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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Encroachment”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 25 lipca 2025

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1

Miaou, Shaw-Pin. "Estimating Vehicle Roadside Encroachment Frequencies by Using Accident Prediction Models." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1599, no. 1 (1997): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1599-08.

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The existing data to support the development of roadside encroachment-based accident-prediction models are limited and largely outdated. Under FHWA and TRB sponsorship, several roadside safety projects have attempted to address this issue by proposing rather comprehensive data collection plans and conducting pilot data collection efforts. It is clear from these studies that the required cost for the proposed roadside field data-collection efforts will be very high. Furthermore, the validity of any field-collected roadside encroachment data may be questionable because of the technical difficult

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McWilliam, Wendy, Paul Eagles, Mark Seasons, and Robert Brown. "Assessing the Degradation Effects of Local Residents on Urban Forests in Ontario, Canada." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 36, no. 6 (2010): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2010.033.

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Urban forests provide essential social, ecological, and economic functions in support of their communities; however, surveys indicate adjacent residents conduct activities within their yards and the adjacent public forest edge that degrade these systems. Local governments rely on boundary-focused passive management and/or active management to limit impacts. Encroachment results from various boundary treatments; however, it is not known whether encroachment represents a substantial source of degradation within Ontario, Canada, municipal forests. To evaluate this, percentage cover of encroachmen

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3

Mukta, Arifa Yasmin, Md Emdadul Haque, Abu Reza Md Towfiqul Islam, et al. "Impact of Canal Encroachment on Flood and Economic Vulnerability in Northern Bangladesh." Sustainability 14, no. 14 (2022): 8341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14148341.

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River and canal encroachments have become a common problem in Bangladesh. The prevalence of river and canal encroachments has a direct impact on population growth. However, the impacted population appears to be unaware of its negative consequences. To this end, we aimed to investigate the past and present canal scenarios with a focus on canal encroachment as the influencing factor in Ulipur upazila (highly vulnerable) of northern Bangladesh. To examine the impact of this encroachment, the Flood Vulnerability Index (FVI), Adaptive Capacity Index (ACI) and Economic Vulnerability Index (EVI) were

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4

Fritz, James. "Pragmatic Encroachment and Moral Encroachment." Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 98 (August 18, 2017): 643–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/papq.12203.

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Christian Fennell. "Encroachment." Antipodes 27, no. 2 (2013): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.13110/antipodes.27.2.0184.

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Karrow, Sheila. "Encroachment." UnderCurrents: Journal of Critical Environmental Studies 12 (January 1, 2002): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/2292-4736/40472.

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Emerson, Robert W. "Franchise Encroachment." American Business Law Journal 47, no. 2 (2010): 191–290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-1714.2010.01094.x.

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Fenves, Peter. "Intervention, Encroachment." Critical Times 2, no. 2 (2019): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/26410478-7708307.

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Abstract This article shows that Walter Benjamin's initial characterization of the “sphere of moral relations” as divided by two mutually exclusive poles, law and justice, without a mediating third term such as “ethical life” or “moral education,” generates the basis for his critique of violence. After describing how this characterization of moral relations both reproduces and inverts the underlying schema of Kant's Metaphysics of Morals, the article outlines the procedure whereby Benjamin's initial definition of violence as an “intervention” into moral relations is supplemented by a correspon

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PFM. "Police encroachment?" Journal of the Forensic Science Society 29, no. 1 (1989): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-7368(89)73225-4.

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REED, BARON. "Resisting Encroachment." Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 85, no. 2 (2012): 465–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1933-1592.2012.00628.x.

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Mwiwawi, Ronald Fumba, and Mike Kiplagat Chepkong’a. "Unrelenting community encroachment and deforestation: the case of Maasai Mau Forest in Narok County, Kenya." African Journal of Social Issues 5, no. 1 (2023): 200–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajosi.v5i1.13.

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Globally and more specifically in developing countries, forest covers are dwindling as a result of human encroachments and deforestation. This is regardless of the numerous forest conservation zlaws and policies in force. The overall study objective was to ascertain the forest conservation status of Maasai Mau Forest in Narok County, Kenya. The specific objectives were to establish the extent to which the relevant state agencies have succeeded in warding off encroachment and deforestation; in effecting reforestation and enlisting Community Forest Associations (CFASs) participation in their for

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Boggenpoel, Zsa-Zsa Temmers. "Creating a Servitude to solve an Encroachment Dispute: A Solution or creating another Problem?" Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 16, no. 5 (2017): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2013/v16i5a2441.

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The main focus of this note is the case of Roseveare v Katmer, Katmer v Roseveare 2013 ZAGPJHC 18, which provides an interesting (though possibly constitutionally problematic) perspective to the encroachment problem. The decision in this case has opened the door for courts to create servitudes in instances where encroachments are left intact based on policy reasons. Concerning these policy reasons, the note investigates the reasonableness standard as it was applied in the case. It is argued that it is important to differentiate between the applications of reasonableness in encroachment cases a

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13

Никуленко, А. В., М. А. Смирнов, and И. Г. Бавсун. "IS THE NECESSARY DEFENSE AGAINST NONVIOLENT ENCROACHMENTS POSSIBLE?" Digest of research works "Criminalistics: yesterday, today, tomorrow", no. 3(27) (September 29, 2023): 158–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.55001/2587-9820.2023.11.79.016.

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В представленной статье авторы рассматривают вопрос о том, против каких общественно опасных посягательств возможна необходимая оборо-на, а именно должно ли посягательство в обязательном порядке быть сопряжено с применением насилия или угрозой его применения, либо необходимая оборона возможна и при пресечении иных посягательств, пусть и не сопряженных с при-менением или угрозой применения насилия, но интенсивность которых настоль-ко велика, что их пресечение возможно только в случае причинения вреда пося-гающему лицу. Ученые приходят к выводу о том, что первостепенное назначение необходимой обо

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14

Nijhof, Andre, Marjolein Bakker, and Henk Kievit. "The role in encroachment of the sustainability aspects of value propositions." European Journal of Marketing 53, no. 10 (2019): 2126–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-11-2017-0879.

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Purpose This paper aims to elucidate what concepts of encroachment in business-to-consumer markets explain the market share increase of companies with sustainability value propositions. It documents the encroachment field, analyses the practice of ten companies and proposes and defines the additional concept of transparency encroachment. Design/methodology/approach Semi-structured interviews were conducted with representatives of companies with an increase in customers and market share due to their sustainability value proposition. These were supplemented with secondary data, like documented i

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15

Imdad, Kashif, and Agha Mansoor Khan. "Impact of Global Warming on Wetlands: A Case Study of Lucknow District." SAMRIDDHI : A Journal of Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology 9, no. 01 (2017): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18090/samriddhi.v9i01.8334.

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Wetlands are one of most productive environments and provide a wide variety of benefits. They are important repositories of biodiversity and play a critical role in the health, livelihood and economic prospects for the nearby rural population. Wetlands are under imminent threat by nature in form of global warming and by civilization in form of encroachments and reclamation of wetlands for farming and settlement. Along Indo-Gangetic plain wetlands have receded more than half of its size in last 50 years. Present paper attempts to analyse impact of climate change on wetlands of Lucknow. Methodol

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16

Narayana Chaitanya Josyula, Prashanth Lakshmi. "Leveraging Transformers for Boundary Detection and Encroachment Identification in Land Surveys." International Journal of New Media Studies 11, no. 02 (2024): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.58972/ijnms.v11i2.281.

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Land management, urban planning, and legal compliance all depend on the prompt and accurate detection of encroachments and the establishment of land boundaries. Especially in vast or complicated land regions, traditional surveying methods are labor-intensive and prone to inaccuracy since they frequently rely on manual processes or GPS-based approaches. In this study, we offer a unique method to automate land boundary recognition and monitor encroachment in satellite and aerial photos using transformer-baseddeep learning models, specifically Vision Transformers (ViT). By utilizing transformers'

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17

Kvanvig, Jonathan L. "Against Pragmatic Encroachment." Logos & Episteme 2, no. 1 (2011): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/logos-episteme20112150.

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Moss, Sarah. "IX—Moral Encroachment." Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 118, no. 2 (2018): 177–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arisoc/aoy007.

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Shulman, Brian B., Suzanne Ducharme, Maureen Lefton-Greif, Sherry Sancibrian, and Genncis Rosado. "Encroachment Article Clarification." ASHA Leader 15, no. 7 (2010): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/leader.in1.15072010.2.

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McGrath, Matthew. "Defeating pragmatic encroachment?" Synthese 195, no. 7 (2016): 3051–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11229-016-1264-0.

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Wu, Xunbo, Jinling Zhao, and Ming Wang. "Managing Cost Reduction Efforts in Supplier Encroachment." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (February 9, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6638830.

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The extant literature has indicated that upstream supplier encroachment on the incumbent retailer could be beneficial to the supplier, the retailer, and the entire industry, when the supplier’s marketing disadvantage satisfies specific conditions. This study extends the previous investigations about supplier encroachment to the circumstance where the supplier is capable of managing and mitigating her marketing disadvantage, which further intensifies the retail competition and provides new managerial implications about the encroachment. We find that encroachment with cost reduction efforts does

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22

Ganguli, Amy C., David M. Engle, Paul M. Mayer, and Eric C. Hellgren. "Plant community diversity and composition provide little resistance to Juniperus encroachment." Botany 86, no. 12 (2008): 1416–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b08-110.

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Widespread encroachment of the fire-intolerant species Juniperus virginiana L. into North American grasslands and savannahs where fire has largely been removed has prompted the need to identify mechanisms driving J. virginiana encroachment. We tested whether encroachment success of J. virginiana is related to plant species diversity and composition across three plant communities. We predicted J. virginiana encroachment success would (i) decrease with increasing diversity, and (ii) J. virginiana encroachment success would be unrelated to species composition. We simulated encroachment by plantin

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23

San, Su Mon, Navneet Kumar, Lisa Biber-Freudenberger, and Christine B. Schmitt. "Policy Evaluation and Monitoring of Agricultural Expansion in Forests in Myanmar: An Integrated Approach of Remote Sensing Techniques and Social Surveys." Land 13, no. 2 (2024): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land13020150.

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Agricultural expansion is the main driver of deforestation in Myanmar. We analyzed the effectiveness of a national policy intervention on agricultural encroachment in state forests in Taungoo District in Myanmar from 2010 to 2020. The policy aims to stop agricultural encroachment and reforest encroached areas through farmers’ participation in an agroforestry community forestry. We applied an integrated approach that involved a land cover change analysis together with a household survey about encroachment behavior. The remote sensing analysis for the years 2010, 2015 and 2020 showed the land co

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24

Ma, Xuexi, Lianlian Fan, Abbas Fakher, et al. "Shrub Encroachment: A Catalyst for Enhanced Soil Nutrients Storage in the Altai Mountains." Plants 14, no. 4 (2025): 623. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14040623.

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Shrub encroachment in grasslands has a major impact on soil carbon storage (SOCS) and soil total nitrogen (STNS), which affects nutrient cycling and ecosystem processes. We explored the effects of shrub encroachment on SOCS and STNS in five grassland types in the Altai Mountains: mountain meadows, temperate meadow steppe, temperate steppe, temperate steppe desert, and temperate desert steppe. Shrub encroachment considerably improved SOCS and STNS, with the greatest increases occurring in locations with high encroachment. The interaction between grassland type and encroachment extent also signi

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Fu, Yu, and Mingzhou Zhang. "Research on Water Influx Issues in Carbonate Reservoir Development." Academic Journal of Science and Technology 6, no. 1 (2023): 116–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ajst.v6i1.8913.

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The issue of water encroachment in the development of carbonate reservoirs has always been one of the significant factors limiting the effectiveness of reservoir development. The impact of water encroachment on well productivity cannot be ignored, making the study of water encroachment in carbonate reservoirs of great theoretical and practical significance. In this study, we focused on the problem of severe water encroachment in the fringe well group of the MX reservoir, and applied dynamic analysis and numerical simulation techniques to explore practical water management strategies. The resea

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Fogarty, Dillon T., Caleb P. Roberts, Daniel R. Uden, et al. "Woody Plant Encroachment and the Sustainability of Priority Conservation Areas." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (2020): 8321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208321.

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Woody encroachment is a global driver of grassland loss and management to counteract encroachment represents one of the most expensive conservation practices implemented in grasslands. Yet, outcomes of these practices are often unknown at large scales and this constrains practitioner’s ability to advance conservation. Here, we use new monitoring data to evaluate outcomes of grassland conservation on woody encroachment for Nebraska’s State Wildlife Action Plan, a statewide effort that targets management in Biologically Unique Landscapes (BULs) to conserve the state’s natural communities. We tra

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Mazor, Joseph. "On the Child’s Right to Bodily Integrity: When Is the Right Infringed?" Journal of Medicine and Philosophy: A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine 46, no. 4 (2021): 451–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jhab013.

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Abstract This article considers two competing types of conceptions of the pre-autonomous child’s right to bodily integrity. The first, which I call encroachment conceptions, holds that any physically serious bodily encroachment infringes on the child’s right to bodily integrity. The second, which I call best-interests conceptions, holds that the child’s right to bodily integrity is infringed just in case the child is subjected to a bodily encroachment that substantially deviates from what is in the child’s best interests. I argue in this article that best-interests conceptions are more plausib

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Ma, Rong, and Tianjian Yang. "Manufacturer Channel Encroachment and Evolution in E-Platform Supply Chain: An Agent-Based Model." Applied Sciences 13, no. 5 (2023): 3060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13053060.

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Manufacturer channel encroachment is a common phenomenon in the current e-commerce supply chain, which has been well studied. This study develops a multi-agent-based model of the e-platform supply chain to analyse manufacturers’ channel encroachment strategies and supply chain evolution. Through both direct sales channels and e-commerce platforms, manufacturers can sell two complementary products of varying quality. Consumers who have preferences compare the pricing information gathered from manufacturers through different channels before selecting the one that generates the best utility. At t

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Pearce, Margaret W. "Encroachment by Word, Axis, and Tree: Mapping Techniques from the Colonization of New England." Cartographic Perspectives, no. 48 (June 1, 2004): 24–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14714/cp48.457.

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It is well established that mapping has been an important tool for the colonization of North America. Techniques such as removal of toponymy, alteration of a boundary line location, and use of a map grid, were all successfully used for advancing colonial interests in the printed regional and national maps of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. This article compares these known techniques to those that were used in local, town level mapping in Connecticut during the same period. Whereas toponymic removal and replacement are found to remain central to cartographic encroachment at the local

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Yang, Liu, Jihua Zhou, Liming Lai, et al. "Evaluating physiological changes of grass and semishrub species with seasonality for understanding the process of shrub encroachment in semiarid grasslands." Functional Plant Biology 47, no. 7 (2020): 628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp19194.

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Shrub encroachment occurs worldwide, especially in arid and semiarid grasslands. Changes in soil water in different layers affect the process of shrub encroachment. Understanding the biological and physiological responses of plant species to shrub encroachment is essential for explaining shrub encroachment. The dominant species in six typical plant communities changed from Stipa bungeana Trin. to Artemisia ordosica Krasch., representing different shrub-encroached grasslands. The gravimetric soil water content (SWC) and enzyme and osmotic adjustment compounds of the dominant species across shru

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Fu, Feng, Shuangying Chen, and Wei Yan. "The implications of supplier encroachment via an online platform." RAIRO - Operations Research 56, no. 2 (2022): 529–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ro/2022003.

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E-commerce provides suppliers with the flexibility to operate an online arm via a platform in addition to their pre-existing physical stores. Although such supplier encroachment is becoming increasingly prevalent in e-commerce markets, the literature on supplier encroachment traditionally assumes that suppliers sell products to consumers directly and argues that supplier encroachment can mitigate double marginalisation problems that can secure Pareto improvements. This paper narrows this gap by investigating the implications of the supplier encroachment with an online platform under two scenar

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Schroeder, Mark. "RATIONAL STABILITY UNDER PRAGMATIC ENCROACHMENT." Episteme 15, no. 3 (2018): 297–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/epi.2018.24.

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ABSTRACTIn this paper I will be concerned with the relationship between pragmatic encroachment and the rational instability of belief. I will be concerned to make five points: first, that some defenders of pragmatic encroachment are indeed committed to predictable rational instability of belief; second, that rational instability is indeed troublesome – particularly when it is predictable; third, that the bare thesis of pragmatic encroachment is not committed to rational instability of belief at all; fourth, that the view that Jake Ross and I have called the ‘reasoning disposition’ account of b

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Song, Qing, and Tiemei Wang. "Effects of Shrub Encroachment in the Inner Mongolia Ecotones between Forest and Grassland on the Species Diversity and Interspecific Associations." Agronomy 12, no. 10 (2022): 2575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12102575.

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Shrub encroachment, which is the increase in shrubs or woody plants in grassland, is one of the important ecological problems facing grassland worldwide. The study was conducted in the ecotones between the forest and grassland of Inner Mongolia. Using a simple random sampling method, 40 shrubland sample plots, evenly distributed in the typical forest-grass transition area, were selected for community investigation. According to the steppe shrub encroachment index, the grassland was divided into different levels. The species diversity and interspecific association of different levels of sample

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Mueller, Andy. "Pragmatic or Pascalian Encroachment?" Logos & Episteme 8, no. 2 (2017): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/logos-episteme20178218.

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Armour-Garb, B. "Contextualism without pragmatic encroachment." Analysis 71, no. 4 (2011): 667–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/analys/anr083.

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Roeber, Blake. "The Pragmatic Encroachment Debate." Noûs 52, no. 1 (2016): 171–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nous.12156.

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Kim, Brian. "Pragmatic encroachment in epistemology." Philosophy Compass 12, no. 5 (2017): e12415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/phc3.12415.

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Bolinger, Renée Jorgensen. "Varieties of Moral Encroachment." Philosophical Perspectives 34, no. 1 (2020): 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/phpe.12124.

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Zhang, Jianqiang, Qingning Cao, and Xiuli He. "Manufacturer encroachment with advertising." Omega 91 (March 2020): 102013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2018.12.002.

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Eaton, Daniel, and Timothy Pickavance. "Evidence against pragmatic encroachment." Philosophical Studies 172, no. 12 (2015): 3135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11098-015-0461-x.

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Brower, Ann. "The myth of encroachment." Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice 2, no. 1 (2012): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2041-7136-2-3.

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Lewis, Lloyd B. "The encroachment of faith." Academic Questions 11, no. 4 (1998): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12129-998-1050-7.

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Vahid, Hamid. "Varieties of Pragmatic Encroachment." Acta Analytica 29, no. 1 (2013): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12136-013-0192-6.

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Mitova, Veli. "Social Group Moral Encroachment." Episteme 20, no. 4 (2023): 894–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/epi.2024.7.

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AbstractAccording to moral encroachers, the moral stakes of a belief partly determine how much evidence we need for the belief to count as knowledge. This view concerns the beliefs of individual believers. In this paper, I argue for a social group version of moral encroachment: dominant groups, such as white people or men, need to have more evidence than the marginalised in order for some of their beliefs to constitute knowledge. I argue for this claim in three steps. First, I spell out the group moral stakes involved – the harms dominant knowers cause the marginalised and the knowledge econom

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Cao, Dan, Jin Li, Gege Liu, and Ran Mei. "Can Decentralization Drive Green Innovation? A Game Theoretical Analysis of Manufacturer Encroachment Selection with Consumer Green Awareness." Processes 9, no. 6 (2021): 990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9060990.

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With the increase of public environmental awareness and the growth of e-commerce, sustainable development promotes the manufacturer to increasingly participate in green innovation and make full use of the online sales channel to enhance competitiveness. Despite decentralized encroachment being widely adopted in business reality, the current literature has commonly paid more attention to centralized encroachment. To complement related research, a dual-channel green supply chain composed of a manufacturer (its retail subsidiary) and a retailer is investigated. We focus on what encroachment strat

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Ding, Fan, Zhangping Lu, Mengfan Jin, and Licheng Sun. "Manufacturer’s Encroachment and Carbon Emission Reduction Decisions Considering Cap-and-Trade Regulation and Consumers’ Low-Carbon Preference." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 16 (2022): 10407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610407.

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Carbon emission reduction and achieving carbon neutrality has become an inevitable trend in the sustainable development era. We investigate the manufacturer’s encroachment and carbon emission reduction decisions considering government cap-and-trade regulations and consumers’ low-carbon preference. The equilibrium decisions for the four scenarios are analytically obtained and compared based using the Stackelberg game. A comparison with and without cap-and-trade regulation under two encroachment decisions regarding member’s profits and carbon emission reduction levels are conducted. It is shown

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Dubeux, José C. B., Igor Brêtas, Luana Queiroz, et al. "PSXIII-6 Weed encroachment reduces soil organic carbon stock in bermudagrass pastures." Journal of Animal Science 102, Supplement_3 (2024): 613–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae234.689.

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Abstract Weed encroachment might reduce stocking rate and overall animal performance in grazing systems. In addition, weeds can affect soil organic carbon because of changes in primary productivity and belowground biomass compared with well managed pastures. This study assessed different levels of spiny pigweed (Amaranthus spinosus L.) encroachment on bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] pastures. Spiny pigweed was drilled onto bermudagrass pastures to create three levels of encroachment: weed free, medium encroachment, and high encroachment. The weed-free pastures were treated with herb

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Ling, Han, Guangyu Wang, Wanli Wu, Anil Shrestha, and John L. Innes. "Grassland Resilience to Woody Encroachment in North America and the Effectiveness of Using Fire in National Parks." Climate 11, no. 11 (2023): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli11110219.

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The grasslands of North America are threatened by woody encroachment. Restoring historical fire regimes has been used to manage brush encroachment. However, fire management may be insufficient due to the nonlinear and hysteretic responses of vegetation recovery following encroachment and the social–political constraints affecting fire management. We synthesized the fire thresholds required to control woody encroachment by typical encroaching species in North America, especially the Great Plains region, and identified the social–political constraints facing fire management in selected grassland

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Du, Peng. "Optimal Market Encroachment and Pricing Strategy to Form a Global Supply Chain with Strategic Consumers." International Journal of Global Economics and Management 6, no. 3 (2025): 24–37. https://doi.org/10.62051/ijgem.v6n3.05.

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This paper constructs theoretical game models to explore the joint effects of tax rate disparity and consumers’ strategic purchasing behavior on brand’s foreign market encroachment strategy and the downstream enterprises’ pricing strategy, as well as supply chain members’ profit. Results show that (1) Under selling subsidiary encroachment, uniform pricing strategy is only adopted when strategic consumers’ patience level is relatively high and the tax rate disparity is sufficiently low. Under retail encroachment, the retailer prefers dynamic pricing strategy when strategic consumers’ patience l

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SCHMIDT, GLEN M. "LOW-END AND HIGH-END ENCROACHMENT STRATEGIES FOR NEW PRODUCTS." International Journal of Innovation Management 08, no. 02 (2004): 167–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1363919604000988.

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Successful new products typically encroach in some fashion on an existing market, impacting prices, sales, and profits for the old product(s). We present a framework in which encroachment takes one of two forms, either high-end or low-end. High-end encroachment is exemplified by Intel's Pentium III, which encroached on the Pentium II by first catering to high-end customers before diffusing to the low end to fully displace the Pentium II. Low-end encroachment is illustrated by disk drives with smaller form factors, which first catered to low-end customers desiring lower-cost, but eventually dif

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