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More, Octavian. "Liminal Spaces and the Ecomorphic Self in Alistair MacLeod’s Nova Scotian Narratives". Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Philologia 66, nr 1 (30.03.2021): 265–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbphilo.2021.1.19.
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"Liminal Spaces and the Ecomorphic Self in Alistair MacLeod’s Short Stories. Starting from the observation that Cape Breton Island, the distinctive setting of Alistair MacLeod’s fiction, is a “borderland” lying at the intersection of complementary elements (past – present, tradition – individuality, humans – environment), this paper proposes a general discussion of liminality in the author’s work as well as a close reading of two of his short stories, “The Road to Rankin’s Point” and “Island”, with the aim of highlighting how a relational, ecomorphic self-arises in the wake of symbolic encounters that lead to a reassessment of the subject’s position within their biological and cultural milieu. Keywords: Alistair MacLeod, Cape Breton, liminality, borderlands, ecomorphism. "
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Baranovski, B. A. "Differentiation of new coenomorph in context of the Belgard’s ecomorph system development". Ecology and Noospherology 28, nr 1-2 (20.05.2017): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/031703.
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Nowadays, bioecological characteristics of species are the basis for flora and vegetation studying on the different levels. Bioecological characteristics of species is required in process of flora studying on the different levels such as biotopes or phytocenoses, floras of particular areas (floras of ecologically homogeneous habitats), and floras of certain territories. Ramensky scale is the one of first detailed ecological scales on plant species ordination in relation to various environmental factors; it developed in 1938 (Ramensky, 1971). A little later (1941), Pogrebnyak’s scale of forest stands was proposed. Ellenberg’s system developed in 1950 (Ellenberg, 1979) and Tsyganov’s system (Tsyganov, 1975) are best known as the systems of ecological scales on vascular plant species; these systems represent of habitat detection by ecotopic ecomorphs of plant species (phytoindication). Basically, the system proposed by Alexander Lyutsianovich Belgard was the one of first system of plant species that identiified ectomorphs in relation to environmental factors. As early as 1950, Belgard developed the tabulated system of ecomorphs using the Latin ecomorphs abbreviation; he also used the terminology proposed in the late 19th century by Dekandol (1956) and Warming (1903), as well as terminology of other authors. The article analyzes the features of Belgard’s system of ecomorphs on vascular plants. It has certain significance and advantages over other systems of ecomorphs. The use of abbreviated Latin names of ecomorphs in tabular form enables the use shortened form of ones. In the working scheme of Belgard’s system of ecomorphs relation of species to environmental factors are represented in the abbreviated Latin alphabetic version (Belgard, 1950). Combined into table, the ecomorphic analysis of plant species within association (ecological certification of species), biotope or area site (water area) gives an explicit pattern on ecological structure of flora within surveyed community, biotope or landscape, and on environmental conditions. Development and application by Belgrard the cenomorphs as «species’ adaptation to phytocenosis as a whole» were completely new in the development of systems of ecomorphs and, in this connection, different coenomorphs were distinguished. Like any concept, the system of ecomorphs by Belgard has the possibility and necessity to be developed and added. Long-time researches and analysis of literature sources allow to propose a new coenomorph in the context of Belgard’s system of ecomorphs development: silvomargoant (species of forest margin, from the Latin words margo – edge, boundary (Dvoretsky, 1976), margo – margin, ad margins silvarum – along the deciduous forest margins). As an example of ecomorphic characterization of species according to the system of ecomorphs by Belgard (when the abbreviated Latin ecomorph names are used in tabular form and the proposed cenomorph is used), it was given the part of the table on vascular plants ecomorphs in the National Nature Park «Orelsky» (Baranovsky et al). The Belgard’s system of ecomorphs is particularly convenient and can be successfully applied to data processing in the ecological analysis of the flora on wide areas with significant species richness, and the proposed ecomorph will be another necessary element in the Belgard’s system of ecomorphs.
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Kunah, O. N., E. V. Prokopenko i A. V. Zhukov. "Ecomorphic organisation of the Ukraine steppe zone spider community". Fundamental and Applied Soil Science 15, nr 1-2 (14.03.2014): 101–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/041410.
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The conception of ecomorphes as ecological groups of living organisms has been developed by A. L. Belgard (1950) applicable for species of the highest plants of the southeast of a steppe zone of Ukraine. Conceptually close system of vital forms-biomorphs of animals and plants has been created by Mikhail Pavlovich Akimov (Akimov, 1955). A key task of an ecomorphic approach is the ecological analysis of ecosystems structure. The ecomorphic approach has been applied to various groups of animals: entomological fauna of wood plants (Apostolov, 1981), complexes of land arthropods (Barsov, 1996), communities of birds (Ponomarenko, 2002), soil mesofauna (Zhukov, 1996), coleoptera communities agrocoenosis (Sumarokov, 2007). To identify animal species as ecomorphes the expert approach was used: the expert in taxonomy group relying on the experience and knowledge of object identifies it ecomorphes. The algorithm of ecomorphes allocation of soil animals has been offered by Zhukov (Zhukov, 2009). With some changes this algorithm has been applied to allocation of spider species of the Dnepropetrovsk region (Prokopenko et al., 2011). A lack of the specified algorithm is that it yields satisfactory results only for abundant and frequent species in regional fauna. The shortcoming reason – it relies on parametrical statistics for which compliance of experimental data to the normal law of distribution is essentially important that actually can be established only for limited number of species. As result, for a number rather rare in regional fauna of species of spiders incorrect conclusions have been drawn on their ecological status which is known on data from spiders of regions more studied from the point of view of fauna. In our work nonparametric procedure of a multidimensional scaling which is tolerant to a statistical property of distribution of an abundance of types has been taken for a basis of ecomorphic classification of herpetobiont spiders. It including has allowed to integrate the data collected by various authors in a wide time and spatial span for the general analysis. Faunistic collection also differed and by a technique: the sizes of the traps, fixing liquid, number of traps, an exposition time. It is necessary to consider these circumstances objective as ecological classification of regional fauna should be based on considerable on coverage in time and space a material which cannot be collected on completely uniform procedure. The multidimensional scaling represents adaptive ordination procedure which assumes a choice of the final decision proceeding, first of all, ecological criteria, instead of especially mathematical. Such adaptability is reached by comparison of ordination decisions with markers of an ecological situation which are received at the biogeocoenosis description of places of sampling. These descriptions are presented in terms of typology of biogeocoenosis of Belgard (1950, 1971): their coenotic status, and also assessment of a mode of a fertility and humidity. The key material is received within the Prisamarsky biospheric station of the Dnepropetrovsk national university where within a monitoring profile reference types of wood biogeocenoses of a steppe zone of Ukraine are presented. Primary data of ecological-faunistic researches are represented in the form of matrixes (tables) where columns are presented by a species, and lines – sampling points. Sampling points may be ecologically processed on the basis of biogeocoenosis descriptions. If to find nature of compliance between sampling points and species, it is possible to make interpretation of the ecological status of species, i.e. to reveal key ecological groups (ecomorphes) and to establish belonging of species to them. The multidimensional scaling allows to estimate within one metric space an arrangement as species, and sampling points. Co-ordinates of sampling points in dimention of a multidimensional scaling are used as predictor of ecological characteristics of the environment in these points. Applying the obtained regression models it is possible to estimates of optimum conditions for species if in these models to use as predictor co-ordinates of species in those dimention of a multidimensional scaling. Species which are characterised by similar optimum values of ecological factors form ecological groups, or ecomorphes. Respectively for spiders we allocate coenomorphes, hygromorphes, trophocoenomorphes.
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Zadorozhna, Galyna. "Soil Ecomorphs as a Form of Adaptation to the Conditions of Biogeocenosis". Lesya Ukrainka Eastern European National University Scientific Bulletin. Series: Biological Sciences, nr 7(356) (2.07.2018): 94–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/2617-4723-2017-356-7-94-103.
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The spatial variability of the mechanical impedance of ordinary chernozem have been investigated within a regular grid (105 points). Ecomorphic analysis of the vegetation in each cell of the grid has been done. Cluster analysis, conducted on the basis of the statistical data allowed to distribute the existing changes in soil mechanical profiles in three clusters with characteristic for them, relative to the same type of dynamic properties. Environmental separation content of the soil plots on clusters studied using discriminant and variance analyzes. Statistical significance of variations of external properties associated with the spatial heterogeneity within soil plots belonging to different clusters allows them to be meaningfully interpreted and confirms the formation of ecological nature of the identified soil structures-ecomorphs.
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Yevtushenko, E. O., Y. V. Pozdnii, I. O. Komarova i L. H. Kovalenko. "Ecologyсal-taxonomic structure of wood and shower plants of industrial pads of PJSC «Central Iron Ore Enrichment Works»". Питання степового лісознавства та лісової рекультивації земель 48 (11.12.2019): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/441905.
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The article is devoted to shrubs and plant groups in the territory of the industrial sites of PJSC «Central Mining and Processing Plant». The material of this work was collected in the growing season 2017-2018 years on the territory of the central industrial site and industrial sites №2 Gleuvatsky Quarry, the Giant mine, Artemivsky Quarry, Petrovsky Quarry, mine them. Ordzhonikidze, sludge workshops, which are separated in space and placed at a certain distance from each other separated in kind. The studied tree and shrub communities were formed with the participation and maintained by the person in a satisfactory condition. In the course of itinerant field investigations the species belonging to trees and shrubs were determined. In the future, on the basis of the ecomorphic characteristics of the species, comparative ecological-taxonomic spectra of tree-shrub plant communities of industrial sites were constructed. As a result of researches it was found out that the tree-shrub groupings of the industrial sites of PJSC «TSGZK» consist of 96 species of higher plants belonging to 28 families. Gymnosperms account for a small fraction of taxonomic spectra. Within the sites there is considerable variability in the number of species and families. The most numerous are the families Rosaceae, Salicaceae, Aceraceae. Families of Aceraceae, Rosaceae, Fabaceae, Hippocastanaceae, Oleaceae, Salicaceae, Ulmaceae, Pinaceae are represented by species at all industrial sites of PJSC «CMPP». Only within the Ordzhonikidze mine site are species of the Berberidaceae, Paeoniaceae family occurring, and within the Gleevatsky Quarry site, there are Cannabaceae families. In the taxonomic spectra of plant communities of all sites, the dominant position is occupied by the family Rosaceae. Monovid families occupy half or more of the taxonomic spectra. By reducing the number of species, families, share of species participation in shrubs and shrubs, the corresponding declines can be constructed. The same series can characterize tree-shrub plant groups by the density of species of trees, shrubs, individuals per unit area. According to the ecological and biomorphic characteristics of the species, the corresponding spectra of bio- and ecomorphs are constructed. Ecological spectra are individual in proportion to the participation of certain ecomorphs for each shrub community of the site. Rows of decreasing species numbers are constructed for each ecomorph. It is established that in tree and shrub plant groups of all industrial sites of PJSC «CMPP» wood life forms with root-root system dominate, vegetatively motionless. In the spectra of ecomorphs, the most numerous are solvants, phanerophytes, mesotrophs, entomophiles. In the spectra of hygro-, heliomorph and diasporax, the composition of dominant ecomorphs changes at the industrial sites.
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Zhukov, A. V., O. N. Kunah, V. A. Novikova i D. S. Ganzha. "ФИТОИНДИКАЦИОННОЕ ОЦЕНИВАНИЕ КАТЕНЫ СООБЩЕСТВ ПОЧВЕННОЙ МЕЗОФАУНЫ И ИХ ЭКОМОРФИЧЕСКАЯ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ". Biological Bulletin of Bogdan Chmelnitskiy Melitopol State Pedagogical University 6, nr 3 (4.11.2016): 91–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/201676.
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The approaches to the use of catena method of studying the diversity of soil animal communities’ arena landscape of the Dnieper River Valley (within the natural reserve “Dnieper-Orelsky” using phytoindication estimation have been developed in the present article. Soil animals ecomorphes have been verified on the basis of main trends variability of environmental conditions which evaluated by means of phytoindication approaches. Monitoring polygon situated in the north-eastern part of the natural reserve "Dnieper-Orelsky". The width of the polygon is 3260 m, height – 2850 m, its total area is 930 hectares. Inside the polygon we selected some five plots: on the slope of the sand dunes at the border the sandy steppe and Acer tataricum shrub; on the slope of the Northern exposure of the Orlova valley in Acer tataricum oak forest with Dáctylis glomeráta; in terrace near the flood plain on the border with the lower part of the slope, in elm-black poplar forest with Glechóma hederácea; in the waterlogged tributary of river Protoch on the border of the marsh and forest ecosystems; in river Protoch in grass community, in a gradient from the marsh community to steppe meadows. Each plot was represented by 105 squares of size 3×3 m. Squares arranged in 7 contiguous rows of 15 squares in each. Plot size was 21×45 m. Big side plot was located along the visually discernible gradient terrain topography and vegetation cover. In each square we made a description of the vegetation with the assessment of the projective cover with a lag of 10%. In the center of each square we sampled soil of 0.25×0.25 m from which the soil macroinvertebrates have been extracted by hand sorting. The ordination of mesopedobionts communities has been applied to multidimensional scaling procedure based on metrics of Bray-Curtis with provisional data on transformation according to Hellinger. The phytoindication estimation of the environmental regimes have been found to be statistically significant predictors of multidimensional scales that obtained after ordination of mesopedobionts communities. Dimension 1 can be explained by edaphotop nutrient status, dimension 2 can be explained by edaphotop humidity, dimension 3 may be explained by soil aeration, dimension 4 may be explained by quantity of carbonates in soil. Dimensions 5 and 6 have a complex factor nature which is difficult to interpret meaningfully. Environmental assessment regimes using phyto-indicative scales enabled set the value of soil carbonate content and aeration in structuring of soil animals communities. The obtained result makes reasonable provision of new ecomorphes of soil animals such as aèromorph and carbonatomorph. Aèromorphes are ecological group that combines soil animals, preferring similar condition of soil aeration, among which are highlighted in aerophyles, sub-aerophyles, hemiaerofobes and subaerofobes. Carbonatomorphes are ecological group that combines soil animals, preferring similar condition of carbonates content in soil, among which are highlighted in carbonatofobes, akarbonatophyles, hemicarbonatophyles, carbonatophyles and hyper-carbonatophyles. Classic catena approach for biogeocenotic and landscape diversity investigation have been supplemented by the assessment of the ecological regimes through phytoindication and ecomorphic analysis of vegetation. Ordinates of ecological regimes are the gradients of variation of soil animal communities. Information and valuable markers of vegetation (phytoindication scale and ecomorphes) can be used as training variables to assess the indicator properties of soil animal communities. Ecomorphes of soil animals reflect the main aspects of the structural organization of their communities and may serve as valuable indicators of the properties and behaviors of soil as environment of living organisms.
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Hushtan, K. "Features of biotopic differentiation of ecomorphs spectra of amphibiotic insects (Insecta: Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Odonata) communities in hydroecosystems of Ukrainian Carpathians". Proceedings of the State Natural History Museum, nr 35 (8.12.2019): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.36885/nzdpm.2019.35.59-66.
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The peculiarities of biotope differentiation of amphibiotic insects ecomorphs spectra (Insecta: Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Odonata) in hydroecosystems of Ukrainian Carpathians are established. Among Ephemeroptera ecomorphs, the dominant species (in the number of species) were: subclass ploskotili velykoziabrovi zbyrachi-ziskobliuvachi ta khyzhaky; subclass siflonuroidni dribno ziabrovi zbyrachi-ziskobliuvachi. For epirytral, the dominant ecomorphs among the freckles are kryptobionty shchilyn briofily (35%); for metarytral – fitofilni kryptobionty podribniuvachi (61%); litofilni kryptobionty, yaki poliuiut iz zasidky (71%) – predominate in hiporytral. The spatial distribution of ecomorph groups of mayflies and stoneflies in Ukrainian Carpathians is subject to the general tendencies of vertical zonal distribution of trophic groups of zoobenthos, and is consistent with the basic provisions of the theory of river continuum of R. Vannot.
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Huie, Jonathan M., Ivan Prates, Rayna C. Bell i Kevin de Queiroz. "Convergent patterns of adaptive radiation between island and mainland Anolis lizards". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 134, nr 1 (2.06.2021): 85–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blab072.
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Abstract Uncovering convergent and divergent patterns of diversification is a major goal of evolutionary biology. On four Greater Antillean islands, Anolis lizards have convergently evolved sets of species with similar ecologies and morphologies (ecomorphs). However, it is unclear whether closely related anoles from Central and South America exhibit similar patterns of diversification. We generated an extensive morphological data set to test whether mainland Draconura-clade anoles are assignable to the Caribbean ecomorphs. Based on a new classification framework that accounts for different degrees of morphological support, we found morphological evidence for mainland representatives of all six Caribbean ecomorphs and evidence that many ecomorphs have also evolved repeatedly on the mainland. We also found strong evidence that ground-dwelling anoles from both the Caribbean and the mainland constitute a new and distinct ecomorph class. Beyond the ecomorph concept, we show that the island and mainland anole faunas exhibit exceptional morphological convergence, suggesting that they are more similar than previously understood. However, the island and mainland radiations are not identical, indicating that regional differences and historical contingencies can lead to replicate yet variable radiations. More broadly, our findings suggest that replicated radiations occur beyond island settings more often than previously recognized.
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Lisovets, O. I., i A. A. Polischuk. "Seasonal dynamics of lawn coverages of Nikopol city (Dnepropetrovsk area)". Питання степового лісознавства та лісової рекультивації земель 48 (15.11.2019): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/441902.
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The features of the seasonal dynamics of the species composition, the total projective cover, the ecomorphic structure and the decorative score of the lawn coverings of the city of Nikopol are studied. It was revealed that during the growing season, representatives of the Poaceae family dominate in the projective cover and species composition of grass communities in urban areas. In spring, the participation of Brassicaceae and Lamiaceae is increased, in summer and autumn – Fabaceae and Asteraceae. A study of the dynamics of the species composition showed that Poa angustifolia L. and Polygonum aviculare L. dominate in the majority of Nikopol's lawns in spring. In summer, Lolium perenne L. and Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. are added to them. In autumn, the most active are Lolium perenne and Poa pratensis L. Analysis of the seasonal dynamics of the total projective coverage of test areas showed that the average values of this indicator are observed at the beginning of the growing season. In summer, the total area of the green parts of the plants is reduced. At the end of the growing season, due to the increase in productive soil moisture, the photosynthetically active plant area increases significantly in areas with low anthropogenic impact, remains at summer levels in places of medium anthropogenic loading and significantly decreases in areas with high anthropogenic load. In the species composition, throughout the entire growing season in the biomorph spectrum, hemicryptophytes are the most active, among ecomorphs are xeromesophytes, mesotrophs, ruderants and stepants. Decorativeness is quite low, on a five-point scale, ranges from 2.23 to 3.49, due to the presence of weeds and high anthropogenic stress. In order to improve the decorative, phytomeliorative and hygienic properties of the grass cover, it is advisable to recommend systematic grass cutting (to reduce the activity of annual weeds), as well as the spread of perennial forest and meadow species.
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Pfennig, Karin S., David W. Pfennig, Cody Porter i Ryan A. Martin. "Sexual selection's impacts on ecological specialization: an experimental test". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, nr 1807 (22.05.2015): 20150217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0217.
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In many species, individuals specialize on different resources, thereby reducing competition. Such ecological specialization can promote the evolution of alternative ecomorphs—distinct phenotypes adapted for particular resources. Elucidating whether and how this process is influenced by sexual selection is crucial for understanding how ecological specialization promotes the evolution of novel traits and, potentially, speciation between ecomorphs. We evaluated the population-level effects of sexual selection (as mediated by mate choice) on ecological specialization in spadefoot toad tadpoles that express alternative ecomorphs. We manipulated whether sexual selection was present or reversed by mating females to their preferred versus non-preferred males, respectively. We then exposed their tadpoles to resource competition in experimental mesocosms. The resulting distribution of ecomorphs was similar between treatments, but sexual selection generated poorer trait integration in, and lower fitness of, the more specialized carnivore morph. Moreover, disruptive and directional natural selection were weaker in the sexual selection present treatment. Nevertheless, this effect on disruptive selection was smaller than previously documented effects of ecological opportunity and competitor density. Thus, sexual selection can inhibit adaptation to resource competition and thereby hinder ecological specialization, particularly when females obtain fitness benefits from mate choice that offset the cost of producing competitively inferior offspring.
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Levin, Boris A., Aleksandra S. Komarova, Oksana L. Rozanova i Alexander S. Golubtsov. "Unexpected Diversity of Feeding Modes among Chisel-Mouthed Ethiopian Labeobarbus (Cyprinidae)". Water 13, nr 17 (26.08.2021): 2345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13172345.
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Trophic resource partitioning is one of the main drivers of adaptive radiation. The evolutionary diversification of large African barbs, the genus Labeobarbus, seems to be related to mouth polymorphism. The chisel-mouthed or scraping phenotype has repeatedly evolved within Labeobarbus. At least five ecomorphs with a scraping mouth morphology were detected in the waters of the Ethiopian Highlands and can be provisionally classified into two groups: (i) “Varicorhinus”-like, and (ii) “Smiling”-like. Previously, all Labeobarbus with a scraping-mouth morphology were considered to be periphyton feeders. Using data on morphology, diet and stable isotope ratios (C and N), we addressed the question: does a scraping-mouth morphology predict feeding on periphyton? Our study revealed that five scraper ecomorphs exhibited three main feeding modes: (i) periphyton-eating, (ii) herbivory–detritivory, and (iii) insectivory. Two cases of the parallel divergence of sympatric ecomorphs with distinct feeding modes (herbivory–detritivory vs. insectivory) were revealed in two geographically isolated basins. A significant difference in δ15N values was detected among sympatric scraper ecomorphs. A periphytonophagous scraper was rich in δ15N values that are comparable with those in sympatric piscivorous fish. This data sheds light on the possibility of the utilization of periphyton as a protein-rich food by fishes.
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Zadorozhnaya, G. A. "Seasonal dynamics of ecomorphic structure of chernozem". AgroChemistry and Soil Science, nr 85 (2016): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/acss85-08.
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Burress, Edward D., Lubomír Piálek, Jorge R. Casciotta, Adriana Almirón, Milton Tan, Jonathan W. Armbruster i Oldřich Říčan. "Island- and lake-like parallel adaptive radiations replicated in rivers". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, nr 1870 (3.01.2018): 20171762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1762.
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Parallel adaptive radiations have arisen following the colonization of islands by lizards and lakes by fishes. In these classic examples, parallel adaptive radiation is a response to the ecological opportunities afforded by the colonization of novel ecosystems and similar adaptive landscapes that favour the evolution of similar suites of ecomorphs, despite independent evolutionary histories. Here, we demonstrate that parallel adaptive radiations of cichlid fishes arose in South American rivers. Speciation-assembled communities of pike cichlids ( Crenicichla ) have independently diversified into similar suites of novel ecomorphs in the Uruguay and Paraná Rivers, including crevice feeders, periphyton grazers and molluscivores. There were bursts in phenotypic evolution associated with the colonization of each river and the subsequent expansion of morphospace following the evolution of the ecomorphs. These riverine clades demonstrate that characteristics emblematic of textbook parallel adaptive radiations of island- and lake-dwelling assemblages are feasible evolutionary outcomes even in labile ecosystems such as rivers.
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Baranovski, B., N. Roschina, L. Karmyzova i I. Ivanko. "Comparison of commonly used ecological scales with the Belgard Plant Ecomorph System". Biosystems Diversity 26, nr 4 (18.11.2018): 286–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/011843.
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There are several ecological scales developed both for phytoindication of ecological factors and plant ecomorphs. Among them, the scales of Ellenberg and Tsyganov are the most commonly used. L. G. Ramensky and P. S. Pogrebnyak had developed a phytoindication method; they also were founders of first ecological scale of plant species in relation to various environmental factors. One of first ecomorph systems was developed by Alexander Lyutsianovich Belgard. In 1947, Belgard presented a tabular ecomorph system in his doctoral dissertation, and later in monograph “Forest vegetation of the South-East of Ukraine”. In the system he used abbreviated Latin names applying terminology proposed in the late 19th century by Dekandol, Warmin and other authors. He considered ecomorphs as adaptations of plants to environmental conditions in forests of the steppe zone of Ukraine where forest cenoses are exposed to processes of steppization, prairification, swamping, salinization, and thus clarification of relationships between forest, meadow, steppe, marsh and weed plant species was essential. Therefore, development and introduction of cenomorph terms as “adaptation of plant species to phytocenosis as a whole” were an absolutely new contribution to the concept of ecomorph system. In environmental factor scales of Ellenberg and other authors, environment characteristics based on phytoindication were underlined; in the Belgard Plant Ecomorph System, ecomorphs reflect ability of plant species to grow within certain ranges of a given factor. These approaches are quite comparable, and ecomorphs of the Belgard system correspond to certain grades of the Ellenberg and Tsyganov scales. The Belgard ecomorph system has been applied in a number of fundamental and applied works on plant ecology and phytocenology. It is convenient for characterizing ecological features of plant species growing in the steppe zone with a wide range of environment factors such as lighting, humidity, and soil richness. Other authors have expanded and supplemented the Belgard Plant Ecomorph System based on its strategy. A number of ecomorphs was introduced; they reflect intermediate or extreme gradations of factors. A new cenomorph – silvomargoant – has been proposed by the authors of this paper.
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Zhukov, A. V., i G. A. Zadorozhnaya. "Ecomorphic organisation of the soil body: geostatistical approach". Studia Biologica 9, nr 3–4 (2015): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/sbi.0903.423.
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SJ, Rahmat. "First Description of Ecomorphotypes in Seal Subfamilies". International Journal of Zoology and Animal Biology 3, nr 1 (2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/izab-16000197.
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The Family Phocidae consists of four subfamilies, with ecomorphs known only in representatives of the subfamily Phocinae. This study demonstrates that ecological and morphological characters of the other three subfa milies Cystophorinae, Devinophocinae, Monachinae) do not fit precisely into the previously described ecomorphs for Phocinae. These groupings are based on recent seals, but can also be extrapolated to fossil seals based on morphology and probable ecologica l preferences. The separation of taxa by combining morphological, ecological and dietary data is extremely important for demonstrating similarities and differences in both fossil and modern representatives of seals of the Family Phocidae, straying away fro m normal alpha and beta systematics that group species based only on taxonomic relationships. Due to the fragility of cranial remains, the three most commonly found bones (mandible, humerus, femur) are used to group species. Modern seals have specific morp hological features and ecological distinctions (diving depths, environment, diet, body size) similar to those of fossil species, providing a rationale for associating the many dissociated fossil elements. For the first time, seals of all phocids subfamilie s are divided into their corresponding ecomorphs.
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Gillespie, Rosemary G., Suresh P. Benjamin, Michael S. Brewer, Malia Ana J. Rivera i George K. Roderick. "Repeated Diversification of Ecomorphs in Hawaiian Stick Spiders". Current Biology 28, nr 6 (marzec 2018): 941–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.083.
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Zhukov, O. V., O. N. Kunah i V. A. Novikova. "The functional organisation of the mesopedobionts community of sod pinewood soils on arena of the river Dnepr". Biosystems Diversity 24, nr 1 (17.01.2016): 26–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/011604.
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We revealed the functional groups of the animals of sod pinewood soils (arena of the river Dnepr in the "Dneprovsko-Orelsky" Nature Reserve) on the basis of cluster analysis of the RLQ-axes received as result of interaction of matrix of community, matrix of edaphic parameters and matrix of ecomorphs of soil animals. The quantitative account of soil mesofauna has allowed us to establish that the community of animals inhabiting sod pinewood soils is represented by 20 species at a density of 68.9 ± 14.6 ind./m2, 8 forms were identified at the level of genus, family or order. Two species were represented by their larval and imago phases (Anatolica eremita (Steven, 1829) and Calathus ambiguus (Paykull, 1790)). A count of animals conducted in an alternative way has allowed us to expand the list to 38 species or forms at species level. The level of abundance and diversity for sod pinewood soils on the arena is not high compared with other types of soils of the arena of the river Dnepr. This result shows that the community has a simplified ecological structure. The prevailing ecological structure of the community can be characterised as steppe, xerophilous, oligotrophocoenomorphic. Anecic animals are absent from the topomorphic structure and saprophagous animals absent from the trophic structure. Only additional collection by alternative methods has allowed us to establish the presence in the community of saprophagous and anecic animals. The latter ecological group is represented by the extremely mobile vertebrate species Pelobates fuscus. The foromorphic structure of the community differs by its great variety. In this structure various strategies of animals’ movement through the soil are proportionately represented. On the one hand, we see various ways of movement of herpetobiont animals, mainly insect imagoes, which as a whole differ in their considerable migratory potential. This circumstance staticizes the historical reasons for the formation of the studied community. On the other hand, in the community there are various strategies of movement in the soil that allow us to assume or determine the reasons or causes of structurization of an ecological niche. Environmental factors are described by two groups of indicators, edaphic properties and values of phytoindicator scales. The mesopedobionts community structure is presented as a classical matrix of species/sampling points. The ecology of communities is principally focused not on taxonomic features but on biological properties (traits) of species. Such features can act on ecomorphs of soil animals. The direct functional analysis of relationship of biological properties of species with variables of environment by means of data on the abundance of species demands association of three matrixes of data. Such problem can be tackled by means of the RLQ-analysis. A key aspect of structurization of communities of soil mesofauna is differentiation in trophic traits. The organisation of a community of soil animals in an ecological space set by axes RLQ can be displayed in the form of a natural variation of RLQ-axes in geographical space. Everything in the RLQ is represented, as follows from the mathematical nature of this generalisation, an independent aspect of the coordinated variation of structure of a community of soil animals, properties of environment and ecomorphic features of mesopedobionts.
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Kunakh, O., N. Yorkina, Y. Zhukova i A. Malasay. "Environmental Impact Assessment: Possible Application of the Ecomorphic Approach". Agrology 3, nr 3 (9.06.2020): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32819/020016.
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GRISMER, L. LEE, i JESSE L. GRISMER. "A re-evaluation of the phylogenetic relationships of the Cyrtodactylus condorensis group (Squamata; Gekkonidae) and a suggested protocol for the characterization of rock-dwelling ecomorphology in Cyrtodactylus". Zootaxa 4300, nr 4 (4.08.2017): 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4300.4.2.
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A re-evaluation of the phylogenetic relationships of the four species of the monophyletic Cyrtodactylus conodorensis group using the mitochondrial gene ND2 with Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood analyses provides strong statistical support for the recovery the cave-adapted ecomorphs C. eisenmanae and C. grismeri as the sister lineage to the scansorial forest-adapted ecomorphs C. condorensis and C. leegrismeri. This phylogeny provides the context in which these ecomorphs are morphologically characterized. The majority of newly described species within Cyrtodactylus have come from karst habitats and granite boulder cave-like microhabitats. Although some authors have commented on subtle to notable differences in the morphology and color pattern associated with species from these habitats, none have explicitly presented data necessary to characterize this putative departure from a more generalized, scansorial morphology. To this end, the closely related species of the condorensis group are used to provide a suggested protocol to recover and delimit characters adaptive to a restrictive lifestyle of climbing on flat, rocky substrates in low levels of illumination. Understanding the phylogenetic context in which a morphological shift from a general scansorial species to a rock-adapted species relative to the historical evolution of its environment has conservation and management implications. This is particularly important given that a number of the newly described karst-adapted species from throughout Southeast Asia are threatened with extension because of the ongoing quarrying activities of their habitat.
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Ellerby, David J., i Shannon P. Gerry. "Sympatric Divergence and Performance Trade-Offs of Bluegill Ecomorphs". Evolutionary Biology 38, nr 4 (29.07.2011): 422–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11692-011-9130-y.
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Papadopoulos, Dimitris. "The Imaginary of Plasticity: Neural Embodiment, Epigenetics and Ecomorphs". Sociological Review 59, nr 3 (sierpień 2011): 432–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.2011.02025.x.
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Kunakh, O. N., A. V. Zhukov i Yu A. Baljuk. "ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННАЯ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ СООБЩЕСТВА ПОЧВЕННЫХ МЕЗОПЕДОБИОНТОВ В УСЛОВИЯХ РЕКРЕАЦИОННОЙ НАГРУЗКИ В ЛЕСОПАРКОВОМ НАСАЖДЕНИИ". Biological Bulletin of Bogdan Chmelnitskiy Melitopol State Pedagogical University 3, nr 03 (13.12.2013): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/20133_59.
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<p>In work the results of studying of the spatial organization of soil mesofauna of the artificial forest planting have been processed by OMI- and RLQ-analysis methods. Our research were conducted in June, 6st, 2011 in Oles Gonchar University botanic garden (earlier – territory of park of J. Gagarin, Dnepropetrovsk). The studied plot is situated at a distance of 220 m from the Building 1 of DNU and at a distance of 95 m from Y. Gagarin Avenue (the Southeast direction) (48°25'53.88"С, 35°2'25.82"В). The plot consists of 15 transects directed in a perpendicular manner in relation to the Avenue. Each transect is made of seven sample points. The distance between points is 2 m. The coordinates of the lower left point have been taken as (0; 0). The plot represents artificial forest-park planting. The vegetation has typically wood, mesotrophic and mesophilic character (93.55% – silvants, 70.97% – mesotrophic, 57.84% – mesophiles). At each point the soil mesofauna was studied; temperature, electrical conductivity and soil penetration resistance, dead leaf layer and herbage height were measured. Soil-zoological test area had a size of 25×25 cm.</p> <p>In ecological structure of the soil animal community have been found such groups dominant as saprophages, pratants and stepants, hygrophilous, mesotrophocoenomorphes, endogeic topomorphes. The measured edaphic characteristics have been shown to play an important role in structure of an ecological niche in mesopedobiont community. The basic trends of structure transformation of the animal community of soil mesofauna have been found as soil humidity gradient and edaphic properties variability caused features of a forest vegetation cover. The usage of morphological or physiological features of animals for an estimation of degree of specific distinctions is applicable for homogeneous taxonomic or ecological groups possessing comparable characteristics which also can be interpreted ecologically. The soil mesofauna is characterized by high taxonomic and ecological diversity of forms and comparing which by morphological or physiological criteria it is rather inconvenient. Ecological sense of characteristics in different groups will not be identical, and the basis for their comparison will be inadequate. Therefore we apply to the description of the ecological features ectomorphic analysis of soil animals. The organization of communities of soil animals may be considered at levels of an investigated point, a biogeocenosis, a landscape and regional level. Actually, on the basis of landscape-ecological distribution of species in ecological space their accessory to ecological groups – an ecomorphes is established. Various directions of allocating an ecomorphes at the landscape level conditionally are considered independent and form an ecological matrix (in multidimensional space – a multidimensional matrix, or tensor). As the level of a biogeocenosis correlation degree with the ecomorphes, possibly, will be rather high, therefore soil animals will form local, but functionally significant, groups. The regular ratio of ecomorphes in these functional groups will be a reflection of their organizational structure and an ecological diversity. The obtained data testifies to the justice of the come out assumption. It is important to notice that fact that the functional groups allocated in ecological space by means of the RLQ-analysis, show regular patterns of spatial variability. Local functional groups are characterized by ecological characteristics which reflect in terms one ecomorphes of property of others, occupying the higher hierarchical position. So, it is established that within the studied range, steppe ecomorphes are presented by megatrophic, xerophilous, megatrophocoenomorphes, and mostly phytophagous or predatory forms. Meadow and paludal forms are mainly epigeic (paludal) or anecic (meadow), hygrophilous or ultragygrophilous, saprophagous. The pioneering complex of destructive loci is presented by functional group which has no accurate coenotic status, but gravitates to steppe type. Such result approaches us to an understanding of mechanisms of transformation of community of soil animals under anthropogenic impact. For this purpose it is necessary to return to understanding coenomorphes as indicators of types of circulation of substances and energy flow on A. L. Belgard (1971). In such treatment we observe destruction coenotic system unities of a complex under anthropogenic impact, and the functional group appears at us as situational set of species. Obviously, such treatment is hypothetical and demands the further check. However the considered algorithm of gathering of materials and their statistical processing gives the practical tool for the decision of the given problem.</p> <p><em>Key words: </em>soil mesofauna, ecological niche, spatial ecology, ecomorphes</p>
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Liégey, Edith. "Ecomorphisme, vers une culture du vivant. Vu(e) des arbres au musée, « perchoirs » symboliques". Ecozon@: European Journal of Literature, Culture and Environment 10, nr 2 (9.10.2019): 89–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.37536/ecozona.2019.10.2.2886.
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Vu(e) des arbres — poste d’observation symbolique — des artistes ouvrent des brèches entres les mondes végétal, animal et humain aux enjeux d’acculturation. Comment se fabrique cette relation singulière de symbiose avec le vivant qui perdure dans le temps ? L’écomorphisme — oikos/habitat et morphé/forme — est le résultat d’une adaptation d’une espèce vivante suivant son environnement. Nous considérons l'écomorphisme tel un mouvement artistique de formes de la nature sauvage capables de nous transformer. Avatar du monde urbain, le musée offre des « perchoirs » en forêt symbolique pour nous dés-orienter et composer des liens entre les mondes. Par-delà une nature en crise et son panorama d’envahissement, une double écopoétique(s) manifeste par des objets et la littérature des musées. Quels liens se jouent entre une chouette perchée sur un arbre observant le cœur de Paris, une femme en lévitation au milieu d’une forêt et la tentative de filmer un épicéa dans son entièreté ? Vu(e) des arbres, nous analysons les relations complexes entre création artistique, effets esthétiques expérimentés in situ, scénographies d’installation, récits d’exposition et prise de conscience écologique.
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Baljuk, J. A., O. N. Kunah, A. V. Zhukov, G. A. Zadorozhnaja i D. S. Ganzha. "АДАПТИВНАЯ СТРАТЕГИЯ ОТБОРА ПРОБ ДЛЯ ОЦЕНКИ ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННОЙ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ СООБЩЕСТВ ПОЧВЕННЫХ ЖИВОТНЫХ УРБАНИЗИРОВАННЫХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ НА РАЗЛИЧНЫХ ИЕРАРХИЧЕСКИХ УРОВНЯХ". Biological Bulletin of Bogdan Chmelnitskiy Melitopol State Pedagogical University 4, nr 03 (7.09.2014): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/20144_24.
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<p>In work the algorithm of adaptive strategy of optimum spatial sampling for studying of the spatial organisation of communities of soil animals in the conditions of an urbanization have been presented. As operating variables the principal components obtained as a result of the analysis of the field data on soil penetration resistance, soils electrical conductivity and density of a forest stand, collected on a quasiregular grid have been used. The locations of experimental polygons have been stated by means of program ESAP. The sampling has been made on a regular grid within experimental polygons. The biogeocoenological estimation of experimental polygons have been made on a basis of A.L.Belgard's ecomorphic analysis. The spatial configuration of biogeocoenosis types has been established on the basis of the data of earth remote sensing and the analysis of digital elevation model. The algorithm was suggested which allows to reveal the spatial organisation of soil animal communities at investigated point, biogeocoenosis, and landscape.</p> <p><em>Keywords: adaptive strategy, sampling, ecomorphic analysis, biogeocoenosis, soil animals</em></p>
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Morris, Zachary S., Kent A. Vliet, Arhat Abzhanov i Stephanie E. Pierce. "Heterochronic shifts and conserved embryonic shape underlie crocodylian craniofacial disparity and convergence". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, nr 1897 (20.02.2019): 20182389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2389.
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The distinctive anatomy of the crocodylian skull is intimately linked with dietary ecology, resulting in repeated convergence on blunt- and slender-snouted ecomorphs. These evolutionary shifts depend upon modifications of the developmental processes which direct growth and morphogenesis. Here we examine the evolution of cranial ontogenetic trajectories to shed light on the mechanisms underlying convergent snout evolution. We use geometric morphometrics to quantify skeletogenesis in an evolutionary context and reconstruct ancestral patterns of ontogenetic allometry to understand the developmental drivers of craniofacial diversity within Crocodylia. Our analyses uncovered a conserved embryonic region of morphospace (CER) shared by all non-gavialid crocodylians regardless of their eventual adult ecomorph. This observation suggests the presence of conserved developmental processes during early development (before Ferguson stage 20) across most of Crocodylia. Ancestral state reconstruction of ontogenetic trajectories revealed heterochrony, developmental constraint, and developmental systems drift have all played essential roles in the evolution of ecomorphs. Based on these observations, we conclude that two separate, but interconnected, developmental programmes controlling craniofacial morphogenesis and growth enabled the evolutionary plasticity of skull shape in crocodylians.
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Protasov, Alexander. "Species from the viewpoint of biocoenology". Novitates Theriologicae, nr 12 (6.06.2021): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.53452/nt1217.
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Some questions of the use of the “species” concept in biocoenology and hydrobiology are considered. The existence of certain difficulties and ambiguities in the use of this concept is shown. It is proposed to clarify the goals and objectives of identifying the species structure of biocoenoses. The examples show that ecomorphs and coeno-ecomorphs are not less important elements of a biocenotic system and require thorough research. The question of the possibility and feasibility of definitions "to species level" of all members of the community is considered. The ecological niche concept is associated with species, although there is also the guild concept that unites species according to the principle of convergent similarity of trophic, topical, or other preferences. Various systems of bioindication have become widespread, which are based on the principle of compliance of a particular species population to certain conditions. First of all, we are talking about disturbed conditions, including various impacts by pollution. It was shown that not only species, but also more easily identifiable higher taxa could be used as bioindicators of certain conditions.
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Tomiya, Susumu, i Julie A. Meachen. "Postcranial diversity and recent ecomorphic impoverishment of North American gray wolves". Biology Letters 14, nr 1 (styczeń 2018): 20170613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0613.
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Recent advances in genomics and palaeontology have begun to unravel the complex evolutionary history of the gray wolf, Canis lupus . Still, much of their phenotypic variation across time and space remains to be documented. We examined the limb morphology of the fossil and modern North American gray wolves from the late Quaternary (< ca 70 ka) to better understand their postcranial diversity through time. We found that the late-Pleistocene gray wolves were characterized by short-leggedness on both sides of the Cordilleran–Laurentide ice sheets, and that this trait survived well into the Holocene despite the collapse of Pleistocene megafauna and disappearance of the ‘Beringian wolf' from Alaska. By contrast, extant populations in the Midwestern USA and northwestern North America are distinguished by their elongate limbs with long distal segments, which appear to have evolved during the Holocene possibly in response to a new level or type of prey depletion. One of the consequences of recent extirpation of the Plains ( Canis lupus nubilus ) and Mexican wolves ( C. l. baileyi ) from much of the USA is an unprecedented loss of postcranial diversity through removal of short-legged forms. Conservation of these wolves is thus critical to restoration of the ecophenotypic diversity and evolutionary potential of gray wolves in North America.
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Virrueta Herrera, Stephany, Andrew D. Sweet, Julie M. Allen, Kimberly K. O. Walden, Jason D. Weckstein i Kevin P. Johnson. "Extensive in situ radiation of feather lice on tinamous". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, nr 1921 (19.02.2020): 20193005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.3005.
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Tinamous host the highest generic diversity of lice of any group of birds, as well as hosting representatives of all four avian feather louse ecomorphs. Although the generic diversity of tinamou feather lice is well documented, few attempts have been made to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships among these lice. To test whether tinamou feather lice form a monophyletic group as a whole, we used whole-genome sequencing to estimate a higher-level phylogeny of tinamou feather lice, together with a broad diversity of other avian feather louse groups. In total, we analysed sequences from over 1000 genes for 48 genera of avian lice using both concatenated and coalescent approaches to estimate the phylogeny of this diverse group of avian feather lice. Although the body louse ecomorph of tinamou feather lice formed a monophyletic group, they did not strictly form a monophyletic group together with the other three ecomorphs of tinamou feather lice. In particular, a clade comprised of several feather louse genera, mainly from South America, is nested phylogenetically within tinamou lice, which also have their main centre of diversity in South America. These results suggest in situ radiation of these parasites in South America.
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Langerhans, R. Brian, Jason H. Knouft i Jonathan B. Losos. "SHARED AND UNIQUE FEATURES OF DIVERSIFICATION IN GREATER ANTILLEAN ANOLIS ECOMORPHS". Evolution 60, nr 2 (2006): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1554/05-314.1.
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Langerhans, R. Brian, Jason H. Knouft i Jonathan B. Losos. "SHARED AND UNIQUE FEATURES OF DIVERSIFICATION IN GREATER ANTILLEAN ANOLIS ECOMORPHS". Evolution 60, nr 2 (luty 2006): 362–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01112.x.
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Yorkina, Nadiia, Ava Umerova, Margarita Samoilova i Irina Gavrish. "Biodiagnostics of urban soils of Melitopolurbosystem on the basic of the analysis of the ecomorphic mesofauna structure". Problems of bioindications and ecology 23, nr 2 (2018): 113–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26661/2312-2056/2018-23/2-08.
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Powell, G. Lawrence, i Anthony P. Russell. "Locomotor correlates of ecomorph designation in Anolis: an examination of three sympatric species from Jamaica". Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, nr 4 (1.04.1992): 725–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-107.
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Scaling of locomotor structures (limb length, scansor area, and intergirdle distance) in three Jamaican Anolis species (A. garmani, A. grahami, and A. opalinus) is examined. Reference to structural-niche use patterns and partitionings typical of these three species is made. Each species represents a separate Anolis ecomorph, differing from the others in adult size, shape, and structural niche. All are part of a single intra-island phyletic radiation. Allometric models indicate that intra- and inter-specific differences in proportion of locomotor structures are not necessarily ontogenetically invariant, but that all three species ontogenetically arrive at, or have attained, the differences in proportion typical of their adult sizes. Differences in adult proportion between two species are not functions of body size alone but are the products of different scaling trajectories. No intraspecific differences in structural-niche use are documented, but interspecific differences are well defined: the greater the number of differences in locomotor scaling between two species, the greater the structural-niche partitioning. We suggest that the locomotor structure scaling patterns observed in these three species are typical of the ecomorphs that they represent. Analogous ontogenetic patterns of development should be displayed by independently derived representatives of these ecomorphs from other Greater Antilles islands.
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Hawley, Kate L., Carolyn M. Rosten, Thrond O. Haugen, Guttorm Christensen i Martyn C. Lucas. "Freezer on, lights off! Environmental effects on activity rhythms of fish in the Arctic". Biology Letters 13, nr 12 (grudzień 2017): 20170575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0575.
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Polar regions are characterized by acute seasonal changes in the environment, with organisms inhabiting these regions lacking diel photoperiodic information for parts of the year. We present, to our knowledge, the first high-resolution analysis of diel and seasonal activity of free-living fishes in polar waters (74°N), subject to extreme variation in photoperiod, temperature and food availability. Using biotelemetry, we tracked two sympatric ecomorphs of lake-dwelling Arctic charr ( Salvelinus alpinus n = 23) over an annual cycle. Charr activity rhythms reflected the above-surface photoperiod (including under ice), with diel rhythms of activity observed. During the dark winter solstice period, charr activity became arrhythmic and much reduced, even though estimated light levels were within those at which charr can feed. When twilight resumed, charr activity ensued as diel vertical migration, which continued throughout spring and with increasing day length, despite stable water temperatures. Diel activity rhythms ceased during the polar day, with a sharp increase in arrhythmic fish activity occurring at ice-break. Despite contrasting resource use, circannual rhythms were mirrored in the two ecomorphs, although individual variability in activity rhythms was evident. Our data support conclusions of functionally adaptive periods of arrhythmicity in polar animals, suggesting maintenance of a circannual oscillator for scheduling seasonal behavioural and developmental processes.
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Cooper, W. E. "Risk factors affecting escape behaviour by Puerto Rican Anolis lizards". Canadian Journal of Zoology 84, nr 4 (kwiecień 2006): 495–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z06-018.
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Approach distance (flight initiation distance) and escape methods depend on predation risk. I studied escape methods and effects of risk factors (temperature, perch height and orientation, conspicuousness) on approach distance in seven Puerto Rican anoles. Approach distance increased as temperature decreased in Anolis gundlachi Peters, 1876, presumably because of decreasing running speed, but not in other species (probably because of narrow temperature range). Perch height and approach distance varied inversely in four arboreal species that escape upward, positively in two grass–bush species that are more conspicuous when higher and flee downward, and were unrelated in cryptic Anolis stratulus Cope, 1861. Approach distance was shortest in cryptic A. stratulus and shorter intraspecifically in three species for partially concealed lizards and at sites providing more cover in two species. Approach distance was shorter for A. gundlachi on vertical than nonvertical perches, suggesting that ease of escape upward affects assessed risk. Escape behaviours have been proposed to vary among anole ecomorphs. Grass–bush species fled downward as proposed, or horizontally near ground level. Contrary to predictions of escape downward by trunk–ground and upward by trunk–crown anoles, all arboreal species escaped upward. Only trunk anoles were proposed to use squirreling, but species from four ecomorphs did as well.
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Murry, Phillip A., Robert A. Long i D. A. Russell. "Terrestrial Ecomorphs from the Upper Triassic and Upper Cretaceous of North America". Paleontological Society Special Publications 8 (1996): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200002872.
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Trainor, Francis R., i Patrick F. Egan. "Discovering the various ecomorphs of Scenedesmus: The end of a taxonomic era". Archiv für Protistenkunde 139, nr 1-4 (styczeń 1991): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-9365(11)80014-x.
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Robinson, Beren W., Andrew J. Januszkiewicz i Jens C. Koblitz. "Survival benefits and divergence of predator-induced behavior between pumpkinseed sunfish ecomorphs". Behavioral Ecology 19, nr 2 (12.12.2007): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arm133.
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Bhagat, Yakuta, Chris C. Wilson, Michael G. Fox i M. Teresa Ferreira. "Genetic relationships among pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) ecomorphs in freshwater reservoirs of Portugal". Ecology of Freshwater Fish 20, nr 2 (22.02.2011): 287–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0633.2011.00495.x.
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Winkelmann, Kai, Lukas Rüber i Martin J. Genner. "Lake level fluctuations and divergence of cichlid fish ecomorphs in Lake Tanganyika". Hydrobiologia 791, nr 1 (8.06.2016): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-016-2839-y.
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Tomiya, Susumu, i Julie A. Meachen. "Correction to ‘Postcranial diversity and recent ecomorphic impoverishment of North American gray wolves’". Biology Letters 15, nr 2 (luty 2019): 20190055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0055.
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Aboal, Marina, Olaf Werner, Maria Eugenia García-Fernández, José Antonio Palazón, José Carlos Cristóbal i Wendy Williams. "Should ecomorphs be conserved? The case of Nostoc flagelliforme, an endangered extremophile cyanobacteria". Journal for Nature Conservation 30 (maj 2016): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2016.01.001.
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Malinsky, M., R. J. Challis, A. M. Tyers, S. Schiffels, Y. Terai, B. P. Ngatunga, E. A. Miska, R. Durbin, M. J. Genner i G. F. Turner. "Genomic islands of speciation separate cichlid ecomorphs in an East African crater lake". Science 350, nr 6267 (17.12.2015): 1493–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aac9927.
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Mattingly, W. Brett, i Bruce C. Jayne. "RESOURCE USE IN ARBOREAL HABITATS: STRUCTURE AFFECTS LOCOMOTION OF FOUR ECOMORPHS OF ANOLIS LIZARDS". Ecology 85, nr 4 (kwiecień 2004): 1111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/03-0293.
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Reilly, Sean B., Sharyn B. Marks i W. Bryan Jennings. "Defining evolutionary boundaries across parapatric ecomorphs of Black Salamanders (Aneides flavipunctatus) with conservation implications". Molecular Ecology 21, nr 23 (25.10.2012): 5745–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mec.12068.
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CARLON, DAVID B., i CATHERINE LIPPÉ. "Estimation of mating systems in Short and Tall ecomorphs of the coral Favia fragum". Molecular Ecology 20, nr 4 (8.01.2011): 812–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04983.x.
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Dickson, Blake V., Emma Sherratt, Jonathan B. Losos i Stephanie E. Pierce. "Semicircular canals in Anolis lizards: ecomorphological convergence and ecomorph affinities of fossil species". Royal Society Open Science 4, nr 10 (październik 2017): 170058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170058.
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Anoli s lizards are a model system for the study of adaptive radiation and convergent evolution. Greater Antillean anoles have repeatedly evolved six similar forms or ecomorphs: crown-giant, grass-bush, twig, trunk, trunk-crown and trunk-ground. Members of each ecomorph category possess a specific set of morphological, ecological and behavioural characteristics which have been acquired convergently. Here we test whether the semicircular canal system—the organ of balance during movement—is also convergent among ecomorphs, reflecting the shared sensory requirements of their ecological niches. As semicircular canal shape has been shown to reflect different locomotor strategies, we hypothesized that each Anolis ecomorph would have a unique canal morphology. Using three-dimensional semilandmarks and geometric morphometrics, semicircular canal shape was characterized in 41 Anolis species from the Greater Antilles and the relationship between canal shape and ecomorph grouping, phylogenetic history, size, head dimensions, and perch characteristics was assessed. Further, canal morphology of modern species was used to predict the ecomorph affinity of five fossil anoles from the Miocene of the Dominican Republic. Of the covariates tested, our study recovered ecomorph as the single-most important covariate of canal morphology in modern taxa; although phylogenetic history, size, and head dimensions also showed a small, yet significant correlation with shape. Surprisingly, perch characteristics were not found to be significant covariates of canal shape, even though they are important habitat variables. Using posterior probabilities, we found that the fossil anoles have different semicircular canals shapes to modern ecomorph groupings implying extinct anoles may have been interacting with their Miocene environment in different ways to modern Anolis species.
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Elder Jr., John F., Bruce J. Turner, Jamie E. Thomerson i Donald C. Taphorn. "Chromosomal divergence and heterogameity in two annual killifishes of the genus Pterolebias". Genome 34, nr 4 (1.08.1991): 674–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g91-103.
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The annual killifish (Cyprinodontidae) species Pterolebias hoignei and Pterolebias zonatus from the Orinoco basin, Venezuela, have been regarded as conspecific ecomorphs, but P. hoignei has a diploid number of 46, whereas P. zonatus has a diploid number of 42. Metacentric chromosome counts also differ between these two species. Pterolebias hoignei has a sexually dimorphic karyotype, while P. zonatus does not. Although the diploid number is the same for both sexes, male P. hoignei possess a single large Y chromosome not present in the female karyotype. The hypothesis of conspecificity is rejected on the basis of karyotypic divergence found between the species.Key words: Cyprinodontidae, karyotype divergence, sexual dimorphism.
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Poe, Steven, i Christopher G. Anderson. "The existence and evolution of morphotypes inAnolislizards: coexistence patterns, not adaptive radiations, distinguish mainland and island faunas". PeerJ 6 (3.01.2019): e6040. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6040.
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The evolution of distinct ecologies and correlated morphologies (“ecomorphs,” in combination) among similar species allows sympatric occupation of diverse microhabitats. Particular ecomorphs may evolve repeatedly, that is, convergently, as separate lineages arrive at similar solutions. CaribbeanAnolislizards (anoles) are a classic ecomorph system, particularly well-studied for the diverse morphotypes resulting from adaptive radiations. But few studies have analyzed the equally species-diverse mainlandAnolis. Here, we use clustering analyses of nine traits for 336 species ofAnolisto objectively identify morphological groups (morphotypes). We analyze the presence of recovered morphotypes on mainland and islands in general and relative to the composition of 76 mainland and 91 island anole assemblages. We test for evolutionary convergence of morphotypes within and between mainland and island environments by mapping our recovered morphotypes onto recent phylogenetic estimates and by analyzing four of our measured traits using program SURFACE. We find that particular morphotypes tend to be restricted to either mainland or island environments. Morphotype diversity and convergence are not concentrated within either island or mainland environments. Morphotype content of assemblages differs between mainland and island areas, with island assemblages displaying greater numbers of morphotypes than mainland assemblages. Taken with recent research, these results suggest a restructuring of one of the classic adaptive radiation stories and a reconsideration of research concerning island–mainland faunal differences. Island radiations of anoles are unexceptional relative to mainland radiations with regard to species count, rates of speciation and phenotypic evolution, morphotype diversity, and rates of convergence. But local island assemblage appear to be more diverse than mainland assemblages. The explanation for this assemblage disparity may reside in one of the classic hypothesized island–mainland environmental differences (i.e., greater numbers of predators/competitors/environmental complexity on the mainland). Similarity between mainland and island anole radiations may indicate exceptional evolution in the anole clade overall or ordinary evolution in an extraordinarily studied clade.
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HERREL, ANTHONY, BIEKE VANHOOYDONCK, JOANNE PORCK i DUNCAN J. IRSCHICK. "Anatomical Basis of Differences in Locomotor Behavior in Anolis Lizards: A Comparison Between Two Ecomorphs". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 159, nr 4 (grudzień 2008): 213–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3099/0027-4100-159.4.213.
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