Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Depressant disorders

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Depressant disorders”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 2 czerwca 2025

Data aktualizacji: 22 czerwca 2025

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Depressant disorders"

Shevlin, Mark, Michael Rosato, Stephanie Boyle, Daniel Boduszek, and Jamie Murphy. "Rates and predictors of anti-depressant prescribing in Northern Ireland 2011–2015: a data linkage study using the Administrative Data Research Centre (NI)." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 37, no. 1 (2019): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2019.14.

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Objectives:Research indicates that anti-depressant prescribing is higher in Northern Ireland (NI) than in the rest of the UK, and that socio-economic and area-level factors may contribute to this. The current study provides comprehensive population-based estimates of the prevalence of anti-depressant prescription prescribing in NI from 2011 to 2015, and examined the associations between socio-demographic, socio-economic, self-reported health and area-level factors and anti-depressant prescription.Methods:Data were derived from the 2011 NI Census (N = 1 588 355) and the Enhanced Prescribing Database. Data linkage techniques were utilised through the Administrative Data Research Centre in NI. Prevalence rates were calculated and binary logistic analysis assessed the associations between contextual factors and anti-depressant prescription.Results:From 2011 to 2015, the percentages of the population in NI aged 16 or more receiving anti-depressant prescriptions were 12.3%, 12.9%, 13.4%, 13.9% and 14.3%, respectively, and over the 5-year period was 24.3%. The strongest predictors of anti-depressant prescription in the multivariate model specified were ‘very bad’ (OR = 4.02) or ‘Bad’ general health (OR = 3.98), and self-reported mental health problems (OR = 3.57). Other significant predictors included social renting (OR = 1.67) and unemployment (OR = 1.25). Protective factors included Catholic religious beliefs, other faith/philosophic beliefs and no faith/philosophic beliefs in comparison to reporting Protestant/other Christian religious beliefs (ORs = 0.78–0.91).Conclusion:The prevalence of anti-depressant prescription in NI appears to be higher than the prevalence of depressive disorders, although this may not necessarily be attributable to over-prescribing as anti-depressants are also prescribed for conditions other than depression. Anti-depressant prescription was linked to several factors that represent socio-economic disadvantage.

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Pratiksha, Mhalsane* Dr. Gopal Bihani Dr. Pavan Folane Dr. Kailash Biyani. "Evaluation Of Antidepressant Activity of Passiflora Edulis in Laboratory Animals." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 3, no. 5 (2025): 3943–49. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15498381.

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Passion fruit, Passiflora edulis, is a plant with numerous medicinal properties, including antidiabetic, anxiolytic, antineoplastic, antioxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties. It is native to Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina and is widely grown in South America, the Caribbean, South Florida, South Africa, and Asia. Passion fruit comes in two forms, standard yellow and standard yellow, with an annual production of about 120 tons. In Bhutan, it is grown in purple and yellow varieties, with the purple variety being the most commonly grown. Passion fruit grows on various soil types and contains chemical components like volatile oils, flavonoids, lipids, triterpenoids, aldehydes, ketones, tridecone, palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, quercetin, apigenin, and vitaxin, which can be used for various pharmacological activities. A study aims to assess the anti-depressant properties of Passion fruit in laboratory animals using acute oral toxicity and depression inducing in an animal model. Depressant disorders, characterized by arousal and a sense of terror, are behavioral inhibitions caused by external circumstances. Anxiety disorders are classified based on symptomatology and susceptibility to pharmaceutical and psychological therapies. Generalised anxiety disorder involves excessive worry and concern over life events, objects, and circumstances. The complexity of the central nervous system makes diagnosis, treatment, and mitigation difficult. Research in this field is crucial to reduce the effects of depressant-related disorders worldwide. Theories suggest that certain neurotransmitters, like serotonin, are deregulated. A study assessing the hydroalcoholic extract of Passiflora edulis leaves' hydroalcoholic extract and phytochemical analysis found anti-depressant properties. The study aimed to provide scientific support for these anti-depressant activities, with the hope of further research identifying the exact mechanism of action and isolated chemical responsible for its efficacy.

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DuPont, Robert L., and Keith E. Saylor. "Depressant Substances in Adolescent Medicine." Pediatrics In Review 13, no. 10 (1992): 381–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.13.10.381.

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The benzodiazepines have replaced widespread use of barbiturates and other sedatives. They are effective, safe medicines used to treat a variety of disorders associated with excessive CNS excitability. Although many physicians avoid prescribing benzodiazepines to adolescents, there is little evidence to support this practice. Unless an adolescent has a history of substance abuse/dependence and suicidal ideation, the benzodiazepines are safe. Benzodiazepine toxicity rarely occurs unless another CNS depressant, especially alcohol, is used concurrently.

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Razvi, Ummehani A., and Laxmikant H. Kamble. "Identification of Serotonin Transporter Inhibitors from Selected Marine Alkaloids: A Molecular Docking and ADME Study." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research 15, no. 06 (2023): 798–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.25004/ijpsdr.2023.150614.

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One of the common mental illnesses that affect people worldwide is depression. It can impact people from all backgrounds and age groups. Despite having medications for depression, very few people respond to it in an efficient manner. Currently used anti-depressants show side effects like urine retention, nausea, weight gain, cardiovascular disorders, etc. Natural compounds are being evaluated for their therapeutic potential to eradicate these side effects. Metabolites obtained from marine organisms possess diverse beneficial effects. Various sponges, corals, and seaweeds contain compounds with magical properties to heal mental disorders. This study demonstrates the molecular docking of serotonin transporter (SERT) with some marine alkaloids. Results generated from PyRx virtual screening software shows that out of thirteen selected alkaloids, only gelliusine A have a higher binding affinity than the prescribed anti-depressant paroxetine. According to SwissADME, most of the selected alkaloids showed better absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) properties. But gelliusine A has low gastrointestinal absorption and does not cross blood-brain barrier (BBB). Further optimization and experimental investigations of these compounds are needed to enhance their properties to become better anti-depressants against reuptake of serotonin.

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Priego Salas, Lidia, and Ana Pérez Rosado. "Relationship of depressant drug use with sleep disorders and psychological wellbeing. Literature review." Enfermería Cuidándote, no. 8 (March 31, 2025): 40. https://doi.org/10.51326/ec.8.4443007.

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Objectives: To explore how the consumption of depressant drugs affects sleep disorders and psychological well-being in adults. Methodology: A literature review was conducted through searches in databases such as PubMed, SciELO, Cochrane, BVS and MEDES, applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results and Discussion: The 8 selected studies show that alcohol and benzodiazepine consumption negatively affects sleep quality by reducing its duration and efficiency, increasing the risk of psychiatric issues. Cannabis use was linked to higher levels of psychological distress in women and an inverse relationship with psychological stress. Gender differences were observed, with higher insomnia prevalence in women and more snoring in men. Various assessment tools were used to analyze substance use, psychological well-being, and sleep disorders. Conclusion: There is a clear relationship between the use of depressant substances and sleep disorders, with a negative impact on emotional well-being. In addition to the need for accurate assessment tools.

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Devi, Singh, and Ranjeet Singh Chaudhary. "Outcome of Spiritual Practices on Patients Suffering from Depression." International Journal of Toxicological and Pharmacological Research 12, no. 2 (2022): 103–6. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12525516.

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Depression is one of the most affected disorders all over the world. Studies have found that around 43% of Indians suffer from depression, out of which 11% suffer from moderate depression and 9% suffer from severe depression symptoms. Most youth of India show symptoms of depression because of various life changes, relationship issues, family issues, cyber bullying, etc. Some studies have shown that spirituality and religiosity can be a supplementary method to cure depression and lower the dosage of anti-depressant prescribed. The following study was carried out to check the outcomes of spiritual therapy given along with their medications. Material and method: Following group of 100 people were chosen for study. They were called up for face-to-face interview to explain the study and detect their level of depression. They were given spiritual therapy along with the anti-depressant with provided dosage from the prescribed doctor for 4 weeks. At the end of every week the patients were monitored to check the level of depression. Result: The patients were found responsive towards spiritual therapy but not all were found healthy at the end of sessions. As differed by depression level, those suffering from mild depression symptoms, were found helped by the end of therapy weeks but those suffering from severe depression did not respond well and anti-depressant medications were continued. Conclusion: As the study came up to end, it was concluded that spirituality and religiosity can be affected in both positive and negative way to a patient suffering from depression.

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Siddiqui, Shahida Anusha, Ali Ali Redha, Edgar Remmet Snoeck, et al. "Anti-Depressant Properties of Crocin Molecules in Saffron." Molecules 27, no. 7 (2022): 2076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27072076.

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Saffron is a valued herb, obtained from the stigmas of the C. sativus Linn (Iridaceae), with therapeutic effects. It has been described in pharmacopoeias to be variously acting, including as an anti-depressant, anti-carcinogen, and stimulant agent. The therapeutic effects of saffron are harbored in its bioactive molecules, notably crocins, the subject of this paper. Crocins have been demonstrated to act as a monoamine oxidase type A and B inhibitor. Furthermore, saffron petal extracts have experimentally been shown to impact contractile response in electrical field stimulation. Other research suggests that saffron also inhibits the reuptake of monoamines, exhibits N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonism, and improves brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling. A host of experimental studies found saffron/crocin to be similarly effective as fluoxetine and imipramine in the treatment of depression disorders. Saffron and crocins propose a natural solution to combat depressive disorders. However, some hurdles, such as stability and delivery, need to be overcome.

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Baillargeon, Jacques, Sandra A. Black, Salvador Contreras, James Grady, and John Pulvino. "Anti-depressant prescribing patterns for prison inmates with depressive disorders." Journal of Affective Disorders 63, no. 1-3 (2001): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-0327(00)00188-9.

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Gul, Somia, Sabeen Raza, Zaira Rashid, Maria Ayub, and Ghulam Sarwar. "Neuropharmacological screening of Ficus Carica Linn; Fruit for Anxiolytic and Antidepressant Activity." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 17, no. 4 (2018): 606–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v17i4.38323.

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Background: Rutin and polyphenol which are present in ficus carica linn are responsible for anti-depressant and anxiolytics effect.Aims: We have conducted the study to evaluate the anti depressant and anxiolytic effect of ficuscaricalinn on mice and compare its effect with well known prescribed anti depressant and anxiolytic drug alprazolam.Methods: Three groups of mice were marked as Control, Reference and Test. Each group comprise of 5 mice. Control group was on normal diet. Reference group was feeded alprazolam at a dose of 0.5mg/60kg while test group were provided two different dilution of ficuscaricalinn, one dilution is 250mg/ kg/100ml of water and second dilution is 500mg/kg/100ml of water. We used Light/dark box method and Elevated plus maze method to evaluate the anxiolytic effect of ficus carica linn. To determine the anti-depressant effect of ficus carica linn.Results: we was used one method that is Head Dip Method. Results were collected and observed readings and data were clearly indicating the great and pronounced anti depressant and anxiolytic effect of ficus carica linn at a dose of 500mg/kg compare with a widely prescribed drug alprazolam for its anti-depressant and anxiolytic effect.Ficus carica is well known for its numerous biological activities also found to be one of excellent distressing agent. Stress provoking several disorders could be limit by the use of ficus carica fruit in doses 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg. Ficus carica linn as a natural product may prove better therapeutic agent if more study is conducted on it.Conclusion: As this study is confined to the mice, there’s much possibilities to have similar effect in humans but require more work on it.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.17(4) 2018 p.606-611

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Ekasari, Wiwied, Retno Widyowati, Tutik S. Wahyuni, et al. "Central nervous system depressant effect of ethanol extract of Senna spectabilis (DC.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby in mice." Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research 11, no. 6 (2023): 1072–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.56499/jppres23.1579_11.6.1072.

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Context: Senna spectabilis (DC.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby which belongs to Fabaceae family is widely used traditionally in the treatment of various diseases and disorders such as constipation, insomnia, anxiety, epilepsy, malaria and skin diseases. Aims: To investigate the central nervous system (CNS) depressant effect of 70% ethanol extract of S. spectabilis leaves (70SSEE) using different neuropharmacological models in mice. Methods: The CNS depressant effect of 70SSEE was investigated by the classical models of depression as elevated plus maze (EPM), hole cross (HC), and thiopental sodium (TS)-induced sleeping time tests in mice. The EPM test was used to assess the anxiolytic activity of 70SSEE at doses of 10, 50, and 100 mg/kg, while HC and TS-induced sleeping time tests at doses of 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg were used to assess the locomotor and sedative activity in mice. Results: In EPM test, 70SSEE at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg significantly (p<0.05) increased the number of open arm entries and time spent in open arm by mice compared to controls. In HC test, 70SSEE significantly inhibited the movement of animals across the hole in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the administration of 70SSEE to mice significantly (p<0.05) decreased sleep latency time and increased sleep duration of TS-induced mice. Conclusions: 70SSEE has CNS depressant effects which is a rational explanation for its use in traditional medicine. From these findings, it is hoped that this plant could be used in the treatment of various neurological disorders, including anxiety and insomnia.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Depressant disorders"

Garford, M. V. "Biochemical and pharmacological aspects of depressive disorders." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384286.

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Briggs, Wendy Sue, and Kelly-Jo Chastain-Carlton. "Alcohol and amphetamine dependencies convoluted with anorexia and bulimia nervosa." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1997. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1420.

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This study explored the possibility that some individuals with alcohol and amphetamine addictions are initially motivated to use alcohol and amphetamines because of underlying issues involving body dissatisfaction and weight reduction associated with Anorexia and Bilimia Nervosa. Current literature reveals similarities among chemical dependencies and eating disorders.

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Książki na temat "Depressant disorders"

Klosterman, Lorrie. The facts about depressants. Benchmark Books/Marshall Cavendish, 2005.

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O, Carruba Michele, Blundell J. E. 1942-, and Collegium Internationale Neuro-Psychopharmacologicum Congress, eds. Pharmacology of eating disorders: Theoretical and clinical developments. Raven Press, 1986.

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Walker, Pamela. Understanding the risks of diet drugs. Rosen Publishing Group, 2000.

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Joost, Hans-Georg. Appetite control. Springer, 2012.

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Merton, Sandler, Silverstone Trevor, and British Association for Psychopharmacology, eds. Psychopharmacology and food. Oxford University Press, 1985.

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Engs, Ruth C. Alcohol and other drugs: Self-responsibility. Tichenor Pub., 1987.

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Muñoz, Ricardo F. Prevention of depression: Training issues for research and practice. National Institute of Mental Health, [1989?], 1989.

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Arthur, Kleinman, and Good Byron, eds. Culture and depression: Studies in the anthropology and cross-cultural psychiatry of affect and disorder. University of California Press, 1985.

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1947-, Keitner Gabor I., ed. Depression and families: Impact and treatment. American Psychiatric Press, 1990.

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Garratt, Peter. Victorian Literary Aesthetics and Mental Pathology. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474400046.003.0024.

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In WHAT GOOD ARE THE ARTS? (2005), a polemic aimed at shredding many longstanding conceptions of art and aesthetic judgement, the literary critic John Carey briefly discusses a bibliotherapy project established over a decade earlier in West Yorkshire by John Duffy. This was a project in which patients with depression, stress and anxiety disorders were given the opportunity to participate in reading groups, book advice surgeries and other literacy activities, having been referred to the service by mental health practitioners – an alternative to the anti-depressant medication commonly prescribed to such patients by GPs. The service users in question were ‘helped by art’, in Carey’s words, not treated by pharmacological means. The initiative demonstrated the potential therapeutic benefits of reading books, while seeming to dismantle the languid association of art with uselessness or transcendence, as distilled in W. H. Auden’s phrase, ‘poetry makes nothing happen.’ For Carey, bibliotherapy programmes like this one could not help also rubbing up against established notions of literary value, in turn reviving old questions over the nature and ends of art generally.

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Części książek na temat "Depressant disorders"

Lirio, Pedro, Matheus Santos, Igor Silva, and Livia Rodrigues. "Oxidative Stress in Substance Use Disorders: Endogenous and Exogenous Mechanisms of Repair." In Importance of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Health and Disease [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108886.

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Substance use disorders (SUDs) can be defined as patterns of symptoms caused by the abusive consumption of recreational or prescribed substances that an individual continues to use despite their negative effects. Oxidative stress is one of the main pathophysiological processes occasioned by SUDs in different brain areas. Oxidative damage and subsequent deleterious symptoms can happen because of the consumption of psychoactive drugs, both stimulants and depressants. This chapter focuses on SUDs associated with depressant drugs, such as alcohol, opioids, benzodiazepines, and their effects on the central nervous system (CNS). We present the main characteristics of the SUDs and later explore endogenous mechanisms of repair, such as neuroglia and the endocannabinoid system. We also examine the neuroprotective effects of exogenous substances such as phytocannabinoids (e.g., cannabidiol) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC), which have shown important roles in anti-inflammatory pathways and antioxidative cascades, and how these molecules can be potential tools in the treatment of neurological symptoms of SUDs.

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BaHammam, Ahmed S., Sulaiman Alhifzi, and Salih Aleissi. "Breathing-Related Sleep Disorders." In Management of Sleep Disorders in Psychiatry, edited by Amit Chopra, Piyush Das, and Karl Doghramji. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190929671.003.0015.

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Breathing-related sleep disorders (BRSD) encompass obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), central sleep apnea, and hypoventilation disorders. Risk factors for BRSD include obesity, metabolic dysfunction, smoking, use of respiratory depressant medications (like opiates and benzodiazepines), and alcohol consumption, all of which are highly prevalent among patients with psychiatric disorders. BRSDs are associated with substantial morbidity, disturbed quality of life, and worse prognosis of comorbid psychiatric disorders. Therefore, it is essential for psychiatric care providers to have the clinical skills to recognize BRSDs. Recent studies suggest that the prevalence rates of OSA in psychiatric patients are higher than the general population. Moreover, BRSD’s share common symptoms and risk-factors with psychiatric disorders. A comprehensive clinical approach including a thorough sleep history and examination along with the use of validated screening questionnaires like the STOP-BANG questionnaire, particularly for at-risk patients, is effective in identifying BRSD.

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Shaikh, Zuber Peermohammed, and Satish Balkrishna Bhise. "Computational and Mathematical Modelling Approach in Cognitive Disorders." In Advances in Medical Education, Research, and Ethics. IGI Global, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-5464-3.ch001.

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We believe that advances in human neuroscience can bridge parts of the explanatory gap. One area where there has been substantial progress is in the field of decision-making. Aberrant decision-making is central to the majority of psychiatric conditions and this provides a unique opportunity for progress. It is the computational revolution in cognitive neuroscience that underpins this opportunity and argues strongly for the application of computational approaches to psychiatry. This is the basis of computational psychiatry. In this article, we consider this emerging field and outline central challenges for the immediate future. This approach has been a primary driver behind the development of generations of anti-psychotic, anti-depressant, and anti-anxiety drugs that enjoy widespread clinical use. Despite this progress, biological psychiatry and neuroscience face an enormous explanatory gap.

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Klinger Evelyne, Légeron Patrick, Roy Stéphane, Chemin Isabelle, Lauer Françoise, and Nugues Pierre. "Virtual Reality Exposure in the Treatment of Social Phobia." In Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. IOS Press, 2004. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-943-1-91.

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Social phobia is one of the most frequent psychiatric disorders and is accessible to two forms of scientifically validated treatments: anti-depressant drugs and cognitive-behavioral therapies. Graded exposure to feared social situations (either in vivo or by imagining the situations) is fundamental to obtain an improvement of the anxious symptoms. Virtual reality (VR) may be an alternative to these standard exposure techniques and seems to bring significant advantages by allowing exposures to numerous and varied situations. Moreover studies have shown that human subjects are appropriately sensitive to virtual environments.

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Horwitz, Allan V., and Jerome C. Wakefield. "The Rise of Antidepressant Drug Treatments." In The Loss of Sadness. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195313048.003.0009.

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Abstract The DSM-III’s neutral stance toward the etiology of mental disorders meant that advocates of all treatment orientations were supposed to find equal value in its symptom-based classification system. In practice, how ever, pharmaceutical companies were best able to capitalize on the DSM’s focus on symptoms, which allowed them to broadly construe states of intense sadness as depressive disorder and thus to vastly increase the potential market for anti depressant medication. Several other developments helped propel an explosive growth in the use of these drugs, including the emergence of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRis) in the late 1980s, the spread of managed care throughout the U.S. health care system in the 1990s, and the approval of direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertisements in 1997. This chapter considers the relationship between the DSM revolution and the roughly contemporaneous exponential growth of drug treatments for depression.

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Verma, Ashish, Nilesh Rai, Swapnil C. Kamble, et al. "Beyond the Synthetic Drugs: Fungal Endophytes Derived Bioactive Compounds in the Management of Neurodegenerative Disorders." In Traditional Medicine for Neuronal Health. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815040197123010007.

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Fungal endophytes are a group of fungi that reside in plant tissues and show a symbiotic relationship with the host plants. They protect against pathogens and increase food availability without causing any harmful effects on the host plant. Fungal endophytes are known to produce a wide range of bioactive compounds with several biological activities, including neuroprotective effects. Neurodegenerative disorders lead to miscommunication between nerve cells, damage or loss in structure and function of the central nervous system (CNS) or peripheral nervous system (PNS). Reactive oxygen species, neuroinflammation, protein degradation or aggregation, familial history, mutation in mitochondrial genes, and aging contribute to neurodegenerative disorders. Plant-associated fungal endophytes produce bioactive compounds, which show anti-neuroinflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cholinesterase activities. Several pro-inflammatory (TNF-α and NF-κB) and depressant (serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline) molecules or neuronal signaling pathways leading to neurodegenerative disorders are known to be inhibited or down-regulated by fungal endophyte-derived bioactive compounds. Therefore, bioactive compounds produced from fungal endophytes could be a promising approach to treating various healthailments. The present chapter discusses selected fungal endophyte-derived potential bioactive compounds with neuroprotective effects for managing neurodegenerative disorders.

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McLoughlin, Declan, and Andrew Mogg. "Transcranial magnetic stimulation." In New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199696758.003.0162.

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rTMS has an increasing role as a useful investigational tool for probing neuronal circuitry in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders. However its therapeutic value is at present less certain. The anti-depressant efficacy of rTMS has now been investigated for over 15 years and despite initial early enthusiasm there is still not clear evidence for its usefulness as a treatment in depression, reflected in the recent FDA and NICE decisions. Further research is required to identify specific brain regions in specific conditions that may be appropriate targets for treatment with rTMS, allowing tailoring of treatments for individual patients. The recent development of neuronavigational techniques using MRI imaging should aid treatment site localization. Other future research should be directed at establishing optimal rTMS parameters, e.g. the intensity, frequency and number of treatments.

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Jhulki, Sunita, Sukanya Kundu, and Aparajita Pal. "Deciphering the pharmacotherapeutic aspects of an ethnomedicinal plant Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi)." In The Basic Handbook of Indian Ethnobotany and Traditional Medicine [Volume: 2], 2nd ed. International Academic Publishing House (IAPH), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52756/bhietm.2023.e02.001.

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Indian Ayurveda is the birthplace of traditional classical medicines from ancient ages as it has vast reservoir of medicinal plants. Amongst all medicinal plants, Bacopa monnieri or Brahmi is an ethno-medicinal herb abundantly found in tropical and sub-tropical regions of India. This herb is composed of enormous bioactive phytochemicals like bacosides, alkaloids, glycosides, sterols and flavonoids. Bacosides are the most significant among all and bear enormous neuromedicinal properties and protect brain from neuronal damage and modulate the imbalance of neurotransmitter signalling. Extracts of Brahmi can prevent brain aging, enhance memory learning and perception ability. Notably, it’s reactive oxygen species (ROS) quenching, antioxidant properties, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-epileptic, anti-depressant, anti-stress, gastrointestinal, endocrinological, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective features are experimentally proven in animal model. Administration of Brahmi extract can restore the cognition and other neuronal disorders in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s patients. To avoid few adverse effects of Bacopa, combination with synthetic drugs or formation of its nanoparticulate form may be recommended. The immense important pharmacological role of Bacopa will beconcised in this chapter.

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Seivewright, Nicholas, and Robert Fung. "Disorders relating to the use of amphetamine and cocaine." In New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199696758.003.0063.

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Amphetamine and cocaine are classed as stimulant drugs, although the distinction between stimulants and depressants can be criticized on the grounds that the same drug may have both actions in turn. This does indeed occur with amphetamine and cocaine, but the initial desired effects are increased energy and activity, and elevation in mood. These appear to be mainly due to enhanced central transmission of dopamine and noradrenaline (norepinephrine), with a similar enhancement of serotonin playing a less certain role. This chapter discusses clinical features, classification, diagnosis, epidemiology, aetiology, course and prognosis, treatment and prevention.

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Boarder, Michael, Jane Dixon, David Newby, Phyllis Navti, and Tyra Zetterström. "Drug addiction and recreational drugs." In Pharmacology for Pharmacy and the Health Sciences. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/9780198728832.003.0021.

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This chapter examines the impact of drug addiction and recreational drugs. It cites that recreational drugs can be viewed from four perspectives: level of medicinal value, legal status, potential for harm, and addictive potential. Despite their addictive properties, psychostimulants are used to treat symptoms of conduct disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in young children. The chapter looks into the factors that influence addiction and the treatment of addiction. This treatment aims to relieve abstinence syndrome and prevent relapse. The chapter then details the key understanding of psychostimulants, psychotomimetics, CNS depressants, and mixed-classified drugs as four main classes of drugs taken for pleasure.

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