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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Exclosure”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 4 lutego 2022

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1

Ibrahim, Temima, Fikrey Tesfay, and Bethel Geremew. "Diversity of Woody Species and Biomass Carbon Stock in Response to Exclosure Age in Central Dry Lowlands of Ethiopia." Open Environmental Research Journal 14, no. 1 (April 20, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2590277602114010001.

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Objective: Empirical evidence on the potential of area exclosure in the restoration of severely degraded lands is crucially important. Thus, a study was conducted to examine the influence of exclosure age on vegetation structure, diversity, and biomass carbon stock in the central dry lowland of Ethiopia. Methods: Exclosures of 5, 15, >20 years old, and adjacent open grazing land were selected. Data on vegetation were collected using 20 × 20 m sampling quadrats which were laid along parallel transect lines. Results: The result showed that 17 woody species which represent 9 families were reco

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Bastin, Gary, John Ludwig, Robert Eager, Adam Liedloff, Reginald Andison, and Michael Cobiac. "Vegetation changes in a semiarid tropical savanna, northern Australia: 1973 - 2002." Rangeland Journal 25, no. 1 (2003): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj03001.

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We measured vegetation changes inside and outside two exclosures built in 1973 on red calcareous loam soils located in Conkerberry Paddock on Victoria River Research Station in northern Australia. These two exclosures were unburnt since their establishment in 1973 until exclosure 1 was unintentionally burnt late in the dry season (October) of 2001. Data from permanent transects and examples from photopoints illustrate that from mostly bare soils in 1973, total pasture biomass recovered relatively rapidly both inside and outside exclosures (in about five years). This initial recovery was primar

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Mekuria, Wolde. "Changes in Regulating Ecosystem Services following Establishing Exclosures on Communal Grazing Lands in Ethiopia: A Synthesis." Journal of Ecosystems 2013 (June 26, 2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/860736.

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In four separate studies undertaken in the northern highlands of Ethiopia, changes in regulating ecosystem services, economic viability, and the perception of local communities following establishing exclosures on communal grazing lands were investigated. Replicated 5-, 10-, 15-, and 20-year-old exclosures were selected and paired each exclosure with an adjacent grazing land. All exclosures displayed higher ecosystem services than communal grazing lands. Differences between exclosures and grazing lands varied between 29 (±4.9) and 61 (±6.7) Mg C ha−1 for ecosystem carbon stock (ECS), 2.4 (±0.6

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Kirkpatrick, J. B., and K. L. Bridle. "Comparative Effects of Stock and Wild Vertebrate Herbivore Grazing on Treeless Subalpine Vegetation, Eastern Central Plateau, Tasmania." Australian Journal of Botany 47, no. 6 (1999): 817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt98029.

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The existence of two 25-year-old grazing exclosures on Liawenee Moor, Eastern Central Plateau, Tasmania, created an opportunity to investigate the impacts of vertebrate herbivores on treeless subalpine vegetation. There were three treatments: sheep-, native herbivore- and rabbit-grazed; native herbivore- and rabbit-grazed; no grazing. The amount of bare ground was highest in the sheep-grazed plots, while vegetation cover was greatest in the ungrazed exclosure. The cover of all lifeform groups, except small herbs, was greater in the exclosures than in the sheep-grazed plots. The percentage freq

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Bode, Michael, Karl E. C. Brennan, Keith Morris, Neil Burrows, and Neville Hague. "Choosing cost-effective locations for conservation fences in the local landscape." Wildlife Research 39, no. 3 (2012): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr11106.

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Context Exclosure fences are widely used to reintroduce locally extinct animals. These fences function either as permanent landscape-scale areas free from most predators, or as small-scale temporary acclimatisation areas for newly translocated individuals to be ‘soft released’ into the wider landscape. Existing research can help managers identify the best design for their exclosure fence, but there are currently no methods available to help identify the optimal location for these exclosures in the local landscape (e.g. within a property). Aims We outline a flexible decision-support tool that c

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6

Otsu, Chiaki, Hayato Iijima, and Takuo Nagaike. "Plant community recovery from intense deer grazing depends on reduction of graminoids and the time after exclosure installation in a semi-natural grassland." PeerJ 7 (October 1, 2019): e7833. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7833.

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Exclosures that exclude large herbivores are effective tools for the protection and restoration of grazed plant communities. However, previous studies have shown that the installation of an exclosure does not ensure plant community recovery. Our study aimed to determine the effects of the domination of unpalatable plants and the timing of exclosure installation on the plant community recovery process in montane grassland overgrazed by sika deer (Cervus nippon) in Japan. In this study we compared plant species composition and their cover with inside and outside exclosures installed at different

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7

Gerke, Madlen, Daniel Cob Chaves, Marc Richter, Daniela Mewes, Jörg Schneider, Dirk Hübner, and Carola Winkelmann. "Benthic grazing in a eutrophic river: cascading effects of zoobenthivorous fish mask direct effects of herbivorous fish." PeerJ 6 (February 14, 2018): e4381. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4381.

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Benthic grazing strongly controls periphyton biomass. The question therefore arises whether benthic grazing could be used as a tool to reduce excessive growth of periphyton in nutrient-enriched rivers. Although benthic invertebrate grazers reduce the growth of periphyton, this is highly context dependent. Here we assessed whether the only obligate herbivorous fish in European rivers, the common nase (Chondrostoma nasus L.), is able to reduce periphyton biomass in a eutrophic river. We conducted three consecutive in situ experiments at low, intermediate and high densities of nase in the river u

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8

Abendroth, Emily. "Exclosure ]12[." WSQ: Women's Studies Quarterly 41, no. 3-4 (2013): 151–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wsq.2013.0096.

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Christianini, AV, and M. Galetti. "Toward reliable estimates of seed removal by small mammals and birds in the Neotropics." Brazilian Journal of Biology 67, no. 2 (May 2007): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842007000200004.

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Birds are often considered seed predators of less importance when compared to rodents or granivorous ants in studies of seed predation using selective exclosures. However, it is possible that the role of granivorous birds interacting with seeds on the floor of Neotropical forests is being underestimated, if the selective exclosures designed to allow exclusive access to small rodents do not work properly in the Neotropics. We used an experimental approach to evaluate whether birds could remove seeds from selective exclosures designed to allow exclusive access to rodents. We compared seed remova

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10

Courchesne, Milène, Stéphanie Pellerin, Marianne Bachand, Steeve D. Côté, and Monique Poulin. "Chronic deer browsing leads to biotic homogenization of minerotrophic peatlands." Botany 96, no. 8 (August 2018): 499–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2017-0145.

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Peatlands could become important foraging habitats, and their plant communities threatened, in areas with an overabundance of large herbivores. Peatland response to herbivore exclusion may vary widely according to abiotic conditions and associated species because of a strong minerotrophic gradient. We assessed the impact of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimm.) on peatland vegetation using an exclosure experiment. A total of 53 pairs of exclosures and unprotected plots were set up in bogs (13 pairs), sedge fens (20), shrub fens (7), and laggs (13), and surveyed prior to exclosure co

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11

Liu, Jian, Weijun Xu, Qiuyu Wang, and Kuijun Zhao. "Insect predators in northeast China and their impacts on Aphis glycines." Canadian Entomologist 144, no. 6 (November 19, 2012): 745–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2012.70.

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AbstractPredators of Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae) were surveyed and their ability to suppress A. glycines population growth was determined in Harbin, northeast China (45.4°N, 126.4°E). Field surveys were conducted on 21 fixed sampling sites in 2004 and 17 in 2005. Impacts of natural enemies of A. glycines were studied using exclosure experiments. Thirteen natural enemies were found, the most abundant of which was Propylaea japonica (Thunberg), Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Chrysopa sinica Tjeder, Chrysopa phyllochroma Wesmael, Chrysopa formosa Braue

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12

Zou, J., L. Zhao, S. Xu, X. Xu, D. Chen, Q. Li, N. Zhao, C. Luo, and X. Zhao. "Field <sup>13</sup>CO<sub>2</sub> pulse labeling reveals differential partitioning patterns of photoassimilated carbon in response to livestock exclosure in a <i>Kobresia</i> meadow." Biogeosciences 11, no. 16 (August 20, 2014): 4381–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4381-2014.

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Abstract. Livestock exclosure has been widely used as an approach for grassland restoration. However, the effects of exclosures on grasslands are controversial and can depend on many factors, such as the grassland ecosystem types, evolutionary history and so on. In this study, we conduct field experiments to investigate the variations of the ecosystem function in response to livestock exclosure in a Kobresia humilis meadow with 6 years of grazing exclosure on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. We focused on two ecosystem functions: plant community structure and ecosystem carbon cycling. The plant ab

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13

PUGLIESE, A., and R. ROSÀ. "Effect of host populations on the intensity of ticks and the prevalence of tick-borne pathogens: how to interpret the results of deer exclosure experiments." Parasitology 135, no. 13 (April 28, 2008): 1531–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118200800036x.

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SUMMARYDeer are important blood hosts for feeding Ixodes ricinus ticks but they do not support transmission of many tick-borne pathogens, so acting as dead-end transmission hosts. Mathematical models show their role as tick amplifiers, but also suggest that they dilute pathogen transmission, thus reducing infection prevalence. Empirical evidence for this is conflicting: experimental plots with deer removal (i.e. deer exclosures) show that the effect depends on the size of the exclosure. Here we present simulations of dynamic models that take into account different tick stages, and several host

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Li, Yu, Shikui Dong, Qingzhu Gao, Yong Zhang, Shiliang Liu, David Swift, Jinbo Zhao, et al. "Grazing promotes plant functional diversity in alpine meadows on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau." Rangeland Journal 41, no. 1 (2019): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj18091.

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Grazing exclosures and rotational grazing have been extensively applied to prevent grassland degradation and to restore grassland ecosystem function and services. The mechanisms associated with changes in alpine plant traits, and functional diversity under different grazing regimes have not been deeply explored. We examined the variations of plant leaf traits and functional diversity of an alpine meadow under different grazing regimes in a 3-year experiment. The results showed, after 3 years of yak grazing, that the coverage of Stipa capillata increased, whereas that of Kobresia pygmaea decrea

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Moore, J. E., and R. K. Swihart. "Factors affecting the relationship between seed removal and seed mortality." Canadian Journal of Zoology 86, no. 5 (May 2008): 378–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z08-011.

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S.B. Vander Wall et al. (Ecology, 86: 801–806 (2005)) criticized seed dispersal studies that use seed removal as a proxy for seed predation, because secondary dispersal processes following removal are important to seed fates for many plants. We compared seed removal rates with direct estimates of seed mortality and another mortality index, based on a 3-year experiment that included five temperate deciduous tree species and four exclosure treatments designed to identify effects of different seed consumer groups. Patterns of seed removal rates generally did not match patterns of mortality. Remov

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16

Misebo, Amisalu Milkias, Samuel Feyissa Ayano, and Marcin Pietrzykowski. "Effects of Natural Rehabilitation of Degraded Land by Exclosure on Selected Soil Physicochemical Properties in Eastern Ethiopia." Agronomy 11, no. 8 (August 16, 2021): 1628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081628.

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The use of exclosure for ecological restoration has become an increasingly vital approach to reversing degraded lands. Its effectiveness in restoring degraded lands could be varied with differences in climate, vegetation type and soil properties. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of exclosure on the selected physical and chemical properties of the soil. A six-year-old exclosure and adjacent open land with the same history of land-use types were selected. Soil samples were randomly collected from 0–20 and 20–40 cm depths of each land-use type and measured for texture

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Foster, C. N., and B. C. Scheele. "Feral-horse impacts on corroboree frog habitat in the Australian Alps." Wildlife Research 46, no. 2 (2019): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr18093.

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Context Introduced herbivores can have a substantial impact on native plants and animals, particularly in ecosystems that do not share a recent evolutionary history with similar herbivore species. The feral horse, Equus caballus, has a widespread but patchy distribution in Australia, with large populations present in national parks in the Australian Alps. There are few peer-reviewed studies of the impacts of feral horses on ecosystems in this region. However, impacts could be substantial, particularly in wetland and riparian environments that are focal points for horse activity and sensitive t

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Austrheim, Gunnar, and Ove Eriksson. "Recruitment and life-history traits of sparse plant species in subalpine grasslands." Canadian Journal of Botany 81, no. 2 (February 1, 2003): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b03-010.

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Recruitment is critical for the maintenance of plant populations and community diversity, but sexual regeneration is considered to be infrequent in climatically harsh habitats such as subalpine grasslands. This study examines the importance of regeneration through seed for 16 sparse herb species, and we asked whether their populations are limited by safe sites or the availability of seeds. Seedling recruitment and winter survival were recorded after sowing in an experimental split-plot design in (i) pasture grazed by livestock, and (ii) exclosed grassland cultivated for annual mowing. In addit

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Beschta, Robert L., Luke E. Painter, Taal Levi, and William J. Ripple. "Long-term aspen dynamics, trophic cascades, and climate in northern Yellowstone National Park." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 46, no. 4 (April 2016): 548–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2015-0301.

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We report long-term patterns of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) recruitment for five ungulate exclosures in the northern ungulate winter range of Yellowstone National Park. Aspen recruitment was low (<3 aspen·ha−1·year−1) in the mid-1900s prior to exclosure construction due to herbivory by Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus Linnaeus, 1758) but increased more than 60-fold within 25 years after exclosure construction despite a drying climatic trend since 1940. Results support the hypothesis that long-term aspen decline in Yellowstone’s northern range during the latter half of the 2

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Hanley, Thomas A. "Physical and chemical response of understory vegetation to deer use in southeastern Alaska." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17, no. 3 (March 1, 1987): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x87-034.

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Biomass of understory vegetation was sampled inside and outside four 19- to 21-year-old deer enclosures in the Alexander Archipelago of southeastern Alaska. Three sites were old-growth forests of western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) –Sitka spruce (Piceasitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) and one site was an even-aged spruce–hemlock stand. In vitro dry-matter digestibility, fiber, nitrogen, and phosphorus concentrations of western hemlock seedlings and Alaska blueberry (Vacciniumalaskensis How.) inside and outside each exclosure also were compared. Analysis of variance indicated that Alaska b

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ICKES, KALAN, SAARA J. DEWALT, and S. APPANAH. "Effects of native pigs (Sus scrofa) on woody understorey vegetation in a Malaysian lowland rain forest." Journal of Tropical Ecology 17, no. 2 (March 2001): 191–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467401001134.

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Large mammals often play important roles in determining the structure and composition of plant communities. This study focused on the extent to which wild pigs (Sus scrofa) influence the dynamics of tree seedlings and saplings in a lowland rain forest at Pasoh Forest Reserve in West Malaysia. Native wild pigs are common in the study area and may significantly influence growth and survivorship of woody plants in the understorey through several activities namely, nest building, soil rooting and seed predation. To test experimentally the impact of pigs on the plant community, eight 49-m2 exclosur

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Bucher, Roman, Jonas Rochlitz, Nathalie Wegner, Anna Heiß, Alexander Grebe, Dana G. Schabo, and Nina Farwig. "Deer Exclusion Changes Vegetation Structure and Hunting Guilds of Spiders, but Not Multitrophic Understory Biodiversity." Diversity 13, no. 1 (January 12, 2021): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13010025.

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Ungulate herbivores modify plant community compositions, which can modulate biodiversity at higher trophic levels. However, these cascading effects on herbivorous and predatory arthropods in forest ecosystems remain poorly understood. We compared plant and arthropod communities between fenced exclosures and unfenced control plots in a permanent forest in Germany. After five years of deer exclusion, we quantified plant diversity and vegetation structure as well as the diversity of insects and spiders in 32 pair-wise plots. In addition, we compared spider communities with respect to different hu

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Reddy, E., D. H. Van Vuren, P. G. Scowcroft, J. B. Kauffman, and L. Perry. "Long-term response of the mamane forest to feral herbivore management on Mauna Kea, Hawaii." Pacific Conservation Biology 18, no. 2 (2012): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc120123.

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Seven exclosure sites located on Mauna Kea, Hawaii and established in the 1960s and 70s were sampled to characterize long-term response of the mamane (Sophora chrysophylla) forest to protection from feral sheep grazing, and to assess impacts of non-native plant species and recurrent sheep presence on forest recovery. The forest provides essential habitat for an endangered bird, the palila (Loxoides bailleui). Vegetation was sampled inside exclosures during 1972–1976, 1998, and 2009, and also outside exclosures during 2009. Patterns of response varied among exclosures, but overall, mamane trees

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Stuart-Smith, A. Kari, and Stan Boutin. "Prédation on red squirrels during a snowshoe hare decline." Canadian Journal of Zoology 73, no. 4 (April 1, 1995): 713–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z95-083.

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We examined the extent and impact of predation on red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) during a cyclic decline of snowshoe hares in the southwestern Yukon, Canada. We monitored survival of squirrels on three control grids and a predator exclosure from March 1991 through August 1993. On controls, adult survival during the breeding season decreased from 1991, when snowshoe hare populations were high, to 1992, when hare populations declined rapidly. Survival increased slightly in 1993, when hare and predator populations were very low. Similarly, adult survival during winter was lower in 1992 –

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MOORE, Oliver, and Michael J. CRAWLEY. "Red deer exclusion and saxicolous cryptogam community structure." Lichenologist 46, no. 2 (February 11, 2014): 229–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282913000868.

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AbstractDeer exclosure is an important management strategy for encouraging woodland regeneration in the presence of high numbers ofCervus elaphusL. This could pose a threat to important saxicolous lichen communities as a result of competition from bryophytes and other vegetation. This investigation compared the bryophyte and lichen communities associated with siliceous rock outcrops and boulders inside and outside a number of exclosures in wet heath vegetation at the Gruinard, Letterewe and Little Gruinard estates in Wester Ross. Species cover data were recorded from 6600·2×0·2 m quadrats, all

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Tsegay, Gedion, and Xiang-Zhou Meng. "Impact of Ex-Closure in above and below Ground Carbon Stock Biomass." Forests 12, no. 2 (January 24, 2021): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12020130.

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Globally, there is a serious issue in carbon stock due to high deforestation and the loss of land, limited carbon storage pools in aboveground and underground forests in different regions, and increased carbon emissions to the atmosphere. This review paper highlights the impact of exclosures on above and below ground carbon stocks in biomass as a solution to globally curb carbon emissions. The data has been analyzed dependent on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Forest Resource Assessment report (FRA, 2020), and scienti

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Freudenberger, D., and RB Hacker. "The Effect of Temporary Closure of Watering Points on Grazing Intensity of Red and Grey Kangaroos With Related Observations on Feral Goats." Rangeland Journal 19, no. 2 (1997): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9970157.

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In this study we examined the utility of manipulating artificial waters as a means of managing total grazing pressure in semi-arid rangelands of eastern Australia. We tested the efficacy of 'Finlayson trough' exclosure technology at three locations, over two summers, in paddocks with red kangaroos (Macropus rufirs) and two species of grey kangaroo (M. giganteus and M. fuliginosus). We also examined the effect of closing off five waters on the distribution of feral goat grazing intensity at one study site. Generally, there were no apparent reductions in kangaroo and goat grazing intensity follo

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Ringmark, Skarin, and Jansson. "Impact of Year-Round Grazing by Horses on Pasture Nutrient Dynamics and the Correlation with Pasture Nutrient Content and Fecal Nutrient Composition." Animals 9, no. 8 (July 29, 2019): 500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9080500.

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Horse grazing may benefit biodiversity, but the impact of year-round grazing on nutrient dynamics has not been evaluated previously. This study compared pasture quality in a forest-grassland landscape grazed year-round by horses with that in exclosed mown areas. Twelve Gotlandsruss stallions were kept without supplementary feeding in three enclosures (~0.35 horse/ha) outside Uppsala, Sweden, from May 2014 to September 2016. Each enclosure contained three mown exclosures, where grass sward samples were collected monthly and analyzed for chemical composition and vegetation density. Fecal grab sa

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Holmes, Stacie A., Christopher R. Webster, David J. Flaspohler, and Robert E. Froese. "Death and Taxus: the high cost of palatability for a declining evergreen shrub, Taxus canadensis." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39, no. 7 (July 2009): 1366–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x09-064.

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Taxus canadensis Marsh., a shade-tolerant evergreen shrub, is in decline as a result of past anthropogenic disturbances and increased cervid browsing. To identify factors that may be influencing establishment for this species, we planted 1080 T. canadensis cuttings in a hemlock–hardwood forest in the spring of 2004. Cuttings were planted across a gradient of light environments, consisting of artificial canopy gaps (61–441 m2) and closed-canopy conditions, and half were protected with deer exclosures. Following four growing seasons, T. canadensis survival in exclosures was 92% compared with 75%

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Orr, DM, and CJ Evenson. "Effects of Sheep Grazing Astrebla Grasslands in Central Western Queensland. Iii. Dynamics of Astrebla Spp. Under Grazing and Exclosure Between 1975 and 1986." Rangeland Journal 13, no. 1 (1991): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9910036.

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The basal area, yield and plant populations of Astrebla spp. were monitored under grazing and exclosure in Astrebla grasslands between 1975 and 1986. This study was undertaken to develop an understanding of how Astrebla spp. respond to grazing, particularly in relation to the high variability of rainfall. Basal area and yield of Astrebla spp. varied widely between years in response to summer rainfall, with few differences between exclosure and grazing. The failure of summer rainfall resulted in increased utilization of Astrebla spp. but this effect was partially offset in some years by the gro

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Halofsky, Joshua, and William Ripple. "Trophic Cascades and Historic Aspen Recruitment in the Gallatin Elk Winter Range of Southwest Montana." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 29 (January 1, 2005): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.2005.3621.

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The extirpation of the gray wolf (Canis lupus) by 1930 in Yellowstone National Park (YNP) provided us with an opportunity to study historic aspen (Populus tremuloides ) recruitment with and without a top carnivore predator present. Herbivory, climate trends, fire records, and current conifer invasion were also examined within the context of aspen recruitment. We obtained tree cores and diameter at breast height measurements to create an aspen age-diameter relationship which we used to approximate aspen origination dates. One elk (Cervus elaphus) exclosure, erected in 1945 within the same elk w

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Evans, Piers, Emma L. Davis, Ze'ev Gedalof, and Carissa D. Brown. "Small herbivore exclosure cages alter microclimate conditions." Forest Ecology and Management 415-416 (May 2018): 118–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.02.012.

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Cisneros, J. M., J. J. Cantero, and A. Cantero. "Vegetation, soil hydrophysical properties, and grazing relationships in saline-sodic soils of Central Argentina." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 79, no. 3 (August 1, 1999): 399–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s98-055.

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Land use and grazing regime can influence the dynamic of soil water and salt in humid areas. In Central Argentina, more than 2 ×106 ha are subjected to either permanent or cyclical processes of land salinization, alkalinization, flooding and sedimentation. In this region, the natural vegetation is the principal resource on which most systems of animal production are based. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of plant cover and grazing over some hydrophysical properties of three saline-sodic soils (two Gleic Solonetz in duripan phase and one Mollic Solonetz in fragipan phase

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Prietzel, Jörg. "Schutzwälder der Nördlichen Kalkalpen: Verjüngung, Mikroklima, Schneedecke und Schalenwild | Protection forests in the Northern Limestone Alps: stand regeneration, microclimate, snow cover and ungulates." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 161, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2010.0012.

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Relationships among ungulate pressure, stand regeneration, microclimate, and snowpack dynamics were investigated at three protection forest sites in the mixed mountain forest zone of the Bavarian Limestone Alps. The study was conducted at plots located inside and outside ungulate exclosures which had been established about 35 years ago. Air and topsoil temperatures were recorded for one year in hourly intervals. In winter 2005/2006, the thickness, constitution, and mobility of the snowpack were investigated. Inside the exclosures, which were stocked with dense regeneration of mixed mountain fo

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Zou, J., L. Zhao, S. Xu, X. Xu, D. Chen, Q. Li, N. Zhao, C. Luo, and X. Zhao. "Livestock exclosure with consequent vegetation changes alters photo-assimilated carbon cycling in a <i>Kobresia</i> meadow." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 11 (November 12, 2013): 17633–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-17633-2013.

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Abstract. Livestock exclosure has been widely used as an approach for grassland restoration. However, the effects of exclosure on grassland are controversial and can depend on many factors, such as the grassland ecosystem types, evolutionary history and so on. In this study, we conduct field experiments to investigate the variations of ecosystem function in response to livestock exclosure in a Kobresia humilis meadow under six years grazing exclosure on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. We focused on two ecosystem functions: plant community structure and ecosystem carbon cycling. The plant abovegro

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Yamada, Hodaka, and Seiki Takatsuki. "Effects of Deer Grazing on Vegetation and Ground-Dwelling Insects in a Larch Forest in Okutama, Western Tokyo." International Journal of Forestry Research 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/687506.

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Sika deer (Cervus nippon) have experienced a rapid increase in the Japanese archipelago. Although the effects of deer grazing have been widely studied, the indirect effects have received little attention. Using an eight-year-old deer exclosure in western Tokyo (Japan), we studied the direct effects on plants and the indirect effects on insects and microenvironments. Plant biomass was 14 times higher inside the exclosure than outside. Shrubs (e.g.,Aralia elataandHydrangea paniculata) and trees (e.g.,Symplocos sawafutagiandClethra barbinervis) were more abundant inside, whereas only unpalatable

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Halofsky, Joshua, and William Ripple. "Aspen Recruitment and Stand Structure in the Gallatin Elk Winter Range of Southwest Montana." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 28 (January 1, 2004): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.2004.3585.

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This study examines the relationship between wolf, elk, and aspen within the framework of trophic cascades inside and outside of the Gallatin elk winter range. The overall goal of this study is to determine if an association exists between aspen recruitment, and historic and current elk browsing activities as affected by the absence or presence of wolf predation. This study also examines if other factors (climate fluctuations, conifer invasion, ftre suppression) may have had a role in aspen decline. Through the examination of current and historic elk browsing levels, current and historic brows

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Pinto, SRR, AMM Santos, and M. Tabarelli. "Seed predation by rodents and safe sites for large-seeded trees in a fragment of the Brazilian Atlantic forest." Brazilian Journal of Biology 69, no. 3 (August 2009): 763–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842009000400003.

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Seed predation by small rodents is an emerging theme in the ecology of modified landscapes. Here we investigate the role played by the small rodent Oryzomys oniscus as a seed predator of large-seeded trees in a large remnant of the Atlantic forest - the Coimbra forest (3,500 ha), Alagoas state, northeastern Brazil. O. oniscus was captured and identified by setting twenty 500 m long transects, each one composed of 25 traps 20 m apart. This procedure resulted in 483 trap-nights set during a 20-mo period. We used 692 seeds (>15 mm length) from ten local large-seeded tree species for the seed p

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Mercier, Francine, and Raymond McNeil. "Seasonal variations in intertidal density of invertebrate prey in a tropical lagoon and effects of shorebird predation." Canadian Journal of Zoology 72, no. 10 (October 1, 1994): 1755–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z94-237.

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We analyzed the relationship between the abundance of shorebirds and that of their intertidal invertebrate prey, and attempted to determine if shorebird predation significantly affects prey density. The study was conducted at three sites in the Chacopata Lagoon complex in northeastern Venezuela between January 1985 and September 1986, using shorebird census data, monthly sampling of intertidal invertebrates, and exclosure experiments. The invertebrates collected were divided into three groups: (i) polychaetes (≤50 mm in length), (ii) small bivalves (2 – 3 mm in length), and (iii) other species

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Greenberg, C. H., and S. J. Zarnoch. "A test of the predator satiation hypothesis, acorn predator size, and acorn preference." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 48, no. 2 (February 2018): 237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2017-0381.

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Mast seeding is hypothesized to satiate seed predators with heavy production and reduce populations with crop failure, thereby increasing seed survival. Preference for red or white oak acorns could influence recruitment among oak species. We tested the predator satiation hypothesis, acorn preference, and predator size by concurrently measuring acorn production, mouse abundance, and white versus red oak acorn removal rates in exclosures allowing access by mice (HW), squirrels and smaller-sized vertebrates (WW), or all-sized vertebrates (C) for 12 years. Annual removal rate varied, but virtually

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Risenhoover, Kenneth L., and Steven A. Maass. "The influence of moose on the composition and structure of Isle Royale forests." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17, no. 5 (May 1, 1987): 357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x87-062.

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The long-term influence of moose (Alcesalces) on the structure and species composition of three forest types in Isle Royale National Park, Michigan was evaluated using four moose-proof exclosures established in 1949–1950. Results obtained during the present study were compared with the original vegetation at each study site and with data collected by Krefting (1974) in order to discriminate between the effects of moose browsing and forest community succession. In the spruce–birch–fir climax and aspen–birch–conifer forest study sites, self-thinning and reduced light availability reduced the den

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Byrom, Andrea E., Tim J. Karels, Charles J. Krebs, and Rudy Boonstra. "Experimental manipulation of predation and food supply of arctic ground squirrels in the boreal forest." Canadian Journal of Zoology 78, no. 8 (August 1, 2000): 1309–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z00-055.

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We examined whether arctic ground squirrel (Spermophilus parryii plesius) populations in northern boreal forest in the Yukon Territory, Canada, were limited by food, predators, or a combination of both, during the decline and low phases of a snowshoe hare cycle. From 1990 to 1995, populations were monitored in large-scale (1 km2) experimental manipulations. Squirrels were studied on eight 9-ha grids: four unmanipulated control grids, two food-supplemented grids, a predator-exclosure grid, and a predator-exclosure + food-supplemented grid. Population density was measured on all grids by livetra

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Camargo-Sanabria, Angela A., Eduardo Mendoza, Roger Guevara, Miguel Martínez-Ramos, and Rodolfo Dirzo. "Experimental defaunation of terrestrial mammalian herbivores alters tropical rainforest understorey diversity." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1800 (February 7, 2015): 20142580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2580.

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It has been suggested that tropical defaunation may unleash community-wide cascading effects, leading to reductions in plant diversity. However, experimental evidence establishing cause–effect relationships thereof is poor. Through a 5 year exclosure experiment, we tested the hypothesis that mammalian defaunation affects tree seedling/sapling community dynamics leading to reductions in understorey plant diversity. We established plot triplets ( n = 25) representing three defaunation contexts: terrestrial-mammal exclosure (TE), medium/large mammal exclosure (PE) and open access controls (C). Se

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Atwill, Edward R., Neil K. McDougald, Ralph L. Phillips, and Doug McCreary. "Exclosure size affects young blue oak seedling growth." California Agriculture 61, no. 1 (January 2007): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3733/ca.v061n01p16.

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Rossiter, John, Markos Wondie Minale, Workneh Andarge, and Stephen Twomlow. "A communities Eden – grazing Exclosure success in Ethiopia." International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 15, no. 5 (July 16, 2017): 514–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2017.1352059.

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Gallego, Federico, José M. Paruelo, Santiago Baeza, and Alice Altesor. "Distinct ecosystem types respond differentially to grazing exclosure." Austral Ecology 45, no. 5 (February 28, 2020): 548–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aec.12870.

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Gawne, B. "Effects of feeding by Agapetus species (Trichoptera) on the density of epilithon in an Australian upland stream." Marine and Freshwater Research 46, no. 7 (1995): 991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9950991.

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The effects of feeding by an abundant glossosomatid trichopteran on the density of epilithon on cobbles in an upland stream were evaluated by using both exclosures and flow-through in-stream channels. The in-stream channel experiment found that Agapetus kimminsi Banks had the ability to reduce significantly the density of epilithon on experimental substrata and that this effect was more pronounced on the sides of experimental substrata. The exclosure experiment found that excluding Agapetus monticolus Banks from experimental substrata within the stream had no effect on epilithon density. The d

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Page, Kimberley D., Laura Ruykys, David W. Miller, Peter J. Adams, Philip W. Bateman, and Patricia A. Fleming. "Influences of behaviour and physiology on body mass gain in the woylie (Bettongia penicillata ogilbyi) post-translocation." Wildlife Research 46, no. 5 (2019): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr18105.

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Context Temperament can affect an individual’s fitness and survival if it also influences behaviours associated with predator avoidance, interactions with conspecifics, refuge selection and/or foraging. Furthermore, temperament can determine an individual’s response to novel stimuli and environmental challenges, such as those experienced through translocation. Increasing our understanding of the effect of temperament on post-translocation fitness is thus necessary for improving translocation outcomes. Aims The aim was to test whether differences in an individual’s behaviour or physiology could

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Murphy, Robert K., Isabelle M. G. Michaud, David R. C. Prescott, Jacob S. Ivan, Beverly J. Anderson, and Marlanea L. French-Pombier. "Predation on Adult Piping Plovers at Predator Exclosure Cages." Waterbirds 26, no. 2 (2003): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695(2003)026[0150:poappa]2.0.co;2.

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Slack, William T., and Martin T. O'Connell. "Design for a Portable, Modular Stream Enclosure/Exclosure Device." Journal of Freshwater Ecology 13, no. 2 (June 1998): 193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02705060.1998.9663607.

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