Rozprawy doktorskie: „Distributive conflict”

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Olson, Jeffrey J. "Professionalization and social justice in social work : discourses in conflict /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8130.

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Pélabère, Julien. "Les facteurs clés du succès de la négociation dans la vente complexe et l'apport de la médiation pour l'ingénieur d'affaires". Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01E075.

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Les facteurs clés du succès de la négociation dans la vente complexe et l'apport de la médiation pour l'ingénieur d'affaires. Ces cycles de ventes sont dits complexes, non pas à cause du produit ou de la solution qui estvendue, mais du fait que les cycles de ventes sont longs et que c’est une vente multi interlocuteurs avec des contraintes aussi bien en interne qu’en externe avec son client
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3

MORLIN, GUILHERME SPINATO. "Essays on Open Economy Macroeconomics". Doctoral thesis, Università di Siena, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11365/1204431.

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The final dissertation consists of four chapters, of which the provisional titles and abstracts are provided in the subsections below. 1 Inflation and Distributive Conflict The chapter reviews conflict inflation models, contrasting alternative theoretical perspectives underlying conflicting claims models. Conflicting claims models have stressed the race between prices and money wages, in the struggle among capitalists and workers as the main inflationary pressure. We discuss how conflicting-claims inflation models describe conflict inflation and the related outcome for income distribution. The chapter also explores criticism to the New-Keynesian Phillips curve. The relation between inflation and endogenous money theory is also presented. A deeper understanding of distributive conflict requires an analytical exposition of the relation between prices and distribution. In general, conflicting claims models rely on Kaleckian explanation of distribution, based on the notion of mark-up pricing according to the degree of monopoly. Conflict inflation allows wage bargaining to affect income distribution and, thus, the real mark-up level. However, this theory contains unsolved theoretical shortcomings, lacking an ultimate explanation for profits and overlooking input-output relations. An alternative theory of distribution can be found in modern appraisals of the Classical surplus approach. This approach has been extended to the study of inflation, providing a consistent relation between inflation and distributive conflict. 2 Inflation and conflicting claims in the open economy The evolution of prices and income distribution in open economies cannot be studied independently from international prices and exchange rates, especially in small open economies. Exchange rates and international prices are fundamental to explaining inflation in open economies. Conflict inflation models account for these variables by including imported inputs and, in some cases, a distributive impact of exchange rates. A different viewpoint emerges from the Classical-Keynesian distribution theory for a price-taker open economy. Thus, we explore this alternative by developing a conflict inflation model building on the Classical-Keynesian approach. The paper contributes to the literature by combining the conflicting claims approach with the Classical-Keynesian open economy framework. Including tradable prices, the model considers their direct impact on distribution. Therefore, it addresses a cause of inflation overlooked in the literature. Finally, conflict inflation affects the real exchange rate, which becomes an important distributive variable. 3 International inflation and trade linkages in Brazil under inflation targeting The chapter assesses the connection between global inflation and domestic inflation for the case of Brazil during the period 1999-2020 through a VAR model. The estimate includes the variables usually considered as relevant determinants of inflation. Additionally, it is included an index that combines the producer price index of Brazilian trade partners, weighted by the yearly average share of each country in Brazilian imports of Intermediate and Capital goods. The Foreign PPI index shows a positive effect on the Brazilian Consumer Price Index, consisting of a relevant explanation for domestic inflation in Brazil during the period 1999-2020. Impulse Response functions show that the Effective Exchange Rate is the main determinant of domestic CPI in Brazil. The importance of international prices and the exchange rate has fundamental implications for the operation of the inflation targeting regime. The results are in line with the literature’s empirical findings showing the overall relevance of international variables in the explanation of inflation. Further research may discuss the transmission channels of cross-border inflation as well as evaluate the implications of these results to inflation theory. 4 Growth and debt stability in a supermultiplier model with public expenditures and foreign trade The chapter extends the baseline Sraffian supermultiplier model for an open economy with the government, introducing two autonomous expenditures. The two sources of autonomous demand correspond to public expenditures and exports. We also analyze the stability conditions for public debt and foreign debt ratios. Public debt stability requires that the interest rate on public debt is smaller than the output growth rate, as in Domar (1944). Foreign debt is evaluated in proportion to exports, accounting for the availability of foreign currency required to service external liabilities. The foreign debt-to exports ratio converges to a stable value when the international interest rate is smaller than the growth rate of exports. However, this value may not be compatible with the availability of international capital flows. We examine the consequences of a constraint to foreign debt ratio, in line with Bhering et al. (2019), reiterating the importance of a long-term external constraint to economic growth (Thirlwall, 1979). A fiscal policy rule is proposed to keep the foreign debt ratio below an upper limit for this ratio. We simulate five experiments showing the conditions for stability of debt ratios, the execution of the fiscal policy rule, and the alternative of a structural change policy. Altogether, the chapter provides stability conditions for growth in an open economy paying its international liabilities in foreign currency. Simulations show that the fiscal policy successfully reduces the equilibrium foreign debt-to exports ratio by decreasing the share of public expenditures in autonomous demand. Experiments also show that industrial policies that cause structural change and increase exports’ growth keep the foreign debt ratio below the threshold with a better performance in terms of growth than the fiscal policy rule.

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4

Close, Eliana. "Navigating conflicts about life-sustaining treatment in a health system with limited resources: Reconciling law, policy and practice". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2020. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/200067/1/Eliana_Close_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis is the first study of how Australian laws and policies address tensions between patient and societal interests in decisions to forgo life-sustaining treatment for critically ill adults. Using a combination of qualitative interviews, legal doctrinal research, and qualitative content analysis, the thesis evaluates these regulatory instruments against doctors' perceptions of practice. The thesis argues that existing laws and policies need reform to support more transparent decisions that recognise resource constraints can be relevant to end-of-life decisions. In particular, laws and policies should support doctors to distinguish between patient interests and distributive justice as two separate rationales for non-treatment.

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López, Gómez Aida Luz. "Cambio climático y conflictos ecológicodistributivos en regiones indígenas de México. El caso de la industria eólica en el Istmo de Tehuantepec, Oaxaca". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/384605.

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La creciente preocupación por los efectos del cambio climático a nivel internacional ha evidenciado la necesidad de impulsar, entre otras acciones, el desarrollo de las llamadas “energías renovables”. Los expertos han encontrado un enorme potencial para la generación de energía eólica en la región del Istmo de Tehuantepec en Oaxaca, México, motivando el interés de diversas empresas extranjeras por invertir en el desarrollo de parques eólicos en la zona. No obstante, paralelamente al desarrollo de la industria eólica, ha surgido también una creciente oposición entre las comunidades locales, especialmente las indígenas. Esta oposición es diversa en cuanto a sus actores, demandas, discursos, estrategias de negociación, etc. Su surgimiento debe ser explicado desde una perspectiva multicausal compleja que conjunta aspectos de diversa índole. Algunos de ellos, atribuibles al estilo de desarrollo eólico en la región y, particularmente, a la actuación de las empresas, pero también otros que se relacionan con la historia ambiental y política de la región, y que influyen de manera decisiva en el conflicto. El objetivo de la tesis ha sido comprender, desde la perspectiva de la ecología política y la racionalidad ambiental, la gestación y desarrollo del conflicto ecológico-distributivo por la energía eólica en el Istmo de Tehuantepec, así como reflexionar acerca de sus posibilidades de solución. El marco conceptual de la ecología política permite el entendimiento del cambio climático, como un proceso generado por la apropiación capitalista de la naturaleza que, en su lógica de acumulación propicia constantes conflictos ecológico-distributivos. Asimismo, permite entender que los actores sociales expresan sus inquietudes a través de diversos lenguajes de valoración, que no se reducen sólo al valor mercantil de los bienes de la naturaleza en disputa. La ecología política también apunta el papel que juega el Estado en estos procesos. Por su parte, la racionalidad ambiental es una formulación teórica de carácter utópico que propone un quehacer sociológico que acompañe los movimientos ambientales de base, la lucha de los pueblos por la reapropiación social de la naturaleza, la defensa de otras maneras de “ser en el mundo” mediante la concreción de una ontología de la diversidad, una política de la diferencia y una ética de la otredad.
The growing concern about the effects of climate change at the international level has highlighted the need to promote, the development of so-called "renewable energy". Experts have found a huge potential for wind power generation in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Oaxaca, Mexico, motivating the interest of several foreign companies to invest in the development of wind farms in the area. However, alongside the development of the wind industry it has also emerged a growing opposition among local communities, especially indigenous. This opposition is diverse in terms of its actors, demands, speeches, trading strategies, etc. Their emergence must be explained from a joint perspective multicausal complex aspects of various kinds. Some of them attributable to the style of wind development in the region and, particularly, to the performance of enterprises, but also others that are related to environmental and political history of the region, which have a decisive influence on the conflict. The aim of the thesis was to understand , from the perspective of political ecology and environmental rationality , the conception and development of eco - distributive wind power in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec conflict and reflect on their possible solutions . The conceptual framework of political ecology allows the understanding of climate change, as a process generated by the capitalist appropriation of nature which, in its logic of accumulation constant favorable ecological distribution conflicts. Also, it is understandable that stakeholders express their concerns through various languages of valuation , not only reduce the market value of the goods of nature in dispute. The political ecology also notes the role of the State in these processes. Meanwhile, environmental soundness is a theoretical formulation of utopian character which proposes a sociological task accompanying environmental grassroots movements, the struggle of the peoples for social reappropriation of nature , defense of other ways of "being in the world " through the realization of an ontology of diversity, a politics of difference and ethics of otherness.

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6

Kovacic, Matija <1982&gt. "Ethnic distribution, effective power and ethnic conflict". Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/3015.

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This thesis is investigating both in theoretical and empirical terms the relationship between the features of ethnic distribution and the probability of con ict. The thesis is composed of four chapters. The rst chapter is the introduction to the thesis in which I brie y summarize the main problems related to the existing literature on ethnic diversity and con ict and I present an overview of the measures of ethnic diversity commonly used in the literature. In the second chapter I propose a theoretical model that speci es the potential of con ict in a society as a function of the population distribution across ethnic groups. I axiomatically derive a general parametric class of indices of con ict potential that combines the groups' e ective power and the between-groups interaction. The e ective power of a group is a function of a group's relative size but it also depends on the relative sizes of all the other groups in the population. The interaction component, on the other hand, is given by the probability of interaction between the members of one group with those of other groups. I show that for certain parameter values the index reduces to the existing indices of ethnic diversity, while in general the indices combine in a non-linear way three di erent aspects of ethnic diversity, namely the fractionalization, the polarization and the ethnic dominance. The results of the model share some common features with the literature on con icts in contests and the literature on voting power indices. In particular, the power component of the extreme element of the class of indices is intuitively related to the de nition of voting power in a simple majority game. In that particular case, the value of the e ective power is given by the relative Penrose-Banzhaf index of voting power calculated over the shares of populations associated to each ethnic group. In the third chapter I investigate empirically the role of ethnic diversity in the explanation of the ethnic con ict outbreak. The empirical performance of the indices of con ict potential developed in the second chapter is tested against the existing distributional indices of ethnic diversity within the context of the commonly used logistic model that focuses on the onset of ethnic con icts in a time range from 1946 to 2005. Together with the set of the explanatory variables for structural conditions and country characteristics, I take advantage of the recent "Ethnic Power Relations" data set which includes additional information on the political exclusion and competition along ethnic lines and it o ers the best coding for ethnic wars. The results obtained suggest that the indices of con ict potential outperform the existing indices of ethnic diversity in the explanation of ethnic con ict onset. This evidence is robust to the inclusion of a larger set of regressors, time and regional controls as well as to several other estimation techniques. The fourth chapter explores empirically the determinants of con ict duration with a particular attention to the potential role of ethnic diversity together with ethnic politics and competition dynamics. The rst part of the chapter presents an overview of the existing literature on con ict duration, the main data cources and the related econometric issues. The second part of the chapter consists in a non-parametric and a parametric survival analysis of the duration of ethnic con ict where we address in detail the issues of non-proportionality of the hazard function, the unmeasured heterogeneity and the presence of "repeated events". The results suggest that there is a statistically signi cant and robust association between ethnic distribution and con ict duration, together with other commonly used explanatory variables in the literature on con ict duration.

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7

Rickard, Stephanie J. "Choosing conflict : explaining the form of redistributive policies /". Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3170255.

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Hajjat, Mahmood Mohammad. "A multidimensional model of conflict attitude-behavior relationship in channels of distribution". The Ohio State University, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1269533822.

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Kuroda, Scott H. "Distribution of Conflict Detection of Aircraft for Next Generation Flight Management Systems". DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2013. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1043.

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As the number of aircraft is expected to triple in the coming decades, the manual process used to safely route aircraft while in flight will become insufficient. There already exist work to algorithmically detect safe and unsafe routes between aircraft. This thesis extends that system such that the computation is distributed across multiple machines. In addition it also supports the detection of an unsafe route as it is actively modified by a third party. Furthermore, the system supports providing safe or unsafe route notification to multiple interested clients.

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10

Van, Daalen Corne Edwin. "Conflict detection and resolution for autonomous vehicles". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/3994.

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Thesis (PhD (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Autonomous vehicles have recently received much attention from researchers. The prospect of safe and reliable autonomous vehicles for general, unregulated environments promises several advantages over human-controlled vehicles, including increased efficiency, reliability and capability with the associated decrease in danger to humans and reduction in operating costs. A critical requirement for the safe operation of fully autonomous vehicles is their ability to avoid collisions with obstacles and other vehicles. In addition, they are often required to maintain a minimum separation from obstacles and other vehicles, which is called conflict avoidance. The research presented in thesis focuses on methods for effective conflict avoidance. Existing conflict avoidance methods either make limiting assumptions or cannot execute in real-time due to computational complexity. This thesis proposes methods for real-time conflict avoidance in uncertain, cluttered and dynamic environments. These methods fall into the category of non-cooperative conflict avoidance. They allow very general vehicle and environment models, with the only notable assumption being that the position and velocity states of the vehicle and obstacles have a jointly Gaussian probability distribution. Conflict avoidance for fully autonomous vehicles consists of three functions, namely modelling and identification of the environment, conflict detection and conflict resolution. We present an architecture for such a system that ensures stable operation. The first part of this thesis comprises the development of a novel and efficient probabilistic conflict detection method. This method processes the predicted vehicle and environment states to compute the probability of conflict for the prediction period. During the method derivation, we introduce the concept of the flow of probability through the boundary of the conflict region, which enables us to significantly reduce the complexity of the problem. The method also assumes Gaussian distributed states and defines a tight upper bound to the conflict probability, both of which further reduce the problem complexity, and then uses adaptive numerical integration for efficient evaluation. We present the results of two simulation examples which show that the proposed method can calculate in real-time the probability of conflict for complex and cluttered environments and complex vehicle maneuvers, offering a significant improvement over existing methods. The second part of this thesis adapts existing kinodynamic motion planning algorithms for conflict resolution in uncertain, dynamic and cluttered environments. We use probabilistic roadmap methods and suggest three changes to them, namely using probabilistic conflict detection methods, sampling the state-time space instead of the state space and batch generation of samples. In addition, we propose a robust and adaptive way to choose the size of the sampling space using a maximum least connection cost bound. We then put all these changes together in a proposed motion planner for conflict resolution. We present the results of two simulation examples which show that the proposed motion planner can only find a feasible path in real-time for simple and uncluttered environments. However, the manner in which we handle uncertainty and the sampling space bounds offer significant contributions to the conflict resolution field
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Outonome voertuie het die afgelope tyd heelwat aandag van navorsers geniet. Die vooruitsig van veilige en betroubare outonome voertuie vir algemene en ongereguleerde omgewings beloof verskeie voordele bo menslik-beheerde voertuie en sluit hoër effektiwiteit, betroubaarheid en vermoëns asook die gepaardgaande veiligheid vir mense en laer bedryfskoste in. ’n Belangrike vereiste vir die veilige bedryf van volledig outonome voertuie is hul vermoë om botsings met hindernisse en ander voertuie te vermy. Daar word ook dikwels van hulle vereis om ’n minimum skeidingsafstand tussen hulle en die hindernisse of ander voertuie te handhaaf – dit word konflikvermyding genoem. Die navorsing in hierdie tesis fokus op metodes vir effektiewe konflikvermyding. Bestaande konflikvermydingsmetodes maak óf beperkende aannames óf voer te stadig uit as gevolg van bewerkingskompleksiteit. Hierdie tesis stel metodes voor vir intydse konflikvermyding in onsekere en dinamiese omgewings wat ook baie hindernisse bevat. Die voorgestelde metodes val in die klas van nie-samewerkende konflikvermydingsmetodes. Hulle kan algemene voertuig- en omgewingsmodelle hanteer en hul enigste noemenswaardige aanname is dat die posisie- en snelheidstoestande van die voertuig en hindernisse Gaussiese waarskynliksheidverspreidings toon. Konflikvermyding vir volledig outonome voertuie bestaan uit drie stappe, naamlik modellering en identifikasie van die omgewing, konflikdeteksie en konflikresolusie. Ons bied ’n argitektuur vir so ’n stelsel aan wat stabiele werking verseker. Die eerste deel van die tesis beskryf die ontwikkeling van ’n oorspronklike en doeltreffende metode vir waarskynliksheid-konflikdeteksie. Die metode gebruik die voorspelde toestande van die voertuig en omgewing en bereken die waarskynlikheid van konflik vir die betrokke voorspellingsperiode. In die afleiding van die metode definiëer ons die konsep van waarskynliksheidvloei oor die grens van die konflikdomein. Dit stel ons in staat om die kompleksiteit van die probleem beduidend te verminder. Die metode aanvaar ook Gaussiese waarskynlikheidsverspreiding van toestande en definiëer ’n nou bogrens tot die waarskynlikheid van konflik om die kompleksiteit van die probleem verder te verminder. Laastens gebruik die metode aanpasbare integrasiemetodes vir vinnige berekening van die waarskynlikheid van konflik. Die eerste deel van die tesis sluit af met twee simulasies wat aantoon dat die voorgestelde konflikdeteksiemetode in staat is om die waarskynlikheid van konflik intyds te bereken, selfs vir komplekse omgewings en voertuigbewegings. Die metode lewer dus ’n beduidende bydrae tot die veld van konflikdeteksie. Die tweede deel van die tesis pas bestaande kinodinamiese beplanningsalgoritmes aan vir konflikresolusie in komplekse omgewings. Ons stel drie veranderings voor, naamlik die gebruik van waarskynliksheid-konflikdeteksiemetodes, die byvoeg van ’n tyd-dimensie in die monsterruimte en die generasie van meervoudige monsters. Ons stel ook ’n robuuste en aanpasbare manier voor om die grootte van die monsterruimte te kies. Al die voorafgaande voorstelle word saamgevoeg in ’n beplanner vir konflikresolusie. Die tweede deel van die tesis sluit af met twee simulasies wat aantoon dat die voorgestelde beplanner slegs intyds ’n oplossing kan vind vir eenvoudige omgewings. Die manier hoe die beplanner onsekerheid hanteer en die begrensing van die monsterruimte lewer egter waardevolle bydraes tot die veld van konflikresolusie

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11

Gagnon, Marie-Claude. "Conflit sexuel chez le patineur Gerris Gillettei". Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28168/28168.pdf.

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Rattanasak, Thanyawat Social Sciences &amp International Studies Faculty of Arts &amp Social Sciences UNSW. "Electricity generation and distribution in Thailand: policy making, policy actors and conflict in the policy process". Publisher:University of New South Wales. Social Sciences & International Studies, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43785.

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Many analysts have attempted to develop a systematic approach towards understanding the public policy framework in Thailand, and the impact of policies on Thai society and the environment. However, approaches so far have been limited in scope, and little has been done to investigate Thailand's electricity development policy approach, and its impact on society and natural resources in Thailand. This thesis contributes to filling this knowledge gap through undertaking an analysis of the development of Thailand's electricity industry power generation policy, its institutions and the policy process. It also examines the policy actors working within the process, and their roles, power and influence, factors that have shaped the distinctive characteristics of the electricity industry in Thailand today, an industry that is being confronted by increased opposition to its development from a range of community groups concerned with adverse environmental and social impacts on it. My research here uses Historical Institutionalism and Policy Network Analysis to guide the investigation. A qualitative research methodology, including the examination of documentary evidence and the interviewing of 25 key informants, was used to improve our knowledge of the policy process, and to reveal the nature of the conflicts that have emerged within the Thai policy-making bureaucracy, a bureaucracy that controls the electricity industry, and between these policy actors, the elected and military governments, and other parts of the Thai community. My research found that the development of Thailand's electricity generation policy has been complex; influenced bysocio-economic and political factors, as well as by external factors such as conditionalities imposed by foreign governments and multinational lending agencies. These factors have constrained the political institutions and political elites who play a key role in setting the rules for the restructuring of the industry. As Thailand has developed to become more democratic, the emergence of new groups of policy-makers, such as elected-politicians and civil society, has brought about a change in electricity policy direction, and in the structure of the industry. The research identified four key groups of policy actors participating in the Thai electricity policy arena, including first the 'old energy aristocrats'; officials in Electricity Generation Authority of Thailand (EGAT) who established the industry. They were followed by the officials in Energy Policy and Planning Office (EPPO) who had a more commercial orientation and who challenged the earlier ideas, leading to proposals to privatize the industry. Civic Society Organisations (CSOs) emerged in the 1970s to challenge the large energy projects proposed by the Government, those supported by elected-politicians, particularly the politicians from Thai Rak Thai Party that tried to take control of the industry for their own ends. The TRT interventing in the industry after it came to power in the 1990s. Each of these policy participants developed their own discourses to influence policy-making and public opinion. To reveal the nature of the challenges faced in developing the electricity industry in Thailand, this thesis focuses on a number of case studies of large electricity development projects, including the Nam Choan and Pak Mun Dam Projects, the Prachub Kirikhan Power Plant Projects, and the Wiang Haeng Coal Mine Development Project. My studies reveal evidence of the significant negative impacts that these projects had and continue to have, on the communities and environment adjacent to them, and on Thai society more generally. These problems emerged due to the fact that the policy institutions were, and still are, dominated by technocrats and political elites, with limited public participation in either the policy decisions made, or the policy development process. My thesis concludes that conflicts in relation to the electricity industry policy process are likely to grow in future years, and so makes a number of suggestions as to how these issues might be addressed.

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Coomansingh, Johnny. "Commodification and distribution of the steelpan as a conflicted tourism resource /". Search for this dissertation online, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ksu/main.

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Diloy, Christel. "Le contrat d'agence commerciale en droit international de la distribution". Toulouse 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998TOU10030.

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Par rapport aux autres types de contrats d'intermédiation de la distribution internationale, le contrat d'agence commerciale se caractérise par la complexité des règles de droit substantiel et par les difficultés contentieuses, cela en raison de l'ambigüité conceptuelle qui l'entoure. En effet, si essentiellement le contrat d'agence commerciale s'analyse en contrat d'entreprise puisque la plupart du temps l'agent est uniquement chargé de la mission de prospection de clientèle et de négociation, accessoirement et de façon cumulative, il peut également intégrer en son sein un contrat de représentation. Et ce, dans la mesure où l'agent est investi d'un mandat pour agir au nom et pour le compte du principal. Selon que l'on privilégie l'un ou l'autre des aspects du contrat d'agence, on aura deux conceptions différentes des rapports juridiques inhérents à ce dernier : celle des pays de civil law qui sépare l'agent et le principal, et celle des pays de common law qui les identifie. Afin de surmonter toutes les difficultés du contrat d'agence commerciale dans le droit international de la distribution, il faut d'une part, harmoniser voire unifier les règles de droit substantiel, et d'autre part, établir des règles de conflit de lois et de juridictions appropriées. Mais une telle entreprise ne saurait réussir si elle ne tient pas compte de la spécificité conceptuelle du contrat d'agence. C'est dans cette optique que quelques solutions ont été proposées, tant pour la relation interne entre le principal et l'agent, que pour la relation externe entre le principal, l'agent et le tiers
Relating to other type of intermediation contracts within the international distribution, the commercial agency contract is characterised by the complexity of the substantial law rules and the difficulty of the private international law rules - both due to the conceptual ambiguity around it. As a matter of fact, the commercial agency contract is essentially analysed as an agency relationship where the agent is given a mission of prospecting and negotiating; occasionally or in cumulative manner. It can also include a representation contract, if the agent is given a contract to act on behalf of the principal. Two different concepts can emerge in the legal documents referring to the agency contract, depending on the concerned aspect; the one of the civil law country in between the agent and the principal the other on the common law country in between the agent, the principal and the third party. In order to overcome all the difficulties linked to the international law of distribution, it is required on one hand to harmonise, even unify, the rules of substantial law and on the other one, to establish some rules of conflict of law and appropriate jurisdiction. None-the-less, such enterprise, would not be able to succeed if it does not take in account the conceptual specificity of the agency contract. Several solutions are proposed, for either the internal relationship between the principal an the agent, or for the external one, between the principal, the agent and the third party

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Matos, José Alberto da Rosa de. "Gestão de conflitos em canais de distribuição: um estudo aplicado em uma empresa do setor automotivo". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2008. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/309.

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Deng, Yiheng. "Neutrality and Power Distribution in Chinese Mediation: Discourse Analysis on Some Contemporary Chinese Mediation Strategies Based on Real Mediation Sessions". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195644.

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The study aims to discover the strategies and techniques used by community mediators in the People's Republic of China. Previous research argues that mediator legitimacy in China draws on state authorization and the mediator's community standing. In contrast to Western conceptions of the mediator's role as a neutral facilitator of dispute resolution, research suggests that Chinese mediators openly speak on behalf of community norms, calling on disputants to subordinate personal preferences in the interest of maintaining harmonious relationships and governmental policies and legal regulations. The legitimacy of the mediation process depends more on a persuasive articulation of community norms than an impression of mediator neutrality. However, this account of Chinese mediation has been based solely on interview and questionnaire data. How (and whether) this contrast between self-report measures and mediation techniques in practice actually manifests itself in mediator discourse, at what stages, and to what degree has not really been observed or analyzed. This study records and analyzes community mediation cases to better understand what features are prevalent in mediation discourse. Cases were selected in both rural and urban areas. Discourse analysis is applied to transcripts so as to provide direct and detailed picture of how mediation is conducted in reality. Strategies typical of Chinese mediation, relative to American mediation are identified and illustrated with excerpts from the transcripts. Neutrality and power distribution are discussed and compared with their roles in American mediation. Their implications for political, social and cultural aspects are drawn to provide a glimpse of contemporary Chinese society and how resolution is created. Future research directions are pointed out with regard to mediator's gender difference, the location where the mediation happens (urban and rural) and the socio-economic class of disputants (e.g., migrant workers) involved in the mediation.

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Kagwa, Simon Kasaine. "Spatial Distribution of Human Elephant Conflict (HEC) and Characterization of Crop-Raiding Elephants in Kasigau Region, Kenya". TopSCHOLAR®, 2011. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1083.

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Human-elephant conflict (HEC) is complex and a serious elephant conservation concern across Africa and Asia where elephants are found. HEC occurs whenever people and elephants share common interests. For HEC to be ameliorated and elephant conservation to be successful locally and regionally, the distribution and implications of HEC should be understood. The purpose of this study was to determine the spatial distribution of HECs and characterize elephant herds in terms of herd size responsible for crop-raiding in Kasigau. The study was generally guided by two working a priori hypotheses: (1) farms near the bush edge or livestock watering points will experience more crop raiding incidences than those farther away, and (2) given the geographical differences, the total cost of damage to crops sustained in all the farms will be different across the seven villages. For hypothesis 1, the distances of random farms to the bush and to the bush edge were mapped and measured on Google EarthTM. Results of the study showed that there were differences in the distribution of the distances from the bush and from water for farms that experienced damage and a random selection of farms (p < .0001). Additionally, total cost of damage to crops (Kruskal-Wallis; p < 0.0001), average cost of damage to crops per acre per incursion (Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA; p = 0.0255) and mean cost of damage to crops and facilities (Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA; p < 0.0001) were also found to be statistically different across all the villages. Four villages (Bungule,Ngambenyi, Makwasinyi, and Kisimenyi) sustained high total cost of damage to crops and average cost of damage to crops per acre per incursion indicating that these villages had similar elephant pressure. Ngambenyi village sustained the greatest cost of damage to crops while Kiteghe recorded the greatest average cost of damage to crops per acre per incursion. A posteriori hypotheses included: (1) there will be seasonal distribution of elephant attacks on farms. Results showed that the proportion of total crop-raiding incidents was different during wet and dry seasons in my study period (X2 = 5.49, df = 1, p < .019) with the greatest occurrence of attacks taking place in February, which coincided with crop maturity. This indicates that crop raiding incidents were most common during harvesting time. This result coincides with what was reported elsewhere. (2) there will be difference in the number of crop-raiding incidents by single and multiple elephant responsible for crop incursions in Kasigau. Results demonstrated that the number of crop-raiding incidents by single and multiple elephants were significantly different (X2 = 329.1037; df = 1; p < .0001). A total of 163 (72%) farm incursions were caused by elephant herds comprising multiple individuals while single elephants were responsible for 62 crop-raiding incidents, or 28% of total farm incursions. 100% (225 incursion) of crop incursions reported occurred during the night.

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Mendoza, Leyva Irene Rebeca. "Does God favor the unequal distribution of resources? a study of the effects of religion on ethnic conflicts /". To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2009. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.

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Vu, Hoang Linh. "Gestion du conflit et management interculturel dans le canal de distribution : une analyse des déterminants et des effets du conflit sur la satisfaction des acteurs. Application au cas de la grande distribution au Vietnam". Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX24005.

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Dans un contexte d’internationalisation de la grande distribution et de multiplication des échanges entre acteurs issus de pays et de culture variés, la question de l’ajustement mutuel entre fournisseurs des pays d’accueil et distributeurs étrangers devient essentielle. Cette thèse se concentre sur cette problématique. Elle analyse le conflit et les mécanismes d’ajustement entre la grande distribution et ses fournisseurs du pays d’accueil dans le cas du Vietnam. Elle se fonde sur l’analyse des déterminants et des conséquences du conflit sur la satisfaction des acteurs en considérant la culture comme une variable clé. Quatre champs théoriques ont été mobilisés : les théories comportementales dans le canal de distribution, les théories des contrats, de la culture et de l’orientation marché. Une étude quantitative a été menée afin de tester les hypothèses de notre modèle dyadique. Les résultats indiquent que la culture organisationnelle reste une variable essentielle dans l’explication du conflit, de ses déterminants, modes de résolution et conséquences sur la satisfaction des acteurs
In a context of internationalization of large retailers and increased exchanges between companies from diverse countries and cultures, the issue of mutual adjustment between local suppliers in host countries and foreign retailers is essential. This research focuses on this issue. We analyze conflict and adjustment mechanisms between retailers and suppliers in the host country, in the case of Vietnam. Our analysis outlines the determinants and consequences of conflict on the satisfaction of stakeholders, considering culture as a key variable. Four theoretical fields have been mobilized: behavioral theories in the distribution channel, contract, culture and market orientation theories. A quantitative study was conducted to test the hypothesis of our dyadic model. The results indicate that the culture organizational remains a key variable in explaining conflict, its determinants, methods of resolution and impact on stakeholders’ satisfaction

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Chang, Jen-Yun. "Impact of the internet as a direct sales channel on established distribution channels and the management of channel conflict : an exploratory study in the Taiwanese IT industry". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/5965.

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The internet has had a profound effect on communication, entertainment, buying, and selling (Webb 2002) and, in particular, as a distribution channel (Van den Poel and Leunis 1999). Increasingly companies in a variety of industries have established their own online direct sales channels instead of merely relying on conventional intermediaries (Coughlan et al 2006). Hence, multi-channel distribution strategies, combining both off- and online channels are being adopted. Frazier (1999:232) argues: “The utilization of multiple channels of distribution is now becoming the rule rather than the exception”. Companies which combine physical and web channels have been referred to as “clicks and mortar,” “bricks and clicks,” “surf and turf,” “cyber-enhanced retailing,” or “hybrid e-commerce,” (Gulati and Garino 2000; Steinfield et al 2002 a b; Agatz et al 2008; Sharma and Mehrotra 2007). Despite the apparent popularity of internet channels, adding an internet channel to the distribution mix creates potentially significant challenges for channel managers (Webb 2002). A major concern is that by going multi-channel, a firm might face ‘channel conflict’ between channel members (Sharma and Mehrotra 2007). As Rosenbloom (2007:7) claims: “Perhaps the most significant obstacle to building successful multi-channel strategies is the emergence of conflict between the different channels used for reaching customers”. The main objective in this study is to explore the impact of the internet as being a distribution channel within the multi-channel system. Three research issues which have seldom been discussed in previous literature are explored in this study. These three questions are: Q1: What are the factors encouraging manufacturers to develop the internet channel, especially manufacturers with a well established distribution channel? Q2: What are the channel design patterns of the multi-channel structure? Q3: How can channel conflict arising from the development of the internet channel be minimized? Interview was utilized as a main data collection method in this research. A total of 25 interviews were conducted and the majority of interviewees are managers in Taiwanese IT companies. The main product lines in their firms included wireless equipment, DRAM module, motherboard, and scanner. In addition, a wide range of documents were examined as a secondary data source and compared with data from the interviews. According to the statements from interviewees, six main factors were identified as encouraging the manufacturer to develop the internet channel. These are: (1) customer information management, (2) retailer management issue, (3) launching a new product, (4) to be a secondary channel, (5) management support, and (6) me-too strategy. Furthermore, it seems that when firms are at the different stages of the product life cycle, managers would design their multi-channel structure into different patterns. In addition, a further two conflict resolution styles, communication and differentiation, were found in the sample of firms studied which have seldom been mentioned in previous research and firms appear to adopt different conflict resolution styles according to stage in the product lifecycle.

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Fernandez, Bonet Dominique. "Conflit et coopération dans le canal de la distribution : l'analyse du discours des acteurs comme révélateur des comportements stratégiques". Aix-Marseille 2, 1999. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02448480.

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Les relations inter-organisationnelles dans les canaux de distribution ont donne lieu à de nombreux travaux académiques au triple plan économique, behavioriste et stratégique. L'objectif de notre thèse est plus précisément d'analyser le réel enracinement des comportements stratégiques coopératifs et/ou conflictuels dans le cadre des rapports industriels distributeurs, en distinguant canal logistique et canal transactionnel. Le terrain d'application est la commercialisation des produits de grande consommation en France, marquée de longue date par une tradition d'affrontement transactionnel. En se fondant sur l'analyse propositionnelle du discours, à l'aide du logiciel Tropesp, nous discutons huit propositions de recherche sur les thèmes du conflit et de la coopération. L'intérêt de cette analyse, importée de la psychologie sociale, est de révéler le sens caché de discours en s'appuyant sur les noyaux sémantiques les structurant. Les résultats de la recherche aboutissent à une remise en question de certaines positions tranchées sur le caractère inéluctable des coopérations verticales, sachant qu'industriels et distributeurs ont des représentations différentes de leurs relations réciproques. En conclusion, nous proposons un ensemble de recommandations en vue de développer des stratégies marketing et logistiques gagnantes pour les acteurs du canal.

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Rodríguez, Liliana Narváez. "Why do some illiberal democracies fall into conflict while others do not? : evaluating formal and informal mechanisms of distribution through elite bargaining". Thesis, Brunel University, 2018. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/17242.

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Civil conflict is a complex multi-layered event. As an outcome it represents a product of both the structural framework in place and decision-making between the different elite groups. From a historical neoinstitutionalist perspective, this dissertation will provide an answer as to why some illiberal democracies fall into civil conflict while others do not. It argues that horizontally unequal elites bargain for (re)distribution of political participation, economic assets and social services through formal and informal institutions in order to expand the shares of the goods distributed. The presence of cleavages and grievances amongst groups are enhanced when exclusion through inefficient redistribution takes place; therefore, a bargain failure with the potential to activate violent means, implies a disagreement amongst the elites over the allocation of resources to different societal groups. Bargain failures occur in the presence of non-credible commitments and information asymmetries. Inefficiency in the distribution can also be captured through informal institutions in the form of patronage networks, a side of the transaction spectrum which has been understudied. The contribution of this thesis to the general debate stems from this acknowledgement and alleviates this by incorporating the full spectrum of institutions which operate effectively within illiberal democratic regimes. Patronage networks despite being a fundamental part of how politics is conducted in illiberal democratic regimes have surprisingly been neglected in the contemporary study of conflict onset. By conducting two-level fsQCA along a selection of 21 cases of illiberal democracy across 1980-2012 including cases of ethnic conflict onset, the analysis will show that distribution through patronage networks does play a role in triggering conflict or in aiding to control violence depending on the efficiency of the distribution across grieved groups. Further comparative analysis of a most likely and least likely case for cases of conflict (Thailand and India Bodo conflict) and peace (Namibia and Bolivia) reveals that the effect of the patronage mechanisms when redistributive, plays a larger role as an instrument of preventing violent disputes across horizontally unequal ethnic groups.

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Moffett, Michaela E. "Us and Them: The Role of Inter-Group Distance and Size in Predicting Civil Conflict". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/646.

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Recent large-N studies conclude that inequality and ethnic distribution have no significant impact on the risk of civil conflict. This study argues that such conclusions are erroneous and premature due to incorrect specification of independent variables and functional forms. Case studies suggest that measures of inter-group inequality (horizontal inequality) and polarization (ethnic distribution distance from a bipolar equilibrium) are more accurate predictors of civil conflict, as they better capture the group-motivation aspect of conflict. This study explores whether indicators of inequality and ethnic distribution impact the probability of civil conflict across 38 developing countries in the period 1986 to 2004. Analysis reveals that horizontal inequality and polarization have significant, robust relationships with civil conflict. Furthermore, vertical, or individual, inequality is a robust, significant predictor of civil conflict when specified as a nonlinear function.

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Lapuka, Ivan. "Antecedents and Consequences of Channel Alienation: An Empirical Investigation within Franchised Channels of Distribution". Scholar Commons, 2010. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3507.

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Investigating an important overlooked phase of interorganizational relationship evolution, which is currently hypothesized to progress through five stages of awareness, exploration, expansion, commitment, and dissolution, this dissertation proposes that in the long road between commitment and dissolution, the quintessential interfirm relationship is likely to be characterized by aprolonged period of relationship alienation, which then becomes the immediate precursor to the dissolution stage. The dissertation utilizes social learning theory, behavior constraint theory, and alienation theory to explain apathetic behaviors of franchisees. The principal proposition is that certain characteristics of the franchise system’s operating environment inadvertently condition franchisee estrangement and failure, and the maladaptive behaviors persist even after environmental changes make success possible again. The dissertation proposes and empirically tests a conceptual model of franchisee alienation. Data from dyadic franchisee-franchisor relationships (N=185) across a wide variety of industries were obtained through a survey of franchisee organizations that were members of the Franchise Council of Australia (FCA). The results render support to the central hypothesis that franchisee alienation occurs as a result of the franchisee organization disconnecting its own actions from the outcomes of its interactions with the franchisor. Franchisee alienation is shown as a phenomenon that is extremely toxic for the franchise system as a whole, as the alienated franchisee is likely to engage in opportunistic behaviors, exhibits reduced productivity, and is inclined to litigate against the franchisor and to dissolve its relationship with the franchisor. On the basis of the findings, the dissertation offers a prescription in terms of the different strategies that can be used by the franchisor to prevent and combat franchisee alienation.

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Leonte, Denisa Elena. "Damages and dreams from a 20-year-old conflict. The case of Rosia Montana and the struggle for sustainability". Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för humaniora, utbildnings- och samhällsvetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-67590.

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How do transitions to sustainability emerge? Save Rosia Montana Campaign is a representative socio-environmental movement, that cancelled an open-cast gold mining project in the urban-village of Rosia Montana, Romania. After almost 20 years of conflict with the mining project initiators, the people that oppose mining are now struggling for implementing tourism as an alternative development of the place, that could allow the possibility of sustainable development. The research aims to assess the extent that Rosia Montana represents an example of an environmental conflict that generates change towards sustainable development. The paper reconstructs the history of conflict around Rosia Montana by using the theoretical framework of ecological distribution conflict, while it's investigating the outcomes that this struggle produced. By revealing the visions of sustainable development and the challenges experienced by the opposition to mining, we can understand the notion of alternatives in conflict. The alternatives to development from Rosia Montana are questioning conventional perceptions of development and democracy, while requesting social transformation for meeting their needs and enhancing their quality of life.

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Bonet, Fernandez Dominique. "Réflexions sur les relations interorganisationnelles : du dépassement de l'antagonisme conflit-coopération à l'émergence de nouvelles démarches collaboratives". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille II, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00624404.

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Ribeiro, Oertel Roberta. "Le contrat international de distribution en droits français et brésilien". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAA009/document.

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En France et au Brésil, les contrats de concession commerciale et de franchise sont généralement innommés, à l’exception de la concession commerciale de véhicules automobiles terrestres et de la franchise en droit brésilien. L’internationalité du litige met en évidence des difficultés spécifiques relatives à la détermination de la juridiction étatique compétente et du droit applicable au contrat de distribution. Il existe un désaccord au sein des tribunaux français quant à la nature de la responsabilité engagée par l’auteur de la rupture abusive du contrat. Ces difficultés sont mises en évidence dès lors que des règles en matière de compétence internationale de source communautaire sont applicables au litige, à la différence du litige soumis à l`arbitrage. Concernant le droit brésilien, l’étude dévoile une problématique relative à la place du principe de l’autonomie de la volonté des parties, lesquelles ne peuvent pas choisir le droit applicable à leur convention si le litige est soumis au juge étatique. En revanche, lorsque ce même contrat est soumis à l’arbitrage, les parties peuvent déterminer le droit applicable
Distribution and franchising agreements are generally innominate commercial contracts under French and Brazilian law, with the exception of exclusive distribution agreements on land motor vehicles and the franchising under Brazilian law. The internationality of the dispute highlights specific difficulties relating to the determining the competent court and the applicable law. There is disagreement between French courts as to the nature of the liability by the person held responsible for the abusive breach of contract. These difficulties arise in cases where EU law-based rules of international jurisdiction are applicable to the dispute, contrary to the disputes which are subject to arbitration. In Brazilian law, the study exposes a problem concerning the place of the principle of party autonomy. The parties may not choose the law applicable to the contract if the dispute is submitted to a Brazilian judge. On the contrary, in case the contract is subject to arbitration, the parties may determine the applicable law

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Karlsson, Jens. "Management of wolf and lynx conflicts with human interests /". Uppsala : Dept. of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/200759.pdf.

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Yak, John Maluk. "Identity-Based Cultural Paradigms, Trauma, and Interethnic Conflict in South Sudan". ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3077.

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In 2011, South Sudan became independent through the agreement and implementation of the comprehensive peace agreement (CPA). However, interethnic conflict also escalated. This cycle of violence impacts the psychological and physical health of local society. When violence between ethnic groups escalates, civilians may be forced to flee their homes. This study employed a phenomenological research approach that examined the views and experiences of the recruited 13 members from the state of Jonglei; 5 members of the Dinka, 3 members of the Murle, and 5 members of the Nuer ethnic groups residing in the United States. In an attempt to understand the root causes of the conflict between ethnic groups, this research used a qualitative study plan that examined interethnic politics, perceptions, and beliefs among South Sudanese ethnic groups: Dinka, Murle, and Nuer. In addition, this study examined the presence of armed ethnic groups, the use of guns, and the relationship between trauma caused by past exposure or experience of violence and subsequent interethnic groups conflict. Data were analyzed with descriptive and patterned coding. The 5 identified themes from analysis of the collected data were: roles of ethnic identity, lack of trust in the system of the distribution of resources, roles of ethnic politicians, uncontrollable use of guns and defense of ethnic territory. In addition, the past war incidents between ethnic groups have a negative impact on the present relationship. The findings of this research may create positive social change for ethnic groups and for communities who may use it as an opportunity to understand their own problems and to establish an ethnic advocacy type of conflict resolution in South Sudan.

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Mendonça, António Sérgio Correia. "Distribuição do rendimento, pobreza e a eclosão de conflitos no contexto dos Países em Desenvolvimento : os casos do Sri Lanka e da R.D. Congo". Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/16231.

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Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação Internacional
A ocorrência de conflitos internos nos países em desenvolvimento ocorre num contexto fértil na incidência de fenómenos como a pobreza e a desigualdade na distribuição do rendimento, colocando a hipótese de associação entre os fenómenos. E nos continentes asiático e africano que se verifica a grande maioria dos conflitos mundialmente, apresentando também esses continentes das maiores incidências de pobreza. O estudo do caso do Sri Lanka permite-nos verificar que a existência de boas condições iniciais após a independência e de uma distribuição do rendimento relativamente equitativa, não se constituem como condições suficientes para a estabilidade social num ambiente livre de conflitos e guerras civis. No Sri Lanka a desigualdade na distribuição do rendimento e a pobreza constituem-se como possíveis factores de eclosão da guerra civil ocorrida, dado ter apresentado uma dinâmica crescente nos anos que antecederam a sua iniciação. A análise do caso da República Democrática do Congo revela que a existência de abundantes e valiosos recursos naturais não constitui uma condição suficiente para o estabelecimento de um processo de desenvolvimento económico e social estável. Apesar da coexistência de diversos factores explicativos dos conflitos na República Democrática do Congo, é na altura em que os indicadores de pobreza apresentam os piores níveis de sempre que a guerra civil deflagra no país.
The internai conflicts occur in developing countries in a context deeply characterized with poverty and inequality phenomena, asserting the possibility of association between these phenomena. The vast majority of internai conflicts occur in Africa and Asia that show the highest poverty incidence. The case of Sri Lanka allows us to notice that an initial good development standing after the independence and a relative equal income distribution, will not necessarily imply social stability in an environment clear of conflicts. In Sri Lanka, inequality and poverty constitute two possible causes of the civil war occurred in the country, since it has shown a growing pattem in the years previous to its initiation. The analysis of the case of the Democratic Republic of the Congo reveals that the existence of abundant and valuable natural resources will not imply the creation of a stable economic and social development process. We can consider the coexistence of different causes of the conflicts in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, but we can also observe that the civil war starts in the country when the poverty indicators show the worst ever performance.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

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Levy, Jean-Pierre. "Les circuits de distribution : théorie, méthode et structures : un essai de mesure comparative de l'impact du conflit et de la coopération sur la performance du détaillant dans les circuits de distribution des produits électroniques domestiques au Canada : étude exploratoire et confirmatoire". Paris 12, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA122000.

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Benltaifa, Asma. "Les rachats d'actions des entreprises françaises : motivations et impacts". Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENG016.

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Le rachat d'actions est devenu au fil des années une opération financière répondue au même titre que la distribution de dividende. Toutefois, le rachat reste une opération complexe dont la recherche peine à apprécier les motivations et les conséquences. En effet, la décision de rachat est à la fois une décision d'investissement, de distribution, de structure de capital et un moyen de modifier la structure de l'actionnariat. Cette recherche se penche sur les motivations des opérations de rachat d'actions annoncées sur le marché français et analyses leurs conséquences et impacts sur le cours de l'action, les conflits d'agence et la structure de l'actionnariat
The share repurchase has become in recent years an increasingly important instrument for distributing cash to shareholders. However, the repurchase is a complex operation whose research has difficulties to appreciate its motivations and consequences. Indeed, the decision to repurchase is an investment, payout, and capital structure decision and also the way to change the ownership structure. This research examines the motivations of buyback program of French market and analyzes their implications and impacts in stock price, agency conflicts and ownership structure

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Siles, Brenda. "The Politics of Land Distribution: Ingenio Victoria de Julio- El Timal, a Case Study of Nicaraguan Rural Conflicts after 1990". ScholarWorks@UNO, 2016. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/honors_theses/77.

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One of the greatest legacies of the Sandinista Revolution was agrarian reform. Despite the amount of land redistributed, this process happened without any form of legal documentation to support the transfer of property from one owner to the next. The end of the civil war, the peace accords and the transition of power from left to right-wing parties produced conflicting policies that would bring high levels of complexity to the system of land tenure in the country. The case of the state-owned sugar mill, Ingenio Victoria de Julio – El Timal is of one the most emblematic examples of how slow and inefficient Nicaraguan institutions have been in solving land tenure issues in 26 years.

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Ericsson, Anna. "Water Availability and Distribution in Africa : Effects of the IFAD irrigation scheme in Kiru Valley, Tanzania". Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Life Sciences, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-1286.

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The case study was made in the area of Kiru Valley, Tanzania, in order to study the conflicts over the water in the river Dodumera, and also to understand how the villages Mawemairo, Matufa and Mapea have been affected by the construction of the IFAD irrigation scheme. The aim was to connect the conflicts in the area with a general view of how water can create such conflicts. The method used in the case study was semi-structured interviews. The results from the interviews made with farmers and officials in Kiru Valley was analysed through general theories about water conflicts and theories about governing common-pool resources, such as Ostrom’s eight principles and the theory the Tragedy of the Commons. The analysis was also made through the IFAD poverty reduction strategy programme (PRSP). The conclusion made on the basis of this analysis was that the IFAD project, in Kiru Valley, was in correlation with the PRSP and an attempt to reduce poverty in the two villages Mawemairo and Matufa. The project has been very successful and has contributed to an increase of livelihood and development in the villages. However, the scheme has also affected other villages, such as Mapea. The scheme has contributed to a decrease of water availability in the Dodumera River for Mapea. Nowadays they only rely on rain-fed irrigation. The conflicts have been affected by the scheme, not so much in the quantity of the conflicts but more in the target of the conflicts. Before the construction of the scheme the conflicts was directed at the big-scale farmers, now they are directed at the scheme. On the other hand, the scheme has helped reducing the conflicts between the farmers in Mawemairo and Matufa. There are solutions to conflicts and water scarcity, such as more efficient irrigation techniques and Ostrom’s principles on governing the common-pool resources.

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Miebach, Alessandro Donadio. "O ciclo de crescimento de Goodwin e a parcela salarial na economia brasileira". Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2017. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/7511.

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This study analyzes the presence of the Goodwin growth cycle (or Goodwin model) in the Brazilian economy for the period between 1947 and 2013. The analysis is carried out through a wage share time series obtained from the sources from the Brazilian economy and a series for the level of capacity utilization. Obtaining wage share time series contemplates the division of mixed incomes between labor income and capital income. The analysis for the presence of Goodwin cycles is made through a qualitative evaluation, the procedures of Harvie (2000) and Pichardo (2015). In addition, dummy variables are used to identify the dynamics between the wage share and the level of capacity utilization corresponding to different periods in the history of the Brazilian economy. The periods are defined according to the current socioeconomic characteristics of Brazilian society. The results indicate the presence of mechanisms of the type associated with the Goodwin model for different moments in the Brazilian economy. However, the Goodwin cycle is only observed for the period between 1998 and 2009.
Este estudo analisa a presen?a do ciclo de crescimento de Goodwin (ou modelo de Goodwin) na economia brasileira para o per?odo 1947-2013. A an?lise ? efetuada atrav?s de uma s?rie para a parcela salarial, obtida a partir das fontes dispon?veis para a economia brasileira, e uma s?rie para o n?vel de utiliza??o da capacidade instalada. A obten??o da s?rie para a parcela salarial contempla a divis?o dos rendimentos mistos entre remunera??o do trabalho e remunera??o do capital. A an?lise para a presen?a de ciclos de Goodwin ? efetuada atrav?s de uma avalia??o qualitativa dos procedimentos de Harvie (2000) e de Pichardo (2015). Adicionalmente, utilizam-se vari?veis dummy, com vistas a identificar as din?micas entre a parcela salarial e o n?vel de utiliza??o da capacidade instalada correspondentes a distintos per?odos da economia brasileira brasileira. Os per?odos s?o definidos de acordo com as caracter?sticas socioecon?micas vigentes na sociedade. Os resultados indicam a presen?a de mecanismos consistentes com o modelo de Goodwin, em distintos momentos, na economia brasileira. Entretanto o ciclo de Goodwin somente ? observado no per?odo 1998-2009.

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Hamid, Mohd Tahir Bin Abdul. "An empirical investigation of power, conflict, autonomy and satisfaction in the franchise channel of distribution : with particular reference to the United Kingdom and Malaysia". Thesis, Cardiff University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319366.

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Tower, Daniel J. "Territories of Faith, Blood, and Oil: The geography of ethno-religious divisions and the distribution of oil infrastructure in Northern Iraq during the ISIS conflict". Thesis, University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/23500.

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This doctoral research explores ethno-religious violence experienced in Northern Iraq during the rise of the Islamic State in Iraq and Al-Sham (ISIS). Engaging with Studies in Religion theories of religious violence, this thesis explores the use of mapping technology and quantitative methods to examine the territoriality of armed conflict and how a focus on ethno-religious divisiveness and natural resource significance of sub-national areas provides an effective scale of inquiry. With the aid of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), I ascertain the distribution of conflict throughout two research periods. First, I examine ISIS related conflict data during their relative stationary hold of Iraqi territory between 2014 and 2015 across Iraq Body Count (IBC), Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP), and Global Terrorism Database (GTD) datasets. I assess non-ISIS related conflict during the decline of ISIS to examine the trend of conflict between militarised factions of ethno-religious groups in the vacuum of ISIS hold on territory. In doing so, this thesis examines the dynamics of ethno-religious armed conflicts and the range of nationalist agendas that arise in such an ethno-religiously diverse landscape. The thesis concludes with a discussion that heavily engages with the effects of nationalism to fuse with ethno-religious divisions in directing armed conflict. This understanding of nationalist agendas skewed through the prism of perceived sacred territory and homeland ideology should be a salient focus of any examination of religious violence.

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Labadi, Moufida. "Protection des salariés et des actionnaires et partage de la valeur : effet de substituabilité ou de complémentarité ?" Thesis, Reims, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REIME003/document.

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La firme est un ensemble de contrats conclus entre les différentes parties prenantes, actionnaires, créanciers, salariés, dirigeants, clients, fournisseurs, pouvoirs publics, etc. Les conflits d‟intérêts naissent lors de la répartition de la valeur ajoutée et chacun des parties procède à augmenter sa part au détriment des autres. Les salariés réclament une augmentation de salaire ou un intéressement aux résultats, les actionnaires, apporteurs du capital financier, désirent un part élevé des bénéfices afin de rémunérer le risque financier. D‟un autre côté, les créanciers souhaitent le remboursement de leurs crédits avec des taux d‟intérêt plus élevés alors que l‟objectif de l‟entreprise est de garder une partie des bénéfices afin de financer de nouveaux investissements. Suite aux différents conflits, les dirigeants agissent afin de modifier la répartition de la valeur ajoutée entre les différentes parties prenantes. Ils réduisent la richesse des salariés afin de créer de la valeur au profit des actionnaires. De ce fait, plusieurs mécanismes sont mis en place afin de protéger les salariés et assurer une meilleure répartition de la valeur ajoutée. Sur la base d‟un échantillon de 85 firmes françaises durant la période 2000-2005, notre étude montre que les droits accordés aux actionnaires et aux salariés ainsi que les mécanismes de gouvernance affectent leurs parts dans la valeur ajoutée. A partir des résultats, nous concluons des différences selon la structure de propriété de la firme
The firm is represented as a set of contracts concluded between the various stakeholders, the shareholders, but also, creditors, employees, leaders, customers, suppliers, public authorities, etc. conflicts of interests are born during the distribution of the added value and each proceeds to increase his part to the detriment of the others. The employees demand a pay rise or a profit-sharing in the results, the shareholders, the contributors of the financial capital, wish one part raised by profits to pay the financial risk. Of other one quoted, the creditors wish a better payment for their credits with higher interest rates while the purpose of the company is to constitute a reserve to finance new investments. Further to the various conflicts, the leaders act to modify the distribution of the added value between the various stakeholders. They reduce the wealth of the employees for the benefit of the shareholders they reduce the wealth of the employees for the benefit of the shareholders. Therefore, several mechanisms are set up to protect the employees and assure a better distribution of the added value. On the basis of a sample of 85 French firms during period 2000-2005, our study shows that the rights of the shareholders and employees as well as the characteristics of property and governance affect their parts in the added value. From the results, we conclude differences according to the structure of property of the firm

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Tao, Thanh Vinh. "Ensuring availability and managing consistency in geo-replicated file systems". Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066521/document.

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Les systèmes de fichiers géo-distribués souffrent de latences élevées et de partitions réseau. À cause de cela, et pour assurer une haute disponibilité, de tels systèmes effectuent généralement des mises à jour localement, sans latence, et les propagent ensuite en arrière-plan. Cette réplication optimiste est confrontée à deux défis majeurs : (i) détecter les conflits entre les mises à jour simultanées et les résoudre d'une manière significative pour les utilisateurs, tout en maintenant les invariants d'intégrité du système; et (ii) la prise en charge d'applications qui n'ont pas été conçues pour gérer les anomalies de concurrence. Les systèmes de fichiers géo-distribués optimistes existants ne permettent pas de relever ces défis. Par exemple, Dropbox ne supporte pas les liens matériels. Le système de fichiers AndrewFS échoue sur certains changements de noms de répertoires; et tous les systèmes existants utilisent la résolution automatique des conflits qui viole la sémantique POSIX. Nous présentons notre solution aux problèmes posés ci-dessus dans la conception et la mise en œuvre d'un prototype de système de fichiers géo-distribué, nommé Tofu. Sa conception inclut une nouvelle abstraction de session pour prendre en charge l'API, tout en permettant des mises à jour optimistes. Il est capable de détecter tous les conflits sur ces structures de données et de les résoudre d'une façon que nous pensons que les utilisateurs trouveront raisonnable. Les expériences montrent que Tofu est hautement évolutif et qu'il entraîne des surcoûts linéaires, améliorant ainsi les systèmes académiques et industriels existants
Geo-distributed file systems suffer from high latency and network partitions. Because of this, and to ensure high availability, such systems typically commit updates locally, with no latency, and propagate them in the background. Such optimistic replication faces two major challenges: (i) detecting conflicts between concurrent updates and resolving them in a way meaningful for users, while maintaining system integrity invariants; and (ii) supporting legacy applications that are not prepared to deal with concurrency anomalies. Existing optimistic geo-distributed file systems fall short of addressing the challenges. For instance, Dropbox does not support hard links; Andrew File System fails on some concurrent renaming of directories; and all existing systems use automatic conflict resolution that violates the legacy POSIX semantics. We present our solution to the above problems in the design and implementation of a prototype geo-distributed file system, named Tofu. Its design includes a new session abstraction to support the legacy API, while allowing optimistic updates. Unlike previous approaches, our solution is based on a formal model covering all aspects of a Unix-like file system, including directories, inodes, hard links, etc. It is able to detect all conflicts on those data structures, and resolves them in a way that we believe users will find generally reasonable. Experiments show that Tofu is highly scalable, and incurs linear overhead, improving over existing academic and industrial systems

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Khadri, Karim. "La protection du distributeur intégré en matière internationale". Nice, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NICE0033.

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Conséquence de la mondialisation de l'économie, la distribution de produits à l'étranger connaît aujourd'hui un développement remarquable. Les entreprises, désireuses de commercialiser leurs produits hors de leurs frontières, recourent à des techniques contractuelles, déjà abondamment utilisées dans la sphère interne, techniques contractuelles qu'il est d'usage de ranger dans la catégorie des contrats dit de distribution intégrée. De tels contrats ont pour caractéristique essentielle de donner naissance à une relation structurelle de domination entre un fournisseur et son distributeur. La position de ce dernier à l'égard de son cocontractant est d'autant plus inconfortable que la survie économique de son entreprise est tributaire du lien contractuel qu'il a tissé avec son partenaire. Dans un environnement international, les dangers des contrats de distribution intégrée sont accentués car aux maux précédemment évoqués viennent s'ajouter d'autres désagréments pour le distributeur, comme la soumission à un ordre juridique étranger ou encore la contrainte d'avoir à plaider devant une juridiction étrangère. Il importe de se demander si le droit international privé permet de répondre au besoin de protection des distributeurs intégrés qu'emporte la situation ainsi décrite. Une analyse purement positiviste permet de montrer qu'un tel besoin est en fait très largement ignoré. Or cet état de fait mérite d'être critiqué dans la mesure où une réelle proximité semble exister entre les distributeurs intégrés et des contractants que le droit positif juge en revanche digne de protection en matière internationale. Le présent travail se prononce enfin sur les modalités juridiques qui seraient les plus à même de prendre efficacement en charge la protection des distributeurs intégrés en matière internationale
Nowadays, the distribution of products overseas knows a distinguished development as an outcome of the globalization of economy. The firms that wish to commercialize their products outside their boundaries recourse to contractual techniques, already used in the internal sphere. These contractual techniques serve to line up in the category of contracts named as integrated distribution. This type of these contracts has an essential characteristic. That is, to give birth to a structural relation of domination between suppliers and their distributors. The position of this later in the egard of his contractual partner is all the more uncomfortable since the economic survival of his company is dependant on the contractual link, weaved with his partner. Globally speaking, the risk of contracts of integrated distribution are stressed, because in addition to the troubles previously evoked, comes other disagreements for the distributor : for example, the submission to foreign legal order or still the constraint to plead in front of foreign jurisdiction. It is important to wonder if the private international law allows to satisfy the need of protection of the integrated distributors who takes the situation mentioned before. A purely positivist analysis permit to show that such a need is in fact, widely ignored. Well, this state should be criticized in the measure where a real proximity seems to exist between the integrated distributors and the contracting parties whom the law in application considers on the other hand deserving of international protection. Finaly, this work comes to show the legal modalities, which would take care effectively of the protection of the integrated distributors all over the world

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Dos, Santos Abade Leandro Alécio. "Human-carnivore conflict in Tanzania : modelling the spatial distribution of lions (Panthera leo), leopards (Panthera pardus) and spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta), and their attacks upon livestock, in Tanzania’s Ruaha landscape". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:073a48ab-336a-45a1-ac9f-bc6996c1f58b.

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Tanzania’s Ruaha landscape is an international priority area for large carnivore conservation, harbouring roughly 10% of the world’s lions, and important populations of leopards and spotted hyaenas. However, these large carnivore populations are threatened by intense retaliatory killing due to human-carnivore conflict on village land around Ruaha National Park (RNP), mostly as a result of livestock predation by lions, leopards and spotted hyaenas. Moreover, a current lack of ecological data on the distribution of these carnivores hinders the development of effective strategies for conservation and targeted conflict mitigation in this landscape. This study aimed to identify the most significant ecogeographical variables (EGVs) influencing the distribution of lions, leopards and spotted hyaenas across the Ruaha landscape, and to map areas of conservation importance for these species. In addition, the study assessed the influence of EGVs on livestock predation risk by these carnivores in the village land around RNP, and generated a predictive map of predation risk. The relative importance of livestock husbandry practices and EGVs in terms of influencing predation risk within enclosures was also investigated. Proximity to rivers was the most important variable influencing the distribution of large carnivores in Ruaha, and contributed to predation risk of grazing livestock. The traditional livestock husbandry adopted in bomas appeared insufficient to alleviate the inherent risk of predation by large carnivores. The study produced the first detailed maps of lion, leopard and spotted hyaena distribution in the critically important Ruaha landscape, and identified likely livestock depredation hotspots. These results will target conflict mitigation approaches around Ruaha, by identifying particularly high-risk areas for livestock enclosures and grazing stock. Improving husbandry in these areas could help reduce livestock depredation and retaliatory carnivore killing, therefore reducing one of the most significant conservation threats in this critically important landscape.

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Cavalcante, Eduardo Borges. "IdentificaÃÃo de elementos logÃsticos de desempenho relacionados aos conflitos nos canais de distribuiÃÃo de cervejas". Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=15649.

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nÃo hÃ
Os canais de distribuiÃÃo de um setor sÃo compostos por um conjunto de organizaÃÃes interdependentes envolvidas no processo de tornar disponÃvel um produto ou serviÃo para uso ou consumo. Ao considerar as frequentes mudanÃas e intempÃries do mercado, Ã importante que a empresa possua a habilidade de desenvolver e administrar, com sucesso, seus relacionamentos com outros membros do canal de distribuiÃÃo, com o intuito de minimizar os conflitos que podem ocorrer nesse canal. Essas empresas, contudo possuem dificuldade em acompanhar e avaliar o desempenho e impacto da percepÃÃo dos membros desse canal em relaÃÃo aos elementos logÃsticos na questÃo do relacionamento (conflito) no canal. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho Ã mensurar a percepÃÃo dos membros do canal de distribuiÃÃo no que diz respeito aos elementos logÃsticos e se esses podem ou nÃo acarretar em conflitos. A pesquisa Ã caracterizada como descritiva. Para o levantamento dos dados, aplicou-se survey, mediante de um questionÃrio em amostra composta por 195 clientes atendidos pela Revenda, definidos de forma nÃo aleatÃria, no qual por meio de questÃes usando a escala Likert, que variou de 1 a 5, foram avaliadas as percepÃÃes deles em relaÃÃo aos elementos logÃsticos disponibilidade, desempenho operacional e qualidade, considerando o serviÃo realizado pelo Distribuidor X. Os dados foram analisados de forma quantitativa, tendo-se, inicialmente, aplicado teste de escala para medir a confiabilidade dos elementos logÃsticos. A seguir, foi empregada anÃlise multivariada para verificar a significÃncias das hipÃteses mostradas e, como os dados se exibiram de forma nÃo normal, foi aplicado o teste nÃo paramÃtrico de Mann-Whitney com vistas a testar as hipÃteses. Mesmo sem normalidade da amostra, foi feito um teste de anÃlise de mÃdias (ANOVA), que demonstrou resultados prÃximos aos encontrados no teste nÃo paramÃtrico. Constatou-se que os elementos Desempenho Operacional e dois de seus subelementos (velocidade do ciclo do pedido e recuperaÃÃo das falhas) revelaram diferenÃas estatisticamente significativas entre a percepÃÃo dos entrevistados com o conflito de canal e a percepÃÃo destes itens em entrevistados sem conflito de canal, indicando que estas variÃveis, na amostra pesquisada, podem ter uma relaÃÃo com o que se chama de conflitos verticais nos canais de distribuiÃÃo.
The distribution channels of a sector comprise a set of interdependent organizations involved in the process of making available a product or service for use or consumption. When considering the frequent changes and market weather it is important that the company has the ability to develop and manage successfully their relationships with other members of the distribution channel, in order to minimize conflicts that can occur in this channel. These companies, however, have difficulty in monitoring and evaluating the performance and impact the perception of the members of this channel relative to the logistical elements in the question of the relationship (conflict) in the channel. The objective of this work is to measure the perceptions of members of the distribution channel with respect to logistical elements and these may or may not result in conflicts. The research is characterized as descriptive. To survey data, it applied survey, by means of a questionnaire sample of 195 customers served by Reseller, defined not randomly, in which through questions using the Likert scale, ranging from 1 to 5, were assessed their perceptions of the logistical elements availability, operational performance and quality, considering the service performed by the Distributor X. Data were analyzed quantitatively, having initially applied scale test to measure the reliability of logistical elements. Next, we used multivariate analysis to verify the significance of the assumptions shown, and how the data is displayed not normal, the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test was applied in order to test the hypotheses. Even without the sample normality was made a medium analysis (ANOVA), which showed results close to those found in non-parametric test. It was found that the Operating Performance elements and two of its sub-elements (speed order cycle and recovery of faults) revealed statistically significant differences between the perception of respondents with channel conflict and the perception of these items in respondents with no channel conflict, indicating that these variables in the research sample, may have a relationship with what is called vertical conflict in distribution channels.

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Fernandes, Júnior Aldo. "Conflitos e integração entre marketing e logística na definição do nível de serviços em vendas e distribuição de produtos um estudo de caso na indústria de bebidas". Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/3386.

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Beverage industries in Brazil are in pursuit of improvements in customer services to fulfill the new marketplace needs, taking into consideration both the change in consumer, habits which now show a preference for healthier goods, and the recent growth in all social economic levels. The services that need more attention are the sales and distribution departments. The former because it is trying to improve the service level to adjust to the new reality, the latter because it faces the challenge of optimizing and properly playing its role in terms of performance and cost effectiveness. Considering that improvements in sales service levels may result in a worse performance and higher distribution costs, conflict between the areas are probable and expected, especially when each one is trying to improve results individually. The service level in sales within the beverage industry could be divided into components, for example: weekly visit frequency, visit duration, weekdays for visiting clients and deadlines for delivering the goods. The primary objective of this study is to verify two hypotheses: (a) whether the manner in which sales functions are organized affects performance and costs in beverage distribution and, (b) in that case, to which degree it quantitatively affects the company s expenses. In other words, to verify that service levels defined by the sales planning team and offered to clients directly reflects the performance and delivery cost for each service level component, with an associated specific cost. Once this cost aggregation is proved, the intention is to analyze and quantify it. In order to validate these hypotheses, a case study is developed in a typical beverage company in Brazil, which has already defined their new service levels without considering its effect on performance and distribution costs. As a consequence of these actions, the studied company had observed a significant rise in these costs and to revert the situation, has considered new alternatives to balance the sales service levels, regarding delivery costs and distribution performance. The company then decided to support the development of a technique known as territory compacting, aiming to improve logistics performance and reduce distribution costs while service levels remain unaffected. Among the precautions adopted to avoid possible service level deterioration, the studied company monitored client perception related to its distribution effectiveness, before and right after the territory compacting was implemented in the most relevantly attended city. Using the technique named Correspondence Analysis, client perception was then rated for various specific sales service levels to avoid damaging the most valued ones for each client. Main operational indicators in sales and distribution are also compared, taking into consideration variations of different periods in cities where territory compacting was applied. Bearing in mind the nature of this study and the participation of the research author, this case study can be sub-classified as action research.
As empresas de bebidas do Brasil buscam melhorar seu atendimento para satisfazer as necessidades do mercado atual, considerando as mudanças de hábitos dos brasileiros por produtos mais saudáveis e pela recente expansão de consumo em todas as classes sociais. As funções que merecem mais atenção neste trabalho são a comercialização e a distribuição. A primeira porque é a que tem buscado melhorar o nível de serviços em vendas para se ajustar às tais mudanças. Já a função distribuição ou entrega dos produtos aos clientes tem como principal desafio otimizar-se para cumprir seu papel em termos de desempenho e custos. Como a melhora nos serviços em vendas pode impactar em piores desempenhos e custos maiores na distribuição, é possível ocorrer conflito entre ambas as funções, especialmente quando cada uma delas busca otimizar-se individualmente. O nível de serviço em vendas na indústria de bebidas pode ser desdobrado em componentes, por exemplo: freqüência semanal de visitas a clientes, tempo de visita, dias da semana a ser visitado e prazo de entrega das mercadorias. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é verificar duas hipóteses: (a) se a forma como a função comercialização se organiza influencia o desempenho e os custos de distribuição de bebidas e, (b) existindo tal influência, em que grau ela ocorre, em termos quantitativos. Em outras palavras, que o nível de serviços em vendas, definido e oferecido aos clientes pelo planejamento da equipe de vendas, influencia o desempenho e o custo da entrega dos produtos, e que a cada componente do nível de serviços agrega-se um custo de distribuição. Comprovada a agregação desse custo, pretende-se analisá-la e quantificá-la. Para melhor avaliar essas hipóteses, desenvolve-se um estudo de caso em uma empresa típica do setor de bebidas no Brasil que, na busca pela melhoria de seus serviços em vendas, definiu sua ida ao mercado sem avaliar os reflexos dessa busca nos custos e desempenho da distribuição. Em razão disso, a empresa observou aumento significativo desses custos e para reverter a situação, procurou caminhos alternativos para balancear melhor o nível de serviço em vendas, considerando os custos e desempenho da distribuição. Para tanto, a empresa decidiu apoiar o desenvolvimento de uma técnica denominada adensamento de territórios como forma de melhorar seu desempenho logístico e reduzir seus custos logísticos sem deteriorar muito seu nível de serviço. Dentre os cuidados tomados para evitar esta possível deterioração do serviço, a empresa consentiu em realizar pesquisas com seus clientes antes e depois do adensamento na sua principal cidade de atuação. Com o uso da técnica estatística denominada Análise de Correspondência, avaliouse a percepção dos clientes em relação a alguns componentes do nível de serviço em vendas para, com isso, evitar prejudicar aqueles mais valorizados. Os principais indicadores operacionais de vendas e de distribuição também são comparados, avaliando suas variações em diferentes períodos e cidades em que o adensamento foi aplicado. Pela natureza do estudo e pelo tipo de participação do autor na pesquisa, este trabalho pode ser classificado como estudo de caso e pode ser subclassificado como pesquisa-ação.

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Sefiane, Hanane. "L’opposabilité et l’action en concurrence déloyale". Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST0072.

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L’insertion du contrat dans la vie sociale a mis en lumière des conflits d’intérêts entre d’une part les parties contractantes, qui souhaitent que leurs prévisions contractuelles se réalisent et d’autre part, les tiers, qui ne veulent pas voir leur liberté limitée par un contrat auquel ils n’ont pas consenti. La théorie de l’opposabilité, assurant une fonction préférentielle, tranche le conflit d’intérêts antagonistes en réservant aux parties contractantes une exclusivité, la connaissance étant alors le critère d’attribution de cette situation préférentielle. Dès lors tout tiers qui avec connaissance incite ou aide un débiteur à violer son obligation contractuelle engage sa responsabilité à l’égard du créancier de cette obligation. Dans un contexte concurrentiel, l’opposabilité du contrat (ou du droit subjectif) va aboutir à créer une zone d’exclusivité en faveur des parties (ou détenteurs de droits) et étouffer la liberté concurrentielle des tiers. Le droit va alors délimiter une zone d’activité pour chacun. Nos travaux de recherches visent à étudier le phénomène d’opposabilité, entendu comme l’effet d’un acte ou fait juridique sur les tiers, dans un contexte concurrentiel ; et le mécanisme de conciliation qu’est l’action en concurrence déloyale. Après l’étude des solutions existantes, nous tenterons de dégager un critère du comportement déloyal permettant une appréhension globale et contextuelle de l’effet de l’acte concurrentiel sur un marché, afin d’ajuster le degré d’opposabilité suffisant à la protection des uns et à la préservation de la liberté concurrentielle des autres
Law rules relations between individuals. From an economic angle, it defines an activity range for each operator. Our research work aims at studying the french concept of “opposabilité” in a competitive background. The question is about analysing the effects of a contract or an exclusive right regarding third competitors; and the reconciliation proceeding that is the action on unfair competition. We will attempt to draw a criterion from unfair behaviour that enables a better analysis of the effect of competitive action on a market and therefore on this market's own operators, to adapt the “opposabilié” degree to allow protection of some and preservation of freedom for others

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Haouas, Fatma. "Raisonnement approximatif pour la détection et l'analyse de changements". Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IMTA0150/document.

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Cette thèse est le fruit de l’interaction de deux disciplines qui sont la détection de changements dans des images multitemporelles et le raisonnement évidentiel à l’aide de la théorie de Dempster-Shafer (DST). Aborder le problème de détection et d’analyse de changements par la DST nécessite la détermination d’un cadre de discernement exhaustif et exclusif. Ce problème s’avère complexe en l’absence des informations a priori sur les images. Nous proposons dans ce travail de recherche un nouvel algorithme de clustering basé sur l’algorithme Fuzzy-C-Means (FCM) afin de définir les classes sémantiques existantes. L’idée de cet algorithme est la représentation de chaque classe par un nombre varié de centroïdes afin de garantir une meilleure caractérisation de classes. Afin d’assurer l’exhaustivité du cadre de discernement, un nouvel indice de validité de clustering permettant de déterminer le nombre optimal de classes sémantiques est proposé. La troisième contribution consiste à exploiter la position du pixel par rapport aux centroïdes des classes et les degrés d’appartenance afin de définir la distribution de masse qui représente les informations. La particularité de la distribution proposée est la génération d’un nombre réduit des éléments focaux et le respect des axiomes mathématiques en effectuant la transformation flou-masse. Nous avons souligné la capacité du conflit évidentiel à indiquer les transformations multi-temporelles. Nous avons porté notre raisonnement sur la décomposition du conflit global et l’estimation des conflits partiels entre les couples des éléments focaux pour mesurer le conflit causé par le changement. Cette stratégie permet d’identifier le couple de classes qui participent dans le changement. Pour quantifier ce conflit, nous avons proposé une nouvelle mesure de changement notée CM. Finalement, nous avons proposé un algorithme permettant de déduire la carte binaire de changements à partir de la carte de conflits partiels
This thesis is the interaction result of two disciplines that are the change detection in multitemporal images and the evidential reasoning using the Dempster-Shafer theory (DST). Addressing the problem of change detection and analyzing by the DST, requires the determination of an exhaustive and exclusive frame of discernment. This issue is complex when images lake prior information. In this research work, we propose a new clustering algorithm based on the Fuzzy-C-Means (FCM) algorithm in order to define existing semantic classes. The idea of this algorithm is the representation of each class by a varied number of centroids in order to guarantee a better characterization of classes. To ensure the frame of discernment exhaustiveness, we proposed a new cluster validity index able to identify the optimal number of semantic classes. The third contribution is to exploit the position of the pixel in relation to class centroids and its membership distribution in order to define the mass distribution that represents information. The particularity of the proposed distribution, is the generation of a reduced set of focal elements and the respect of mathematical axioms when performing the fuzzy-mass transformation. We have emphasized the capacity of evidential conflict to indicate multi-temporal transformations. We reasoned on the decomposition of the global conflict and the estimation of the partial conflicts between the couples of focal elements to measure the conflict caused by the change. This strategy allows to identify the couple of classes that participate in the change. To quantify this conflict, we proposed a new measure of change noted CM. Finally, we proposed an algorithm to deduce the binary map of changes from the partial conflicts map

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Redondo, Fabiano Stefanoni. "A atrofia do poder normativo do legislativo em relação ao executivo brasileiro". Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2012. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/1069.

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Certain that has received a review Montesquieu adapting it to the aspirations and social dynamism, so that the division of powers can respond with greater agility and speed expectations of the Company, however, emphasize the need to maintain a fair balance between the powers, fundamental point, to ensure that national and perpetuate democracy; However, we are faced with the political scene, whose Democracy was built based on precepts and fears of a totalitarian recent past, whose effects were perpetuated during the Constituent Assembly and, consequently, the Constitution of 1988 which brought in its wake traces of control and concentration of power primarily to the Executive, with emphasis on the legislative process, and especially with the adaptation of the Institute of decree-Law, Constitutional Law, originating in Brazil in 1937, resumed in 1965 and resurfaced in the mold of Italian decree-law in Federal Brazilian Constitution dated 1988, identified an atrophy of the national legislative power in the legislature; Faced with this scenario, confronted the historical development of the country, both in the doctrinal, legal and social, highlighting the importance of the Legislature for Democracy and proposing, in an attempt at least to minimize the effects of the supremacy of the Executive time as can be observed during the study, this trend is over by proving inevitable media aimed at strengthening the Congress.
Certo que a teoria de Montesquieu tem merecido uma reanálise adequando-a aos anseios e ao dinamismo social, para que a divisão dos poderes consiga responder com maior agilidade e presteza as expectativas da sociedade, no entanto, ressalta-se a necessidade de manter um justo equilíbrio entre os poderes, fundamental ponto, para que garanta e perpetue a democracia nacional. Ao nos deparamos com o cenário político brasileiro, cuja democracia foi construída embasada em preceitos e receios de um passado recente totalitário, cujos efeitos se fizeram perpetuar no decorrer da assembleia constituinte e, consequentemente, na constituição de 1988 que trouxe no seu bojo resquícios de controle e concentração de poder primordialmente para o executivo, com ênfase no processo legislativo e, sobretudo, com a adaptação do instituto do decreto-lei, originário no direito constitucional brasileiro em 1937, retomado em 1965 e ressurgido nos moldes do decreto-legge italiano na constituição de 1988, identificamos uma atrofia do poder normativo no legislativo nacional. Diante de tal cenário, confrontou-se a evolução histórica do país, tanto na esfera doutrinária, legal e social, evidenciando a importância do poder legislativo para a democracia e propondo, na tentativa, ao menos, de minimizar os efeitos da supremacia do executivo, vez que conforme pode ser observado no decorrer do estudo, tal tendência acaba-se por provar inevitável, meios que visem o fortalecimento do congresso nacional.

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Oliveira, Roberson Campos de. "Modernização industrial, conflitos sociais urbanos e desigualdade: um exame das relações entre greves, preços, salários e desigualdade no Brasil (1955/1990)". Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29092010-123256/.

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No Brasil, entre 1955 e 1990, a modernização industrial induzida pelo estado, através de variadas estratégias de planejamento, atingiu seu apogeu e decadência. Um dos principais legados desta trajetória de crescimento foi a reiteração de uma estrutura econômica de nítido perfil concentrador da riqueza e da renda. Este exame tem como objetivo analisar a dinâmica das greves urbanas e as suas relações, primeiro, com conjunturas dos ciclos econômicos observados entre 1955 e 1990 e, segundo, com alguns indicadores econômicos relevantes como preços, salários, distribuição da renda e desigualdade. A análise procura verificar se a ação organizada dos trabalhadores urbanos através das greves foi capaz de oferecer resistência efetiva às conjunturas que tendiam à penalizar os salários e incrementar a desigualdade, atenuando, por esta via, os efeitos sociais adversos do modelo concentrador.
In Brazil, between 1955 and 1990, the industrial modernization promoted by the state through various planning strategies achieved its peak and decay. One of the major legacies of this growth path was enforcement of an economic structure with a profile of wealth and income concentration. The objective of this examination is to analyze the dynamics of urban strikes and their relations, first, within the economic cycles observed between 1955 and 1990, and second, with some economic relevant indicators like prices, wages, income distribution and inequality. The analysis seeks to determine whether the organized action of urban workers through strikes was able to pose effective resistance to situations that tended to lower the wages and increase inequality, thus, reducing the adverse social effects of the hub model.

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Perfect, Ellen. "Sustainable Mining for Long Term Poverty Alleviation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1709.

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This thesis explores the poverty alleviation and peace-spoiling power of the mineral extraction sector in the Democratic Republic of the Congo to arrive at a set of strategic goals for the country moving forward. Although subterranean minerals are often a source or perpetuator of violence, the potential to lift the country’s rural communities out of extreme poverty makes the mining industry an essential part of the nation’s development strategies. Lessons from Tanzania, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, Nigeria, Ghana, Zambia, Uganda and Sierra Leone to arrive at best practices for increasing the multiplier effect of large-scale mining, formalization, beneficiation, capital resource development, stakeholder harmonization and conflict control. The study also finds that in order to smoothly construct and implement new programs, the traditional roles and positioning of government, corporate and community stakeholders must change toward increased inclusion.

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Du, Boys Céline. "Rôle des conflits d'agence, de la structure d'actionnariat et des mécanismes de gouvernance sur les politiques de distribution : application aux décisions de dividende et de rachat d'actions des sociétés françaises cotées". Aix-Marseille 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX32041.

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L’objectif de cette thèse est de mieux appréhender les décisions de distribution de liquidités aux actionnaires dans le cadre de la théorie de l’agence, ainsi que le choix de l’instrument de distribution : dividende ou rachat d’actions. La structure de l’actionnariat des entreprises européennes pousse à élargir le cadre classique et à étudier à la fois l’influence des conflits entre actionnaires et dirigeants, et ceux entre actionnaires majoritaires et minoritaires. Cette analyse nécessite la prise en compte des déterminants de l’intensité de ces conflits, mais aussi du système de gouvernance auquel est soumis l’entreprise. A travers une étude empirique sur les sociétés françaises du SBF250, nous montrons la pertinence de ce cadre théorique, mais aussi les limites, en France, de l’utilisation des politiques de distribution pour résoudre les conflits d’agence. Si les distributions sont utilisées pour diminuer le risque de Free Cash Flow, elles ont un effet limité face au conflit entre actionnaires majoritaires et minoritaires. Faute de mécanismes de gouvernance alternatifs et efficaces, ces derniers ne parviennent pas à provoquer des distributions, laissant ainsi l’actionnaire dominant libre de diminuer les distributions pour faciliter l’extraction de bénéfices privés. Par ailleurs, cette thèse s’intéresse au choix de l’instrument de distribution. Ainsi, conformément aux hypothèses issues de la littérature, nous montrons que le rachat est préféré lorsque les dirigeants détiennent des stock-options ou lorsque les revenus de la firme sont temporaires. En revanche, la fiscalité n’influence pas significativement le choix de l’instrument. Enfin, notre recherche souligne que le rachat est un outil de distribution peu utilisé en France et que le dividende en reste le moyen privilégié
The dissertation aims at better understanding shareholder payout policies in the framework of the agency theory and to explain the choice of the payout tool: dividend or share repurchase. Taking into account the ownership structure of European firms, the classical conceptual framework was extended to a broader study of the influence of agency relationships between managers and shareholders, as well as between majority and minority shareholders. Such an analysis requires taking into account both factors influencing agency conflicts and the firm’s governance system. An empirical study of French companies listed on the SBF250 allows to illustrate the relevance of the conceptual framework and to highlight the limits of payout policies to resolve agency conflicts in France. While payout is used to reduce Free Cash Flow risk, its use is limited in a conflict situation between majority and minority shareholders. Without any efficient alternative governance mechanisms, minority shareholders cannot urge insiders to pay out. Thus the majority shareholders are free to reduce payout and to draw private benefits. The thesis also looks into the choice of the payout tool. In accordance with the various hypotheses stemming from literature survey, a major finding is that share repurchase is preferred when managers have stock-options or when firms’ earnings are temporary. Another key finding is that taxes do not influence in a significant way the choice of the payout tool. Eventually, it is stressed that share repurchase is not often used in France for payout, and that dividend remains the main tool

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Ndiaye, Marie Therese Yaba. "A Descentraliza??o Florestal no Senegal: Impactos Socioecon?micos e Ecol?gicos". Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2008. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/tede/713.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
In 1998 Senegal passed laws that transferred authority over the management of forests to local communities. This dissertation studies the impact of this decentralization on the health of the Samba Dia and Sambande forests and the livelihoods of forest-dependent populations. I use this analysis to reflect on the broader question of the impact of decentralization on conservation and poverty alleviation. I employ temporal and spatial modes of comparison in this study with qualitative research methods. Decentalization has contained forest degradation in both areas. But while people in Samband? forest report benefits to all from the forest, in Keur Samba Dia members of one village report benefits while others decry a reduction in their benefits from the forest. I argue that the transfer of authority from a largely absent and incapable state to well-organized and knowledgeable local communities account for the containment of environmental degradation in both forests. But while the uniform use of the forest by community members has helped people in Samband? solve distributive conflicts and so universally benefit from the forest, a significant divergence in how the two villages in Keur Samba Dia exploit the forest has worsened distributive conflicts allowing the more powerful people of Yayem to benefit more but exclude the less powerful people of Samba Diallo from these new benefits. The impact of decentralization on poverty alleviation and forest health is mediated by important local factors and we should not expect it to have good effects in all areas in which it is pursued.
A descentraliza??o florestal no Senegal constitui o tema desta pesquisa. Em 1998, o Senegal promoveu novas leis florestais que transferiam as compet?ncias de gest?o das florestas para as comunidades rurais, para frear a pobreza e a degrada??o ambiental. Neste contexto, a tese investiga os impactos destas reformas nas vidas das popula??es e nas florestas. A tese tentou lidar com as duas perguntas, se ap?s a descentraliza??o: - as popula??es locais seriam capazes de manejar efetivemente as florestas e o manejo florestal comunit?rio participaria na redu??o da pobreza rural. Fiz um estudo com varia??o espacial e temporal, comparando duas florestas: Keur Samba Dia e Samband? durante dois per?odos diferentes: antes e ap?s a descentraliza??o. Antes de 1998, a gest?o das duas florestas estava sob a responsabilidade do Servi?o Florestal Nacional. Depois de 1998, as comunidades rurais se tornaram as novas autoridades na floresta Samband? enquanto que a floresta Keur Samba Dia permaneceu sob um sistema de co-manejo entre as comunidades rurais e o Estado. A pesquisa deparou com o fato de que, em ambas as florestas, os impactos ecol?gicos da descentraliza??o foram positivos, pois houve uma regenera??o florestal. Todavia, os impactos econ?micos resultantes da descentraliza??o, foram diferentes de uma floresta para outra. Na floresta de Samband?, todos os vilarejos foram beneficiados pela descentraliza??o, enquanto que na floresta de Keur Samba Dia, um vilarejo se sentiu mais prejudicado do que o outro. Estes resultados nos informam, que a participa??o popular foi ben?fica ? sa?de das florestas, mas n?o foi suficiente para que as popula??es se aproveitassem economicamente de uma floresta regenerada. A distribui??o eq?itativa, dos benef?cios econ?micos da descentraliza??o, ? mediada pela uniformidade ou formas conflituosos do uso florestal e por fatores s?cio - hist?ricos.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Distributive conflict”

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