Rozprawy doktorskie: „Experimental analysis of behavior”

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Kuroda, Toshikazu. "An experimental analysis of jackpotting". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10450/10391.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2009.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 68 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 56-58).

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Musisca, Nicholas Joseph. "The Mediating Role of Opioids in Social Learning about Ethanol in Adolescent Rats". W&M ScholarWorks, 2004. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626472.

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Deal, John G. "The Effects of Humor and Laughter on Induced Anxiety". W&M ScholarWorks, 1990. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625636.

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Gonzalez, Roxana M. "Individual Versus Group Resource-Allocation Performance". W&M ScholarWorks, 2001. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626341.

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Zajo, Kristin Nicole. "Effects of Orexin A on Attention in Rats". W&M ScholarWorks, 2014. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626778.

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Moldovan, Emil G. "Meaningful Nonsense: Invented Words Reveal Characteristics of Emotional Stimuli". W&M ScholarWorks, 2014. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626987.

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Cui, Yi. "Factor Structure And Affective Composition Of The Chills: Replication And Extension". W&M ScholarWorks, 2020. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1616444531.

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“The chills” refers to a set of bodily sensations (goosebumps, tingling, coldness, and shivers) that sometimes accompany strong emotion (Maruskin, Thrash & Elliot, 2012). Past factor analyses of the chills identified a multi-factor, hierarchical structure, consisting of four lower-order factors (goosebumps, tingling, coldness, and shivers) and two higher-order factors (goosetingles and coldshivers). Research on the affective nomological nets of particular chills factors provided additional evidence of the discriminant validity of the two higher-order and the four-lower-order factors (Maruskin, Thrash & Elliot, 2012; Wadsworth, 2019). Despite evidence of discriminant validity, most researchers have continued to treat the chills as a unitary construct. The goal of the present study is to replicate and extend evidence that the chills consists of a set of distinguishable sensations with distinct affective correlates. Specifically, I aim to (a) replicate the factor structure of the chills and (b) further test whether the four lower-order sensations show distinct relations to core affect variables. Using the narrative recall method, the present study assessed chills sensations and core affect during recalled chills experience. Results of factor analyses replicated the factor structure of the chills established by Maruskin et al. (2012). Results of circumplex analyses provided additional evidence of the discriminant validity of higher-order and lower-order sensations. Goosetingles tended to accompany pleasant states, whereas coldshivers tended to accompany unpleasant states. Furthermore, relative to goosebumps, tingling accompanied states lower on activation and higher on pleasure. Relative to coldness, shivers accompanied states lower on displeasure and higher on activation. These findings are consistent with but refine the conclusions of Maruskin et al. (2012) and point to the value of incorporating the affect circumplex in understanding the chills.

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Arango, Lisa Lewis. "The utility of an integrated qualitative/quantitative data analytic strategy (IQ-DAS) to evaluate the impact of youth development interventions on positive qualitative change in the life course". FIU Digital Commons, 2003. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1294.

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This study reports one of the first controlled studies to examine the impact of a school based positive youth development program (Lerner, Fisher, & Weinberg, 2000) on promoting qualitative change in life course experiences as a positive intervention outcome. The study built on a recently proposed relational developmental methodological metanarrative (Overton, 1998) and advances in use of qualitative research methods (Denzin & Lincoln, 2000). The study investigated the use the Life Course Interview (Clausen, 1998) and an integrated qualitative and quantitative data analytic strategy (IQDAS) to provide empirical documentation of the impact the Changing Lives Program on qualitative change in positive identity in a multicultural population of troubled youth in an alternative public high school. The psychosocial life course intervention approach used in this study draws its developmental framework from both psychosocial developmental theory (Erikson, 1968) and life course theory (Elder, 1998) and its intervention strategies from the transformative pedagogy of Freire's (1983/1970). Using the 22 participants in the Intervention Condition and the 10 participants in the Control Condition, RMANOVAs found significantly more positive qualitative change in personal identity for program participants relative to the non-intervention control condition. In addition, the 2X2X2X3 mixed design RMANOVA in which Time (pre, post) was the repeated factor and Condition (Intervention versus Control), Gender, and Ethnicity the between group factors, also found significant interactions for the Time by Gender and Time by Ethnicity. Moreover, the directionality of the basic pattern of change was positive for participants of both genders and all three ethnic groups. The pattern of the moderation effects also indicated a marked tendency for participants in the intervention group to characterize their sense of self as more secure and less negative at the end of the their first semester in the intervention, that was stable across both genders and all three ethnicities. The basic differential pattern of an increase in the intervention condition of a positive characterization of sense of self relative to both pre test and relative to the directionality of the movement of the non-intervention controls, was stable across both genders and all three ethnic groups.

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Wedell, Emma. "The Effects Of Antiracism Education On Confrontation Of Institutional Discrimination: A Game Theory Approach". W&M ScholarWorks, 2021. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1627047859.

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Confrontation is an important mechanism to reduce racial prejudice and stereotyping. Yet, little research has examined White adults’ intended confrontation within the context of institutionally discriminatory policies that pose barriers to Black Americans seeking employment or investigated reactions to zero-sum and negative-sum anti-Black institutional discrimination. The present study investigated the effects of an antiracism educational exercise on White adults’ confrontation of zero-sum and negative-sum institutional discrimination. Participants (n = 195; Mage = 54.16) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: (1) antiracism education with writing reflection, (2) antiracism education alone, or (3) a control condition. Participants next reported how they would respond in situations that described zero-sum (i.e., new hire recruitment exclusively from predominantly White institutions) and negative-sum anti-Black institutional discrimination (i.e., hairstyle discrimination). Participants in the antiracism education alone condition confronted more assertively in both scenarios compared to participants in the control condition. Participants were more likely to confront, and confronted more strongly, in the zero-sum discrimination scenario than the negative-sum discrimination scenario. However, the disparity in assertiveness of confrontation was reduced among participants higher in White guilt and nonsignificant among those in the antiracism education with writing reflection task who reported low color-blind racial ideology or high confrontation and accomplice behavior intentions. We conclude that brief antiracism education exercises may hold promise for increasing White adults’ assertive confrontation of institutional discrimination, but the effects may be contingent on whether a reflective writing task is included, the characteristics of the discriminatory policy, and sociopolitical attitudes.

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10

Isbill, Alex P. "Evaluating Current Practices in Brief Experimental Analysis". TopSCHOLAR®, 2016. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1632.

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Brief experimental analysis (BEA) has shown to be an effective method of rapidly testing the relative effects of two or more interventions in order to determine interventions that best supports a student’s learning. Little research has been found in regards to the consistency of methods across studies. A meta-analysis in 2008 by Burns and Wagner looked at BEAs that assessed oral reading fluency and provided recommendations for future practice. This study investigates the methods, procedures, and outcomes in BEA studies from 1994 to 2016. The findings of this study are compared to Burns and Wagner’s (2008) recommendations from their meta-analysis, as well as used to discuss the shifts and consistencies found in BEA methodology over the past 23 years. There is not sufficient evidence that Burns and Wagner’s (2008) recommendations have greatly impacted the process of BEA, but there have been changes in predominant methodological components of BEA such as the explicit use of conceptual models, methods of assessing interventions, and the emergence of a problem solving model to inform intervention selection. A general increase in the publication rate and a shift to publication in school psychology journals over behavioral journals was also noted. BEA outcomes continue to support its utility for informing instruction.

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MacKelvie, Erin. "A Comparison of Traditional Aggregated Data to a Comprehensive Second-by-Second Data Depiction in Functional Analysis Graphs". Scholarly Commons, 2021. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/3730.

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Functional analyses (FAs) are an important component of treatment and the data gathered from FAs are often graphed in an aggregate or summary format, such as mean rate per session. Given the prevalence of undifferentiated analyses, it may be that this common method of data depiction is incomplete. In this paper, we compare the traditional aggregate method to a comprehensive second-by-second demonstration of the data including all appropriate and inappropriate responses emitted, as well as programmed and accidental antecedent and consequent variables, which may help further clarify the results of a functional analysis. We compared the functional analysis results of two participants when the data were depicted using the traditional rate aggregate method and depicted using a comprehensive second-by-second method. Although both rate and comprehensive second-by-second data depiction resulted in similar conclusions regarding the maintaining variables for the participants, comprehensive second-by-second data depiction allowed us to draw the conclusions in less time. Additional advantages and disadvantages of each method as it relates to efficiency, therapeutic risk and safety, and practicality are also discussed. Keywords: efficiency, functional analysis, problem behavior, safety, within-session second-by-second analysis.

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12

Yeole, Amit Bahr Behnam. "Experimental investigation and analysis for bearing strength behavior of composite laminates". Diss., A link to full text of this thesis in SOAR, 2007. http://soar.wichita.edu/dspace/handle/10057/1186.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Wichita State University, College of Engineering, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering..
"May 2007." Title from PDF title page (viewed on Dec. 29, 2007). Thesis adviser: Behnam Bahr. Includes bibliographic references (leaves 58-60).

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Levillain, Mary Elizabeth. "Nicotine Facilitates Trace Fear Conditioning in Normal and FASD Rats Tested as Adolescents". W&M ScholarWorks, 2008. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626575.

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Scharklet, Jennifer D. "Agreement between Evaluation Methods Used in Brief Experimental Analysis". TopSCHOLAR®, 2017. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2042.

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Brief experimental analysis (BEA) is a well-documented analysis strategy that rapidly manipulates instructional variables to identify the most effective intervention to support a student’s academic needs. However, consensus on how BEA data should be evaluated is not evident in published BEA articles. This study investigated the agreement between evaluation methods (i.e., visual analysis, no assumptions effect size, percentage of nonoverlapping data, nonoverlap of all pairs) used in BEA. Overall, the measures of effect size resulted in a higher percentage of positive agreement with other measures of effect size, in comparison to visual analysis paired with effect size measures. Use of effect size measures also resulted in less equivalency between intervention outcomes within a BEA. These data suggest that using a measure of effect size can be a beneficial component to visual analysis; however, each measure of effect size has its own strengths and limitations and should be used cautiously when interpreting results of a BEA.

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Davis, Danielle. "Comparing The Effects Of Menthol Status On The Behavioral Pharmacology Of Smoking Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes". ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2017. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/762.

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Introduction: An active area of tobacco regulatory science research focuses on examining the effects of varying the nicotine content of cigarettes as part of a potential national policy to lower their nicotine content levels to reduce addiction potential. The present study examines differences in the behavioral effects of reduced nicotine content cigarettes related to their menthol status. Menthol is the only cigarette flavoring that is still legally permissible according to Food and Drug administration regulations. Methods: Participants were 26 current adult smokers from three populations especially vulnerable to tobacco use and addiction (economically disadvantaged women, opioid-dependent individuals, individuals with affective disorders) dichotomized as menthol (n=11) or non-menthol (n=15) smokers. Participants completed 14 experimental sessions following acute smoking abstinence (CO<50% baseline level). Across sessions, participants smoked four Spectrum research cigarettes (22nd Century Group, Clarence, NY) with varying nicotine content levels (0.4mg/g, 2.4 mg/g, 5.2 mg/g, 15.8 mg/g) or their usual brand cigarette. Research cigarettes were mentholated or non-mentholated corresponding to participants usual brand. Upon completion of smoking, participants completed tasks measuring reinforcing efficacy, subjective effects, topography, and withdrawal and craving measures. Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance was used for all analyses (p<.05). Results: Main effects of menthol status, as well as interactions of nicotine dose and menthol were noted across subscales of subjective effects and direct assessments of reinforcing efficacy. Usual brand mentholated cigarettes produced a profile of equal or greater relative reinforcing effects than usual brand non-mentholated cigarettes, while mentholated research cigarettes produced a profile of effects that fell below (i.e., lower relative reinforcing effects compared to usual brand or non-mentholated cigarettes) those of non-mentholated research cigarettes. Conclusions: Mentholated research cigarettes produce a lower profile of reinforcing and subjective effects, without discernible differences in smoking topography. The potential impact of mentholation on reinforcing efficacy and subjective effects should be considered when using Spectrum research cigarettes.

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Xia, Qingxi. "Numerical and experimental analysis of the dynamic behavior of concrete and mortar". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/18981.

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Johnson, Mary Frances. "Experimental analysis of negative vs. positive rules in the "Good Behavior Game"". Virtual Press, 1987. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/546124.

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The Good Behavior Game (Barrish, Saunders, & Wolf, 1969) has been demonstrated to be an effective group-oriented contingency technique to decrease disruptive classroom behaviors. Typically, competing groups of students play a game by following negatively worded rules to attain specified consequences. The present study investigated the effects of rules stated in positive terms in the Good Behavior Game format to increase appropriate classroom behaviors. A class of third grade students was divided into three teams to play the game. The flip of a coin determined daily conditions and the effects of the use of positive rules were compared to the effects of negative rules. A changing criterion, multielement research design revealed both conditions effective in increasing on-task behavior. No differential was shown. However, students did indicate a preference for positive rule game days. It was recommended that research be continued comparing positive and negative conditions to increase academic performance.
Department of Educational Psychology

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Yeau, Kyong Yun. "EXPERIMENTAL, ANALYTICAL AND THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION OF CORRUGATED METAL CULVERT BEHAVIOR". The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1267980162.

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Johnson, Ryan Taylor. "Effects of Gonadectomy and androgen Supplementation on Attention in Male Rats". W&M ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626501.

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Le, Duy D. (Duy Dang). "Experimental Analysis of Self-injury With and Without Protective Equipment". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1998. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279366/.

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Outcomes of experimental analyses during which protective equipment (PE) was placed on three participants were compared to those during which PE was not provided to them. Experimental analysis conditions were presented using a multielement format, and the effects of PE were evaluated using a withdrawal design. Results of experimental analysis without PE suggested that self-injurious behavior (SIB) was maintained by negative reinforcement for two participants and nonsocial mechanisms for the third participant. However, SIB was eliminated either immediately or eventually for all participants when PE was provided during experimental analysis. Thus, outcomes of assessments with PE did not match those without PE, and no conclusion about variables associated with SIB could be drawn from experimental analyses with PE alone. Therefore, the present findings do not support the use of PE as an alternative to standard methods for conducting experimental analysis (i.e., without PE).

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Baker, Tarra L. "Does nicotine alter what is learned about non-drug incentives?" Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/honors/203.

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Nicotine is one of the most addictive drugs known to man, yet it has limited reinforcing effects in humans and non-human animals when it is not self-administered in tobacco products. One hypothesis for these paradoxical effects of nicotine is that the effects of the drug in the brain alter acquisition of incentive learning. The hypothesis for this study is that nicotine will increase the value of cues paired with a reward. To test this hypothesis, 26 Sprague Dawley Male rats were randomly assigned to one of three groups Pre-NIC (the critical experimental group), Post-NIC and SAL. Each group received a subcutaneous injection 15 min prior to testing and another injection 1-3 h after testing. For the Pre-NIC group, nicotine (0.4 mg/kg base) was injected 15 min before test sessions; placebo was administered after testing. For the Post-NIC group the order of injections was reversed, and this manipulation controls for total exposure to nicotine. The SAL groups received placebo injections before and after testing. Rats were shaped to respond for 10% sucrose for pressing an illuminated nose-key (Experiment 1) or 0.2% saccharin for pressing a lever (Experiment 2). Responding in the Pre-NIC group was higher than all other groups in Experiment 2 (saccharin reward); however, responding in the three groups was similar in Experiment 1 (sucrose reward). This paradigm highlights how nicotine can increase motivation for rewards, but that the facility of operant behaviors and caloric value of the reward may mask this effect.

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Maradit, Betul Pelin. "Analytical, Numerical And Experimental Investigation Of The Distortion Behavior Of Steel Shafts During Through". Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612472/index.pdf.

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Distortion (undesired dimension and shape changes) is one of the most important problems of through hardened steel components. During quenching, anisotropic dimensional changes are inevitable due to classical plasticity and transformation induced plasticity. Moreover
various distortion potential carriers are brought into material during production chain. This study consists of analytical, numerical and experimental investigations of quench distortion. In numerical and analytical part, sensitivity analysis of the quenching model, and dimensional analysis of distortion were conducted by utilizing experimentally verified simulations. In sensitivity analysis, effect of uncertainties in input data on simulation results were determined, whereas
in dimensional analysis, the influence of various dimensionless numbers that govern quench distortion were investigated. Throughout the study, gas-nozzle-field quenching of SAE52100 long shafts were simulated. Simulations were performed by commercial finite element analysis software, SYSWELD®
. Conceptual results indicate that the most important material properties and dimensionless numbers are the ones that govern volume change. Moreover, those that determine plasticity of austenite significantly affect isotropy of the dimensional changes. When unimportant dimensionless numbers are eliminated, there remain 14 dimensionless combinations that govern the problem. In experimental part of the study
effect of microstructure on distortion behavior of SAE52100 long cylinders with various diameters was investigated. In addition to gas-nozzle-field quenching, salt bath and high speed quenching experiments were performed. In regards to experimental findings, there is a correlation between distortions of long cylinders and machining position with respect to billet.

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Sizemore, Patrick. "Further Evaluating the Effect of Behavioral Observability and Overall Impressions on Rater Agreement: A Replication Study". TopSCHOLAR®, 2015. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1498.

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This replication study sought to analyze the effects of behavioral observability and overall impressions on rater agreement, as recently examined by Roch, Paquin, & Littlejohn (2009) and Scott (2012). Results from the study performed by Roch et al. indicated that raters are more likely to agree when items are either more difficult to rate or less observable. In the replication study conducted by Scott, the results did not support the relationship which Roch et al. found between observability and rater agreement, but did support the relationship previously found between item difficulty and rater agreement. The four objectives of this replication study were to determine whether rater agreement is negatively related to item observability (Hypothesis 1) and positively related to difficulty (Hypothesis 2), as well as to determine whether item performance ratings are closer to overall impressions when items are less observable (Hypothesis 3) and more difficult to rate (Hypothesis 4). The sample was comprised of 152 undergraduate students tasked with providing performance ratings on an individual depicted in a video of a discussion group. Results indicated that agreement was negatively correlated with both observability (supporting Hypothesis 1) and difficulty (not supporting Hypothesis 2), and that ratings were closer to overall impressions when items were less observable (supporting Hypothesis 3), but not when items were more difficult to rate (not supporting Hypothesis 4).

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Park, Hyuen Me (Mia) Park. "Numerical and experimental analysis of stress behavior of plasma-sprayed Bioglass on titanium /". Full text open access at:, 1996. http://content.ohsu.edu/u?/etd,587.

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CARVALHO, CLAUDIO RIBEIRO. "NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE BEHAVIOR OF THE HUMAN SKIN UNDER EXPANSION". PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2004. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=5519@1.

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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
A modelagem de materiais biológicos para o entendimento de diversas práticas cirúrgicas na medicina, tem se mostrado a cada dia mais importante. Na cirurgia plástica, reparadora ou estética, o conhecimento do comportamento da pele humana, in vivo, é de fundamental importância nos processos cirúrgicos. Nos últimos anos, mais precisamente desde 1957, uma técnica realizada pela cirurgia plástica, conhecida como expansão de pele, vem sendo cada vez mais utilizada. Esta técnica tem como objetivo a obtenção de uma quantidade adicional de pele, para a utilização na recuperação de queimados, reconstrução mamária, retirada de pele com aparência indesejada e outras aplicações. Este trabalho tem como objetivo fornecer aos médicos o conhecimento do comportamento da pele, através de uma análise numérica e experimental, quando submetida ao processo de expansão. Durante o desenvolvimento deste trabalho, estaremos mostrando a metodologia adotada para estudar a pele humana e os resultados alcançados com o acompanhamento de pacientes submetidos a este tipo de processo cirúrgico. Para atingir o objetivo, foram estudadas diversas equações constitutivas, procurando as melhores constantes viscoelásticas, que descrevam o comportamento da pele sob expansão. No estudo realizado, avaliamos ainda as mudanças das constantes viscoelásticas durante a evolução da expansão e o comportamento da pele em diferentes regiões do corpo humano. Nos resultados apresentados, encontramos erros máximos para as constantes da equação constitutiva adotada, na ordem de 28 por cento. Estudos recentes envolvendo a pele humana apresentam erros na ordem de 75 por cento, para as constantes elásticas do material. Com a análise dos resultados, mostramos o comportamento da pele humana, em seres vivos, em diferentes regiões do corpo. O conhecimento de uma equação constitutiva, ou seja, da relação entre as tensões e deformações que ocorrem na pele durante o processo de expansão, proporcionará aos médicos a possibilidade de avaliar as diversas técnicas utilizadas na cirurgia plástica em geral : a expansão de pele, a reconstrução mamária, análise de suturas, análise de cicatrizes, comportamento da pele durante uma incisão, cirurgias estéticas da face (face lifting), e outras aplicações.
The modeling of biological materials is really important today, for the agreement of diverse practical surgical in the medicine. In the area of plastic surgery, the knowledge of the behavior of the human skin has a basic importance in the surgical processes. Since 1957, one technique in plastic surgery, known as skin expansion, has been much used. This technique has as objective the attainment of an additional amount of skin, for the use in the burned patients, breast reconstruction, removal of skin with not desired appearance is and other applications. This work has as objective supply to doctors the knowledge of the skin behavior, through a numerical and experimental analysis, when submitted to the expansion process. During the development of this work, we will show the methodology used to study the human skin and the results reached with the accompaniment of patients submitted to this type of surgical process. To reach the objective, different constitutive equations had been studied, looking for the best viscoelastic constants, to describe the behavior of the skin under expansion. In the study, we also evaluate the changes of the constants during the evolution of the expansion and the behavior of the skin in different regions of the human body. In the presented results, we find maximum errors for the constants of the adopted constitutive equation, to be in 28 percent order. Recent studies involving the human skin present errors in the order of 75 percent, for the elastic constants of the material. With the analysis of the results, we will be show to the behavior of the human skin, in vivo, in different regions of the body. The knowledge of a constitutive equation, that is, of the behavior of the stresses and strains that occur in the skin during the expansion process, will provide to the doctors the possibility to evaluate the diverse techniques used in the plastic surgery: The expansion of skin, breast reconstruction, analysis of sutures, analysis of scars, behavior of the skin during an incision, face lifting, and other applications.

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MOTA, DANIEL EL JAICK DE SOUZA. "NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE BEHAVIOR OF SKIN EXPANDERS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION". PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2006. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=9015@1.

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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
Apesar do conhecimento do comportamento de estruturas sobre base elástica ser importante para a engenharia de forma geral, a motivação deste trabalho está focada na Biomecânica, nos nossos trabalhos envolvendo o grupo de pesquisa da Clínica do Dr.Ivo Pitanguy e da Santa Casa de Misericórdia. Em tese recente de Doutorado, foi realizada uma modelagem da técnica cirúrgica de expansão da pele. A expansão da pele é um processo fisiológico, definido como a capacidade que a pele tem de aumentar sua área superficial em resposta a uma deformação imposta. Durante as expansões acompanhadas pode- se observar que dependendo da região em que o expansor é implantado seu comportamento pode ser bastante distinto. Expansores que são implantados no couro cabeludo iniciam a expansão da pele assim que é introduzida a solução salina no expansor. Quando o expansor é implantado em regiões com mais gordura, como por exemplo na coxa, a expansão da pele não se inicia imediatamente tendo em vista que o expansor se deforma para dentro, pressionando a gordura (que oferece menos resistência) e não a pele. Este comportamento ocasiona abertura dos pontos na cicatriz e pode chegar a inviabilizar todo o processo de expansão naquela região. Para a simulação do processo de expansão da pele, foi feita a expansão com lençol de borracha e para a base elástica foi usado um conjunto que consistia em uma bexiga elástica preenchida com um material viscoso no seu interior. Este trabalho é pioneiro em investigar tanto numérica quanto experimentalmente o comportamento da expansão de lençóis de borracha sobre base rígida e base elástica, comparando o seu comportamento. Os resultados numéricos e experimentais da expansão do lençol de borracha tiveram uma boa concordância e a análise paramétrica da espessura do lençol de borracha comprovou a importância da obtenção mais precisa da espessura da pele pelos médicos, já que as pressões verificadas são bem diferentes para cada espessura. Foram estudadas diversas equações constitutivas, procurando a que melhor descrevesse o processo da expansão da pele. A formulação do material Neo-Hookeano obteve os melhores resultados para o lençol de borracha. Também foi feito um estudo com a formulação de energia de Delfino para estudar a expansão da pele humana.
Despite the knowledge of the behavior of structures on elastic base being important for the engineering of general form, the motivation of this work is focused in the Biomechanics, in our works involving the group of research of the Clinic of the Dr.Ivo Pitanguy and the Saint Casa de Misericórdia. In recent thesis of Dsc., a modeling of the surgical technique of expansion of the skin was carried through. The expansion of the skin is a physiological process, defined as the capacity that the skin has to increase its superficial area in reply to an imposed deformation. During the expansions it could be observed that depending on the region where the expander is implanted its behavior could be sufficiently distinct. Expanders who are implanted on the head initiate the expansion of the skin immediately when the saline solution is introduced in the expander. When the expander is implanted in regions with more fat, as for example in the thigh, the expansion of the skin does not initiate immediately in view of that the expander is deformed to the inner part, pressuring the fat (that offers little resistance) and not the skin. This behavior causes opening of the points in the scar and can make impracticable the process of expansion in that region. For the simulation the process of skin expansion, it was made an expansion with rubber sheet and a set was used for the elastic base that consisted of a filled elastic bladder with a viscous material in its interior. This work is pioneer in investigating numerical and experimentally the behavior of the rubber sheet expansion on rigid base and elastic base, comparing its behavior. The numerical and experimental results of the expansion of the rubber sheet had a good agreement and the parametric analysis of the thickness of the rubber sheet proved the importance of a precise measure of the skin thickness by the doctors, since the verified pressures are different for each thickness. Diverse constituent equations had been studied, looking the one that better described the process of the expansion of the skin. The formularization of the Neo-Hook material got the best results for the rubber sheet. Also a study with the formularization of energy of Delfino was made to study the expansion of the human skin.

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White, Scott Alex. "The planar entry flow behavior of polymer melts: an experimental and numerical analysis". Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/52319.

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The planar entry flow behavior of polystyrene, LDPE, and HDPE has been observed experimentally. The purpose of the work was to determine the cause of vortex growth and explain why this phenomenon occurs in some polymers but not in others. To accomplish this a die was constructed in which nearly any flow geometry could be formed by means of inserts. Flow visualization and flow birefringence experiments were performed using this die with 4:1 and 8:1 abrupt planar contraction geometries for τ_12w up to 7x10⁴ Pa and γ from 1 to 80 sec⁻¹. From these experiments it was determined that vortex growth in a polymer is caused by the resistance to flow under the influence of extensional strain. Although extensional viscosity measurements give an indication of whether or not vortices will form, the flow behavior is best correlated by the ratio of the centerline extensional stress to the downstream wall shear stress, τ₁₁ - τ₂₂ / τ_12w, measured in the entry region. The magnitude of this ratio was approximately 2 for LDPE, which exhibited vortex growth, but was approximately 1 for polystyrene, which did not exhibit vortex growth. Based on the experimental results, the numerical work was directed towards the use of a constitutive equation which could predict the extensional properties of the polymers being modelled. The Phan-Thien Tanner model was found to give adequate rheological property predictions and was used with the penalty finite element method to simulate the entry flow behavior of LDPE and polystyrene. Both qualitative (streamline patterns) and quantitative (extensional stress ratio) agreement was found between the experimental and numerical results. Vortex growth was predicted for LDPE, but incorporation of a zero relaxation time at the corner elements was necessary to increase the limit of convergence to the point where vortex growth was predicted. Support for the relation between vortex growth and extensional properties was given by the numerical results. lt was found that, holding all other rheological properties the same, an increase in the predicted extensional viscosity of a fluid results in the prediction of larger vortices.
Ph. D.

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28

Liu, Xuegang. "Experimental and theoretical analysis of the buried corrugated plastic pipe". Ohio : Ohio University, 1993. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1175714554.

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Bush, Michael R. "Experimental Analysis of the Effects of Hydroscape Structure on Fishes in a Dynamic Wetland". FIU Digital Commons, 2017. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3215.

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Hydroscape structure can play a critical role in animal behavior, abundance, and community structure dynamics. Hydroscape configuration can be dynamic and can change quickly in ephemeral systems. However, ephemeral freshwater wetlands are among the most impacted systems in the world and restoration efforts often rely on incomplete information when establishing management objectives. Further understanding how alterations in hydroscape structure in dynamic systems affect animals is critical for conservation and management success. To determine impacts that changing hydroscape conditions can have on consumers in freshwater wetlands, I examined the effects of a large-scale physical model on fish behavior, abundance, and community structure. The physical model incorporated the restoration of sheetflow, canal-fill treatments, and the removal of a decades-old levee that divided two water management areas in the central Everglades. Small fishes modified directional movement behaviors and speed of movement before and after alterations took place, though behavioral responses varied widely by species. Density and community structure of small fishes did change as a function of canal-fill and levee removal treatments. Behaviors of large fishes were also affected by hydroscape alterations, as well as hydroscape configuration beyond the limited footprint of the physical model. Large fish abundance was altered by hydroscape alteration, particularly among certain species. Composition of the large fish community changed before and after hydroscape alteration, though magnitude of responses were site-specific. Effects of hydroscape structure proximity on trophic dynamics were examined using exclosure cages that excluded large predators but allowed access for small consumers. Exclosures were stratified according to proximity to a deep-water canal. Predator avoidance behaviors in small consumers were limited but present. Differences in behavior between sites may also be caused by differences in structure across sites and limited differences in nutrient quality. Behavioral, population, and community responses to hydroscape alteration can be valuable metrics to assess the success of hydroscape restoration. While results can vary across individuals, species, and sampling sites, effects can still be detected even at the scale of the hydroscape. My research has detailed the potential effects of restoration plans across the greater Everglades and can be extended to other ephemeral wetland restoration programs.

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30

Nicklow, Katelyn E. "EFFICIENT IDENTIFICATION OF FUNCTION: A COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT IMPLEMENTERS DURING FUNCTIONAL ANALYSES". UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/edsrc_etds/76.

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Functional analyses (FAs) are a common tool used in the assessment and treatment of severe problem behaviors and often occur in the context of clinical settings with unfamiliar, trained staff. Previous research suggests that inconsistent outcomes can emerge when caregivers with an existing history of seeing their child’s challenging behavior are trained to implement the assessment in place of clinical staff. The purpose of the current study was to expand on existing literature by comparing FA implemented by clinical staff and caregivers in the context of a clinical setting. Results demonstrate that efficient identification of function and differentiated rates of problem behavior given the inclusion of caregivers during assessment may vary based on the child’s existing history of responding with those caregivers. Implications of results for researchers and practitioners are discussed.

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31

Abdul, rahman Reem. "Experimental analysis of the confined behavior of concrete under static and dynamic shear loading". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAI012/document.

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L'objectif de cette thèse est de caractériser le comportement confiné en cisaillement du béton sous chargement statique et dynamique. La méthode expérimentale reprend le concept de l'essai 'Punch Through Shear' qui consiste dans un premier temps à soumettre une éprouvette de béton à un chargement radial puis à appliquer au cours d'une deuxième étape un chargement axial qui permet de cisailler la partie centrale de l'échantillon.Deux méthodes ont été utilisées pour appliquer la contrainte de confinement à l'éprouvette avant de la soumettre à un chargement de cisaillement. La première méthode consiste à appliquer une pression hydrostatique via un fluide de confinement. Ces essais sont réalisés avec la presse Giga. La deuxième méthode consiste à utiliser une cellule métallique pré-déformée à l'aide d'une presse hydraulique. Durant le déchargement de la cellule, des contraintes de confinement sont transmises à l'éprouvette de béton. Cette cellule est instrumentée avec des jauges de déformation qui permettent de mesurer le niveau de confinement appliqué au béton.Les éprouvettes de béton confinées avec la cellule sont soumises à deux types de chargement : l'un statique avec une presse hydraulique normale et l'autre dynamique avec un système aux barres de Hopkinson. Cela permet d'étudier le comportement du béton en cisaillement confiné sur une large gamme de vitesse de déformation.Les résultats des campagnes d'essais montrent que la contrainte de cisaillement du béton augmente avec la pression de confinement. D'autre part, des échantillons saturés d'eau et d'autres séchés à l'étuve sont testés afin de vérifier l'influence de la teneur d'eau sur la résistance au cisaillement. Une résistance au cisaillement des échantillons de béton R30A7 sec supérieure à celle des échantillons saturés est observée sur la plage de déformation considérée. Une influence modeste de la vitesse de déformation en comparaison de ce qui est observé sous chargement en traction dynamique a été remarquée. De plus, un béton haute performance a été testé pour étudier l'influence de la composition du béton sur sa résistance au cisaillement. Il a été observé que la résistance au cisaillement du béton haute performance dépasse fortement celle du béton ordinaire. Les résultats obtenus sont comparés à ceux de la littérature, pour lesquelles des méthodes expérimentales différentes avaient été utilisées
This PhD thesis focuses on studying the confined behavior of concrete under shear loading in static and dynamic conditions. An experimental method based on the Punch-Through Shear (PTS) test is used in order to investigate shear behavior in mode II conditions. The concept of this test is to first subject the specimen to a confining pressure and then an axial loading is applied to punch through the central portion of the core.In order to introduce confinement to the concrete sample prior to testing it under shear, two methods have been used. The first one is an active confinement applied by means of a high capacity triaxial press Giga. The second method consists in confining the sample with a pre-stressed metallic cell instrumented with hoop strain gages in order to evaluate the confinement acting in the ligament of the concrete sample.Samples confined with the pre-stressed cell are subjected to two types of loading; static and dynamic. The static tests are carried out by means of a normal hydraulic press while dynamic shear testing are performed using a modified Split Hopkinson Bar setup which allows to determine the shear response of concrete over a wide range of strain-rates.The results of test campaigns show that the shear strength of the concrete increases significantly with an increase of confining pressure. Furthermore, dry and saturated concrete samples have been tested in order to study the influence of saturation ratio on the shear behavior of concrete. The results show a higher shear strength with dry samples than in wet ones. Moreover, a small influence (compared to what was observed in dynamic tension) of the strain rate was observed. A high performance concrete was also studied to investigate the influence of concrete composition on its shear strength. It was observed that its shear strength strongly exceeds that of the ordinary concrete. The obtained results are compared with data from literature obtained with different experimental methods

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32

Raghuram, Avinash. "Experimental Analysis of Post-Impact Drop Spread Behavior and Prediction of Maximum Spread Factor". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1377868179.

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Strickland, Justin Charles. "EXAMINING THE UTILITY OF BEHAVIORAL ECONOMIC DEMAND IN ADDICTION SCIENCE". UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/psychology_etds/154.

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The marriage of perspectives from behavioral economic theory and learning theory has the potential to advance an understanding of substance use and substance use disorder. Behavioral economic demand is a central concept to this interdisciplinary approach. Evaluating demand in the laboratory and clinic can improve previous research on the relative reinforcing effects of drugs by accounting for the multi-dimensional nature of reinforcement rather than viewing reinforcement as a unitary construct. Recent advances in the commodity purchase task methodology have further simplified the measurement of demand values in human participants. This dissertation project presents a programmatic series of studies designed to demonstrate the utility of using a behavioral economic demand framework and the purchase task methodology for understanding substance use disorder through basic and applied science research. Experiments are presented spanning a continuum from theoretical and methodological development to longitudinal work and clinical application. These experiments demonstrate three key conclusions regarding behavioral economic demand. First, behavioral economic demand provides a reliable and valid measure of drug valuation that is applicable to varied drug types and participant populations. Second, behavioral economic demand is a stimulus-selective measure specifically reflecting valuation for the commodity under study. Third, behavioral economic demand provides incremental information about substance use in the laboratory and clinical setting above and beyond traditional measures of reinforcer valuation and other behavioral economic variables. These findings collectively highlight the benefits of behavioral economic demand and provide an important platform for future work in addiction science.

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34

Edmiston, William Jr. "The Effects of Time-Compression on Recall Utilizing a Videotape Presentation". TopSCHOLAR®, 1986. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2289.

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Three population samples of college students were found to be similar on two stratifying variables, general intelligence and knowledge of conditioning principles, before viewing a time-compressed or non-compressed videotape presentation. The amount of unprompted information recalled did not differ significantly between the time-compressed and non-compressed treatment conditions. Additionally, neither treatment condition differed significantly on a multiple-choice posttest, although both groups did differ significantly from a control group that did not view the videotape. No significant difference was found between the time-compressed and non-compressed groups on their ratings of Quality of Narrator, Interest Level of Topic, and Overall Quality of Videotape Presentation. The time-compressed group rated their presentation as significantly faster than the non-compressed group.

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35

Nallagula, Sandeep. "Behavior and Flexure Analysis of Balsa Wood Core Sandwich Composites: Experimental, Analytical and Finite Element Approaches". ScholarWorks@UNO, 2006. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/371.

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The load-deflection behavior of a US Army Corps of Engineers available sandwich plates in three-point bending with glass phenolic facings and balsa wood core is being investigated under room and elevated temperatures. Test data on bending rigidity, critical interfacial failure (skin-to-core interface) and shear stress are collected and analyzed. The load-deflection curves plots up to the point of failure initiation are being studied. The effects of the span and the radius of the loading nose on the bending modulus and strength are examined systematically. Theoretical calculations from a modified beam theory of sandwich structure are applied and the effect of the shearing rigidity of the core is studied, and the propensity with respect to the span is also investigated. A finite element model is developed to study the flexural and stress analysis. Based on the results, this thesis proposes a desirable analytical approach that correlates theory with experiment as defined below.

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36

McCurdy, Alex J. "Effects of a group-deposit prize draw on the step counts of adults". Scholarly Commons, 2019. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/3590.

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The World Health Organization (WHO, 2016) reports that 3.2 million deaths per year are attributable to physical inactivity, making it the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality. Physical inactivity is also a key risk factor for noncommunicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes (WHO, 2018). Globally, 1 in 4 adults is not active enough and, therefore, foregoes a myriad of health benefits associated with Physical Activity (PA; WHO, 2018). In the United States, only about 1 in 5 (21%) adults meet the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines set by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2018). The CDC currently recommends adults engage in 150 min of moderate-intensity aerobic activity per week (CDC, 2018). Translated to steps, the recommendation can be met by taking 3,000 steps in 30 min, 5 days per week (Marshall et al., 2009). Physical inactivity is also a major contributor to obesity (WHO, 2018). According to the WHO (2018), worldwide prevalence of obesity almost tripled since 1975. In the United States, the medical costs of obesity were estimated to be $147 billion, or 10% of all medical spending (Finkelstein, Trogdon, Cohen, & Dietz, 2009). To combat the many problems associated with physical inactivity, the CDC (2015), the WHO (2018), and the American Heart Association (2018) prescribe increased PA. Furthermore, increased PA contributes to a variety of other health benefits, including a decreased risk for cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, some cancers, as well as improved mental health, and increased life expectancy (CDC, 2018).

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37

Yang, Peiyu. "Experimental Techniques and Mechanical Behavior of T800/F3900 at Various Strain Rates". The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1480601677646997.

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38

Van, Dyke Nicholas A. "ALCOHOL-INDUCED IMPAIRMENT OF SIMULATED DRIVING PERFORMANCE AND BEHAVIORAL IMPULSIVITY IN DUI OFFENDERS". UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/psychology_etds/141.

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Licensed drivers arrested for driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol have increased rates of vehicle crashes, moving violations, traffic tickets, and contribute to an estimated 120 million occurrences of impaired driving per year (Evans, 2004; Jewett et al., 2015). Survey research on DUI offenders indicates traits of impulsivity (e.g., sensation seeking). Together, these pieces of evidence suggest that DUI offenders display patterns of impulsive action and risk-taking while driving. However, to-date DUI offenders are rarely studied in a laboratory setting, and not much is known about how they respond to a dose of alcohol. The present study examined the degree to which DUI offenders display an increased sensitivity to the acute impairing effects of alcohol on mechanisms of behavioral impulsivity, skill and risk-based driving simulations, and subjective evaluations of driving fitness and perceived intoxication following alcohol consumption. A sample of 20 DUI offenders were compared to a demographically-matched sample of 20 control drivers. All participants attended two dose sessions in which they received either a 0.65 g/kg dose of alcohol or a placebo dose, counterbalanced, on separate days. Results indicated that alcohol affected all of the behavioral outcome measures. More specifically, alcohol increased impulsive choice responses and decreased response inhibition on the behavioral impulsivity tasks. Alcohol also increased risky driving behaviors and decreased driving-related skills. Furthermore, alcohol generally decreased participants’ self-reported willingness and ability to drive a motor vehicle, and increased levels of intoxication and BAC estimations relative to placebo. With regard to group differences, DUI offenders showed an increased sensitivity to the disrupting effects of alcohol on impulsive choices, such that DUI offenders showed a significantly greater preference for impulsive choices under alcohol relative to placebo than controls. Taken together, these findings provide some of the first pieces of evidence that compared to controls, DUI offenders display an increased tendency for impulsive decisions under alcohol, which likely contributes to risky decisions to drive after drinking, despite clear evidence for their behavioral impairment. These findings could have important implications for understanding the mechanisms underlying maladaptive behaviors in this high-risk population, and sheds light on possible targets for intervention to reduce DUI recidivism.

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39

Schepers, Scott Timothy. "Renewal In The Context Of Stress: A Potential Mechanism Of Stress-Induced Reinstatement". ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2017. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/780.

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In the animal laboratory, stressors can produce the relapse of drug-seeking behaviors after the behavior has been inhibited by extinction. This type of relapse has been called stress-induced reinstatement, and it models the relapse that is commonly reported in human populations. Interestingly, in the laboratory, stress does not typically reinstate extinguished behaviors that have been reinforced by food. One account of the discrepancy is that drugs of abuse may induce stress; therefore, when organisms learn to respond for drugs, they might learn to make the response in the “context” of stress. If so, then stress-induced reinstatement may be better described as renewal in a stress context. Renewal is the type of relapse that occurs when a behavior is returned to the original training context (or is shifted to a new context) after it has been inhibited or suppressed by extinction. Although renewal has usually been studied with contexts that differ in their exteroceptive cues, interoceptive cues (e.g., mood, food deprivation, and drug states) may also provide contexts. Accordingly, if an interoceptive stress state is present when food-seeking behavior is learned, then extinguished food seeking, like drug seeking, should also renew when the organism is stressed after extinction. In this dissertation, I discuss six experiments that investigated this hypothesis. Experiment 1 found that stressors renew extinguished food-seeking if they are also present during instrumental training. Experiments 2 and 3 then provided preliminary evidence that this effect is not exclusively due to incentive learning. Experiment 4 then suggested that interoceptive stress, and not the particular stressor that produces it, may indeed serve as a general interoceptive context that controls the effect. Experiment 5 found that stressors present for acquisition but not extinction training render behavior susceptible to stress induced relapse. The final experiment found that food-reinforced behavior learned in a context created by a cocaine injection renews after cocaine administration but not after footshock stress. Overall, the results indicate that the presence of interoceptive stress stimuli may play the role of context in a renewal paradigm and promote behavioral relapse when re-encountered after extinction. The implications for relapse that often occur following successful suppression of drug use and overeating behaviors are both discussed.

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40

Tom, Ethan. "Generosity in Gaming: The Effect of Prosocial Video Games on Charitable Donation Behavior". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2222.

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Although the link between violent video games and aggressive behavior has received extensive coverage, there is growing evidence that prosocial video games can exert a positive influence as well. However, whether these effects generalize to costlier prosocial behaviors that help more distant recipients remains unclear. Here I propose an experimental study to examine whether prosocial video games can influence charitable donation behavior. College students will be randomly assigned to play 45 min of either a prosocial video game (Lemmings) or neutral video game (Tetris), followed by a 10 min filler task (mental calculation). Participants will then be asked to complete a payment form, indicating if they want to donate a portion of their experimental participation payment to a local nonprofit organization. Based on previous research, we predict that there will be a main effect of gender, with female participants more likely to donate than males. Additionally, we hypothesize a main effect of video game, where participants who play the prosocial video game will be likelier to donate than those who play the neutral game. If confirmed, these results would extend the existing literature on prosocial video games beyond informal face-to-face helping behaviors, potentially providing a psychological mechanism for costlier needs such as charitable appeals.

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41

Camargo, Maria Isabel Clemêncio Pires de. "Modelos experimentais de psicopatologias na análise do comportamento no Brasil: um estudo em perspectiva histórica". Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2014. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/16729.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:17:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Isabel Clemencio Pires de Camargo.pdf: 787435 bytes, checksum: f6b7e6afb7d42cdc656677e7a742c35e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-18
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
While it is important to implement experimental findings into clinical practice, there is still a gap in the area. In order to clarify it, this research aimed to conduct a historical review of Brazilian theses and dissertations on experimental models of psychopathology in behavior analysis. Seven models were chosen for examination: two for anxiety (elevated plus-maze and conditioned suppression), three for depression (social isolation, learned helplessness and chronic mild stress) and two for schizophrenia (prepulse inhibition and latent inhibition). The study was conducted in two stages, focusing on the following aspects: (a) institution, (b) pathology, (c) experimental model, (d) experimental subject, (e) year of thesis defense, (f) author, (g) thesis advisor, (h) title, (i) examination board, (j) type of document, (k) purpose of the research, (l) processes and criteria, (m) results, (n) treatment, and (o) interface with the clinic. In total, 57 dissertations and 15 theses were identified concerning the subject. The University of São Paulo (USP) produced the majority of works, Maria Helena Hunziker being the main thesis advisor in this field. Most works revolved around depression (41), investigated specially by learned helplessness model, primarily using rats as experimental subjects from the year 2000. In addition, from 71 studies identified, only 13 mentioned the treatment of the investigated pathology, but none established an interface with the clinic. The results of this research indicate that the study of psychopathologies through experimental models is a growing area in Brazil, but there is still much to do in building a connection between laboratory and clinic
Embora seja importante transpor achados experimentais à prática clínica, ainda há uma lacuna na área. A fim de esclarecê-la, esta pesquisa teve por objetivo realizar uma revisão histórica de teses e dissertações brasileiras sobre modelos experimentais de psicopatologias na análise do comportamento. Foram escolhidos para exame sete modelos: dois para ansiedade (labirinto em cruz elevado e supressão condicionada), três para depressão (isolamento social, desamparo aprendido e chronic mild stress) e dois para esquizofrenia (inibição pré-pulso e inibição latente). O estudo foi conduzido em duas etapas, focando os seguintes aspectos: (a) instituição, (b) patologia, (c) modelo experimental, (d) sujeito experimental, (e) ano de defesa, (f) autor, (g) orientador, (h) título, (i) banca, (j) tipo de documento, (k) objetivo da pesquisa, (l) processos e critérios, (m) resultados, (n) tratamento e (o) interface com a clínica. No total, identificaram-se 57 dissertações e 15 teses sobre o tema. A USP produziu o maior número de trabalhos, sendo Maria Helena Hunziker a principal orientadora na área. A maioria dos trabalhos versou sobre depressão (41), investigada sobretudo pelo modelo de desamparo aprendido, principalmente utilizando ratos como sujeitos experimentais a partir do ano 2000. Além disso, das 71 pesquisas identificadas, apenas 13 fizeram menção ao tratamento da patologia investigada, mas nenhuma delas estabeleceu a interface com a clínica. Os resultados deste trabalho indicam que o estudo de psicopatologias por meio de modelos experimentais é uma área em expansão no Brasil, mas ainda há muito a se fazer na construção da ponte entre laboratório e clínica

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42

Haynes, Cody D. "Examining the Relationship Between Functions of Self-Directed Violence and the Suicide Implicit Association Test". TopSCHOLAR®, 2015. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1544.

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Suicide and non-suicidal self-injury are concerning and prevalent phenomena in the United States; as a result, much research has been undertaken in order to investigate these topics (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015a). Although the exploration of risk factors is a common approach, other novel approaches have been developed in order to better understand self-directed violence (Klonsky & May, 2013). One of these is a focus on functions served by these behaviors, which is theorized to contribute to grasping their etiologies and help provide effective treatment (Glenn & Klonsky, 2011). Another approach is investigating implicit cognition and selfassociations’ influences on the development of self-directed violence (Glashouwer et al, 2010). The current study expanded on previous research by using these two novel approaches simultaneously, and measuring the association between the functional aspects of self-directed violence and the Suicide Implicit Association Test. Participants for this study included 32 adolescent inpatients hospitalized at River Valley Behavioral Health Hospital. The Suicide Implicit Association Test served as the independent variable in this study. The following measures served as dependent variables: the Inventory of Statements About Self-Injury, the Self-Harm Behavior Questionnaire, and the Suicide Attempt Self-Injury Interview. Regression analyses revealed non-significant associations for both intrapersonal (β=1.44, S.E.=.91, p=.13) and interpersonal (β=.004, S.E.=.5, p=.99) functions. Poisson regression analyses revealed non-significant associations for both intrapersonal (β=.01, S.E.=.21, p=.97, CI:-.41, .42) and interpersonal (β=.60, S.E.=.51, p=.24, 95% CI:-.40, 1.60) functions. A logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between Suicide Implicit Association Test scores and number of previous suicide attempts, and this revealed a high odds ratio [OR =4.56, 95% CI: .36, 57.76]. Poisson regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between Suicide Implicit Association Test scores and the frequency of previous non-suicidal self-injury, and this revealed a significant positive association (β=.99, S.E.=.07, p=.00, 95% CI:.86, 1.13). Poisson regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between Suicide Implicit Association Test scores and the severity of previous suicidal ideation, and this revealed a significant positive association (β=1.09, S.E.=.23, p=.00, 95% CI: .65, 1.54).

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43

Lobb, Steven Lee. "Human Destructiveness and Authority: The Milgram Experiments and the Perpetration of Genocide". W&M ScholarWorks, 1995. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625988.

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44

Milstead, Nancy Carol. "Sharing as a function of the number of play materials". PDXScholar, 1985. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3536.

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This study examined whether the number of available play materials (toys) affected the occurrence of sharing behavior in preschool children. Eighteen four- and five-year-old children were assigned by age and gender to six same-sexed groups of three children each and were observed during three, 10-minute observation sessions. All groups were observed playing with one toy, two toys, and three toys. The children's play activities with the toy(s) were videotaped, and a behavioral coding system was developed to record those behaviors. The effect of toy condition on the sharing categories of Asked-for-Share, Partial Share, Overall Share (a category combining the highly correlated behaviors of Asked-for-Share and Spontaneous Share), and Spontaneous Share was analyzed. Age and gender were found to be unrelated to sharing. Only the effect of toy condition on Overall Share was statistically significant. Further analysis revealed that the three-toy condition affected the occurrence of Overall Share by reducing the amount of sharing. Implications for further research were discussed.

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45

Trask, Sydney. "Cues Associated with Alternative Reinforcement can Attenuate Resurgence of an Extinguished Instrumental Response". ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2017. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/775.

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In resurgence, a target behavior (R1) is acquired in an initial phase and extinguished in a second phase while an alternative behavior (R2) is reinforced. When reinforcement for the second response is removed, however, R1 behavior returns or “resurges.” The resurgence paradigm may have implications for understanding relapse after behavioral interventions in humans such as contingency management, or CM, in which (for example) drug users can earn vouchers contingent upon drug abstinence. The present experiments examined the effectiveness of a putative retrieval cue for treatment in attenuating the resurgence effects and determined the likely mechanism by which this cue functions. Experiment 1 established that a 2-second cue associated with delivery of the alternative reinforcer in Phase 2 can attenuate R1 resurgence and promote R2 behavior during testing. Experiment 2 demonstrated that this effect occurs regardless of whether the cue is delivered contingently or noncontingently on responding during the resurgence test, and Experiment 3 demonstrated that for the cue to be effective in reducing resurgence, it must be paired with alternative reinforcement during Phase 2. This might mean that pairing the cue with reinforcement serves to maintain attention to the cue. Experiment 4 suggested that a cue paired with alternative reinforcement did not serve as a conditioned reinforcer in that making it contingent on a new behavior did not increase the likelihood of that behavior. Experiment 5 demonstrated that the cue must be experienced in sessions that also include the extinction of R1. Experiment 6 found that a cue produced by R1 during the second phase of a resurgence paradigm (analogous to a conditioned inhibitor) does not attenuate resurgence of an extinguished instrumental response. Together, the results suggest that a neutral cue can serve as an effective cue that attenuates resurgence if it is first paired with alternative reinforcement and presented in sessions in which R1 is extinguished. One way to view the results is that creating greater generalization between the extinction context and the testing context results in less resurgence.

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46

Frazer, James E. "An experimental analysis of Pica : FI schedule effects in three profoundly retarded men". Virtual Press, 1989. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/558339.

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Three institutionalized profoundly retarded men were exposed to edible reinforcement schedules to determine if (a) pica could be controlled using reinforcement schedules alone, (b) if there was a functional relation between schedules of reinforcement and pica, and (c) if pica could be considered to be an adjunctive or schedule-induced behavior. Using an ABC counterbalanced design to control for order effects, the three subjects were exposed during baseline to naturally occurring reinforcement schedules; during the experimental conditions, to FI 1-min and FI 5-min edible reinforcement schedules. Results indicated that (a) the FI 1-min schedule substantially reduced the rate of pica in two men while its use resulted only in a statistically significant decreasing trend in pica in the third man, (b) that the FI 5-min schedule was no better in decreasing rates of pica than reinforcement during baseline, and (c) that there were increases and decreases in pica when exposed to certain reinforcement schedules which were consistent with the research on adjunctive behavior. It was concluded that (a) edible reinforcement schedules by themselves could lower pica rates, (b) that functional relations existed between rates of pica and reinforcement schedules, and (c) that pica may possibly constitute adjunctive behavior. The implications of these data were discussed in terms of practical applications and theoretical considerations concerning the control of pica and its relation to various reinforcement schedules.
Department of Educational Psychology

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47

Myers, Garrett. "Effects of Learned Exercises on Gross Motor Coordination in Children with ASD". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1914.

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The effectiveness of a teaching progression to teach three “Olympic” exercises and improve gross motor coordination was evaluated with four children (3 boys, 1 girl) diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A multiple baseline design across children and within children across activities was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the teaching progression used to teach the physical exercise program, which consisted of three “Olympic” events (long jump, 50 foot dash, and a relay race). Results showed all four participants learned the three “Olympic” exercises, with all four participants mastering at least one of the three exercises. Two participants mastered all three “Olympic” exercises. Additionally, all four participants experienced a significant improvement in gross motor coordination. A posttest follow-up was done one week after the participant finished the third test phase, or mastered the final exercise. These results show that physical modeling, focused feedback, and focused physical modeling can be successfully used to teach children with ASD how to perform physical exercises, as well as the fact that learning how to perform, and actually performing, physical exercises increased gross motor coordination in children with ASD.

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Schieltz, Kelly Michele. "Effects of Motivating Operations on Academic Performance and Problem Behavior Maintained By Escape From Academic Tasks". Diss., University of Iowa, 2013. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/4908.

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At least three general subgroups of students display problems with their overall academic achievement: students with motivational deficits, students with academic performance deficits, and students with a combination of both types of deficits. The prevalence of students with both behavioral and learning problems has been reported to be between 10% and 25% and as high as 50%. The current study evaluated the effects of positive reinforcement and instructional strategies on the co-occurrence of motivational and academic deficits within three experiments. Experiments 1 and 2 were conducted with four school-aged children in a behavioral outpatient clinic. Experiment 3 was conducted with three school-aged children during extended behavioral evaluations. Experiment 1 evaluated the effects of positive reinforcement and an instructional strategy on the children's preference for academic work tasks and their academic performance. Experiment 2 evaluated the effects of instructional strategies on the children's problem behavior and academic performance. Experiment 3 evaluated the effects of positive reinforcement and instructional strategies on the children's preference for academic work tasks, academic performance, and problem behavior. The results of this study showed that (a) preference for an academic task changed with the addition of positive reinforcement (Experiment 3) or an instructional strategy (Experiment 1), (b) problem behavior decreased with the addition of an instructional strategy (Experiments 2 and 3), and (c) academic performance increased with the addition of an instructional strategy (all experiments). These results suggested that positive reinforcers and/or instructional strategies function as motivating operations by abolishing the value of negative reinforcement, thereby resulting in improved academic performance and decreased occurrences of problem behavior.

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Mahon, Jake. "An Experimental and Descriptive Analysis of a Multilevel Consultation Model to Support Paraprofessionals in Implementing Behavioral Interventions in an Early Childhood Special Education Setting". Thesis, University of Oregon, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/23704.

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Paraprofessionals spend the most time with the neediest students, but receive the least amount of training and support. All target students in the study had developmental disabilities, were between the ages of three and five, and had a history of challenging behavior. Paraprofessionals in the study were recruited because they had the least experience and training administering behavior support plans (BSPs) in their setting. A multi-level consultation model was used to train paraprofessionals (i.e., teaching assistants) to implement individualized BSPs. First, paraprofessionals were trained in a one-on-one setting how to implement the BSPs using behavioral skills training. Next, adherence to the BSP was monitored by independent observers and additional support was delivered contingent on meeting an adherence criterion. Through a cascading logic, data showed that paraprofessionals engaged in immediately and significantly higher levels of BSP adherence following application of the multilevel consultation model, and as a result, students engaged in immediately and significantly lower rates of challenging behavior (Tau-U = -.97 to -1), which maintained over time. Further, all adult participants rated the procedures as highly acceptable. Thus, with minimal training provided to each paraprofessional across the study (M = 151.2 minutes), and dramatic observed changes in challenging behavior, the multilevel consultation model proved highly efficient, effective, and acceptable.

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Bhuiyan, Md Atiqur Rahman. "An integrated experimental and finite element study to understand the mechanical behavior of carbon reinforced polymer nanocomposites". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/52187.

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The exceptional properties of carbon nanomaterials make them ideal reinforcements for polymers. However, the main challenges in utilizing their unique properties are their tendency to form agglomerates, their non-controlled orientation, non-homogeneous distribution and finally the change in their shape/size due to processing. All the above are the result of the nanomaterial/polymer interfacial interactions which dictate the overall performance of the composites including the mechanical properties. The aforementioned uncertainties are the reason for the deviation observed between the experimentally determined properties and the theoretically expected ones. The focus of this study is to understand the reinforcing efficiency of carbon nanomaterials in polymers through finite element modeling that captures the effect of the interfacial interactions on the tensile modulus of polymer nanocomposites (PNCs). The novelty of this work is that the probability distribution functions of nanomaterials dispersion, distribution, orientation and waviness, determined through image analysis by extracting 3-D information from 2-D scanning electron micrographs, are incorporated into the finite element model allowing thus for fundamental understanding of how the nanostructure parameters affect the tensile modulus of the PNCs. The nanocomposites are made using melt mixing followed by either injections molding or melt spinning of fibers. Polypropylene (PP) is used as the polymer and carbon nanotubes (CNT) or exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets (xGnP) are used as nanoreinforcements. The presence of interphase, confirmed and characterized in terms of stiffness and width using atomic force microscopy, is also accounted for in the model. The dispersion and distribution of CNT within the polymer is experimentally altered by using a surfactant and by forcing the molten material to flow through a narrow orifice (melt spinning) that promotes alignment of CNT and even of the polymer chains along the flow/drawing direction. The effect of nanomaterials' geometry on the mechanical behavior of PNCs is also studied by comparing the properties of CNT/PP to those of xGnP/PP composites. Finally the reinforcing efficiency of CNT is determined independently of the viscoelastic behavior of the polymer by conducting tensile testing at temperatures below the glass transition temperature of PP. The finite element model with the incorporated image analysis subroutine has sufficient resolution to distinguish among the different cases (dispersion, distribution, geometry and alignment of nanomaterials) and the predicted tensile modulus is in agreement with the experimentally determined one. In conclusion, this study provides a tool, that integrates finite element modeling and thorough experiments that enables design of polymer nanocomposites with engineered mechanical properties.

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