Artykuły w czasopismach: „Esports careers”

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Salo, Markus. "Career Transitions of eSports Athletes: A Proposal for a Research Framework". International Journal of Gaming and Computer-Mediated Simulations 9, nr 2 (kwiecień 2017): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijgcms.2017040102.

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eSports has boomed, the number of eSport athletes has grown rapidly, and many teenagers aspire to a have career in eSports. However, eSports athletes' careers involve many problems, such as career-entry difficulties, straining life habits, burnout, premature retirement, and post-career dilemmas. Despite a growing research interest in eSports, a void of knowledge exists regarding eSports athletes' career aspects. To address the gap in research, this paper aims to take an initial step by proposing a framework for eSports athletes' career transitions. The framework combines two approaches from sport psychology and sport literature. The framework can help eSports athletes, coaches, and other stakeholders have and maintain long-lasting and healthy careers.

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Ramos, Andres, Joar Svensson i Natalia Stambulova. "Navigating the Unknown". Scandinavian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 6 (5.07.2024): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/sjsep.v6i.140390.

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The purpose of this study was to explore career development narratives of esport players. Three Swedish professional Counter-Strike: Global Offensive players were interviewed about their careers. Two of the participants had retired and one was still active. Their competition level ranged from top 10 nationally to top-20 internationally. The interview transcripts were analyzed using a holistic-form structural analysis, which resulted in three overarching narratives (i.e. performance, relational and sink or swim complemented by multiple narrative threads (e.g., discovery, relational). Due to the multi-faceted nature of esports, it might be common for esport players to tell dialogical stories. The study highlighted challenges esport players face (e.g., balancing esports, work and social/academic life), which are exacerbated by the unstable structure of esports and a lack of cultural narrative templates helping esport players to make meaning of their careers. Social and professional support facilitating narrative flexibility and dual careers might help esport players cope with challenges and become successful in esports and upon retirement.

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Ward, Michael R., i Alexander D. Harmon. "ESport Superstars". Journal of Sports Economics 20, nr 8 (22.07.2019): 987–1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527002519859417.

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We analyze the careers of Esports professional players. The Esport industry has been able to monetize growing spectator demand to offer tournament prize money amounting to US$113 million in 2017. A few hundred players, out of tens of thousands, earn enough to remain professional gamers exclusively. We examine three aspects of professional Esport player careers. First, a “superstar” effect leads to increases in the top prizes drawing amateurs into the professional ranks. Next, while age and experience affect player performance, player ability remains difficult to assess. Finally, career exits reflect a quick resolution regarding the uncertainty in player ability.

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Dominteanu, Teodora, Neluța Smîdu, Andreea Voinea, Corina-Claudia Dinciu, Maria-Cristiana Porfireanu i Adrian Iacobini. "Player Exploitation in Esports Esports Organizations Policies and Business Strategies". Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 17, nr 1 (1.07.2023): 1413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2023-0127.

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Abstract Player exploitation in esports refers to the practice of exploiting players for financial or other gain without providing fair compensation or benefits. This can include issues such as low wages lack of job security and poor working conditions. Examples of player exploitation in esports include signing players with long-term contracts with low wages and no benefits and the use of non-disclosure agreements. Agreement (NDA) prevents players from discussing their pay or working conditions. This situation makes it difficult for players to negotiate better contracts or speak out against abuse leaving teams if they are unhappy with their situation. Another example is the lack of proper training support and benefits for players such as healthcare and mental health. Many esports teams do not provide enough resources for players to improve their skills and maintain good physical condition. This can lead to fatigue and injuries which can seriously affect a player’s career. Many esports players are young and the lack of access to these resources makes them vulnerable to exploitation. The esports industry is still relatively new and unregulated which can make it easy for companies and teams to exploit players. However, there are many organizations and advocacy groups working to improve working conditions and ensure fair treatment for sports athletes. Athlete exploitation in esports in general is a serious issue that needs to be addressed to ensure that athletes are treated fairly and have the resources they need to succeed in their careers.

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Putra, Muarif Arhas, i Lolia Manurizal. "Pre-service physical education teachers’ perceptions of esports as a potential career pathway". Journal Sport Area 9, nr 2 (15.08.2024): 329–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/sportarea.2024.vol9(2).13895.

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Background Problems: The world of sports and gaming has witnessed a significant transformation in recent years. Esports, which refers to competitive video gaming, has gained immense popularity among individuals of all ages. This article explores the perception of health and sports education pre-service teachers on esports, specifically focusing on Mobile Legend, PUBG Mobile, Crossfire, and Valorant as potential future professional careers. Research Objectives: The purpose of this research is to know the perception of health and sports education pre-service teachers on eSports as a future professional career. Methods: This study uses a mixed method to collect data through quantitative (questionnaire) and qualitative (focus group interviews) methods. There were 116 people with different backgrounds to fill out the form. The instruments used were a questionnaire and a discussion guide. The first instrument that was used was a questionnaire using a g-form, followed by discussion. The data analysis used Miles dan Huberman technique. Findings and Results: As a result, about the health and sport education pre-service teacher perception through esports, Mobile Legend placed first as the most played esports, followed by PUBG Mobile, Crossfire, and Valorants in the last place. 88.8% said that esports can be a professional career, with some of them already making money from playing the game. 94.82% of players playing esports are only for entertaining or filling free time, but most of them, especially the Mobile Legend players, understand the rules and the strategy to win the game. About 50.9% of online game addiction behaviours may occur among adolescents. Conclusion: As a conclusion, pre-service physical education teachers’ perceptions show that they believe that esports can be a potential career pathway.

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Ahn, Hyoyeon, i Inwoo Kim. "An Exploratory Study on the Conceptualization of Burnout among the Professional Esports Athletes: Focused on League of Legends Champions Korea League". Healthcare 12, nr 11 (31.05.2024): 1127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12111127.

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Research on the stress and burnout experienced by athletes in the esports field remains limited, necessitating an approach that considers the unique environment and circumstances of esports athletes. This study aims to explore the conceptualization of burnout experiences among professional esports athletes. The participants included 88 athletes from the League of Legends Championship Korea (LCK). Among these, in-depth interviews were conducted with 7 athletes who had experience in international tournaments (the World Championship), while an open-ended survey was completed by 81 athletes. Data collected through in-depth interviews and an open-ended survey were digitized and utilized for analysis. Through critical review by another author and inductive categorization, the conceptual components of esports athletes’ burnout were derived. Through the analysis of 251 raw datum, it was conceptualized into five conceptual factors: performance, overtraining, interpersonal relationships, physical and psychological exhaustion, and career and motivation. The results of this study confirm that esports athletes, like athletes in other conventional sports, experience burnout during their careers, highlighting issues in their unique environment, particularly in aspects of interpersonal relationships and training and rest conditions. This research can serve as a foundational resource for effective athletes’ psychological health management in the esports field and underscores the need for further research on burnout among esports athletes.

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Kristanto*, Rangga Dwi, i Danang Purwanto. "Rational Choice of Students in Determining Careers to Become Esport Athletes in UNS Esports Community (UNSEC) Athletes". Riwayat: Educational Journal of History and Humanities 7, nr 3 (30.08.2024): 1442–2453. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/jr.v7i3.40988.

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This study aims to explore the rational choice of UNSEC Athletes to pursue a career as an esports athlete. These conditions are then analyzed using the theory of rational choice by James S. Coleman. This research uses a qualitative method with a descriptive analysis approach. Research informants were selected using purposive sampling technique with certain criteria, including UNSEC students who have been athletes for at least 1 year. Data were collected using interviews, observation, and documentation. The data that has been collected is then analyzed using interactive analysis techniques by Miles and Huberman. The research results indicate that UNSEC students choose to pursue a career as esports athletes based on their high interest in online games from a young age. They are confident that esports will continue to evolve, which makes them interested in pursuing a career in this field. Additionally, they have confidence in their ability to compete with other athletes. This confidence is supported by various resources they possess, such as advanced devices, parental support, and the UNSEC community. According to the theory of rational choice, UNSEC students as actors are able to manage the resources they have, such as devices that meet the needs of athletes in competition, parental support that is beginning to show acceptance of their career choice, and the relational facilities and location provided by the UNSEC community to enhance the athletes' comfort in competing. This rational background serves as the foundation for UNSEC students to choose a career as esports athletes

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Witkowski, Emma, i James Manning. "Player power: Networked careers in esports and high-performance game livestreaming practices". Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies 25, nr 5-6 (18.11.2018): 953–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354856518809667.

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In this article, we explore the ongoing negotiations and tensions involved in creating high-performance play and livestreaming practices, produced through assemblages of creative networked actions between individuals, institutions, infrastructures and communities. From speedrunning communities to esports leagues, expert game cultures offer key cases to explore the conventions of expert gameplay, the politics of digital play itself and the formation of networked careers. These include performances (on/off screen, by players and spectators), ownership/governance (of the game, of third-party organizations and products), and the expressions of player rights. Specifically, via two case studies, we look at how two veteran franchises – Valve Corporation’s Counter-Strike and Nintendo’s Super Mario – have engaged with the moving foundations and expressions of co-creation practices made by those engaged in high-performance networked careers of play.

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Alan Williams, Gavin Baxter, Thomas Hainey i Elizabeth Boyle. "Design of a Serious Game to Teach Esports Concepts and Career Pathways". European Conference on Games Based Learning 18, nr 1 (7.10.2024): 855–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.34190/ecgbl.18.1.2705.

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The popularity of esports has gained public interest over the past decade, leading to the industries evolution, providing further avenues for career prospects and educational outreach. Esports, abbreviated from electronic sports, is the nature of playing video games casually or professionally at a competitive capacity, either as an individual, or as a team. Previous research areas in esports have focused on education, psychological factors, health and nutrition, business management, performance review, and commercialisation, factoring in the relevance of esports in sports and supporting terms. The industry has different avenues and perspectives that are advantageous to develop innovative approaches, providing information about the industry, and improving the understanding for the wider general audience. Serious games and games-based learning provides the opportunity to educate and inform about the phenomenon of esports and the potential career industry pathways. This paper presents a conceptual design for an esports serious game to educate players about esports in relation to career pathways and genres. Investigation and adaption of serious game frameworks (e.g. Learning Mechanics-Game Mechanics, Activity Theory Model of Serious Games) will be adhered to through the research. This will lead to the development of a serious game for potential stakeholders to assist in their interests in studying or learning about esports and its multi-faceted career opportunities through simulated scenarios. A mixed methods approach will support the increased frequency of new esports programmes in secondary, further, and higher education, using a serious game to inform prospective students in relation to potential career avenues. The conceptual design idea presented in this paper will support the initial research steps of a serious game to teach about esports.

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Said, Mahiah, Ammar Azfar Azli i Shahnaz Shafiza Sabri. "Investigating the Factors Influencing Students’ Acceptance of Esports as a Career Choice". Information Management and Business Review 15, nr 2(I)SI (11.06.2023): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v15i2(i)si.3425.

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Esports is a digital entertainment and gained its popularity due to technological advancements, technology accessibility and elite competition. Esports is recognized as a formal industry and a form of occupation and led to higher career opportunities. In 2019, more than 11,000 job vacancies were advertised and are projected to reach more than 22,500 jobs in 2020. This study investigates the relationship between Performance Expectancy (PE), Effort Expectancy (EE), Social Influence (SI) & Facilitating Conditions (FC), towards esports Career Choice Intention (CCI) among 365 private university students. The regression analysis shows that PE, EE, SI and FC have a significant impact on CCI. The independent variables indicate that the five factors significantly predict CCI - F (5, 359) = 40.562, p<0.001. And the R2 result of 0.603 postulated that the model explains 60.3% of the variance in CCI. The research on esports as a career choice intention is few and limits the number of referencing. Possible future research on the key success factors of esports companies could illustrate the industry's career progression. Alternatively, industry players should look at the allocation of budgeting and resources, and its relationship with attitude towards esports.

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AYDIN, Yusuf, i Muazzez ŞAŞMAZ ATAÇOCUĞU. "Transfer, Contract and Work Relations in Esports: A Qualitative Research on the Game League of Legends". Journal of Physical Education and Sports Studies 14, nr 1 (15.04.2022): 13–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.55929/besad.1025852.

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The aim of this study was to reveal the transfer processes, contracts and labor capital, relations, and working conditions of esports players within the electronic sports sector in Turkey. The findings obtained, it was aimed to identify the deficiencies in the esports industry and contribute to this field. Our study was designed according to the qualitative method and the semi-structured interview technique was used. Interviews were held online via Discord and Whatsapp in February 2021 and August 2021. The sample group of the study consisted of 13 participants who have retired or continue to wear uniforms in esports clubs. As a result of the findings obtained; there was no intermediary in the transfer process, the transfer process varied depending on the career of the player, esports players did not have information about social security, career times were shorter than in traditional sports, esports players were worried about the future, working hours were flexible, and there were some disputes between the esports players and esports teams. The results have been determined, such as the tendency of esports players to seek their rights on social media.

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Bopp, Trevor, i Kostas Karadakis. "Preparing Students for Careers in the Esport Industry". Sports Innovation Journal 4, SI (15.12.2023): 4–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/27397.

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Role-play is an active learning tool that increases the involvement, motivation, and responsibility of students through their immersion in the very industry for which they are learning and preparing and has been used in a wide range of settings, including education, business, and entertainment, to facilitate education, problem-solving, and personal growth. As such, role-play was implemented in an Introduction to Esport course to help students better understand and experience the real-life planning, obligations, and execution of the many roles and responsibilities necessary to host and stream an esport competition. In this manuscript, we offer an overview of student experiences and provide lessons learned to help enhance future role-playing and experiential learning opportunities in the esport space. Results from this project demonstrated that role-play can be an effective pedagogical tool, affording students with opportunities to enhance their knowledge and familiarity with the esport industry, learn and practice industry-specific skills, and experience a real-time event competition requiring them to apply what they learned in the classroom.

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Rothwell, Gregory, i Michael Shaffer. "eSports in K-12 and Post-Secondary Schools". Education Sciences 9, nr 2 (15.05.2019): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci9020105.

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eSports is a rising modality of sports entertainment in the United States and has growing implications for education. Providing competitive eSports teams in schools satisfies the growing desire to train and educate students on the skills emphasized in STEM and Career Technical Education (CTE) education, as well as in programs such as English and Language Arts. eSports develop the soft skills universities and employers like to see in a student graduating from high school. As the market continues to grow for eSports, opportunities for post-secondary education as well as for prospective employment will increase. The popularity of eSports will continue to grow, and this popularity will be reflected in the schools.

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Golovanova, N. L., M. V. Gordieieva i S. O. Gerasymenko. "Recognition, acceptance in society and growing popularity of e-sports". Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University Series 15 Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), nr 12(185) (25.12.2024): 82–86. https://doi.org/10.31392/udu-nc.series15.2024.12(185).15.

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This article examines the potential of esports to emerge as a prominent and dynamic sport. The author presents an analysis of the scientific literature and the process of esports being recognized as an independent sport. Particular attention is paid to the transformation in the societal perception of esports, evolving from a mere form of entertainment to a lucrative industry. The article analyses the process of esports being recognized as an independent sport, its increasing visibility in public consciousness, and the gradual increase in popularity among different age groups. It discusses the challenges and opportunities presented by esports, its importance in creating new forms of social interaction and cultural trends. The author emphasizes the importance of esports in modern society as a means of developing digital skills and career opportunities for young people.

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Lee, Je Seok, Minerva Wu, Diana Lee, Lee Fleming, Lindsay Ruben, Tom Turner, Kevin Brown i Constance Steinkuehler. "Designing an Interest-Based Integrated Curriculum Around Esports". International Journal of Designs for Learning 11, nr 3 (1.08.2020): 78–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/ijdl.v11i3.27663.

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A crisis of literacy has emerged among high school students in the United States. In order to encourage students’ engagement with literacy education, there is a need for an integrated curriculum of English Language Arts (ELA). An integrated language arts curriculum would allow students to learn literacy and reading skills while engaging with a motivating context. Meanwhile, esports has grown as a worldwide culture, expanding to more than just players and spectators to include a whole ecosystem of stakeholders. As esports grow in popularity and acceptance, educators have looked to connect the skills developed in esports with academic and career opportunities. We found esports to be a viable content area for the integrated curriculum because esports is favored among many students and involves reading activity as an essential part of participation.

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Karadakis, Kostas, i Maria Manus Painchaud. "Esport Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities: Perspectives from Subject Matter Experts". Athens Journal of Sports 9, nr 2 (12.05.2022): 79–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajspo.9-2-2.

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Esport is a growing form of entertainment because of technological advancements, increased online gaming participation and competition, and technology access. Esport shares traditional sport characteristics, with players, spectators, competition, and entertainment. As the esport industry continues to grow, career offerings in esport-specific and traditional positions has demonstrated an increase in need for trained and prepared individuals. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSA) an individual seeking employment in the esport industry should possess. Subject matter experts were interviewed to identify the KSAs one should possess for an esport career. Ten themes appeared: Business Acumen & Strategic Approach; Human Relations Skills; Relationship Management; Effective Communication; Technology Management; Legal and Ethical Practices; Research and Creative Problem Solving; Global and Cultural Orientation; Leadership; and Critical Evaluation and Analytical Skills. Additionally, esport specific KSAs and competencies aligned with three broad organization categories: people, structure, and goals. Traditional workplace knowledge is required as well as discipline specific knowledge. There is an expectation with industry evolution, functional areas (domains) within esport will continue to emerge. Lifelong learning skills, passion, and a desire to acquire advanced knowledge will be integral to success and sustainability of an esport career. Keywords: esport knowledge, skills, abilities, employment

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Białecki, Andrzej, Bartłomiej Michalak i Jan Gajewski. "Esports Training, Periodization, and Software—A Scoping Review". Applied Sciences 14, nr 22 (11.11.2024): 10354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app142210354.

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Electronic sports (esports) and research on this emerging field are interdisciplinary in nature. By extension, it is essential to understand how to standardize and structure training with the help of existing tools, developed over years of research in sports sciences and informatics. Our goal for this work is to review the available literature in esports research, focusing on sports sciences (training, periodization, planning, and career stages) and software (training tools, visualization, analytics, and feedback systems). To verify the existing sources, we applied the framework of a scoping review to address the search from multiple scientific databases with further local processing. We conclude that the current research on esports has mainly focused on describing and modeling performance metrics that span over multiple fragmented research areas (psychology, nutrition, informatics). However, these building blocks have not been assembled into a well-functioning theory of performance in esports by, e.g., providing exercise regimes or methods of periodization for esports.

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Yakovenko, O. O., O. A. Shynkaruk, N. G. Byshevets i S. V. Stroganov. "Esports as a rehabilitation tool for military personnel: overcoming stress and stress-related conditions". Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University Series 15 Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), nr 12(185) (25.12.2024): 207–12. https://doi.org/10.31392/udu-nc.series15.2024.12(185).43.

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The potential of esports as a rehabilitative tool for military personnel, particularly in the context of stress and stress-related conditions, is a promising avenue for further investigation. This study examines the potential of esports to reduce stress and enhance psychological well-being. This study examines the mechanisms through which video games and esports activities contribute to reducing anxiety, increasing emotional stability, and developing stress resistance. Esports is conceptualized as a relaxation and cognitive stimulation tool, which helps in effective stress management through distraction and engagement in-game tasks. Particular attention is paid to the role of social interaction in team games, which contributes to the development of a sense of support and social integration. The practical aspects of using esports in rehabilitation and stress management programs are highlighted. This study considers the potential of esports as an innovative means of rehabilitation for military personnel who have experienced stress and stress-related disorders. The relationship between gaming activities and psychological adaptation is analyzed, and the effectiveness of esports in overcoming the effects of combat stress is substantiated. Esports is proposed as a way of psychological support that promotes social integration and improves the emotional state of veterans, reducing the level of anxiety, depression, and PTSD. Esports are positioned as an emerging pathway for veterans to transition into civilian life, with opportunities for professional development in the gaming industry, from content creation to esports coaching. This dual function—as therapy and career catalyst—makes esports a uniquely versatile resource. This study concludes by emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to expand research into esports' rehabilitative potential, particularly in anxiety and social reintegration challenges.

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Postoiev Dalla Nora, Victoria, i Eduardo Napoleão. "Identificando as Dificuldades Existentes na Comunidade Feminina da Área de E-Sports". Anais do Computer on the Beach 14 (3.05.2023): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.14210/cotb.v14.p125-130.

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ABSTRACTESports is a term related to videogame competitions organizedamong professional players. The objective of this article is toidentify, based on reports by female eSports players, the maindifficulties faced by women who aim to pursue a professionalcareer in electronic gaming competitions. The methodology of thisstudy was conducted through a systematic literature review ofpreviously published articles that contained interviews and reportsof professional eSports female players. Thus, a scenario dominatedby men and marked by harassment and sexism was identified,leading to cases of harassment, gender stereotype and inequality,making female players who are interested in pursuing aprofessional career in eSports threatened and hesitant to invest inthe electronic games industry.

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Hong, Hee Jung. "Exploring stakeholders' perspectives on esports players’ wellbeing and career prospects". Computers in Human Behavior Reports 17 (marzec 2025): 100589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100589.

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DeArmond, Marc C., Brett E. Shelton i Yu-Chang Hsu. "The Gap Between Korean Esports and Educational Gaming". International Journal of Game-Based Learning 12, nr 1 (styczeń 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijgbl.287828.

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While some research suggests South Korea has fallen behind other developed nations with regard to publishing and using serious games in the classroom, Korean interest in video games remains extremely high. Due to a number of cultural, social, and technological factors, esports was primed to become a significant force in Korean culture and received significant support from the Ministry of Culture. The Korean Ministry of Education, meanwhile, is resistant to adopting educational games as a part of its accepted pedagogy. This resistance has created a significant gap between the interest in video games as a learning tool and that of video games as an industry and career path in Korea. While a number of factors play a role in the languishing serious games market, based on evidence analyzed through educational gaming literature it is unlikely educational gaming will be able to significantly advance without the support of the primary governing body controlling educational policy.

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Altuve Mejía, Eloy. "Deporte y neoliberalismo en América Latina: los casos de Argentina y Brasil". MOTRICIDADES: Revista da Sociedade de Pesquisa Qualitativa em Motricidade Humana 3, nr 1 (3.05.2019): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.29181/2594-6463-2019-v3-n1-p46-56.

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Resumen La elección de Macri, en Argentina, 2015, y el impeachment de Rouseff, en Brasil, 2016, significaron el retorno del neoliberalismo con fuerza en América Latina. En ambos casos, el deporte y particularmente la gestión de deportes tuvieron un papel importante: En Argentina, el desempeño exitoso de Macri como presidente-gerente de Boca Juniors fue el trampolín para su entrada en la política, marcó su carrera e incorporó a la campaña elecciones. En Brasil, la gestión de la Copa del Mundo de 2014 y de los Juegos Olímpicos 2016 concentró beneficios en la FIFA, en el COI, en socios transnacionales y emprendedores nacionales asociados a funcionarios públicos corruptos y políticos, haciendo del deporte un elemento movilizador que contribuyó a las protestas de 2013 y cuestionamiento del carácter popular-democrático del gobierno de Rouseff, al evidenciar el mantenimiento de beneficios a los poderosos, contribuyendo con su debilitamiento político.Palabras clave: Deporte. Neoliberalismo. América Latina. Sports and neoliberalism in Latin America: the cases of Argentina and Brazil Abstract The election of Macri, in Argentina, 2015, and the impeachment of Rouseff, in Brazil, 2016, marked the return of neoliberalism with strength in Latin America. It goes to show that in both cases sports and particularly sports management, played an important role: In Argentina, the successful exercise of Macri as president-manager of Boca Juniors was the springboard for his entry into politics, has marked his career and incorporated it to the electoral campaign. In Brazil, the management of the 2014 World Cup and Olympic Games 2016 concentrated its benefits on FIFA, the IOC, its transnational partners and national entrepreneurs associated with corrupt state officials and politicians, making sports a mobilizing element that contributed to the protests of 2013 and questioned the popular-democratic character of the government of Rouseff, evidencing that it maintained the benefits of the powerful, while deceiving its people because it did not fulfill what was promised and aggravated its problems, contributing to its political weakening.Keywords: Sport. Neoliberalism. Latin America. Esportes e neoliberalismo na América Latina: os casos da Argentina e do Brasil Resumo A eleição de Macri, na Argentina, 2015, e o impeachment de Rouseff, no Brasil, 2016, significaram o retorno do neoliberalismo com força na América Latina. Em ambos os casos, o esporte e particularmente o gerenciamento de esportes tiveram um papel importante: Na Argentina, o desempenho bem sucedido de Macri como presidente-gerente do Boca Juniors foi o trampolim para sua entrada na política, ele marcou sua carreira e incorporou-o à campanha eleitoral. No Brasil, a gestão da Copa do Mundo de 2014 e dos Jogos Olímpicos 2016 concentrou benefícios na FIFA, no COI, em parceiros transnacionais e empreendedores nacionais associados a funcionários públicos corruptos e políticos, tornando o esporte um elemento mobilizador que contribuiu para os protestos de 2013 e questionamento do caráter popular-democrático do governo de Rouseff, ao evidenciar manutenção de benefícios aos poderosos, contribuindo com seu enfraquecimento político.Palavras-chave: Esporte. Neoliberalismo. América Latina.

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Lam, Wing-Kai, Bob Chen, Rui-Tan Liu, James Chung-Wai Cheung i Duo Wai-Chi Wong. "Spine Posture, Mobility, and Stability of Top Mobile Esports Athletes: A Case Series". Biology 11, nr 5 (11.05.2022): 737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11050737.

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Professional esports athletes spend a long time in the same sitting posture during training and competition. Mobile esports may exacerbate potential postural problems because of the closer and unsupported arms and because athletes spend more time in a forward-/flexed-head posture. Prolonged sitting in these postures carries significant health risks and may lead to musculoskeletal problems and injuries. The objective of this retrospective study is to assess the posture, mobility, and stability of the spine for professional mobile esports athletes. We collected spine-assessment data from 48 athletes participating in a top-tier league on a real-time-strategy battle-arena online game. The spinal assessment was conducted using the SpinalMouse® under upright standing and trunk flexion in addition to the Matthiass test. Measurements were converted into Idiag Scores by the SpinalMouse® software. The Idiag Posture, Idiag Mobility, and Idiag Stability scores were 62.50 (IQR: 21), 63.50 (IQR: 19.5), and 54.50 (IQR: 14.5), respectively, and were significantly lower (p < 0.001) than the reference normative value (100). Age was found to have a weak positive correlation with the posture score (ρ = 0.29, p = 0.048). Although career duration appeared to lower the scores, the association was insignificant (p > 0.05). The scores also had no significant association with body height, body mass, body mass index, and esports team (p > 0.05). It was anticipated that mobile-based esports would attenuate the biomechanics of the spine and increase the likelihood of musculoskeletal problems, such as neck and back pain.

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Aleinikov, N. S. "The Sportification of Amateur-level Competitive Computer Gaming: The Case of a Student Esports Club". Sociology of Power 32, nr 3 (październik 2020): 91–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2074-0492-2020-3-91-113.

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This article presents the results of an empirical study of the “sportification” of amateur-level competitive computer gaming. How do amateur players, who are unlikely to become professional esports players, turn what is considered to be enjoyable entertainment into a collective activity that demonstrates traits traditionally associated with professional sports, such as self-discipline, a focus on achieving results and overcoming personal limitations? Ethnographic research, consisting of in-depth interviews and participant observations, was conducted in the last quarter of 2019 based on a series of tournaments (Rocket League, Counter-Strike: Global Offensive, League of Legends, and Rainbow Six Siege) managed by a student esports club of a Moscow-based university. Such clubs combine different levels of esports practice: players who consider themselves amateurs who attend tournaments “for fun”, players seeking professionalization and who have already received the first modest revenue from their activity, as well as players who achieved the status of a cyberathlete through membership in one of the university teams. Thus, student esports represents an ideal environment for exploring the dynamics of changes in the meanings that players put into their activity, as well as for finding elements holding together what could be called “esports culture”. The analysis conducted in the present article is based not so much on the interpretations of the phenomenon of esports that exists in the field of game studies, as on two classical sociological traditions: the writings of Erving Goffman and Howard Becker, on the one hand, and those of Max Weber and Norbert Elias on the other. As a result, the process of the “sportification” of the amateur practice of competitive computer games is presented in the article as a change in the actors’ level of reflexivity: towards the game, towards themselves during play, and towards the world around the game, occurring as they move through the stages of the “career of a competitive player”.

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Bagni, Guilherme, Kauan Galvão Morão, Renato Henrique Verzani i Afonso Antonio Machado. "Agentes estressores e o enfrentamento de problemas em tenistas e mesatenistas universitários". Caderno de Educação Física e Esporte 18, nr 2 (31.07.2020): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.36453/2318-5104.2020.v18.n2.p39.

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INTRODUÇÃO: A avaliação e análise de agentes estressores e enfrentamento de problemas em atletas pode ter um papel importante na compreensão daquilo que é enfrentado por esses atletas no dia-a-dia, além de poder propiciar um aumento na performance esportiva. No caso específico dos atletas universitários, além das dificuldades do mundo esportivo em si, existem as questões que permeiam o ambiente universitário e, muitas vezes sem estrutura, os atletas tem que conciliar essas duas carreiras.OBJETIVO: Analisar as estratégias de enfrentamento utilizadas por atletas universitários de esportes de raquete, bem como verificar as situações estressoras enfrentadas pelos mesmos. MÉTODOS: Este estudo de caráter descritivo e quali-quantitivo, utilizou o survey como tipo de pesquisa. Foram analisados 9 atletas universitários de esportes de raquete. Como instrumento, foi utilizado o questionário Estratégias de Modos de Enfrentamento de Problemas. Para a análise dos dados, foi utilizada a estatística descritiva e a análise de conteúdo.RESULTADOS: As estratégias de enfrentamento mais utilizadas pelos atletas foram as focadas no problema e busca por suporte social. Como agentes estressores notou-se a dificuldade na conciliação da carreira esportiva com a vida acadêmica.CONCLUSÃO: Verificou-se que a maioria dos atletas utiliza estratégias de enfrentamento eficientes e encontra mais dificuldades em conciliar a dupla carreira (aluno-atleta) do que dificuldades esportivas em si. Assim, torna-se necessário uma maior percepção por parte dos gestores do esporte universitário acerca deste tópico, sendo ainda necessário maiores estudos neste tópico, visando auxiliar os atletas e proporcionar um maior rendimento esportivo e acadêmico para os mesmos.ABSTRACT. Stressors and coping in tennis and table tennis college athletes.BACKGROUND: The evaluation and analysis of stressors and coping in athletes can play an important role in understanding what is faced by these athletes on a daily basis, in addition to providing an increase in sports performance. In college athletes, besides the difficulties of the sporting world itself, there are issues that permeate the university environment and, often without structure, athletes have to reconcile these two careers.OBJECTIVE: Analyze the coping strategies used by university athletes of racket sports, as well as to verify the stressful situations faced by them.METHODS: This study has a descriptive and quali-quantitative and qualifying approach and uses survey as a type of research. Nine college racquet sports athletes were analyzed. As a questionnaries, it was uses the Estratégias de Modos de Enfrentamento de Problemas. For data analysis, descriptive statistics and content analysis were used. RESULTS: The coping strategies most used by athletes were those focused on the problem and the search for social support. As stressors, it was noted the difficulty in reconciling sports career with academic life.CONCLUSION: It was found that most athletes uses effective coping strategies and have more difficulties to reconcile the dual career (student-athlete) than sports difficulties themselves. Thus, it is necessary to have a greater perception on the part of university sports managers about this topic, and further studies on this topic are necessary, aiming to help athletes and provide them with greater sports and academic performance.

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SANCHOTENE, VITÓRIA, i Janice Zarpellon Mazo. "MEMÓRIAS DE TREINADORAS NO ESPORTE PARAOLÍMPICO DE ALTO RENDIMENTO NO BRASIL". Revista da Associação Brasileira de Atividade Motora Adaptada 25, nr 2 (23.12.2024): 347–64. https://doi.org/10.36311/2674-8681.2024.v25n2.p347-364.

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This investigation aimed to verify how Brazilian women coaches were inserted into high-performance Paralympic sports in Brazil. Based on the premises of Cultural History and Sports History, we applied the principles of Oral History, producing oral sources through the technique of semi-structured interviews. The participants were women who worked or still work as coaches of Paralympic athletes in the high-performance field. The testimonies allowed the understanding of their trajectories, highlighting them as historical subjects. The incentives for women to approach the coaching career were diverse: university internships, previous life as an athlete, family influence, and being a woman with a disability. Thus, it is important to highlight the need to enhance the contact spots of society as a whole and, in particular, of Physical Education students with Paralympic sports in order to expand the range of academic and professional fields. Received: 2024/10/20 Reformulated: 2024/12/17 Accepted: 2024/12/18

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Barbosa, Ramon Marins, Marivaldo Nascimento da Silva Júnior, Davi Martins Barbosa, Paulo Geovani Argolo Cavalcante Lima, Jefferson Petto i Alan Carlos Nery dos Santos. "FATORES PSICOSSOCIAIS INFLUENCIAM O RETORNO AO ESPORTE APÓS RECONSTRUÇÃO DO LIGAMENTO CRUZADO ANTERIOR". Psicologia e Saúde em Debate 11, nr 1 (9.01.2025): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.22289/2446-922x.v11a1a1.

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Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is a common intervention for sports injuries that significantly impacts athletes and their careers. Returning to sports after this surgery is challenging due to the influence of psychological and social factors. The objective of this study is to describe the psychosocial factors that interfere with the return to sports in athletes after ACL reconstruction (ACLR). A review of reviews was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Data sources included PubMed/MEDLINE and Virtual Health Library. Systematic reviews investigating specific psychosocial factors related to returning to sports after ACLR were included. Reviews addressing other knee procedures, studies with less than 9 months of follow-up, participants with a history of other ACLR surgeries, and reviews not exclusively focused on ACL injuries were excluded. Initially, 397 articles were identified. After applying eligibility criteria, 10 studies were included, involving 42,805 athletes from various sports. The main psychosocial factors influencing the return to sports after ACLR include fear of reinjury, lack of confidence, motivation, lifestyle changes, self-efficacy, depression, and psychological readiness. Most studies showed a moderate risk of bias. It is concluded that the psychosocial factors identified as influencing the return to sports after ACL reconstruction are highlighted by the importance of anxiety, confidence, resilience, motivation, and social and institutional support.

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Tozetto, Alexandre Bobato, Michel Milistetd, Carine Collet, Tayná Iha, Jairo Anello i Juarez Vieira do Nascimento. "TREINADORES DE BASQUETEBOL: OS DESAFIOS DA PRÁTICA NO AMBIENTE DE FORMAÇÃO ESPORTIVA". Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte 19, nr 1 (25.03.2019): 291–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/cpd.349001.

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O treinador possui papel central na formação de jovens no esporte. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os desafios de prática enfrentados por treinadores no basquetebol. Participaram 11 treinadores de Santa Catarina - Brasil. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas e analisadas por meio da análise temática. Os treinadores descreveram três temas gerais subdivididos em sete categorias: Desafios para Gerir a Prática – falta de recursos financeiros, gestão do esporte, falta de tempo; Desafios da Carreira – futuro da profissão de treinador, oportunidades de trabalho; Desafios com os Atletas – motivação dos jovens da nova geração, formação cidadã. A falta de recursos e uma gestão profissionalizada do esporte dificultam o trabalho de treinadores que precisam se preocupar com a documentação dos atletas, prestação de contas, entre outras funções ao invés de focar nos treinamentos, o que parece gerar um impacto na qualidade da formação em longo prazo dos atletas. Outro grande desafio apontado pelos treinadores foi a dificuldade sobre a carreira como treinador de formação, sem ter um futuro claro e garantias de oportunidades para se tornar treinador de equipes profissionais. Por fim, os treinadores comentam sobre as barreiras para motivar os novos atletas para a prática e aliar a preparação esportiva com a formação cidadã, sendo o esporte uma importante ferramenta para o desenvolvimento positivo dos jovens da nova geração. Assim, os treinadores parecem ter os recursos mínimos disponíveis e precisam assumir diversos papéis para manter a qualidade de formação de jovens no esporte, o que parece gerar instabilidade, insegurança e incerteza na profissão. The coach has a central role in training young people in sports. The aim of this study was to understand the practice challenges faced by basketball coaches. Eleven coaches from Santa Catarina - Brazil participated. Semi-structured interviews were carried out and analyzed through thematic analysis. The coaches described three general themes subdivided into seven categories: Challenges for Managing Practice - lack of financial resources, sports management, lack of time; Career Challenges - future of the coaching profession, job opportunities; Challenges with Athletes - motivation of young people of the new generation, citizen training. The lack of resources and a professional management of the sport make it difficult for coaches who need to worry about the documentation of athletes, accountability, among other functions instead of focusing on training, which seems to have an impact on the quality of training in sports of athletes. Another major challenge pointed out by the coaches was the difficulty over the coaching career, without having a clear future and guarantees of opportunities to become coach of professional teams. Finally, coaches’ comment on the barriers to motivate new athletes to practice and combine sports preparation with citizen training, and sport is an important tool for the positive development of young people of the new generation. Thus, coaches seem to have the minimum resources available and need to take on several roles to maintain the quality of youth training in the sport, which seems to generate instability, insecurity and incertitude in the profession.

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Tong, Yuxuan. "Analysis the Structure and Business Model of E-sports". Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 126, nr 1 (19.12.2024): 120–25. https://doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/2024.18330.

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Due to the advancement and popularization of Internet technology, the gaming industry has become a global competitive activity that continues to grow consistently worldwide. As the industry continues to grow, the size of the market continues to expand, the number of competitors continues to increase, and related career development and employment opportunities continue to grow. After the leapfrog development in recent years, the eSports industry has formed a complete industrial chain. However, under the background of rapid development, there are some problems, including regulation, management, business model, talent cultivation and social recognition. This paper analyzes the e-sports industry by means of literature review and theoretical analysis, and based on its current situation, it proposes to combine ANN technology to solve the problems in the actual operation process, so as to improve the commercial value of the e-sports industry. ANN technology can optimize the cheating problems occurring in athletics, scientifically evaluate and analyze the performance of players, assist in the operation and management of the industry, and provide personalized training.

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Ferrer Suárez, Inés, Natalia Stambulova, Marta Borrueco Carmona i Miquel Torregrossa. "Maternidad en el tenis profesional:¿es suficiente con cambiar la normativa?" Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte 22, nr 2 (10.04.2022): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/cpd.475621.

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Changes in the Women’s Tennis Association (WTA) rulebook at the beginning of 2019 regarding the special ranking for pregnancy or parental start and the uprising in sports psychology investigations regarding this theme in elite sport, inspired this study. The aim was to explore whether the changes in the WTA regulations modifies the vision of the possibility to combine motherhood and professional tennis career in both current and former elite tennis players. Participants were 10 Spanish female elite tennis players, some mothers (n = 3) and others non-mothers (n = 7). For data collection, a semi-structured interview was used and, through thematic content analysis, three themes were defined: (a) game, set and match: is it enough just by changing the rules? (b) Centre court: to serve tennis player and mom vs. at the return tennis player and (c) warning coaching: tennis as a team sport. The results of the study revealed that motherhood and an elite tennis career is possible to combine even though it is still a feat for the mother athlete. Our study suggests strategies that could favour motherhood with an elite tennis career: (a) have the support from the athletes’ entourage, (b) having financial support or funding, (c) have some areas or rooms destined for children in tournaments and (d) provide basic services for children in tournaments. El cambio de normativa de la Women’s Tennis Association (WTA) a principios del 2019 sobre maternidad y el auge de investigaciones en psicología del deporte sobre este tema en el deporte de élite, inspiraron este estudio cuyo objetivo fue explorar si el cambio de normativa modifica la visión de la compaginación de maternidad y carrera tenística en tenistas profesionales en activo y retiradas, madres y no madres. Participaron 10 mujeres tenistas españolas, algunas madres (n = 3) y otras no (n = 7). Para la recolección de datos se utilizó una entrevista semi-estructurada y a partir de un análisis temático del contenido se definieron tres temas: (a) game, set and match: ¿es suficiente solo con cambiar la normativa? (b) Centre court: al servicio mama-tenista versus al resto tenista, y (c) warning coaching: el tenis como deporte de equipo. Los resultados revelan como las modificaciones del reglamento facilitan un primer paso hacia la compatibilización de la maternidad con el tenis de élite, pero aún hacen falta más medidas de acompañamiento como las sugeridas en este estudio: (a) contar con el apoyo del entorno psicosocial de la deportista, (b) disponer de una ayuda económica, (c) disponer de espacios para los hijos en el entorno deportivo y (d) facilitar elementos básicos para los niños en los torneos. A mudança nos regulamentos da Women's Tennis Association (WTA) no início de 2019 sobre a maternidade e o surgimento das pesquisas em psicologia do esporte sobre o assunto no esporte de elite inspiraram este estudo cujo objetivo foi explorar se a mudança nos regulamentos modifica a visão da combinação de maternidade e carreira de tênis em tenistas profissionais ativos e aposentados, mães e não mães. Participaram 10 tenistas espanholas, algumas mães (n = 3) e outras não (n = 7). Para a coleta de dados, foi utilizada uma entrevista semiestruturada e, a partir da análise temática de conteúdo, foram definidos três temas: (a) jogo, jogo e jogo: basta mudar o regulamento? (b) Quadra central: servir a jogadora-mãe contra o resto da jogadora, e (c) orientação de advertência: tênis como esporte de equipe. Os resultados revelam como as modificações nas normas facilitam um primeiro passo para compatibilizar a maternidade com o tênis de elite, mas ainda são necessárias medidas de apoio como as sugeridas neste estudo: (a) contar com o apoio do ambiente psicossocial da atleta, (b) ter auxílio financeiro, (c) ter vagas para crianças no ambiente esportivo e (d) fornecer elementos básicos para as crianças em torneios.

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Novák, Pál. "The Impact of Videogame Publishers on E-Athlete’s Rights and Obligations". Közigazgatási és Infokommunikációs Jogi PhD Tanulmányok 4, nr 1 (31.10.2023): 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.47272/kikphd.2023.1.2.

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E-sports offer a career opportunity, a life goal, for many people. In this industry, the pressing question of whether it qualifies as a sport or not often arises, but one aspect rarely examined within professional boundaries is the legal standpoint. One major difference between e-sports and traditional sports is that traditional sports (e.g., football, hockey, basketball, karate) represent freely conducted activities, whereas e-sports are enabled by software, video games, which have copyright holders. Therefore, video games can only be used within the boundaries defined by copyright law, not just for consumers in the traditional sense, but also for e-athletes. This article examines the impact of copyright holders on the rights and obligations of recreational players who are considering or have set out to become e-athletes. The main problem is that the life paths of an e-athlete and a regular videogame player have a common starting point: recreational gaming, usually at home. The following article will focus on the EULA of the most popular esport game nowadays, the League of Legends.

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Schoch, Lucie. "Stéréotypes de genre". Sur le journalisme, About journalism, Sobre jornalismo 8, nr 2 (20.12.2019): 30–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.25200/slj.v8.n2.2019.400.

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FR. Cette étude s’intéresse aux interactions des femmes journalistes de sport de la presse romande avec leurs sources masculines. Les femmes journalistes de sport évoluent dans l’un des univers journalistiques les plus masculins, tant du point de vue de la présence des femmes dans la profession (13% seulement dans la presse romande malgré une récente féminisation) que de l’objet médiatisé. S’appuyant sur des observations réalisées dans deux quotidiens romands et 25 entretiens biographiques, l’étude montre que, face à des pratiques de terrain identifiées comme masculines, les femmes journalistes de sport mobilisent la féminité et certains stéréotypes qui lui sont associés dans leurs interactions avec les sources. Journalistes polyvalentes, non expertes dans le domaine du sport, ce sont des contraintes de position qui les amènent à déployer de telles stratégies. Mais la mobilisation du genre comme ressource dans le travail de terrain relève aussi d’une « identité stratégique » pour la plupart. Jouant de l’assignation, elles tirent profit du fait d’être une femme et parviennent à recueillir des informations qu’elles jugent sincères et authentiques et qui leur permettent de développer une approche « féminine » de l’information sportive dont la qualité est reconnue au sein de la profession. Néanmoins, bien rares sont les femmes journalistes qui parviennent à modifier les rapports de pouvoir genrés au sein de leur rubrique et la mobilisation du genre comme ressource professionnelle se révèle en outre ambivalente. Elle contribue à minorer les compétences journalistiques des femmes et nuit à leur reconnaissance professionnelle dans l’univers sportif ainsi qu’à leur carrière dans le journalisme. *** EN. This study focuses on the interactions of female sports journalists working in the Swiss-French daily press with their male sources. Female sports journalists work in one of the most male-dominated journalistic specialties, both in terms of the presence of women in the profession (only 13% in the French-speaking Swiss press, despite recent feminization) and in terms of media coverage. The study is based on observations of two daily newspapers and twenty-five biographical interviews, and demonstrates that, within this fieldwork identified as masculine, female sports journalists deploy femininity and stereotypes associated with it in their interactions with sources. Especially for non-disciplinary journalists (non-experts in the field of sports), vocational demands lead them to deploy such strategies. But mobilizing gender as a resource in their field work is also a “strategic identity” for most of them. In reversing the stereotype, they take advantage of being a woman and manage to gather information that they consider sincere and authentic and that allows them to develop a “feminine” approach to sports writing, whose quality is recognized within the profession. Nevertheless, very few women journalists manage to change the gendered power relations within their sector. Furthermore, the implementation of gender as a professional resource is ambivalent in that it also contributes to the underestimation of women's journalistic skills and undermines their professional recognition in the world of sports as well as their career in journalism. *** PT. Este estudo concentra-se nas interações de mulheres jornalistas de esporte da imprensa francesa com suas fontes masculinas. As mulheres jornalistas de esporte atuam em um dos universos jornalísticos mais masculinos, tanto do ponto de vista da presença de mulheres na profissão (13% somente na imprensa de língua francesa, apesar de uma recente feminização) quanto em termos de cobertura da mídia. Com base nas observações realizadas em dois diários franceses e em 25 entrevistas biográficas, o estudo mostra que, diante das práticas de campo identificadas como masculinas, as mulheres jornalistas de esporte mobilizam a feminilidade e certos estereótipos associados a elas em suas interações com as fontes. Jornalistas polivalentes, não especialistas no campo do esporte, são as restrições de posição que as levam a implementar essas estratégias. Mas a mobilização de gênero como um recurso no trabalho de campo também é uma « identidade estratégica » para a maioria delas. Ao desempenhar a tarefa, elas se beneficiam de ser uma mulher e conseguem coletar informações que consideram sinceras e autênticas e que lhes permitem desenvolver uma abordagem « feminina » das informações esportivas cuja qualidade é reconhecida dentro da profissão. No entanto, muito poucas mulheres jornalistas conseguem mudar as relações de poder de gênero dentro de suas rubricas e a mobilização de gênero como recurso profissional também é ambivalente. Contribui para subestimar as habilidades jornalísticas das mulheres e prejudica seu reconhecimento profissional no mundo do esporte e sua carreira no jornalismo. ***

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Hadjeras, Stéphane. "Le boxeur Georges Carpentier dans la presse franco-britannique de la Belle Époque". Sur le journalisme, About journalism, Sobre jornalismo 10, nr 2 (19.12.2021): 104–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.25200/slj.v10.n2.2021.441.

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FR. A la veille de la Grande Guerre la boxe anglaise a pris, dans les sociétés anglo-saxonnes (États-Unis, Grande-Bretagne et Australie) et depuis peu en France, une dimension sociale et culturelle d’importance. Dans l’Hexagone alors qu’elle était au tournant du XIXème siècle une mise en scène illégale et inconnue du grand public, elle a connu en 10 ans une fulgurante ascension. Aussi, En 1914, elle est devenue sport roi non seulement à Paris mais également en province. Ce que l’on peut appeler « la Belle Époque de la boxe anglaise en France » est marqué par une corrélation entre les succès de cette pratique et l’avènement de la première superstar du sport tricolore : le boxeur Georges Carpentier. Né en 1894 à Liévin, dans les bassins miniers du Pas-de-Calais, le « gosse » embrasse la carrière de pugiliste à l’âge de 14 ans. Entre 1908 et 1914, au rythme de nombreuses et surprenantes victoires, sa popularité ne cesse de croître. Elle atteint son apogée dans les deux années précédant la guerre, particulièrement lors de probants triomphes face à la fine fleur pugilistique britannique. A l’occasion de matchs mobilisant les ressorts du nationalisme anti-anglais, ces affrontements poursuivent la longue inimitié historique entre la France et la « perfide Albion », tout en nourrissant et amplifiant la célébrité du jeune prodige. A l’aube du culte des vedettes et dans une métaphore évidente de la guerre, la presse franco-britannique n’hésite pas à l’élever au rang de « vengeur de Waterloo ». Puis, contre toute attente, à quelques mois de l’embrasement de la vieille Europe, augurant du nouveau jeu d’alliance militaire qui se dessine dans les salons de la diplomatie franco-anglaise, il devient dans ces mêmes journaux le « champion de l’Entente Cordiale ». *** EN. In the years preceding the Great War, English boxing occupied an important social and cultural role in Anglo-Saxon societies (United States, Great Britain and Australia) and came to gradually occupy a similar position in France. At the turn of the 19th century, it was still an illegal and obscure show to French audiences. However, in the course of the following decade, it was propelled to higher grounds: by 1914, it had become the king of sports, both in Paris and in the provinces. The “Belle Époque of English boxing in France" is characterized by the correlation between the success of the sport and the rise of the first French boxing superstar, Georges Carpentier. Born in 1894 in Liévin, in the coal mining basins of the Pas-de-Calais, the “kid” embraces the career of pugilist at the age of 14. Between 1908 and 1914, his popularity was on a constant rise thanks to numerous and surprising victories. His popularity climaxes in the two years preceding the war, largely thanks to multiple victories against the British pugilistic elite. Mobilizing nationalism fueled by anti-English sentiments, these boxing matches are presented as a natural extension of the long historical enmity between France and the "perfidious Albion", contributing to grow and amplify the young prodigy’s fame. At the dawn of celebrity worship, and in an obvious metaphor of the war, the Franco-British press did not hesitate to adorn him as the "Waterloo avenger". Then, against all odds, a few months before the dislocation of old Europe, the same newspapers transformed him into the "champion” of the Entente Cordiale, implicitly pulling in behind the new military alliances taking shape in the halls of Franco-British diplomacy. *** PT. Às vésperas da Grande Guerra, o boxe inglês assume uma dimensão sociocultural central nas sociedades anglo-saxônicas (Estados Unidos, Grã-Bretanha e Austrália). Isso ocorre também na França, onde, até a virada do século XIX, não passava de uma encenação ilegal desconhecida do público em geral. 10 anos depois, experimenta uma ascensão meteórica, tornando-se, em 1914, o rei dos esportes em Paris, mas também nas demais cidades francesas. O período da Belle Époque do boxe inglês na França é marcado por uma convergência entre o sucesso do boxe e o advento da primeira superestrela do esporte francês: o boxeador Georges Carpentier. Nascido em 1894 em Liévin, nas bacias mineiras do Pas-de-Calais, o “moleque”, como era chamado, abraçou a carreira de pugilista aos 14 anos de idade. Entre 1908 e 1914, tendo já acumulado diversas vitórias surpreendentes, sua popularidade não para de crescer, atingindo seu auge nos dois anos que precederam a guerra, com vitórias arrasadoras contra a nata do pugilismo britânico. Essas partidas, cenário de incitação ao nacionalismo antiinglês, passaram simultaneamente a consolidar a longa inimizade histórica entre a França e o “pérfido Albion” e a fama do jovem prodígio. Nos primórdios do culto às estrelas do esporte, a imprensa franco-britânica, lançando mão de uma óbvia metáfora bélica, eleva Carpentier ao ranking de “vingador de Waterloo”. Poucos meses antes do estremecimento da velha Europa, contrariando todas as expectativas e prefigurando o novo jogo de alianças militares que se perfilava nos salões da diplomacia franco-britânica, Georges Carpentier torna-se, nas colunas desses mesmos jornais, o “campeão da Entente Cordiale”. ***

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De Farias, Cláudia Maria. "O atletismo feminino brasileiro sob a ditadura civil-militar: novos obstáculos e caminhos". La Manzana de la Discordia 7, nr 1 (18.03.2016): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/lamanzanadeladiscordia.v7i1.1570.

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Resumo: O trabalho reafirma a importância dosestudos de gênero para a compreensão dos processoshistóricos contemporâneos através dos quais se derama inserção, a permanência e a ampliação da participaçãodas mulheres no campo esportivo brasileiro, entreos anos 1960 e 1970. Nesse sentido, são examinadas asmúltiplas intersecções do gênero com outros componentesde diferenciação social, como classe, raça/etnia egeração, para a reconstrução das experiências e sensibilidadesque marcaram as carreiras e trajetórias de algumasmulheres do atletismo brasileiro durante a vigênciada ditadura civil-militar no país.Palavras-chave: atletas negras; atletismo femininobrasileiro; relações de gênero e esportes; emancipaçãofeminina; ditadura civil-militarEl atletismo femenino brasilero bajo la dictaduracivil militar: nuevos obstáculos y caminosResumen: Este trabajo reafirma la importancia delos estudios de género para la comprensión de los procesoshistóricos contemporáneos a través de los cuales sehan dado la inserción, la permanencia y la ampliaciónde la participación de las mujeres en el campo deportivobrasileño, entre los años 1960 y 1970. En ese sentido, sehan examinado las múltiples intersecciones del génerocon otros componentes de diferenciación social, comoclase, raza/etnia y generación para la reconstrucción delas experiencias y sensibilidades que marcaron las carrerasy trayectorias de algunas mujeres del atletismo brasileñodurante la vigencia de la dictadura civil militaren el país.Palabras clave: atletas negras; atletismo femeninobrasileño; relaciones de género y deportes; emancipaciónfemenina; dictadura civil militarBrazilian Female Athleticism under the Civil-MilitaryDictatorship:New Obstacles and PathwaysAbstract: This paper reaffirms the importance of genderstudies for the understanding of the contemporaryhistorical processes by which the insertion, the permanenceand the extension of women´s participation in theBrazilian sports, between the years 1960 and 1970. Inthis sense, it examines the multiple intersections of genderwith other components of social differentiation, suchas class, race/ethnicity and generation, for the reconstructionof the experiences and sensibilities that markedthe careers and trajectories of some women of the Brazilianfemale athleticism during the civil-military dictatorshipin force in the country.Key words: black athlete women; Brazilian femaleathleticism; gender and sports relations; female emancipation;civil-military dictatorship

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Achmad Fachri Wahyudi, Gita Widiasanty i Nur’aeni Nur’aeni. "Pengaruh Konten Vloggers Youtube Jess No Limit terhadap Pembentukan Sikap Gen Z". TUTURAN: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, Sosial dan Humaniora 2, nr 4 (28.11.2024): 367–78. https://doi.org/10.47861/tuturan.v2i4.1378.

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Technological advances have created new forms of interaction and socialization, one of which is the innovation of communication technology in the form of social media. One of the social media that is very popular among the younger generation is YouTube. YouTube content has a variety of content according to needs, such as game content, entertainment content, beauty content and many more. The rapid development of social media, one of which is YouTube, Indonesia itself has several famous Vloggers, one of which is Jess No Limit. Tobias Justin or now better known as Jess No Limit started his career as a Youtuber in 2020 with the content of the Mobile Legend Esport Game: Bang Bang and for the first time in Indonesia Jess No Limit managed to have 10 million subscribers, YouTube content itself has had an impact on attitudes. The purpose of this study is to determine and analyze whether or not there is an influence of Youtube vloggers Jess No Limit's content on the formation of Gen Z attitudes. The theory used in this study is content and attitude. The method used in this study is quantitative with descriptive analysis, to analyze data by describing or depicting the data that has been collected. Statistical analysis and data processing using SPSS. Data collection includes questionnaires, online questionnaires, data analysis, data interpretation, and conclusions. Primary data in the form of a questionnaire on a Likert scale model with the number of respondents using the Slovin sample formula being 66 respondents. The results of the study showed that there was a positive and significant influence between the influence of Jess No Limit YouTube content on the formation of attitudes with a moderate level of influence.

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Rodrigues da Costa, Felipe, Hugo Paula Almeida da Rocha, Felipe Nunes Serpa Viana, Iuri Scremin de Miranda i Americo Pierangeli Costa. "Conciliação da rotina de estudo e treinamento: o caso do cheerleading na Universidade de Brasília (Reconciliation between study and training routine: the case of cheerleading at the University of Brasília) (Armonización entre estudio y rutina de entrenamiento: el caso del cheerleading en la Universidad de Brasília)". Retos 46 (22.09.2022): 896–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v46.94156.

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Reconhecido pelo Comitê Olímpico Internacional, o cheerleading é esporte que tem despertado o interesse de novos praticantes e integra o programa de competições da Confederação Brasileira do Desporto Universitário (CBDU) e da International University Sports Federation (FISU). O Brasil conta com uma seleção, que representa o País em eventos internacionais, com importante participação de atletas ainda na condição de estudantes universitários. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as percepções dos atletas de cheerleading da Universidade de Brasília quanto a barreiras e oportunidades acadêmicas e esportivas, bem como identificar se existem diferenças de percepção em conformidade com características da amostra, com especial atenção ao desempenho esportivo. Realizamos um estudo exploratório, quantitativo e transversal com 68 atletas. As análises descritivas iniciais procederam da distribuição de frequência das respostas ao questionário e, em seguida por tabulações cruzadas para verificar tendências entre as respostas (variáveis categóricas). Essas tendências foram avaliadas por meio do teste qui-quadrado, para uma distribuição esperada dos cruzamentos das variáveis e os resultados encontrados. Foram percebidas disparidades entre os grupos conforme o local de treinamento e os resultados alcançados na pesquisa, além de haver divergências entre os sexos quanto à compatibilidade das atividades. Os principais resultados permitiram avançar na análise da dupla carreira para universitários em diferentes níveis de rendimento, os quais demandarão, portanto, diferentes abordagens pela instituição de ensino. Palavras-chave: Dupla carreira; Estudante-atleta; Ensino superior; Políticas institucionais. Plano de carreira. Abstract. Recognized by the International Olympic Committee, cheerleading is a sport that has aroused the interest of new practitioners and is part of the competition program of the Brazilian University Sports Confederation (CBDU) and the International University Sports Federation (FISU). Brazil has a selection that represents the country in international events, with important participation of athletes still in the condition of university students. The objective of this study was to analyze the perceptions of cheerleading athletes from the University of Brasília regarding academic and sports barriers and opportunities, as well as to identify whether there are differences in perception according to the characteristics of the sample, with special attention to sports performance. We carried out an exploratory, quantitative and cross-sectional study with 68 athletes. The initial descriptive analyzes proceeded from the frequency distribution of the answers to the questionnaire and then by cross-tabulations to verify trends between the answers (categorical variables). These trends were evaluated using the chi-square test, for an expected distribution of the crossings of the variables and the results found. Disparities were noticed between the groups according to the training location and the results achieved in the research, in addition to differences between the sexes regarding the compatibility of activities. The main results allowed advancing in the analysis of dual careers for university students at different levels of income, which will therefore require different approaches by the educational institution. Keywords: Dual career; Student-athlete; Higher education; Institutional policy; Career planning. Resumen. Reconocido por el Comité Olímpico Internacional, el cheerleading es un deporte que ha despertado el interés de nuevos practicantes y forma parte del programa de competencias de la Confederación Brasileña de Deportes Universitarios (CBDU) y de la Federación Internacional de Deportes Universitarios (FISU). Brasil cuenta con una selección que representa al país en eventos internacionales, con importante participación de atletas aún en condición de universitarios. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las percepciones de atletas de cheerleading de la Universidad de Brasilia sobre las barreras y oportunidades académicas y deportivas, así como identificar si existen diferencias en la percepción de acuerdo con las características de la muestra, con especial atención a lo deporte. rendimiento. Realizamos un estudio exploratorio, cuantitativo y transversal con 68 deportistas. Los análisis descriptivos iniciales procedieron de la distribución de frecuencias de las respuestas al cuestionario y luego de tabulaciones cruzadas para verificar las tendencias entre las respuestas (variables categóricas). Estas tendencias se evaluaron mediante la prueba de chi-cuadrado, para una distribución esperada de los cruces de las variables y los resultados encontrados. Se notaron disparidades entre los grupos según el lugar de formación y los resultados alcanzados en la investigación, además de diferencias entre los sexos en cuanto a la compatibilidad de las actividades. Los principales resultados permitieron avanzar en el análisis de las carreras duales para estudiantes universitarios de diferentes niveles de ingresos, por lo que requerirán diferentes enfoques por parte de la institución educativa. Palabras-clave: Carrera dual; Estudiante-deportista; Educación universitária; Políticas institucionales; Plan de carrera.

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Gomes, Amanda Gonzaga, Jessica Maciel Figueiredo, Andressa Silva, Regina Céli Ribeiro i Adriana Maria Valladão Van Petten. "Influência da carreira esportiva paralímpica no perfil ocupacional de paratletas/ Influence of paralympic sports career on the occupational profile of parathletes". Revista Interinstitucional Brasileira de Terapia Ocupacional - REVISBRATO 7, nr 2 (29.05.2023): 1752–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.47222/2526-3544.55798.

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Introdução: O paratleta sofre elevados níveis de exigências e a dificuldade de conciliar as atividades do cotidiano com a rotina de treino pode acarretar a perda de demais papéis ocupacionais. Objetivo: Identificar e caracterizar o perfil ocupacional de paratletas, antes e após o ingresso na carreira esportiva. Método Estudo observacional, de corte transversal, do tipo descritivo exploratório, de abordagem quantitativa, com paratletas do Centro de Treinamento Esportivo da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Os paratletas responderam ao questionário sociodemográfico e à Lista de Identificação dos Papéis Ocupacionais. Realizou-se uma análise descritiva dos dados obtidos. Resultados: Participaram do estudo dezesseis paratletas, sendo oito da modalidade de atletismo e oito da natação, com idade média de 29,8 anos. A carreira esportiva impactou no desempenho dos demais papéis ocupacionais dos atletas no tempo presente, reduzindo o desempenho dos papéis Estudante, Trabalhador, Voluntário e Religioso, e aumentando o desempenho dos papéis Passatempo/Amador e Cuidador, após o ingresso na carreira esportiva. Conclusão: Foi constatada uma mudança significativa no repertório ocupacional dos paratletas, a partir do ingresso no esporte. Observa-se a redução do desempenho de alguns papéis com alta taxa de desempenho no passado, e o aumento de desempenho de outros. Em geral, observou-se uma grande expectativa de ampliação dos papéis ocupacionais no futuro. Percebe-se a relevância do terapeuta ocupacional no campo do paradesporto, para encontrar estratégias rumo a um melhor desempenho e satisfação para os papéis ocupacionais apontados como importantes para os paratletas, conciliando os diferentes papéis com a alta performance. Palavras-chave: Paratleta. Perfil ocupacional. Paraesporte AbstractIntroduction: High-performance para-athletes face high levels of demands, and the difficulty combining daily activities with the training routine can lead to the loss of other occupational roles. Objective: To identify and characterize the Occupational Profile of Paralympic athletes, before and after starting their sports careers. Method: Observational, cross-sectional, descriptive, and exploratory study, with a quantitative approach, with Paralympic athletes from the Sports Training Center of the Federal University of Minas Gerais. The athletes answered the sociodemographic questionnaire and the Occupational Roles Identification List. A descriptive analysis of the data was carried out. Results: Sixteen athletes participated in the study, eight athletes from athletics and eight from swimming, with an average age of 29.8 years. The sports career impacted the performance at other occupational roles oh the athletes in the present time, reducing their performance at Student, Worker, Volunteer, and Religious roles, and increasing their performance at Hobby/Amateur, and Caregiver roles. Conclusion: The results help understand the complexity of combining paralympic sports with other occupational roles. The relevance of the occupational therapist in the field of parasports can be seen, in order to find strategies with the parathelete towards a better performance and level of satisfaction for the occupational roles indicated as important for these individuals. The occupational therapist can help the parathelete to rebuild his roles, considering the focus on sports performance in a high performance career, reconciling the different occupational roles with the high productivity required.Keywords: Parathlete. Occupational Profile. Para Sports. ResumenIntroducción: El para-atleta sufre altos niveles de exigencia y la dificultad de conciliar las actividades diarias con la rutina de entrenamiento puede conducir a la pérdida de otros roles ocupacionales. Objetivo: Identificar y caracterizar el perfil ocupacional de los para-atletas, antes y después de ingresar a la carrera deportiva. Método: Estudio descriptivo observacional, transversal, exploratorio, con abordaje cuantitativo, con para-atletas del (informação suprimida). Los atletas discapacitados respondieron el cuestionario sociodemográfico y la Lista de Identificación de Roles Ocupacionales. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de los datos obtenidos. Resultados: Estudio descriptivo observacional, transversal, exploratorio, con abordaje cuantitativo, con para-atletas del Centro de Formación Deportiva de la Universidad Federal de Minas Gerais. Los atletas discapacitados respondieron el cuestionario sociodemográfico y la Lista de Identificación de Roles Ocupacionales. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de los datos obtenidos. Conclusión: Se encontró un cambio significativo en el repertorio ocupacional de los para-atletas después de iniciarse en el deporte. Hay una reducción en el desempeño de algunos roles con una alta tasa de desempeño en el pasado y un aumento en el desempeño de otros. En general, había una gran expectativa de ampliar los roles ocupacionales en el futuro. Se percibe la relevancia del terapeuta ocupacional en el campo del paradeporte, para encontrar estrategias hacia un mejor desempeño y satisfacción de los roles ocupacionales identificados como importantes para los para-atletas, conciliando los diferentes roles con un alto desempeño.Palabras clave: Paratleta. Perfil Ocupacional. Paradeportes

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Quesada, María Encarnación. "LA PERSPECTIVA DE GÉNERO EN EL COMERCIO JUSTO: UNA REFLEXIÓN ECONÓMICO-ANTROPOLÓGICA". Revista Pueblos y fronteras digital 7, nr 14 (1.12.2012): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/cimsur.18704115e.2012.14.100.

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El Comercio Justo como estrategia de desarrollo cuenta entre sus criterios de certificación la igualdad entre hombres y mujeres. Tras un trabajo de campo realizado en Chiapas, se observa que las productoras de café obtienen más beneficios económicos que en el mercado tradicional, sin que ello suponga un empoderamiento en su entorno. Entre las fortalezas para llevar a cabo este criterio encontramos la organización de las mujeres como base para su desarrollo, la sensibilización en cuanto a la desigualdad entre los géneros, el acceso a los recursos y la identificación de las mujeres como sujetos autónomos; entre las debilidades, la ideología del sistema patriarcal, las dificultades de desplazamiento de las mujeres, el monolingüismo o la asunción naturalizada de su multiplicidad de roles: productoras, cuidadoras, madres y esposas. ABSTRACTAs a development strategy fair trade includes among its certification criteria equality of rights between men and women. After a visit to the field in Chiapas, the study observed that coffee women producers obtain certainly more financial benefits with certified product rather than with the traditional market. However, this does not imply an empowerment at the level of local communities. Several advantages to applying the equality criterion were found. These include the organization of women as a starting point for development, the raising of awareness of gender inequality, gender training for women, access to resources and the identification of women as independent subjects. The disadvantages of this approach included those elements that upheld the ideology and the patriarchal system, the difficulties women experienced in moving from one place to another, monolingualism, domestic violence and the natural multiplicity of their roles as producers, carers, mothers and wives.

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Arias Domínguez, Ángel. "Crónica de jurisprudencia laboral internacional. Julio / diciembre 2016 = Chronicle of international labor jurisprudence. July / december 2016". CUADERNOS DE DERECHO TRANSNACIONAL 9, nr 2 (5.10.2017): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/cdt.2017.3888.

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desproporcionado del precepto penal que castiga las coacciones de los piquetes informativos termina con una serie de recomendaciones al Gobierno para que informe al Comité sobre el devenir de los procedimientos penales todavía abiertos, interesándose, particularmente, por determinadas procedimientos que terminaron con condenas penales.El Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión ha dictado seis resoluciones que afectan a España en el período de referencia, sobre los siguientes temas: discriminación de los funcionarios interinos para acceder a complementos económicos solamente destinados para funcionarios de carrera; efectos jurídicos de la reiteración de contratos de duración determinada; calificación de la prestación de servicios de duración determinada; calificación jurídica de relación de servicios profesionales de duración determinada y abono de indemnización por extinción del vínculo contractual; discriminación por razón de edad para el acceso al empleo público (policía); y despido disciplinario en situación de incapacidad temporal de larga duración.En el ámbito del TEDH tres resoluciones han sido relevantes. Una referida a la incorrecta ejecución civil de un bien de los dos ex–esposos por deudas contraídas con la Tesorería General de la Seguridad Social; otra relativa a la incorrecta ejecución de una movilidad de funcionarios, con graves perjuicios para uno de ellos, y una tercera referida a la denegación de una solicitud de asilo basada en ser perseguida la solicitante en su país de origen por su condición sexual.Palabras clave: reprensión penal del derecho de huelga y protección internacional del derecho a la libertad sindical, imposibilidad de acceso del funcionario interino a complementos económicos típicos del funcionario, reiteración fraudulenta de contratos de duración determinada, calificación de la prestación de servicios de duración determinada para diversas administraciones públicas, relación laboral de duración determinada y abono de indemnización por extinción del contrato, discriminación por razón de edad para el acceso al empleo público (policía), despido en situación de incapacidad temporal de larga duración, ejecución de un bien por deudas contraídas con la Seguridad Social, traslado de funcionarios y derecho a renunciar al solicitado y no concedido definitivamente, solicitud de asilo basada en su condición sexual.Abstract: The complaint to the Committee on Freedom of Association regarding the disproportionate use of the penal provision which punishes the coercion of information piques ends with a series of recommendations to the Government to inform the Committee on the evolution of criminal proceedings still open, For certain procedures that ended with criminal convictions.The Court of Justice of the Union has issued six resolutions affecting Spain in the reference period, on the following subjects: discrimination against temporary staff to access economic supplements only for career officials; Legal effects of the repetition of fixed-term contracts; Qualification of the provision of fixed-term services; Legal qualification of relation of professional services of determined duration and payment of indemnification by extinction of the contractual link; Discrimination on grounds of age for access to public employment (police); And disciplinary dismissal in situations of long-term incapacity.Within the scope of the ECHR, three rulings have been relevant. One related to the incorrect civil execution of a property of the two ex-spouses for debts contracted with the General Treasury of the Social Security; One relating to the incorrect execution of a mobility of civil servants with serious detriment to one of them and a third relating to the refusal of an application for asylum based on the applicant being persecuted in his country of origin for his sexuality.Keywords: criminal rebuke of the right to strike and international protection of the right to freedom of association, impossibility of access of the temporary official to economic complements typical of the official, fraudulent repetition of fixed-term contracts, qualification of the provision of services of determined duration for diverse public administrations, fixed-term employment relationship and payment of compensation for termination of the contract, discrimination on grounds of age for access to public employment (police), dismissal in situation of temporary incapacity of long duration, execution of a good for debts contracted with Social Security, transfer of officials and right to waive the requested and not granted definitively, application for asylum based on your sexual status.

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Souza, Vania Hernandes, Maria Luiza Jesus Miranda, Mariana Freitas Correa, Marcelo Villas Boas Junior i Maria Regina Ferreira Brandão. "Expatriação de atletas e seus aspectos psicológicos: uma revisão sistemática de literatura." Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte 21, nr 1 (1.01.2021): 119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/cpd.434451.

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Los atletas de modalidades deportivas migran a lo largo de su carrera a otros países en busca de diferentes objetivos, entre ellos, para lograr un mejor rendimiento y un estado social y financiero. En este sentido, el objetivo de este estudio fue revisar la literatura en relación con los aspectos psicológicos involucrados en el proceso de expatriación de los atletas. Para este fin, se realizaron búsquedas en las bases de datos de tesis y disertaciones de Scielo, PubMed, SportDiscus, BVS, Embase y CAPES, con palabras específicas para cada base, en inglés, portugués y español. Se incluyeron estudios que incluyeron atletas de rendimiento e investigaron el proceso de migración internacional en el deporte y se excluyeron los estudios de revisión y estudios con estudiantes, estudiantes atletas y entrenadores. Después de una cuidadosa selección, realizada a través del programa administrador de referencias bibliográficas, el software EndNote®, se seleccionaron y almacenaron ocho estudios elegibles para el análisis utilizando el modelo temporal de transición cultural. Por lo tanto, los resultados obtenidos ilustraron que, entre los atletas, no es una práctica común buscar información previa sobre el país anfitrión y / o el contexto deportivo en el que se insertarán. En relación con el proceso de adaptación cultural aguda, se hizo evidente que la estrategia principal utilizada está vinculada a las necesidades psicológicas básicas, además del aprendizaje de idiomas, fueron fundamentales para promover el sentimiento de pertenencia a la cultura y, en consecuencia, el desarrollo de Adaptación sociocultural. Por lo tanto, se concluye que investigar los aspectos psicológicos involucrados en la migración internacional de atletas, ofreciendo la preparación psicológica para enfrentar los desafíos pertinentes a la adaptación cultural, probablemente contribuirá a una mejor comprensión de las opciones de estrategias que se utilizarán en este proceso, así como determinando el éxito de la migración. Athletes from sports modalities migrate throughout their career to other countries in search of different objectives, among them, to achieve better performance and social and financial status. In this sense, the objective of this study was to review the literature in relation to the psychological aspects involved in the expatriation process of athletes. For this purpose, searches were carried out in the Scielo, PubMed, SportDiscus, BVS, Embase and CAPES theses and dissertations databases, with words specific to each base, in English, Portuguese and Spanish. Studies that included performance athletes and investigated the process of international migration in sport were included and review studies and studies with students, student athletes and coaches were excluded. After careful screening, carried out by means of the bibliographic reference manager program, the EndNote® software, eight studies eligible for analysis were selected and stored using the temporal model of cultural transition. Thus, the results obtained illustrated that, among athletes, it is not a common practice to search for previous information about the host country and / or the sports context to which they will be inserted. In relation to the process of acute cultural adaptation, it became evident that the main strategy used is linked to basic psychological needs, in addition to language learning, were fundamental in promoting the feeling of belonging to culture and, consequently, the development of sociocultural adaptation. Therefore, it is concluded that investigating the psychological aspects involved in the international migration of athletes, offering the psychological preparation to face the challenges pertinent to cultural adaptation, will probably contribute to a better understanding in the choices of strategies to be used in this process, as well as can determining the success of the migration. Atletas de modalidades esportivas migram ao longo de suas carreiras para outros países em busca de diferentes objetivos, dentre os quais alcançar melhor desempenho e status sociais e financeiro. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi revisar a literatura em relação aos aspectos psicológicos envolvidos no processo de expatriação de atletas. Para tanto, foram realizadas buscas nas bases de dados Scielo, PubMed, SportDiscus, BVS, Embase e Banco de teses e dissertações da CAPES, com vocábulos próprios de cada base, nos idiomas inglês, português e espanhol. Foram incluídos estudos que contemplassem atletas de rendimento e investigassem o processo de migração internacional no esporte, além de excluídos os estudos de revisão e estudos realizados com estudantes, atletas estudantes e técnicos. Após criteriosa triagem, realizada por meio do programa gerenciador de referências bibliográficas, o software EndNote®, foram selecionados e armazenados oito estudos elegíveis para análise, utilizando o modelo temporal de transição cultural. Assim, os resultados obtidos ilustraram que, entre os atletas, não é uma prática comum a busca por informações prévias sobre o país hospedeiro e/ou o contexto esportivo em que serão inseridos. Já, em relação ao processo de adaptação cultural aguda, evidenciou-se que a principal estratégia utilizada, ligada às necessidades psicológicas básicas, somada ao aprendizado do idioma, foram fundamentais na promoção da sensação de pertencimento à cultura e, consequentemente, o desenvolvimento da adaptação sociocultural. Diante disso, conclui-se que investigar os aspectos psicológicos envolvidos na migração internacional de atletas, oferecendo o preparo psicológico para enfrentar os desafios pertinentes à adaptação cultural, provavelmente contribuirão para o melhor entendimento nas escolhas das estratégias a serem utilizadas nesse processo, bem como podem ser determinantes para o sucesso da migração.

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Paredes-Ruiz, María-José, María Jodar-Reverte, Inés Albertus-Cámara, Ignacio Martínez González-Moro i Vicente Ferrer-Lopez. "Sport Mont 2023, 21(1), 9-15 | DOI: 10.26773/smj.230202 Abstract The military parachutists are responsible of special air operations who require certain capabilities in their physical condition, due to their intense professional career. The analysis of oxygen con-sumption (VO2) and heart rate (HR) allows the determination of aerobic (VT1) and anaerobic (VT2) thresholds and used to study the adequacy of the organism to exercise and in the analysis of sporting performance. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of tactical equipment on the stress test performance of elite parachutists. 10 parachutists parti-cipated in the study, between 22 and 36 years old with an average of 27.75 years (±4.20). Anthropometric values were determined of: weight 75.69 kg (±8.79), height 173.34 cm (±5.72) and body mass index (BMI) 25.23 (±2.98). Each one, performed 2 maximal treadmill exercise testing: one a conventional stress test (A) and another with the tactical equipment (weight 20 kg) (B). We obtained maximum oxygen consumption (Metalyzer 3B) and monitored the electrocardiogram continuously. The test started at a speed of 6km/h and a slope of 1%. The results of the two test were compared. The average value and standard deviation (SD) of different variables with equipment (B) and without it (A) and p-value were obtained: velocity (A: 14.80±3.29; B: 11.50±1.42 Km/h; p=0.073), HR (A: 182.7±58.62; B: 177.75±9.71 b/m; p=0.038), VO2 (A: 51.75±13.60; B: 54.00±30.82 ml/Kg/min; p=0.891). Al-so, the values of ventilatory thresholds: VT1 and VT2 of both tests were obtained, with sig-nificant differences. Tactical equipment causes a decrease in stress test performance with changes in VT1 and VT2. Keywords military parachutist, oxygen consumption, ventilatory thresholds, stress test View full article (PDF – 356KB) References Álvarez, R., Campos, D.C., Portes, P., Rey, R., & Martín, B. (2016). Análisis de parámetros fisiológicos en jugadores juveniles españoles de bádminton. Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, 16(61), 44-5. Alves, J., Barrientos, G., Toro, V., Sánchez, E., Muñoz, D., & Maynar, M. (2021). Changes in anthropometric and performance parameters in high-level endurance athletes during a sports season. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(5), 2782. Anselmi, F., Cavigli, L., Pagliaro, A., Valente, S., Valentini, F., Cameli, M. & D’Ascenzi, F. (2021). The importance of ventilatory thresholds to define aerobic exercise intensity in cardi-ac patients and healthy subjects. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 31(9), 1796-1808. Avellaneda, S.E., & Urbina, A. (2015). Capacidad aeróbica de bomberos aeronáuticos. Revista de la Universidad Industrial de Santander Salud, 47(1), 61-67. Beaver, W.L., Wasserman, K., & Whipp, B.J. (1985). Improved detection of lactate threshold during exercise using a log-log transformation. Journal of Applied Physiology, 59, 1936-1940. Cevallos-Tulcanaza, J.X., Morocho-Morocho, H.G. (2021). Entrenamiento interválico de alta intensidad para mantener VO2max en cadetes de tercer año de la ESMIL. Polo del Cono-cimiento: Revista Científico-Profesional, 6(3), 788-799. Contreras-Briceño, F., Valderrama, P., Moya, E., Espinosa, M., Villaseca, Y., Ira-Ira, C. & Clave-ría, C. (2021). Oxigenación de músculos respiratorios y locomotores durante el test cardio-pulmonar en pacientes con circulación de Fontan: serie de casos. Revista Chilena de Car-diología, 40(1), 27-36. Ejército del aire (1st february 2022). Escuadrón de Zapadores Paracaidistas (EZAPAC) . https://ejercitodelaire.defensa.gob.es/EA/ejercitodelaire/es/organizacion/unidades/unidad/Escuadron-de-Zapadores-Paracaidistas-EZAPAC/. Fletcher, J.R., Esau, S.P., & MacIntosh, B.R. (2009). Economy of running: beyond the measurement of oxygen uptake. Journal of Applied Physiology, 107(6), 1918-1922. Foulis, S.A., Redmond, J.E., Warr, B.J., Sauers, S.E., Walker, L.A., Canino, M.C. & Sharp, M.A. (2015). Development of a physical employment testing battery for field artillery soldiers: 13B cannon crewman and 13F fire support specialist. US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine Natick United States, 16(1), 17-196 Howley, E.T., Bassett, D.R., & Welch, H.G. (1995). Criteria for maximal oxygen uptake: review and commentary. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 27(1), 1292-1292. Ksoll, K.S.H., Mühlberger, A., & Stöcker, F. (2021). Central and Peripheral Oxygen Distribution in Two Different Modes of Interval Training. Metabolites, 11(11), 790. Looney, D.P., Santee, W.R., Blanchard, L.A., Karis, A.J., Carter, A.J., & Potter, A.W. (2018). Cardiorespiratory responses to heavy military load carriage over complex terrain. Applied Ergonomics, 73, 194-198. Looney, D.P., Doughty, E.M., Figueiredo, P.S., Vangala, S.V., Pryor, J.L., Santee, W.R., & Pot-ter, A.W. (2021). Effects of modern military backpack loads on walking speed and cardi-ometabolic responses of US Army Soldiers. Applied Ergonomics, 94, 103395. Mainenti, M.R.M., Vigário, P.D.S., Batista, H.B., Bastos, L.F.V., & Mello, D.B.D. (2021). Run-ning velocity at maximum oxygen uptake and at maximum effort: important variables for female military pentathlon. Motriz: Revista de Educação Física, 28, 1-6. Maté-Muñoz, J.L., Domínguez, R., Lougedo, J.H., & Garnacho-Castaño, M.V. (2017). The lac-tate and ventilatory thresholds in resistance training. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging, 37(5), 518-524. Metaxas, T.I. (2021). Match running performance of elite soccer players: VO2max and players position influences. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 35(1), 162-168. Mina-Paz, Y., Tafur-Tascón, L.J., Cabrera-Hernández, M.A., Povea-Combariza, C., Tejada-Rojas, C.X., Hurtado-Gutiérrez, H. & Garcia-Vallejo, F. (2021). Ventilatory threshold concordance between ergoespirometry and heart rate variability in female professional cyclists. Revista de Deporte Humano y Ejercicio, 18(1), 1-10. Mouine, N., Parada, T., Amah, G., Gagey, S., Guity, C., Duval, M. & Abdennbi, K. (2021). Pre-diction of peak oxygen consumption by incremental 6 minutes walking test in patients with Ischemic heart disease after cardiac rehabilitation. Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases Supplements, 13(1), 119. Paredes-Ruiz, M.J., Jódar-Reverte, M., Ferrer-López, V., & Martínez-González-Moro, I. (2021). Muscle oxygenation of the quadriceps and gastrocnemius during maximal aerobic effort. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, 27, 212-217. Paredes-Ruiz, M.J., Jódar-Reverte, M., Martínez-González-Moro, I., & Ferrer-López, V. (2021). Effects of gender on oxygen saturation of thigh muscles during maximal treadmill exercise testing. Sport Mont, 19(1), 7-11. Perlsweig, K.A., Abt, J.P., Nagai, T., Sell, T.C., Wirt, M.D., & Lephart, S.M. (2015). Effects of age and military service on strength and physiological characteristics of US army soldiers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 47(5), 420. Pihlainen, K.A.I., Santtila, M., Häkkinen, K., & Kyröläinen, H. (2018). Associations of physical fitness and body composition characteristics with simulated military task performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 32(4), 1089-1098. Pollock, M.L., Bohannon, R.L., Cooper, K.H., Ayres, J.J., Ward, A., White, S.R., & Linnerud, A.C. (1976). A comparative analysis of four protocols for maximal treadmill stress testing. American Heart Journal, 92(1), 39-46. Riboli, A., Coratella, G., Rampichini, S., Limonta, E., & Esposito, F. (2022). Testing protocol affects the velocity at VO2max in semi-professional soccer players. Research in Sports Medicine, 30(2), 182-192. Ronconi, M., & Alvero-Cruz, J.R. (2011). Respuesta de la frecuencia cardiaca y consumo de oxígeno de atletas varones en competiciones de duatlón sprint. Apunts Sports Medicine, 46(172), 183-188. Rosenblat, M.A., Granata, C., & Thomas, S.G. (2022). Effect of interval training on the factors influencing maximal oxygen consumption: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 1-24. Silva, M.J.S., Rabelo, A.S., Vale, R.G.S., Ferrão, M.L.D., Sarmiento, L., & Dantas, E.H.M. (2009) Correlation between VO2 max, relative fatness and lipid profile in cadets of the Military Police Academy of the State of Rio de Janeiro. European Journal of Human Movement, 22, 147-157. Stavrou, V.T., Tourlakopoulos, K.N, Daniil, Z., & Gourgoulianis, K. I. (2021). Hypoxia re-sistance comparing between physically trained pilots and non-trained population. Cureo, 13(5), 1-6. Taylor, M.K., Hernández, L.M., Schoenherr, M.R., & Stump, J. (2019). Genetic, physiologic, and behavioral predictors of cardiorespiratory fitness in specialized military men. Military Medicine, 184(9), 474-481. WHO (1st february 2022). Obesity and overweight. https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight. https://doi.org/10.26773/smj.230202 APA citation Paredes-Ruiz, M., Jodar-Reverte, M., Albertus-Cámara, I., González-Moro, I. M., & Ferrer-Lopez, V. (2023). Influence of Tactical Equipment on the Ergospirometric Assessment of Military Parachutists. Sport Mont, 21(1),9-15. doi: 10.26773/smj.230202 MLA8 citation Chicago citation This page has been visited 32 times This article has been downloaded 3 times". Sport Mont 21, nr 1 (1.02.2023): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.26773/smj.230202.

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The military parachutists are responsible of special air operations who require certain capabilities in their physical condition, due to their intense professional career. The analysis of oxygen con-sumption (VO2) and heart rate (HR) allows the determination of aerobic (VT1) and anaerobic (VT2) thresholds and used to study the adequacy of the organism to exercise and in the analysis of sporting performance. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of tactical equipment on the stress test performance of elite parachutists. 10 parachutists parti-cipated in the study, between 22 and 36 years old with an average of 27.75 years (±4.20). Anthropometric values were determined of: weight 75.69 kg (±8.79), height 173.34 cm (±5.72) and body mass index (BMI) 25.23 (±2.98). Each one, performed 2 maximal treadmill exercise testing: one a conventional stress test (A) and another with the tactical equipment (weight 20 kg) (B). We obtained maximum oxygen consumption (Metalyzer 3B) and monitored the electrocardiogram continuously. The test started at a speed of 6km/h and a slope of 1%. The results of the two test were compared. The average value and standard deviation (SD) of different variables with equipment (B) and without it (A) and p-value were obtained: velocity (A: 14.80±3.29; B: 11.50±1.42 Km/h; p=0.073), HR (A: 182.7±58.62; B: 177.75±9.71 b/m; p=0.038), VO2 (A: 51.75±13.60; B: 54.00±30.82 ml/Kg/min; p=0.891). Al-so, the values of ventilatory thresholds: VT1 and VT2 of both tests were obtained, with sig-nificant differences. Tactical equipment causes a decrease in stress test performance with changes in VT1 and VT2.

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Borkowski, Julien, Nicolas Besombes i Geneviève Cabagno. "The construction of esports careers in France: Are there gender-based inequalities right from the start?" International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 21.10.2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10126902241290042.

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This article examines the construction of esports careers for French esports players, emphasizing gender-based socialization. We used an online questionnaire administered to both men and women recreational and amateur esports players ( n = 343) to understand and identify potential barriers or levers to participation by men and women, especially for the stage of “Commitment” which is embodied in participation in esports competitions. The theoretical approach centred around the concept of career is mobilized to sequence the careers of men and women esports players and identify the differences between men and women within the different stages of an “esports career.” Key findings reveal that male figures often introduce players to video games, with men generally experiencing more “autonomous” and diversified” initiations than women. They also lag behind men players in terms of years of experience, and they face negative criticism from their peers, impeding their “commitment.” These insights underline the barriers women face at the onset of their esports careers and call for further research into social mechanisms to enhance women's inclusion in esports.

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Hong, Hee Jung, i Seung Han Hong. "Transitioning Out of Esports: Exploring the Experiences of Professional Esports Players in South Korea". Journal of Electronic Gaming and Esports 1, nr 1 (1.01.2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jege.2023-0008.

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This study explored the experiences of retired esports players, focusing particularly on their transition out of esports. Utilizing a qualitative approach, interviews were conducted with four retired professional esports players in South Korea. A thematic analysis revealed four recurring themes: career pressure and uncertainty, lack of preretirement planning, demand for mentorship support, and necessity for a realistic perspective on talent. The findings indicated that significant pressure and financial insecurity during their careers often catalyzed the players’ decisions to retire. Players were unprepared for postesports life due to inadequate preretirement planning. This study highlights the crucial roles of mentorship and realistic talent assessments in facilitating smoother career transitions. The main contribution of this research lies in its empirical evidence, which stresses the need for structured support systems for esports players transitioning out of professional gaming. Stakeholders within the esports industry can utilize these findings to formulate policies and programs aimed at providing financial assistance, career planning, mentorship, and guidance to players during their careers and upon retirement. The outcomes of this study can serve as a foundation for future research by clarifying the necessity for broader investigations into the experiences of esports players and the development of practical strategies to mitigate their transition challenges.

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Rong, Yi, i Jiaqi Li. "The role played by insider transfer information in esports coverage". Frontiers in Sports and Active Living 6 (16.04.2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2024.1346984.

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Esports is a rapidly growing industry and related information garners the attention of audiences both inside and outside the arena. The electronic competition system has become more structured over time and there are now standard off-seasons, which coincide tightly with an intensive period of player transfers. However, at the same time, the off-season has few events to cover and transfer information is highly confidential, so any insights regarding possible transfers are of deep interest to audiences. As a result, unofficial esports insiders often leak transfer information. To explore this phenomenon in greater depth, the methodology used in this study was based on the content analysis of information relating to 10-years in the life of the esport Counter-Strike: Global Offensive (CS:GO). Data was collected from the Perfect World Esports APP and the HLTV websites to analyze the informants and the development of transfer information and its influence. It was found that, during the off-season, insider transfer revelations became the primary focus of content in the esports media sector. As the number of viewers participating in discussions about potential transfers has grown, esports tipsters have discovered a new career path within the industry. A comprehensive assessment of the audience and professional practitioners reveals the essential qualities that esports insiders should possess to excel in this field and for their careers to develop.

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Zhao, Yupei, Yue Meng-Lewis, Bin Ni, Gavin Lewis i Zhongxuan Lin. "The Continuity of eSports Athletes’ Careers: Skill Transformation, Personal Development, and Well-Being". Sage Open 14, nr 2 (kwiecień 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440241249263.

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Despite the rapid growth of the eSports industry with respect to its economic scale and the demand for eSports players, the career transformation experiences and well-being of eSports athletes have been largely overlooked. This study aims to explore eSports athletes’ personal development in terms of career continuity, associated skill transformation, and well-being after retirement. Employing non-participatory observations and semi-structured interviews, we unpack two different pedagogical contexts of retiring eSports athletes: one is “continuity paths” (three transformation options and associated skill sets), and the other is “desire for continuity” (psychological strengths and explicit tacit knowledge). Our findings provide practical guidance for the career transition experiences of eSports athletes and contribute to understanding the sustainable framework required for the self-development of talent within eSports education and the eSports industry. The findings suggest that psychological consultants and athletic rehabilitation therapists should be employed to provide professional advice, interventions, and treatment to eSports athletes before and after retirement.

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Luo, Yuxin, Lu Liu, Xianglin Luo i Shujuan Li. "From gamers to players: Chinese Generation Z's perspectives on minors dropping out of school to become professional esports players". International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 13.11.2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10126902241293309.

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The research selected responses from Generation Z users on a Chinese question-and-answer website Zhihu, regarding the question ‘My younger brother wants to quit high school to pursue a career as an esports player, should I support him?’ as the primary research data. Utilizing the Social Cognitive Career Theory, the study delved into Generation Z's perspectives on abandoning academic pursuits to become professional esports players, from the aspects of self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and personal goals as a reflection of Generation Z's career outlook. Generation Z generally finds esports players extremely attractive, but fierce competition, uncertainty about career prospects, and pressure from societal perceptions and family expectations form a challenging career choice. Most Generation Z believe minors should remain rational, but a few Generation Z still think it's okay to give it a try. The study found that Generation Z's view of careers is a combination of romanticism and pragmatism; they cannot completely escape from considerations of career stability and social expectations, but they also value the pursuit of personal interests and the fulfilment of their passions. This duality reflects the inherent contradictions and struggles of Generation Z when confronted with traditional career concepts and modern values. This contradiction is particularly prominent in an emerging and uncertain field such as esports. This study provides profound insights into the underlying motivations of Generation Z's career choices and offers valuable implications for the evolution of societal norms and reforms in employment systems in the future.

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Zhao, Yupei, i Yimei Zhu. "Identity transformation, stigma power, and mental wellbeing of Chinese eSports professional players". International Journal of Cultural Studies, 13.12.2020, 136787792097578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367877920975783.

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In China, the expanding eSports culture has produced a vast cohort of video-game players whose peak age ranges between 16 and 22 years. This study explores the dynamic identity transformation and mental wellbeing development processes of eSports professionals in a risk-prone society. It comprises in-depth interviews with players, coaches, managers, and commentators working in 15 top eSports clubs in the Chinese cities of Shanghai, Guangzhou, Suzhou, and Chengdu. We find eSports is perceived as non-secure, casual, and irregular by the Chinese public and that the mental changes experienced by eSports professionals throughout their careers have been significantly influenced by a more sophisticated form of state power and social norms, including cultural cognitive beliefs, economic stimulation, and authority attributions.

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Bubna, Kabir, Michael Geoffrey Trotter, Matthew Watson i Remco Polman. "Coaching and talent development in esports: a theoretical framework and suggestions for future research". Frontiers in Psychology 14 (10.05.2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1191801.

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Esports is a growing phenomenon that is capturing the attention of individuals worldwide, and has grown to provide professional and lucrative careers for those who reach the upper echelons. One question that arises, is how esports athletes develop the necessary skills required to improve and compete. This perspective piece opens the door to skill acquisition within esports and how research through an ecological approach can benefit researchers and practitioners as they understand the various perception-action couplings and decision-making challenges faced by esports athletes. We will identify and discuss what constraints look like in esports, the role of affordances, and theorize the implementation of a constraints-led approach in contrasting esports genres. As esports is technology-heavy in nature and generally sedentary, the use of eye-tracking technology is argued to represent an effective method to better understand perceptual attunement between individuals and teams. Future research into skill acquisition in esports is needed to develop a clearer picture of what makes the greatest esports player so great, and how newer players can be developed effectively.

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Yusoff, Nur Hafizah, i Yuza Haiqal Mohd Yunus. "Male Dominant Sport: The Challenges of Esports Female Athletes". Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 29, nr 2 (30.06.2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.47836/pjssh.29.2.35.

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This article discusses the challenges experienced by female athletes in esports. Esports is categorized as a male-dominated sport. Since most of the players are male, female athletes struggle to sustain their careers. A qualitative approach was used where ten women who were actively involved in esports were interviewed. The respondents selected through the purposive sampling method were active in esports, representing esports team/club, and involved in massively multiple online role-playing games (MMORPG). Data were analyzed using thematic analysis and presented descriptively and narratively. The findings indicated gender stereotyping women as not competitive at MMORPG, sexually explicit comments from male opponents, communication issues, especially with male players, and the perception that women are not suitable to play the extreme, aggressive and masculine type of online games. The game features are more significant to men compared to women, who are often associated with femininity. Indirectly, such impressions hamper the opportunity for women to be more active and progressive in esports.

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Crothers, Heather, Kenneth C. Scott-Brown i Sheila J. Cunningham. "‘It's Just Not Safe’: Gender-Based Harassment and Toxicity Experiences of Women in Esports". Games and Culture, 23.08.2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15554120241273358.

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Women remain underrepresented across most roles in the esports industry, which has long been associated with gender-based harassment and toxicity. While research has tended to focus on the experiences of women in professional esports careers, the current study investigated the nature and impact of harassment and toxicity on amateur players. Through interviews with eight women experienced in esports participation, experiences and costs of gender-based exclusion were documented. Stereotyped roles were common, with women facing gender stereotypes of both ability and character appropriateness, as well as sexual objectification. The women reported resignation about systemic misogyny, juxtaposed with hope that specific industry-level changes could elicit improvements. While the women often avoided revealing their gender, there was a strong sense that visible role models and solidarity among the female community in esports can provide an effective protection against gender-based harassment, potentially combatting low rates of women participating in esports in the longer term.

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