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Książki na temat „Cross-sectional design”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 25 lipca 2025

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1

Milliken, Paul. The effect of cross-sectional geometry on heavy vehicle performance and safety. Transfund New Zealand, 2005.

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1917-, Bové Frank James, New Jersey. State Dept. of Health., and National Center for Environmental Health and Injury Control (U.S.). Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities., eds. Population-based surveillance and etiological research of adverse reproductive outcomes and toxic wastes.: A cross-sectional study. New Jersey Dept. of Health, 1992.

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Loffredo, Anna Maria, Rainer Wenrich, Charlotte Axelsson, and Wanja Kröger, eds. Changing Time - Shaping World. transcript Verlag, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839461358.

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A World of Changemakers - how can a hybrid arts lecture series concept in e-learning create attitudes and shape skills as a playful and critical thinking navigator in an uncertain world? To re-create meaning is an interdisciplinary cross-sectional task of our zeitgeist in a civil society. The international contributors represent key roles in relevant philosophical, technical or economic debates, non-university community art & design projects or companies.

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Walters, Stephen John. Quality of life outcomes in clinical trials and health-care evaluation: A practical guide to analysis and interpretation. John Wiley & Sons, 2009.

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Halperin, Sandra, and Oliver Heath. 6. Research Design. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198702740.003.0006.

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This chapter focuses on the basic principles of research design. It first considers different types of research design, including experimental designs, cross-sectional and longitudinal designs, comparative designs, and historical research designs. It also discusses two types of research validity: internal validity and external validity. The chapter proceeds by describing various methods of data collection and the sort of data or evidence each provides, including questionnaires and surveys, interviewing and focus groups, ethnographic research, and discourse/content analysis. Finally, it examine

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Ray, Sumantra (Shumone), Sue Fitzpatrick, Rajna Golubic, Susan Fisher, and Sarah Gibbings, eds. Navigating research methods: quantitative and clinical/epidemiological methods. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199608478.003.0003.

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This chapter focuses on various types of study design used in clinical and healthcare research with an emphasis on observational studies whilst randomised controlled trials are explained in Chapter 15. Within observational studies, the distinction between descriptive and analytical studies is made and different sources of error in epidemiological studies are reviewed. Main features, advantages and disadvantages of analytical observational studies are described for the following designs: ecological studies, cohort studies, case-control studies and cross-sectional studies. A brief overview of ex

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Hillygus, D. Sunshine, and Steven Snell. Longitudinal Surveys. Edited by Lonna Rae Atkeson and R. Michael Alvarez. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190213299.013.7.

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Longitudinal or panel surveys, in which the same individuals are interviewed repeatedly over time, are increasingly common in the social sciences. The benefit of such surveys is that they track the same respondents so that researchers can measure individual-level change over time, offering greater causal leverage than cross-sectional surveys. Panel surveys share the challenges of other surveys while also facing several unique issues in design, implementation, and analysis. This chapter considers three such challenges: (1) the tension between continuity and innovation in the questionnaire desig

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Quality of life outcomes in clinical trials and health-care evaluation: A practical guide to analysis and interpretation. John Wiley & Sons, 2009.

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Stephens, Keri K. You Can’t Assume a Spherical Chicken. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190625504.003.0013.

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Much of the research on mobile communication has been cross-sectional, focused on a single organization at one point in time. White-collar workers are the ones most often studied because they pioneered the use of mobile devices. When they first hear about this research, they’re shocked to learn that everyone doesn’t communicate like they do. People from all backgrounds should realize that their own assumptions can blind them to understanding and being compassionate about differences. It might be a violation of others’ hopes for a colleague or friend to be unreachable during work hours, but peo

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Bhopal, Raj S. Epidemiological study designs and principles of data analysis: A conceptually integrated suite of methods and techniques. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739685.003.0009.

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Epidemiological studies are unified by their common goals and by their basis in defined populations. The case series (or register-based study) includes examination of trends in deaths, cancers, notifiable diseases, and hospitalizations. Case–control studies are analysed by comparing the exposure to risk factors in cases to those in controls. In a population studied at a specific time and place (a cross-sectional study), measurements can be made of disease, the factors which may cause disease, or both simultaneously. Cohort studies produce data on disease incidence and are especially good on as

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Gestión de calidad y su impacto en la innovación ecológica del Distrito de Ica, Perú. Editora Acadêmica Periodicojs, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51249/hp01.2021.21.

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The purpose of the study was to evaluate the existing impact between quality management and ecological innovation in the District of Ica, during 2018. The model used is a basic research of correlational and explanatory level, with a cross-sectional and non-experimental design. The sample determination technique was stratified by census type, consisting of 60 collaborators, of which 30 were administrative workers of the Municipality of Ica and the other 30, were administrative workers of the Regional Government of Ica to whom a questionnaire with in order to evaluate each of the study variables

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Elwood, Mark. Study designs which can demonstrate and test causation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682898.003.0003.

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This chapter presents study designs which can test and show causation. Cohort and intervention studies compare people exposed to an agent or intervention with those unexposed or less exposed. Case-control studies compare people affected by a disease or outcome with a control group of unaffected people or representing a total population. Surveys select a sample of people, not chosen by exposure or outcome. Cohort studies may be prospective or retrospective; case-control studies are retrospective; surveys are cross-sectional in time, but retrospective or prospective aspects can be added. In part

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Ray, Sumantra (Shumone), Sue Fitzpatrick, Rajna Golubic, Susan Fisher, and Sarah Gibbings, eds. Navigating research methods: critical appraisal. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199608478.003.0006.

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This chapter discusses the role of critical appraisal as an integral part of evidence based practice. There is no gold standard for conducting critical appraisal of medical literature. Standard check lists are presented for the specific study designs (randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case control studies and cross-sectional studies). The check lists include questions which capture four main components of a scientific paper (introduction, methods, results and discussion), and are organized as screening questions (1. Does the research address a clearly focused question?, and 2. Was

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Escudier, Marcel. Engineering applications of Bernoulli’s equation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198719878.003.0008.

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In this chapter it is shown how Bernoulli’s equation can be applied to practical fluid-flow problems. In the case of internal flows, such as that through a Venturi tube, it is also necessary to use the continuity equation to relate changes in cross-sectional area to changes in flow velocity. For liquid flows it is shown that for sufficiently high flowspeeds the static pressure could fall below the saturated vapour pressure and lead to cavitation. The designs of various flow-measuring devices, including the orifice-plate flowmeter, the Venturi-tube flowmeter, and the Pitot tube, are based on Be

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Ghebrehewet, Sam, Paul Cleary, Merav Kliner, and Ewan Wilkinson. Conducting epidemiological studies in health protection. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198745471.003.0023.

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This chapter describes the different types of epidemiological studies that are used in health protection investigations. These include descriptive studies such as case reports, case series, cross-sectional studies, and analytical studies, particularly case-control and cohort studies. It provides a number of real-life examples illustrating these different types of investigation and their application in health protection practice. It also gives guidance on the type of study to use in different incidents or outbreaks, and on sample size determination. The limitations of the different study design

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Li, Quan. Using R for Data Analysis in Social Sciences. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190656218.001.0001.

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This book seeks to teach undergraduate and graduate students in social sciences how to use R to manage, visualize, and analyze data in order to answer substantive questions and replicate published findings. This book distinguishes itself from other introductory R or statistics books in three ways. First, targeting an audience rarely exposed to statistical programming, it adopts a minimalist approach and covers only the most important functions and skills in R that one will need for conducting reproducible research projects. Second, it emphasizes meeting the practical needs of students using R

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Costello, Sadie, Jennifer M. Cavallari, David H. Wegman, Marie S. O’Neill, and Ellen A. Eisen. Epidemiology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190662677.003.0005.

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This chapter describes the basic principles of epidemiology, emphasizing the aspects most relevant to studies of health effects from occupational and environmental exposures. Numerous examples are provided of how epidemiology can be used to identify and quantify the relations between recent or long-term exposure and health outcomes, such as prevalence or incidence of disease, injury, or mortality. The chapter describes the common study designs, including cohort studies, case-control studies, and cross-sectional studies, with examples of their application. Key aspects of exposure assessment and

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Heckers, Stephan, Neil Woodward, and Dost Öngür. Neuroimaging of Psychotic Disorders. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0014.

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Neuroimaging of psychotic disorders began in the 1970s with studies of brain structure, followed by studies of blood flow, glucose metabolism, and receptor chemistry. More recently, studies of functional activation, connectivity, and neurotransmission have been added. The widespread availability of MRI has liberated researchers from the constraints of postmortem research and the limitations of inferring brain abnormalities through neurochemical effects in plasma or urine. Neuroimaging researchers aim to establish diagnostic markers, explain abnormal mental states, test anatomical and neurochem

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Richman, Laura Smart, Elizabeth A. Pascoe, and Micah Lattanner. Interpersonal Discrimination and Physical Health. Edited by Brenda Major, John F. Dovidio, and Bruce G. Link. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190243470.013.6.

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Interpersonal discrimination contributes to health inequalities for disadvantaged groups across numerous stigmatized identities. This effect has been found using cross-sectional, prospective, and experimental designs. Interpersonal discrimination has been associated with poor health across a wide range of mental health outcomes, including greater rates of depression, psychological distress, anxiety, and negative well-being, and also physical health outcomes such as hypertension, diabetes, respiratory problems, self-reported ill health, low birth weight, and cardiovascular disease. This chapter

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Jordan, Julie-Ann, Judith Wylie, and Gerry Mulhern. Individual Differences in Children’s Paths to Arithmetical Development. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.015.

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Cross-sectional and longitudinal data consistently indicate that mathematical difficulties are more prevalent in older than in younger children (e.g. Department of Education, 2011). Children’s trajectories can take a variety of shapes such as linear, flat, curvilinear, and uneven, and shape has been found to vary within children and across tasks (J Jordan, Mulhern, and Wylie, 2009). There has been an increase in the use of statistical methods which are specifically designed to study development, and this has greatly improved our understanding of children’s mathematical development. However, th

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Bhopal, Raj S. What is epidemiology? The nature, scope, variables, principal measures, and designs of a biological, clinical, social, and ecological science. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739685.003.0001.

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Populations, as with individuals, have unique patterns of disease. The science of epidemiology, which straddles biology, clinical medicine, social sciences, and ecology, seeks to describe, understand, and utilize these patterns to improve population health. Epidemiology’s central paradigm is that analysis of population patterns of disease, particularly by linking these to exposure variables (risk factors), provides understanding of their causes. Epidemiology is useful in other ways, including preventing and controlling disease in populations and guiding health and health-care policy and planni

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Sedek, Grzegorz, Thomas Hess, and Dayna Touron, eds. Multiple Pathways of Cognitive Aging. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197528976.001.0001.

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The study of aging and cognition has grown tremendously over the past 50 years, developing from a field dominated by experimentally based information-processing traditions to one represented by a more mature approach both conceptually and methodologically. A quick examination of relevant research over the last 10 years reveals a growth in integrative approaches incorporating behavioral, neuropsychological, and social information. In addition, the concurrent recognition of limitations associated with simple cross-sectional age-group comparisons along with the use of more complex methods has res

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Grant, Warren, and Martin Scott-Brown. Prevention of cancer. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0350.

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In the UK, the four commonest cancers—lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, and prostate cancer—result in around 62 000 deaths every year. Although deaths from cancer have fallen in the UK over the last 20 years, the UK still suffers from higher cancer death rates than many other countries in Western Europe. In 1999, the UK government produced a White Paper called Saving Lives: Our Healthier Nation that outlined a national target to reduce the death rate from cancer by at least 20% in people under 75 by 2010. The subsequent NHS Cancer Plan of 2000 designed a framework by which to achieve t

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