there is low incentive for high income countries to pursue technological advances. Furthermore, simultaneously taking into account the technical efficiency and outputs levels, abatement cost for emission reductions will gradually increase over time and tend to approach the ideal abatement cost for emission reductions under different output levels. It is also found that income per capita, fossil energy use intensity, population density, and trade openness have positive impacts on the abatement cost of carbon emission reductions. The improvement of technical efficiency assistants the declining of the abatement cost of carbon reductions.

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