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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Exergy cost":
1
Tsatsaronis, George, i Michael J. Moran. "Exergy-aided cost minimization". Energy Conversion and Management 38, nr 15-17 (październik 1997): 1535–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-8904(96)00215-4.
2
Yazawa, Kazuaki, i Ali Shakouri. "D135 Exergy Analysis of Cost Effective Thermoelectric Topping Cycles". Proceedings of the National Symposium on Power and Energy Systems 2014.19 (2014): 137–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmepes.2014.19.137.
3
Torres, César, i Antonio Valero. "The Exergy Cost Theory Revisited". Energies 14, nr 6 (13.03.2021): 1594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14061594.
Streszczenie:
This paper reviews the fundamentals of the Exergy Cost Theory, an energy cost accounting methodology to evaluate the physical costs of products of energy systems and their associated waste. Besides, a mathematical and computationally approach is presented, which will allow the practitioner to carry out studies on production systems regardless of their structural complexity. The exergy cost theory was proposed in 1986 by Valero et al. in their “General theory of exergy savings”. It has been recognized as a powerful tool in the analysis of energy systems and has been applied to the evaluation of energy saving alternatives, local optimisation, thermoeconomic diagnosis, or industrial symbiosis. The waste cost formation process is presented from a thermodynamic perspective rather than the economist’s approach. It is proposed to consider waste as external irreversibilities occurring in plant processes. A new concept, called irreversibility carrier, is introduced, which will allow the identification of the origin, transfer, partial recovery, and disposal of waste.
4
Rosa, Rui N., i Diogo R. N. Rosa. "Exergy cost of mineral resources". International Journal of Exergy 5, nr 5/6 (2008): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijex.2008.020824.
5
Ptasinski, Krzysztof J. "Exergy: Production, Cost and Renewability". Energy 55 (czerwiec 2013): 1209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.03.044.
6
Valencia Ochoa, Guillermo, Jhan Piero Rojas i Jorge Duarte Forero. "Advance Exergo-Economic Analysis of a Waste Heat Recovery System Using ORC for a Bottoming Natural Gas Engine". Energies 13, nr 1 (5.01.2020): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010267.
Streszczenie:
This manuscript presents an advanced exergo-economic analysis of a waste heat recovery system based on the organic Rankine cycle from the exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine. Different operating conditions were established in order to find the exergy destroyed values in the components and the desegregation of them, as well as the rate of fuel exergy, product exergy, and loss exergy. The component with the highest exergy destroyed values was heat exchanger 1, which is a shell and tube equipment with the highest mean temperature difference in the thermal cycle. However, the values of the fuel cost rate (47.85 USD/GJ) and the product cost rate (197.65 USD/GJ) revealed the organic fluid pump (pump 2) as the device with the main thermo-economic opportunity of improvement, with an exergo-economic factor greater than 91%. In addition, the component with the highest investment costs was the heat exchanger 1 with a value of 2.769 USD/h, which means advanced exergo-economic analysis is a powerful method to identify the correct allocation of the irreversibility and highest cost, and the real potential for improvement is not linked to the interaction between components but to the same component being studied.
7
Shamoushaki, Moein, Mehdi Aliehyaei i Farhad Taghizadeh-Hesary. "Energy, Exergy, Exergoeconomic, and Exergoenvironmental Assessment of Flash-Binary Geothermal Combined Cooling, Heating and Power Cycle". Energies 14, nr 15 (23.07.2021): 4464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154464.
Streszczenie:
This research presents the energy, exergy, economic, and environmental assessment, and multi-objective optimization of a flash-binary geothermal CCHP cycle. A sensitivity analysis of production well inlet temperature and cooling to power flow ratio on exergetic, economic, and environmental parameters was conducted. Furthermore, the effects of the inflation rate and plant working hours on economic parameters were investigated. Results showed that increasing the production well inlet temperature harms exergy efficiency and exergetic performance criteria and results in a gain in exergo-environmental impact index and heating capacity. In addition, the total plant cost increased by raising the production well temperature. Furthermore, increasing the cooling to power flow ratio caused a reduction in exergy efficiency, exergetic performance criteria, and produced net power and an enhancement in exergy destruction, cooling capacity, and total plant cost. The exergy efficiency and total cost rate in the base case were 58% and 0.1764, respectively. Optimization results showed that at the selected optimum point, exergy efficiency was 4.5% higher, and the total cost rate was 10.3% lower than the base case. Levelized cost of energy and the pay-back period at the optimum point was obtained as 6.22 c$/kWh, 3.43 years, which were 5.14% and 6.7% lower than the base case.
8
Valero, Alicia, Antonio Valero i Adriana Domínguez. "Exergy Replacement Cost of Mineral Resources". Journal of Environmental Accounting and Management 1, nr 2 (czerwiec 2013): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5890/jeam.2013.05.004.
9
Tsatsaronis, G., L. Lin i J. Pisa. "Exergy Costing in Exergoeconomics". Journal of Energy Resources Technology 115, nr 1 (1.03.1993): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2905974.
Streszczenie:
Existing methods of exergoeconomic analysis and optimization of energy systems operate with single average or marginal cost values per exergy unit for each material stream in the system being considered. These costs do not contain detailed information on (a) how much exergy, and (b) at what cost each exergy unit was supplied to the stream in the upstream processes. The cost of supplying exergy, however, might vary significantly from one process step to the other. Knowledge of the exergy addition and the corresponding cost at each previous step can be used to improve the costing process. This paper presents a new approach to exergy costing in exergoeconomics. The monetary flow rate associated with the thermal, mechanical and chemical exergy of a material stream at a given state is calculated by considering the complete previous history of supplying and removing units of the corresponding exergy form to and from the stream being considered. When exergy is supplied to a stream, the cost of adding each exergy unit to the stream is calculated using the cost of product exergy unit for the process or device in which the exergy addition occurs. When the stream being considered supplies exergy to another exergy carrier, the last-in-first-out (LIFO) principle of accounting is used for the spent exergy units to calculate the cost of exergy supply to the carrier. The new approach eliminates the need for auxiliary assumptions in the exergoeconomic analysis of energy systems and improves the fairness of the costing process by taking a closer look at both the cost-formation and the monetary-value-use processes. This closer look mainly includes the simultaneous consideration of the exergy and the corresponding monetary values added to or removed from a material stream in each process step. In general, the analysis becomes more complex when the new approach is used instead of the previous exergoeconomic methods. The benefits of using the new approach, however, significantly outweigh the increased efforts. The new approach, combined with some other recent developments, makes exergoeconomics an objective methodology for analyzing and optimizing energy systems.
10
Wang, Jixuan, Wensheng Liu, Xin Meng, Xiaozhen Liu, Yanfeng Gao, Zuodong Yu, Yakai Bai i Xin Yang. "Study on the Coupling Effect of a Solar-Coal Unit Thermodynamic System with Carbon Capture". Energies 13, nr 18 (14.09.2020): 4779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184779.
Streszczenie:
Based on the structural theory of thermo-economics, a 600 MW unit was taken as an example. An integration system which uses fuel gas heat and solar energy as a heat source for post-combustion carbon capture was proposed. The physical structure sketch and productive structure sketch were drawn and a thermo-economics model and cost model based on the definition of fuel-product were established. The production relation between units was analyzed, and the composition and distribution of the exergy cost and thermo-economic cost of each unit were studied. Additionally, the influence of the fuel price and equipment investment cost of the thermo-economic cost for each product was studied. The results showed that the main factors affecting the unit cost are the fuel exergy cost, component exergy efficiency, and irreversible exergy cost of each unit, and the main factors affecting the thermo-economics cost are the specific irreversible exergy cost and investment exergy cost. The main factors affecting the thermal economics of solar energy collectors and low-pressure economizers are the invested exergy cost, negentropy exergy cost, and irreversible exergy cost of each unit.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Exergy cost":
1
Wang, Mengyu. "Model-based Optimisation of Mixed Refrigerant LNG Processes". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/17387.
Streszczenie:
Natural gas liquefaction processes are energy and cost intensive. This thesis pursues the optimisation of propane precooled mixed refrigerant (C3MR) processes considering variations in upstream gas well conditions, in order to maximise gas well life. Four objective functions were selected for the design optimisation of the C3MR and dual mixed refrigerant (DMR) processes: 1) total shaft work (W), 2) total capital investment, 3) total annualised cost, and 4) total capital cost of both compressors and main cryogenic heat exchanger (MCHE). Optimisation results show that objective function 4 is more suitable than other objective functions for reducing both W and UA (MCHE design parameter). This leads to 15% reduction in specific power for C3MR and 27% for DMR, while achieving lower UA values relative to baseline. The operation optimisation of the C3MR process and its split propane version (C3MR-SP) was performed using four objective functions: 1) total shaft work, 2-3) two different exergy efficiency expressions, and 4) operating expenditure (OPEX). Objective function 3 results in the lowest specific shaft work 1469 MJ/tonne-LNG. For C3MR-SP, however, the lowest specific shaft work is found to be under objective function 1. A comparison of optimisation results across literature studies is impractical due to dissimilar process conditions, feed gas conditions, product quality, and equipment size. A sensitivity analysis highlights the effect of feed gas conditions on performance of the C3MR. For instance, as LNG production decreases from 3 MTPA to 2.4 MTPA over time, the specific OPEX increases from $128/tonne-LNG to $154/tonne-LNG. A subsequent study was conducted focusing on energy benefits of two configurations: integrating natural gas liquids (NGL) recovery unit with C3MR. An integrated NGL recovery within C3MR shows a 0.74% increase in energy consumption as methane concentration of the feed gas decreases, however a frontend NGL recovery unit only has a 0.18% decrease.
2
Cruz, Flávio Eduardo da. "Produção de hidrogênio em refinarias de petróleo: avaliação exergética e custo de produção". Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3150/tde-17082010-123008/.
Streszczenie:
O hidrogênio molecular (H2) é um gás muito útil nas indústrias químicas e petroquímicas por conta de sua facilidade de reação com outros elementos químicos. Nas refinarias é o principal insumo no processo de remoção do enxofre de diversos combustíveis como a gasolina e óleo diesel, tendo sua demanda aumentada por conta de novas legislações ambientalmente mais restritivas. O hidrogênio é normalmente encontrado na natureza associado a outros elementos químicos, como a água ou os hidrocarbonetos, sendo necessária a aplicação de processos específicos para sua obtenção. Considerada a rota mais econômica para a produção de hidrogênio, o processo de reforma a vapor do gás natural é avaliado pela aplicação da metodologia de análise exergética e termoeconômica, a fim de determinar a eficiência exergética do processo e o custo de produção do hidrogênio. Este custo de produção é muito sensível ao custo do gás natural, fato que pode prejudicar a competitividade desta rota de produção e, consequentemente, abrir a possibilidade de investir na produção de hidrogênio através de tecnologias alternativas. A unidade de geração de hidrogênio estudada está presente em uma das refinarias da Petrobras e sua produção destina-se à remoção do enxofre presente no óleo diesel. Uma planta síntese do processo foi elaborada e as eficiências exergéticas dos componentes foram determinadas. Em seguida, foi realizada uma análise econômica para determinar o custo de construção, operação e manutenção da planta. Com base nos resultados obtidos, aplicou-se a metodologia de análise termoeconômica para determinar o custo de produção de hidrogênio. Dois tipos de custo foram determinados, o custo atual (ou atualizado) de produção, que indica o custo corrente (2010) do produto, e o custo nivelado, que leva em consideração a produção total prevista ao longo vida útil da planta. Para um custo de gás natural igual a 9,11 US$/GJ, o custo de produção do hidrogênio em base exergética foi igual a 17,36 US$/GJ (2.093,13 US$/t) para o valor atual e 25,35 US$/GJ (3.056,97 US$/t) para o valor nivelado. Por fim, estes valores são comparados com outros custos de produção de hidrogênio presentes na literatura.Pure hydrogen (H2) is an useful gas in chemical and petrochemical industries because it reacts easily with several other elements. On refineries, hydrogen is used to sequestrate sulphur from diesel and gasoline. Emission restrictions regard to fossil fuels are rising the world hydrogen demands. In spite of its abundance, hydrogen is normally found associated with other chemical species like water or hidrocarbons like methane or butane. Some especific processes are required to obtain pure hydrogen. Considered the most economic production route, the natural gas reforming process is analyzed by exergetic and thermoeconomic methods in order to determine the efficiencies and the hydrogen production cost. The hydrogen production cost is very sensitive to the cost of natural gas, which has suffered constant increases due to rising demand. This fact opens the possibility of using technologies that were previously considered economically unviable. The hydrogen unit studied was constructed in one of the Petrobras refineries, and the hydrogen produced is for the removal of sulfur in diesel oil. Based on project documents exergetic efficiencies of each component were determined. After that, an economic analysis was conducted in order to determine the construction, operation and maintenance costs of the whole plant. Two types of cost were determined, the actual cost production, which indicates the current cost product (2010), and the levelized cost, which takes into account the total production over life of the plant. Considering a natural gas cost equal to 9.11 US$/GJ, it was obtained an actual hydrogen production cost of 17.36 US$/GJ (2,093.13 US$/t) and a levelized cost of 25.35 US$/GJ (3,056.97 $/t). These values were compared with some hydrogen production costs presents on scientific papers and related references.
3
Deshpande, Jaydeep Sanjeev. "Investigations on Solar Powered Direct Contact Membrane Distillation". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71370.
Streszczenie:
Desalination is one of the proposed methods to meet the ever increasing water demands. It
can be subdivided into two broad categories, thermal based desalination and electricity based
desalination. Multi-effect Distillation (MED), Multi-Stage Flashing (MSF), Membrane
Distillation (MD) fall under former and Reverse Osmosis (RO), Electro-Dialysis (ED) fall under
later. MD offers an attractive solution for seawater as well as brackish water distillation. It shows
highly pure yields, theoretically 100% pure. The overall construction of a MD unit is way simpler
than any other desalination systems.
MD is a thermally driven diffusion process where desalination takes places in the form of
water vapor transport across the membrane. It has low second law efficiency due to parasitic heat
losses. The objective of the first part of the investigation is to thoroughly analyze a Direct
Contact Membrane Distillation (DCMD) system from the view point of yield and exergy. The
insights from exergy analysis are used in a design study, which is used for performance
optimization. The first part concludes with a design procedure and design windows for large scale
DCMD construction.
In the second part of the investigation, focus is moved to waveguide solar energy
collector. The idea behind an ideal waveguide is to reduce the complexity of modeling solar
energy collection. The mathematical model provided in this analysis can be extended to a
family of non-imaging optics in solar energy and serves as a benchmarking analysis tool. A
waveguide is suitable for low temperature operations due to limitations on maximum continuous
temperature of operation. Thus, it becomes an ideal solution for DCMD applications. A levelized
cost analysis is presented for a waveguide powered DCMD plant of a 30,000 capacity. A
combination of waveguide and DCMD shows levelized cost of water at $1.80/m3, which is found
to be lower than previously reported solar desalination water costs.Master of Science
4
Maraví, Camargo Jesús Edgar. "Análisis termoeconómico de la unidad de compresión de gas natural (UCGN) de una estación de carga de gas natural comprimido (GNC), mediante el método Exergy, Cost, Energy, Mass (EXCEM) para determinar la relación existente entre la eficiencia exérgetica de la UCGN y el costo de producción de GNC". Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2018. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/13023.
Streszczenie:
El elevado costo de los combustibles líquidos en la actualidad y la alta contaminación
producto de su combustión, hace necesario buscar nuevas alternativas energéticas. En
consecuencia, el gas natural se presenta como la mejor alternativa para reducir costos
energéticos con bajo impacto ambiental. Estos fundamentos son los que conllevan a la
búsqueda de alternativas de solución al suministro energético diferenciado tal como el Gas
Natural Comprimido (GNC). En el presente documento se realiza el estudio Másico,
Energético, Exergético y de Costos (EXCEM por sus siglas en Ingles) de una Unidad de
Compresión de Gas Natural (UCGN), componente principal de una Estación de Carga de
GNC) con el Objetivo de determinar los costos de producción del GNC y su variación
respecto de variables operativas del equipo. Para esto se eatableció la siguiente hipotesis:
“El incremento de la Eficiencia Exergética de la Unidad de Compresión de Gas
Natural de una Estación de Carga de GNC reduce del costo de producción de GNC.”
Basados en esto se plantea como objetivo principal determinar la relación existente entre
la Eficiencia Exergética de la UCGN en una Estación de carga de GNC y el costo de
producción de GNC. Para llegar al objetivo principal se plantean como objetivos
secundarios identificar los subsistemas energéticos de la UCGN, así como sus Flujos de
Energía mediante una metodología de evaluación aplicable a sistemas energéticos
(EXCEM) para que a través del establecimiento de las Bases Teóricas que gobiernan el
funcionamiento de la UCGN se puedan determinar sus principales parámetros de
funcionamiento y cuantificar los procesos de conversión de Energía y como estos influyen
en los costos asociados a la producción de GNC. Los resultados de este estudio se basan
en tres puntos de operación los cuales permiten determinar un análisis de sensibilidad del
Costo Exergético de GNC y la Eficiencia Exergética de la UCGN en donde se demuestra
que la hipótesis planteada en esta tesis es correcta. Finalmente, como conclusión principal
se establece que la reducción del Costo de producción de GNC para un ciclo de trabajo es
proporcional al incremento de la eficiencia exergética del sistema.Tesis
5
Boyko, Vladimir, i Jürgen Weber. "Combinations of energy saving measures in pneumatics". Technische Universität Dresden, 2020. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A71216.
Streszczenie:
Within a production machine, various electromechanical and pneumatic structures can be used for drive tasks. As these drive technologies can often replace each other, the energy efficiency, performance and TCO of pneumatic drives must be permanently enhanced to remain competitive. There is a large number of known measures for the reducing their energy consumption, e.g. minimizing of filling volumes, energy saving circuits etc. However, these measures are mainly considered separately and the possible overall energy saving effect resulting from their combination is rarely taken into account. The main goal of this paper is therefore to explore the possible combinations of pneumatic energy saving measures and their cumulative saving effect. Due to the fact that some measures are mutually exclusive (e.g. a general pressure reduction in properly sized drive), each combination should be considered separately. To evaluate their efficiency plausibly, a comprehensive assessment is required that contains both the total cost of ownership analysis (TCO) and a mechanical properties assessment. The presented comprehensive approach of the task analysis can serve as example of how an optimal drive configuration for the specific task can be found, thus creating a basis for solving constructive challenges in designing of pneumatic automation systems.
6
Das, Barun Kumar. "Optimisation of stand-alone hybrid energy systems for power and thermal loads". Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2018. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2150.
Streszczenie:
Stand-alone hybrid energy systems are an attractive option for remote communities without a connection to a main power grid. However, the intermittent nature of solar and other renewable sources adversely affects the reliability with which these systems respond to load demands. Hybridisation, achieved by combining renewables with combustion-based supplementary prime movers, improves the ability to meet electric load requirements. In addition, the waste heat generated from backup Internal Combustion Engines or Micro Gas Turbines can be used to satisfy local heating and cooling loads. As a result, there is an expectation that the overall efficiency and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of stand-alone systems can be significantly improved through waste heat recovery.
The aims of this PhD project are to identify how incremental increases to the hardware complexity of hybridised stand-alone energy systems affect their cost, efficiency, and CO2 footprint. The research analyses a range of systems, from those designed to meet only power requirements to others satisfying power and heating (Combined Heat and Power), or power plus both heating and cooling (Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power). The majority of methods used focus on MATLAB-based Genetic Algorithms (GAs). The modelling deployed finds the optimal selection of hardware configurations which satisfy single- or multi-objective functions (i.e. Cost of Energy, energy efficiency, and exergy efficiency). This is done in the context of highly dynamic meteorological (e.g. solar irradiation) and load data (i.e. electric, heating, and cooling).
Results indicate that the type of supplementary prime movers (ICEs or MGT) and their minimum starting thresholds have insignificant effects on COE but have some effects on Renewable Penetration (RP), Life Cycle Emissions (LCE), CO2 emissions, and waste heat generation when the system is sized meeting electric load only. However, the transient start-up time of supplementary prime movers and temporal resolution have no significant effects on sizing optimisation. The type of Power Management Strategies (Following Electric Load-FEL, and Following Electric and Following Thermal Load- FEL/FTL) affect overall Combined Heating and Power (CHP) efficiency and meeting thermal demand through recovered heat for a system meeting electric and heating load with response to a specific load meeting reliability (Loss of Power Supply Probability-LPSP). However, the PMS has marginal effects on COE. The Electric to Thermal Load Ratio (ETLR) has no effects on COE for PV/Batt/ICE but strongly affects PV/Batt/MGT-based hybridised CHP systems. The higher thermal than the electric loads lead to higher efficiency and better environmental footprint.
Results from this study also indicate that for a stand-alone hybridised system operating under FEL/FTL type PMS, the power only system has lower cost compared to the CHP and the Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power (CCHP) systems. This occurs at the expense of overall energy and exergy efficiencies. Additionally, the relative magnitude of heating and cooling loads have insignificant effects on COE for PV/Batt/ICE-based system configurations, however this substantially affects PV/Batt/MGT-based hybridised CCHP systems. Although there are no significant changes in the overall energy efficiency of CCHP systems in relation to variations to heating and cooling loads, systems with higher heating demand than cooling demand lead to better environmental benefits and renewable penetration at the cost of Duty Factor. Results also reveal that the choice of objective functions do not affect the system optimisation significantly.
7
Combier, Robert. "Risk-informed scenario-based technology and manufacturing evaluation of aircraft systems". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/49046.
Streszczenie:
In the last half century, the aerospace industry has seen a dramatic paradigm shift from a focus on performance-at-any-cost to product economics and value. The steady increase in product requirements, complexity and global competition has driven aircraft manufacturers to seek broad portfolios of advanced technologies. The development costs and cycle times of these technologies vary widely, and the resulting design environment is one where decisions must be made under substantial uncertainty. Modeling and simulation have recently become the standard practice for addressing these issues; detailed simulations and explorations of candidate future states of these systems help reduce a complex design problem into a comprehensible, manageable form where decision factors are prioritized. While there are still fundamental criticisms about using modeling and simulation, the emerging challenge becomes ``How do you best configure uncertainty analyses and the information they produce to address real world problems?”
One such analysis approach was developed in this thesis by structuring the input, models, and output to answer questions about the risk and economic impact of technology decisions in future aircraft programs. Unlike other methods, this method placed emphasis on the uncertainty in the cumulative cashflow space as the integrator of economic viability. From this perspective, it then focused on exploration of the design and technology space to tailor the business case and its associated risk in the cash flow dimension. The methodology is called CASSANDRA and is intended to be executed by a program manager of a manufacturer working of the development of future concepts. The program manager has the ability to control design elements as well as the new technology allocation on that aircraft. She is also responsible for the elicitation of the uncertainty in those dimensions within control as well as the external scenarios (that are out of program control). The methodology was applied on a future single-aisle 150 passenger aircraft design.
The overall methodology is compared to existing approaches and is shown to identify more economically robust design decisions under a set of at-risk program scenarios. Additionally, a set of metrics in the uncertain cumulative cashflow space were developed to assist the methodology user in the identification, evaluation, and selection of design and technology. These metrics are compared to alternate approaches and are shown to better identify risk efficient design and technology selections.
At the modeling level, an approach is given to estimate the production quantity based on an enhanced Overall Evaluation Criterion method that captures the competitive advantage of the aircraft design. This model was needed as the assumption of production quantity is highly influential to the business case risk. Finally, the research explored the capacity to generate risk mitigation strategies in to two analysis configurations: when available data and simulation capacity are abundant, and when they are sparse or incomplete. The first configuration leverages structured filtration of Monte Carlo simulation results. The allocation of design and technology risk is then identified on the Pareto Frontier. The second configuration identifies the direction of robust risk mitigation based on the available data and limited simulation ability. It leverages a linearized approximation of the cashflow metrics and identifies the direction of allocation using the Jacobian matrix and its inversion.
8
Matos, Victor Ara?jo Ferreira. "Efeito de uma sess?o de exerc?cio intervalado de alta intensidade e exerc?cio cont?nuo de moderada intensidade sobre marcadores de apetite em homens com obesidade". PROGRAMA DE P?S-GRADUA??O EM EDUCA??O F?SICA, 2017. https://repositorio.ufrn.br/jspui/handle/123456789/24610.
Streszczenie:
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Introdu??o: O exerc?cio f?sico ? considerado uma estrat?gia fundamental no tratamento da obesidade por promover aumento no d?ficit cal?rico. Evid?ncias recentes sugerem que o exerc?cio de alta intensidade pode induzir altera??es fisiol?gicas que diminuem o apetite, contribuindo para redu??o da ingest?o cal?rica, fen?meno conhecido como anorexia induzida pelo exerc?cio (AIE). Objetivo: comparar o efeito agudo do exerc?cio intervalado de alta intensidade (EIAI) e exerc?cio cont?nuo de intensidade moderada (ECMI) sobre o consumo energ?tico e percep??o do apetite em homens com obesidade. M?todos: A pesquisa caracterizou-se como um ensaio cl?nico randomizado com delineamento cruzado. Quinze volunt?rios (31,0 ? 6,1 anos, 31,0 ? 6,0 kg/m?, 40,1 ? 2,2% de gordura corporal) foram submetidos a tr?s sess?es experimentais, separadas por sete dias: I) EIAI (10 x 1 min a 90% da frequ?ncia card?aca m?xima [FCm?x] + 1 min recupera??o ativa), II) ECMI (20 min a 70% da FCm?x) e III) Controle (sem exerc?cio). Uma refei??o padronizada foi oferecida 60 min antes de cada sess?o. A percep??o subjetiva do apetite (fome, saciedade, plenitude e perspectiva de consumo alimentar) foi avaliada por meio de uma escala visual anal?gica (EVA) em tr?s momentos: 1) pr?-sess?o, 2) p?s-sess?o e 3) uma hora ap?s sess?o. O consumo alimentar ad libitum foi analisado uma hora ap?s as sess?es experimentais e controle, por meio de registro pesado e o consumo alimentar ao longo do dia da sess?o (24 h) foi avaliado por meio de um registro alimentar estimado. A ANOVA two-way com medidas repetidas foi utilizada para analisar poss?veis diferen?as entre as condi??es e momentos na percep??o do apetite e uma ANOVA de medidas repetidas para analisar as diferen?as entre as condi??es no consumo alimentar ad libitum e 24 h. Resultados: N?o houve diferen?as significativas na percep??o de fome [F(1,3, 17,5)=0,00, p=0,972], saciedade [F(1,3, 17,5)=0,00, p=0,972], plenitude [F(2, 28)=0,13, p=0,876] e perspectiva de consumo [F(2, 28)=0,76, p=0,476] entre as condi??es, bem como n?o foram identificadas diferen?as significativas no consumo energ?tico na refei??o ad libitum: CON (674,5 ? 252,1), ECMI (666,7? 213,8) e EIAI (689,6? 263,8kcal) [F (2, 28)=0,13, p=0,877] e ao longo do dia da sess?o: CON (2857,6 ? 867,2), ECMI (2608,5? 595) e EIAI (2556,1? 489,5kcal) [F (2, 28) = 1,54, p=0,233]. Conclus?o: Uma sess?o de EIAI e ECMI n?o modificou o apetite e o consumo energ?tico ap?s 60 min e ao longo do dia em homens com obesidade.
Introduction: Physical exercise is considered a fundamental strategy in the treatment of obesity by promoting increase in the caloric deficit. Recent evidence suggests that high-intensity exercise can induce physiological changes that suppress appetite, decreasing caloric intake, a phenomenon known as exercise-induced anorexia (EIA). Objective: compare the acute effect of high intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and continuous moderate intensity exercise (ECM) on energy intake and appetite perception in obese men. Methods: The study was characterized as a randomized clinical trial in cross-over design. Fifteen volunteers (31.0 ? 6.1 years, 31.0 ? 6.0 kg/ m?, 40.1 ? 2.2% body fat) underwent three experimental sessions, seven days apart: I) HIIE ( 10x 1 min at 90% of maximal heart rate [HRmax] + 1 min active recovery), II) ECM (20min to 70% of HRmax) and III) Control (without exercise). A standardized meal was offered 60 min before each session. Appetite perception (hunger, satiety, fullness and perspective food consumption) were evaluated through a visual analogue scale (VAS) in three moments: 1) Pre-session, 2) Post-session and 3) one hour after session. Energy intake was assessed one hour after session with an ad libitum meal and the consumption throughout the day (24hrs) was analyzed with a estimated food record. ANOVA Two-way with repeated measures was used to analyze the differences between conditions and moments on appetite perception and ANOVA with repeated measures to assess the differences between conditions on energy intake in ad libitum and 24hrs. Results: There were no significant differences on hunger [F (1.3, 17.5) = 0.00, p = 0.972], satiety [F (1.3, 17.5) = 0.00, p = 0.972], fullness [F (2, 28) = 0.13, p = 0.876] and prospective food consumption [F (2, 28) = 0.76, p = 0.476] between conditions. As well as no significant differences on energy intake were observed during ad libitum meal: CON (674,5 ? 252,1), ECM (666,7? 213,8) e HIIE (689,6? 263,8kcal) [F (2, 28) = 0.13, p = 0.877] and throughout the day CON (2857,6 ? 867,2), ECM (2608,5? 595) e HIIE (2556,1? 489,5kcal) [F (2, 28) = 1.54, p = 0.233].Conclusion: A single session of HIIE and ECM did not modified appetite and energy intake 60 min after and during the day following exercise in obese man.
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Pinheiro, Pedro Ivo de Souza. "Efeitos dos exerc?cios aer?bio cont?nuo e intervalado na variabilidade da frequ?ncia card?aca em adultos jovens saud?veis. Ensaio cl?nico aleat?rio". Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2015. http://repositorio.ufrn.br/handle/123456789/20817.
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O exerc?cio intervalado de alta intensidade tem sido apontado como op??o para o aumento da pr?tica da atividade f?sica al?m de ser sugerido no manejo terap?utico de diversas condi??es como diabetes mellitus e insufici?ncia card?aca. Contudo, o conhecimento pleno das suas repercuss?es fisiol?gicas e dos par?metros que possam trazer maior seguran?a quanto ? sua prescri??o; em especial os efeitos a curto e m?dio prazo (24 horas ap?s o exerc?cio) sobre a recupera??o do exerc?cio, necessitam ser esclarecidos. O objetivo do presente trabalho ? avaliar a repercuss?o de uma sess?o de exerc?cio aer?bico cont?nuo e intervalado no controle auton?mico card?aco imediato e em m?dio prazo (24 horas), atrav?s da avalia??o da variabilidade da frequ?ncia card?aca (VFC). Trata-se de um ensaio cl?nico randomizado do tipo crossover onde indiv?duos jovens saud?veis e com baixo n?vel de atividade f?sica tiveram a VFC de 24 horas mensurada atrav?s de frequenc?metro e aceler?metro port?til (eMotion HRV 3D, Kuopio, Finl?ndia) antes e ap?s sess?o de exerc?cio aer?bio cont?nuo (60-70% FCmax, 21min.) e intervalado (ciclo 1 min. a 80-90% FCmax, 2 min. a 50-60% FCmax, dura??o 21 min.). A VFC foi avaliada nos dom?nio tempo e frequ?ncia e o balan?o simpatovagal determinado pela raz?o LF/HF. Avalia??o n?o linear foi calculada pela entropia de Shannon. O dados demonstraram retardo na recupera??o imediata da frequ?ncia card?aca p?s exerc?cio e menor FC 24 horas comparados a valores pr? interven??o, principalmente no exerc?cio intervalado. Houve tend?ncia ? maior predom?nio e valores de ?ndices representantes da estimula??o simp?tica durante o dia no grupo de exerc?cio intervalado; contudo, sem signific?ncia estat?stica. O resultados do estudo auxiliam no esclarecimento das repercuss?es do exerc?cio intervalado nas 24 horas que sucedem a interven??o permitindo par?metros para prescri??o e futura avalia??o de grupos de indiv?duos com patologias metab?licas e cardiovasculares.
The high-intensity interval exercise has been described as an option for increasing physical activity and its use also being suggested in the therapeutic management of many conditions such as diabetes mellitus and heart failure. However, the knowledge of its physiological effects and parameters that can assure greater safety for interval exercise prescription; especially its effect on short- and medium-term (24 hours after exercise) exercise recovery, need to be clarified. This study objective was to evaluate the effect of continuous and interval aerobic exercise on the cardiac autonomic control immediate and medium term (24 hours), by assessing heart rate variability (HRV). The present study is a randomized crossover clinical trial in which healthy young individuals with low level of physical activity had the VFC 24 hours measured by a heart rate sensor and portable accelerometer (3D eMotion HRV, Kuopio, Finland) before and after continuous aerobic exercise (60-70% HR max, 21 min.) and interval exercise (cycle 1 min. 80-90% HR max, 2 min. at 50-60% HR max, duration 21 min.). HRV was measured in the time and frequency domain and the sympathovagal balance determined by the ratio LF / HF. Nonlinear evaluation was calculated by Shannon entropy. The data demonstrated delayed heart rate recovery immediate after exercise and lower HR after 24 hours compared to pre intervention values, especially in the interval exercise group. There was a tendency to higher predominance and representatives index values of sympathetic stimulation during the day in interval exercise group; however, without statistical significance. The study results help to clarify the effects of interval exercise on the 24 hours following interval exercise, setting parameters for prescription and for further evaluation of groups with metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.
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Souza, Daniel Costa de. "Efeito de uma sess?o de exerc?cio intervalado de alta intensidade e exerc?cio cont?nuo de moderada intensidade no perfil imunol?gico e inflamat?rio de homens com obesidade". PROGRAMA DE P?S-GRADUA??O EM EDUCA??O F?SICA, 2017. https://repositorio.ufrn.br/jspui/handle/123456789/24756.
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Introdu??o: O excesso de gordura corporal ? associado ? inflama??o cr?nica de baixo grau e uma maior incid?ncia de doen?as infecciosas. Estudos recentes, indicam que o exerc?cio intervalado de alta intensidade (EIAI) ? uma estrat?gia eficiente em fun??o do tempo para melhorar par?metros de sa?de de indiv?duos com obesidade. No entanto, pouco ? conhecido sobre o efeito de uma sess?o de EIAI no equil?brio de citocinas pro e anti-inflamat?rias em obesos. Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar uma ?nica sess?o de EIAI e exerc?cio cont?nuo de moderada intensidade (ECMI) sobre os n?veis s?ricos de interferon-y (INF-y), interleucina 4 e 6 (IL-4) (IL-6) e INF-y/IL-4 em homens com obesidade. M?todos: Dez homens com obesidade (IMC>30 kg/m?) foram submetidos a tr?s sess?es experimentais com uma semana de intervalo em ordem aleat?ria: 1) EIAI: 10 x 60 s a 90% da FCm?x alternados por 60 s de recupera??o ativa; 2) ECMI: 20 min a 70% da FCmax; 3) Controle. As coletas de sangue para analisar os n?veis s?ricos de citocinas foram realizadas nos momentos pr?, p?s e 60 min ap?s as sess?es de exerc?cio ou controle. Os dados foram apresentados em m?dia ? DP. ANOVA fatorial com medidas repetidas e post hoc de Bonferoni foi utilizado para avaliar as diferen?as entre os momentos e condi??es de exerc?cio. O n?vel de signific?ncia aceito foi de P< 0.05. Resultados: O EIAI reduziu os n?veis de INF-y imediatamente ap?s o exerc?cio (41,09 ? 14,99; P=0,032) e 60 min ap?s o exerc?cio (43,45 ? 11,76; P=0,003) em rela??o ao pr?-exerc?cio (46,64 ? 13,14), ao mesmo tempo que promoveu aumento nos n?veis de IL-4 imediatamente ap?s o exerc?cio (36,47 ? 11,09; P=0,007) em rela??o ao pr?-exerc?cio (32,04 ? 8,5). O ECMI promoveu aumento nos n?veis de INF-y imediatamente ap?s o exerc?cio (47,48 ? 8,42; P=0,025) e 60 min ap?s o exerc?cio (50,13 ? 7,99; P=0,004) em rela??o ao valor pr?-exerc?cio (44,21 ? 8,11). Ambas as condi??es de exerc?cio aumentaram os n?veis de IL-6 at? 60 min ap?s o exerc?cio (P<0.05). A raz?o INF-Y/IL-4 reduziu imediatamente ap?s (1,24 ? 0,60; P=0,002) e 60 min ap?s o exerc?cio (1,32 ? 0,53; P=0,005) em rela??o ao pr?-exerc?cio (1,58 ? 0,64) apenas para o EIAI. Conclus?o: Uma sess?o de EIAI induziu um padr?o de resposta anti-inflamat?ria e est? associado a preju?zos na resposta imune intracelular contra pat?genos. Por outro lado, uma breve sess?o de ECMI induziu altera??es no padr?o de citocinas seguindo um padr?o pr?-inflamat?rio o que pode favorecer ? melhora da resposta imune intracelular em homens com obesidade.
Introduction: The excess of body fat is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation and high rates of infectious disease. Emerging evidences indicate that high intensity interval exercise (HIIE) is a time-efficient approach to promote health in obese population. However, little is known about the influence of HIIE on pro and anti-inflammatory cytokine balance in obesity. Purpose: Our purpose was to compare the acute effects of HIIE and moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) on cytokine levels, include interferon-y (INF-y), interleukin 4 and 6 (IL-4) (IL-6) levels and INF-y/IL-4 ratio in obese males. Methods: Ten obese males (BMI>30 kg/m?) were submitted into two experimental sessions with a week interval in a randomized order: 1) HIIE: 10 x 60 s at 90% of HRm?x interspersed by active recovery; 2) MICE: 20 min at 70% of HRmax;. Cytokines was analyzed before, immediately after and 60 min after-exercise. Data was presented in mean ? SD. ANOVA 2-way with repeated measures and post hoc Bonferoni was used to assess differences between moments and exercise conditions. Statistical significance was accepted at a p value of ? 0.05. Results: The HIIE results in decreased INF-Y levels immediately after-exercise (41,09 ? 4,74; P=0,032) and 60 min after-exercise (43,45 ? 3,72) (P=0,003) compared with before-exercise (46,64 ? 4,15), while an significant elevation in IL-4 levels was observed immediately after-exercise (36,47 ? 3,5) (P=0,007). The MICE results in increase of INF-Y levels after exercise (P=0,025) and 60 min post-exercise (P=0,004). Both exercise conditions results in increase of IL-6 levels after exercise (P<0.05). The INF-Y/IL-4 ratio decreases immediately after (P=0,002) and 60 min after-exercise (P=0,005) only for HIIE. Conclusion: HIIE induces imbalance in INF-Y/IL-4 ratio 60 min after exercise following an anti-inflammatory pattern. For other hand, MICE did not promote imbalance in INF-Y/IL-4 to 60 min after exercise in obese males.
Książki na temat "Exergy cost":
1
Júnior, Silvio de Oliveira. Exergy: Production, Cost and Renewability. London: Springer London, 2013.
2
Rocco, Matteo Vincenzo. Primary Exergy Cost of Goods and Services. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43656-2.
3
Desideri, Umberto, Giampaolo Manfrida i Enrico Sciubba, red. ECOS 2012. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-322-9.
Streszczenie:
The 8-volume set contains the Proceedings of the 25th ECOS 2012 International Conference, Perugia, Italy, June 26th to June 29th, 2012. ECOS is an acronym for Efficiency, Cost, Optimization and Simulation (of energy conversion systems and processes), summarizing the topics covered in ECOS: Thermodynamics, Heat and Mass Transfer, Exergy and Second Law Analysis, Process Integration and Heat Exchanger Networks, Fluid Dynamics and Power Plant Components, Fuel Cells, Simulation of Energy Conversion Systems, Renewable Energies, Thermo-Economic Analysis and Optimisation, Combustion, Chemical Reactors, Carbon Capture and Sequestration, Building/Urban/Complex Energy Systems, Water Desalination and Use of Water Resources, Energy Systems- Environmental and Sustainability Issues, System Operation/ Control/Diagnosis and Prognosis, Industrial Ecology.
4
Exergy Production Cost And Renewability. Springer, 2012.
5
Junior, Silvio de Oliveira. Exergy: Production, Cost and Renewability. Springer, 2012.
6
Rocco, Matteo Vincenzo. Primary Exergy Cost of Goods and Services: An Input – Output Approach. Springer, 2016.
7
Rosen, Marc Allen *. The development and application of a process analysis methodology and code based on exergy, cost, energy and mass. 1987.
8
Nutt, David J., i Liam J. Nestor. Nicotine addiction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198797746.003.0011.
Streszczenie:
Cigarette smoking presents with considerable health risks and induces high costs on healthcare resources. People continue to smoke cigarettes in the face of adversity because they contain nicotine, which is highly addictive. Nicotine is a stimulant that exerts its effects within the brain by acting at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). nAChRs are located in areas of the brain involved in reward processing, motivation, and cognitive control, which results in disruptions to behaviour when nicotine addiction has developed. Disturbances to the brain and behaviour are particularly evident during early nicotine abstinence when people are in withdrawal. Importantly, treatments (e.g. varenicline, bupropion) that attenuate disturbances to reward and cognition in the brain during withdrawal in early nicotine abstinence are conferred with the efficacy to promote smoking cessation and protect against relapse.
9
Goldberg, Sanford C. Conversational Pressure. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856436.001.0001.
Streszczenie:
This book aims to explore the scope, sources, and nature of the normative expectations that are generated by participants in speech exchanges. Such expectations, I argue, are warranted by the performance of speech acts: the performance of these acts entitles an audience to expect certain things of the speaker, even as these performances also entitle the speaker to expect certain things of her audience. The account I propose postulates two fundamental types of normativity involved in these expectations: epistemic normativity, wherein subjects are expected to live up to certain epistemological standards, whether in the production of or in the reaction to speech acts; and interpersonal normativity, wherein subjects are expected to live up to certain standards of interpersonal conduct (including but not limited to the standards of ethics). In the course of defending the account, the book explores such topics as the normative significance of acts of address, the epistemic costs of politeness, the bearing of epistemic injustice on the epistemology of testimony, the normative pressure friendship exerts on belief, the nature of epistemic trust, the significance of conversational silence, and the evils of silencing.
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Goodman, Adam. The Deportation Machine. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691182155.001.0001.
Streszczenie:
Constant headlines about deportations, detention camps, and border walls drive urgent debates about immigration and what it means to be an American in the twenty-first century. This book traces the long and troubling history of the U.S. government's systematic efforts to terrorize and expel immigrants over the past 140 years. The book provides needed historical perspective on one of the most pressing social and political issues of our time. It examines how federal, state, and local officials have targeted various groups for expulsion, from Chinese and Europeans at the turn of the twentieth century to Central Americans and Muslims today. It reveals how authorities have singled out Mexicans, nine out of ten of all deportees, and removed most of them not by orders of immigration judges but through coercive administrative procedures and calculated fear campaigns. The book uncovers the machine's three primary mechanisms—formal deportations, “voluntary” departures, and self-deportations—and examines how public officials have used them to purge immigrants from the country and exert control over those who remain. Exposing the pervasive roots of anti-immigrant sentiment in the United States, the book introduces the politicians, bureaucrats, businesspeople, and ordinary citizens who have pushed for and profited from expulsion. It chronicles the devastating human costs of deportation and the innovative strategies people have adopted to fight against the machine and redefine belonging in ways that transcend citizenship.
Części książek na temat "Exergy cost":
1
Valero, Antonio, Sergio Usón, César Torres i Wojciech Stanek. "Theory of Exergy Cost and Thermo-ecological Cost". W Thermodynamics for Sustainable Management of Natural Resources, 167–202. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48649-9_7.
2
Rocco, Matteo Vincenzo. "Exergy based Input-Output analysis". W Primary Exergy Cost of Goods and Services, 61–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43656-2_4.
3
Querol, Enrique, Borja Gonzalez-Regueral i Jose Luis Perez-Benedito. "Exergetic Cost". W Practical Approach to Exergy and Thermoeconomic Analyses of Industrial Processes, 39–62. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4622-3_4.
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Querol, Enrique, Borja Gonzalez-Regueral i Jose Luis Perez-Benedito. "Thermoeconomic Cost". W Practical Approach to Exergy and Thermoeconomic Analyses of Industrial Processes, 63–79. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4622-3_5.
5
Uche, Javier, Amaya Martínez i Beatriz Carrasquer. "Assessment of Water Resources by Exergy Cost". W Thermodynamics for Sustainable Management of Natural Resources, 371–404. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48649-9_14.
6
Rocco, Matteo Vincenzo. "Introduction". W Primary Exergy Cost of Goods and Services, 1–8. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43656-2_1.
7
Rocco, Matteo Vincenzo. "Review of Resources Accounting Methods". W Primary Exergy Cost of Goods and Services, 9–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43656-2_2.
8
Rocco, Matteo Vincenzo. "Accounting for Energy-Resources use by Thermodynamics". W Primary Exergy Cost of Goods and Services, 43–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43656-2_3.
9
Rocco, Matteo Vincenzo. "Internalization of human labour in Input-Output analysis". W Primary Exergy Cost of Goods and Services, 91–100. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43656-2_5.
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Rocco, Matteo Vincenzo. "Case studies: applications of the Exergy based Input-Output analysis". W Primary Exergy Cost of Goods and Services, 101–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43656-2_6.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Exergy cost":
1
Rangel, V. H., S. Uson, A. Valero i C. Cortes. "Local Exergy Cost Theory". W ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-61192.
Streszczenie:
The Exergy Cost Theory (ECT) is a technique extensively applied to optimizing, diagnosing and designing energy systems. But, despite of its wide applications it has its limitations. Such limitations have to do partly with the application to discrete systems solely and partly with the cost allocation problem. Thus in the present paper we go a step further in the scope of the ECT and propose to enlarge its applicability to continuous systems. Essentially, this is carried through by taking the concept of the exergy cost to a microscopic point of view. To put it another words, the exergy costs are connected to the law of continuum physics so that all phenomenological effects can be taken into account. This new formalism may be called as Local Exergy Cost Theory (LECT). The LECT method departs from the hypothesis that unit exergy costs for distinct exergy fluxes, e.g. heat, work, etc., are given the same cost in absence of external evaluations. From this new approach, it will be possible to model an space-time function of the unit exergy cost, k* ((r), t), besides it will be helpful in providing the rules of cost allocation with physical grounds otherwise to propose new ones. Theoretical aspects of this method are succinctly explained throughout the paper. Most importantly, in order to show the practical bias of the theory a series of proposed examples which are outlined are provided. By and large, results show that the unit exergy cost locally yielded contains a lot of useful information as, for instance, precise pinpointing of the points where exergy is destroyed and what is most importantly, the costs at those points. Lastly, by means of the LECT we can build up exergy cost maps for a particular system.
2
Cheremnykh, Ekaterina, i Fabio Gori. "Exergy and Extended Exergy Cost Assessment of a Commercial Truck". W ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-37860.
Streszczenie:
To gain a clearer understanding of the overall economic and environmental impact of the manufacturing process of a single vehicle, including its operational phase, it is useful to examine the process in a life-cycle perspective and with an exergy approach.. The method of Extended Exergy Accounting (EEA) has already provided reliable results both for the assessment of entire countries and for the analysis of specific industrial sectors. National transportation sectors, generally reputed inefficient, have been the subject of a series of energy and exergy efficiency studies, though so far the phase of vehicle manufacturing was not specifically addressed. The present study is an attempt to quantitatively develop the complex evaluation of the exergy cost of a single vehicle, in particular of a commercial truck produced in the US (for which the available data are extensive and reliable). In the analysis performed in the course of this study, the last version of EEA has been employed, with the latest available data on the allocation coefficients for labour and capital cost factors. Particular attention is given to data selection and their processing. The values of the exergy costs for materials flows, energy inputs and of their equivalents for capital, labour and environment remediation are predicted. The results shows numerically the exergetic costs of economic, labour, material and energy inputs, and emphasize the further research of environmental remediation costs.
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Fagbenle, Richard Olayiwola, Sunday Sam Adefila, Sunday Oyedepo i Moradeyo Odunfa. "Exergy, Exergoeconomic and Exergoenvironomic Analyses of Selected Gas Turbine Power Plants in Nigeria". W ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-40311.
Streszczenie:
Energy supply trends as well as environmental regulations and climate change issues have made it necessary to closely scrutinize the way energy is utilized. Efficient energy utilization thus requires paying more attention to accurate and advanced thermodynamic analysis of thermal systems. Hence, methods aimed at evaluating the performances of energy systems take into account the Energy, Environment and Economics. Therefore, the first and second law of thermodynamics combined with economics and environmental impact represents a very powerful tool for the systematic study and optimization of energy systems. In this study, a thermodynamic analysis of eleven selected gas turbine power plants in Nigeria was carried out using the first and second laws of thermodynamics, economic and environmental impact concepts. Exergetic, exergo-economic and exergo-environmental analyses were conducted using operating data obtained from the power plants to determine the exergy destruction and exergy efficiency of each major component of the gas turbine in each power plant. The exergy analysis confirmed that the combustion chamber is the most exergy destructive component compared to other cycle components as expected. The percentage exergy destruction in combustion chamber varied between 86.05 and 94.6%. Increasing the gas turbine inlet temperature (GTIT), the exergy destruction of this component can be reduced. Exergo-economic analysis showed that the cost of exergy destruction is high in the combustion chamber and by increasing the GTIT effectively decreases this cost. The exergy costing analysis revealed that the unit cost of electricity produced in the plants ranged from cents 1.88/kWh (₦2.99/kWh) to cents 5.65/kWh (₦8.98/kWh). Exergo-environmental analysis showed that the CO2 emissions varied between 100.18 to 408.78 kgCO2/MWh while cost rate of environmental impact varied from 40.18 $/h (N6, 388.62/h) to 276.97 $/h (N44, 038.23/h). The results further showed that CO2 emissions and cost of environmental impact decrease with increasing GTIT.
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Fiaschi, Daniele, Giampaolo Manfrida, Moein Shamoushaki i Lorenzo Talluri. "Energy, exergy and exergo-economic assessment of a geothermal power plant with NCGs reinjection". W 34th International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environment Impact of Energy Systems. Tokyo, Japan: ECOS 2021 Program Organizers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52202/062738-0002.
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Ye, Xuemin. "Cost Allocation in Cogeneration With Reduced-Exergy Method and Simplified Reduced-Exergy Method". W ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-41699.
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For several decades, although many kinds of allocation methods for heat-electricity cost allocation were proposed, there are remarkable differences computed with those methods due to each method having its relative merit and limitation in application. Based on the different roles of anergy and exergy in the heat supply process of cogeneration, two novel methods including the simplified reduced exergy method (SREM) and reduced exergy method (REM) are established by introducing the concept of reduced exergy and available anergy. Those methods consider not only the energy differences in quantity and quality, but also the roles of available anergy and exergy. Some practical conditions for typical units are computed and compared with present methods and existing methods. Calculations verify the feasibility of SREM and REM and indicated that those two methods are more rational, convenient and practical than existing methods in applications.
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Selma, Assal, Francesca Malfatti, Michele Giani i Mauro Reini. "Exergy and exergy cost analysis of biochemical networks in living systems far from equilibrium". W ICBRA 2022: 2022 9th International Conference on Bioinformatics Research and Applications. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3569192.3569199.
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Tsatsaronis, George, i Tatiana Morosuk. "Advanced Exergoeconomic Evaluation and Its Application to Compression Refrigeration Machines". W ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-41202.
Streszczenie:
Splitting the exergy destruction within each component of an energy conversion system into endogenous/exogenous and unavoidable/avoidable parts enhances an exergy analysis and improves the quality of the conclusions obtained from the analysis. The potential for improving each system component is identified and priorities, according to which the design of components should be modified, are established. We call this detailed exergy analysis advanced exergy analysis. For improving the cost effectiveness of an energy conversion system, splitting the investment cost into endogenous/exogenous and unavoidable/avoidable parts is also helpful. The designer should focus on the avoidable thermodynamic inefficiencies (exergy destruction), their costs and the avoidable investment costs. The paper discusses the calculation of these costs in general and the resulting advanced exergoeconomic evaluation that is based on the avoidable endogenous and the avoidable exogenous values for exergy destruction, cost of exergy destruction and investment cost. An application of this methodology to a compression refrigeration machine is presented.
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Li, Chunxi, i Xuemin Ye. "Rational Allocation of Heat-Electricity Cost Allocation in Cogeneration". W 2002 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijpgc2002-26006.
Streszczenie:
A reasonable cost allocation in cogeneration is very important for plant and heating consumer. According to the different roles of anergy and exergy in the heat supply process of cogeneration, the reduced exergy model for cogeneration cost allocation is formulated by introducing the concept of the reduced exergy and available anergy. This model considers not only the energy differences in quantity and quality, but also the roles of the available anergy and exergy. Furthermore, the contribution of the available anergy is expressed as a user factor, which can reflect different utilization for different practical conditions. The results for several practical units verify that the reduced exergy model is more rational, convenient and practical than existing models in theory and practice.
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Lira, José Douglas A., i Waldyr L. R. Gallo. "Exergy analysis of an operating biomass thermal power plant". W 34th International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environment Impact of Energy Systems. Tokyo, Japan: ECOS 2021 Program Organizers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52202/062738-0006.
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Kim, Si-Moon, Si-Doek Oh, Yong-Ho Kwon i Ho-Young Kwak. "An Approach of Exergoeconomic Analysis of Thermal Systems". W ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0988.
Streszczenie:
Abstract A new approach of the combination of exergetic and economic analysis for the complex energy system has been proposed, that is, a general exergy and the corresponding cost balance equation which can be applied to any component of thermal system have been formulated. One of distinct features of this method is that the exergy of a material stream is decomposed into thermal, mechanical and chemical exergy flows and entropy production flow and that a unit cost exergy is assigned to each disaggregated exergy in the streams at any state. This methodology permits to obtain a set of equations w.r.t. the unit cost of various exergies by applying the cost balance equation to each component of the system and junctions. The monetary evaluation of various exergy (thermal, mechanical, etc) costs as well as the production cost of electricity of the thermal system are possible by solving the set of equations. The proposed exergy costing method has been applied to a 1000kW gas turbine cogeneration system. It turns out that the production cost calculated is same as that estimated from the overall cost balance equation, which is concluded as a reasonable result. Also the exergy costing method proposed provides some information on decision about the design and operation of the cogeneration system.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Exergy cost":
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Keefer, Philip, i Benjamin Roseth. Grand Corruption in the Contracting Out of Public Services: Lessons from a Pilot Study in Colombia. Inter-American Development Bank, czerwiec 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003335.
Streszczenie:
Do targeted transparency interventions reduce corrupt behavior when corrupt actors are few and politically influential; their behavior imposes small costs on numerous individuals; and corrupt behavior is difficult to observe? Results from a study of informal audits and text messages to parents, meant to curb corruption in the School Meals Program of Colombia, suggests that they can. Theory is pessimistic that transparency interventions can change the behavior of actors who exert significant influence over supervisory authorities. Moreover, inherent methodological obstacles impede the identification of treatment effects. Results substantiate the presence of these obstacles, especially considerable spillovers from treated to control groups. Despite spillovers, we find that parental and operator behavior are significantly different between treatment and control groups. Additional evidence explains why operator behavior changed: out of concern that systematic evidence of corrupt behavior would trigger enforcement actions by high-level enforcement agencies outside of the political jurisdictions where they are most influential.
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Monetary Policy Report - October 2022. Banco de la República Colombia, październik 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr4-2022.
Streszczenie:
1.1 Macroeconomic summary In September, headline inflation (11.4% annually) and the average of core inflation indicators (8.6% annually) continued on a rising trend, and higher increases than expected were recorded. Forecasts increased again, and inflation expectations remained above 3%. Inflationary surprises in the third quarter were significant and widespread, and they are the result of several shocks. On the one hand, international cost and price shocks, which have mainly affected goods and foods, continue to exert upwards pressure on national inflation. In addition to these external supply shocks, domestic supply shocks have also affected foods. On the other hand, the strong recovery of aggregate demand, especially for private consumption and for machinery and equipment, as well as a higher accumulated depreciation of the Colombian peso and its pass-through to domestic prices also explain the rise in inflation. Indexation also contributes, both through the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and through the Producer Price Index (PPI), which continues to have a significant impact on electricity prices and, to a lesser degree, on other public utilities and rent. In comparison with July’s report, the new forecast trajectory for headline and core inflation (excluding food and regulated items) is higher in the forecast horizon, mainly due to exchange rate pressures, higher excess demand, and indexation at higher inflation rates, but it maintains a trend of convergence towards the target. In the case of food, a good domestic supply of perishable foods and some moderation in international processed food prices are still expected. However, the technical staff estimates higher pressures on this group’s prices from labor costs, raw material prices, and exchange rates. In terms of the CPI for regulated items, the new forecast supposes reductions in electricity prices at the end of the year, but the effects of indexation at higher inflation rates and the expected rises in fuel prices would continue to push this CPI group. Therefore, the new projection suggests that, in December, inflation would reach 11.3% and would decrease throughout 2023 and 2024, closing the year at 7.1% and 3.5%, respectively. These forecasts have a high level of uncertainty, due especially to the future behavior of international financial conditions, external price and cost shocks, the persistence of depreciation of the Colombian peso, the pace of adjustment of domestic demand, the indexation degree of nominal contracts, and the decisions that would be made regarding domestic fuel and electricity prices. Economic activity continues to surprise on the upside, and the projection of growth for 2022 rose from 6.9% to 7.9% but lowered for 2023 from 1.1% to 0.5%. Thus, excess demand is higher than estimated in the previous report, and it would diminish in 2023. Economic growth in the second quarterwas higher than estimated in July due to stronger domestic demand, mainly because of private consumption. Economic activity indicators for the third quarter suggest that the GDP would stay at a high level, above its potential, with an annual change of 6.4%, and 0.6% higher than observed in the second quarter. Nevertheless, these numbers reflect deceleration in its quarterly and annual growth. Domestic demand would show similar behavior, with a high value, higher than that of output. This can be explained partly by the strong behavior of private consumption and investment in machinery and equipment. In the third quarter, investment in construction would have continued with mediocre performance, which would still place it at levels lower than those observed before the pandemic. The trade deficit would have widened due to high imports with a stronger trend than that for exports. It is expected that, in the forecast horizon, consumption would decrease from its current high levels, partly as a consequence of tighter domestic financial conditions, lower repressed demand, higher exchange rate pressures on imported goods prices, and the deterioration of actual income due to the rise in inflation. Investment would continue to lag behind, without reaching the levels observed before the pandemic, in a context of high financing costs and high uncertainty. A lower projected behavior in domestic demand and the high levels of prices for oil and other basic goods that the country exports would be reflected in a reduction in the trade deficit. Due to all of this, economic growth for all of 2022, 2023, and 2024 would be 7.9%, 0.5%, and 1.3%, respectively. Expected excess demand (measured via the output gap) is estimated to be higher than contemplated in the previous report; it would diminish in 2023 and could turn negative in 2024. These estimates remain subject to a high degree of uncertainty related to global political tension, a rise in international interest rates, and the effects of this rise on demand and financial conditions abroad. In the domestic context, the evolution of fiscal policy as well as future measures regarding economic policy and their possible effects on macroeconomic imbalances in the country, among others, are factors that generate uncertainty and affect risk premia, the exchange rate, investment, and the country’s economic activity. Interest rates at several of the world’s main central banks continue to rise, some at a pace higher than expected by the market. This is in response to the high levels of inflation and their inflation expectations, which continue to exceed the targets. Thus, global growth projections are still being moderated, risk premia have risen, and the dollar continues to gain strength against other main currencies. International pressures on global inflation have heightened. In the United States, core inflation has not receded, pressured by the behavior of the CPI for services and a tight labor market. Consequently, the U.S. Federal Reserve continued to increase the policy interest rate at a strong pace. This rate is expected to now reach higher levels than projected in the previous quarter. Other developed and emerging economies have also increased their policy interest rates. Thus, international financial conditions have tightened significantly, which reflects in a widespread strengthening of the dollar, increases in worldwide risk premia, and the devaluation of risky assets. Recently, these effects have been stronger in Colombia than in the majority of its peers in the region. Considering all of the aforementioned, the technical staff of the bank increased its assumption regarding the U.S. Federal Reserve’s interest rate, reduced the country’s external demand growth forecast, and raised the projected trajectory for the risk premium. The latter remains elevated at higher levels than its historical average, within a context of high local uncertainty and of extensive financing needs from the foreign sector and the public sector. All of this results in higher inflationary pressures associated to the depreciation of the Colombian peso. The uncertainty regarding external forecasts and its impact on the country remain elevated, given the unforeseeable evolution of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, of geopolitical tensions, and of the tightening of external financial conditions, among others. A macroeconomic context of high inflation, inflation expectations and forecasts above 3%, and a positive output gap suggests the need for contractionary monetary policy, compatible with the macroeconomic adjustment necessary to eliminate excess demand, mitigate the risk of unanchoring in inflation expectations, and guarantee convergence of inflation at the target. In comparison with the July report forecasts, domestic demand has been more dynamic, with a higher observed output level that surpasses the economy’s productive capacity. Headline and core inflation have registered surprising rises, associated with the effects of domestic and external price shocks that were more persistent than anticipated, with excess demand and indexation processes in some CPI groups. The country’s risk premium and the observed and expected international interest rates increased. As a consequence of this, inflationary pressures from the exchange rate rose, and in this report, the probability of the neutral real interest rate being higher than estimated increased. In general, inflation expectations for all terms and the bank’s technical staff inflation forecast for 2023 increased again and continue to stray from 3%. All of the aforementioned elevated the risk of unanchoring inflation expectations and could heighten widespread indexation processes that push inflation away from the target for a longer time. In this context, it is necessary to consolidate a contractionary monetary policy that tends towards convergence of inflation at the target in the forecast horizon and towards the reduction of excess demand in order to guarantee a sustainable output level trajectory. 1.2 Monetary policy decision In its September and October of 2022 meetings, Banco de la República’s Board of Directors (BDBR) decided to continue adjusting its monetary policy. In September, the BDBR decided by a majority vote to raise the monetary policy interest rate by 100 basis points (bps), and in its October meeting, unanimously, by 100bps. Therefore, the rate is at 11.0%. Boxes 1 Food inflation: a comparison with other countries