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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Export price index"

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Gnidchenko, A., and V. Salnikov. "Russian foreign trade price competitiveness." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 1 (January 20, 2014): 108–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2014-1-108-129.

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We examine export and import prices for Russian commodities relative to world prices during 2002—2011 across aggregated and disaggregated commodity groups. We also propose an aggregated export price competitiveness index as a tool of monitoring quality dynamics and a composite price competitiveness rating by commodity groups.
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Xue, Huidan, Chenguang Li, Liming Wang, and Wen-Hao Su. "Spatial Price Transmission and Price Dynamics of Global Butter Export Market under Economic Shocks." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 19, 2021): 9297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169297.

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Recently, the world has experienced striking economic and policy changes, and subsequent uncertainties have impacts on dairy trade price fluctuations. The Global Vector Autoregressive (GVAR) methodology was established in this paper to better understand international butter export prices transmission, the feedback between the economic context changes and price fluctuations, and the link between the global butter market, energy market, and other commodity markets. We assessed which key factors are typically associated with butter export price movements with regards to shocks to crude oil price,
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Dastagiri, M. B., and S. M. Jainuddin. "International Trading Prices Of India’s Oilseed Crops: Growth Rates, Elasticities And Foreign Trade Policy." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 31 (November 30, 2017): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n31p185.

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World prices influence international trade and so economic precision is required. This foreign trade research study examines exports and imports of India’s major oilseeds from 1990-91 to 2015-16. The methodology employed is the estimation of CAGR, Instability Index, Export import price elasticities of oilseeds and identification of top export import destinations. The results show that export prices of groundnut, soybean, niger, safflower, sesamum and sunflower were higher than import prices indicating that India has a comparative advantage in these crops. The terms of trade of India’s oilseeds
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Darman, Darman. "ANALISIS EKSPOR-IMPOR DAN INDEKS HARGA KONSUMEN PADA PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI INDONESIA." Jurnal Manajemen Indonesia 16, no. 1 (April 17, 2017): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.25124/jmi.v16i1.726.

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This study aims to assess and analyze the Effect of Export, Impor and Consumer Price Index in economic growth in Indonesia from 2000 to 2014. This research uses quantitative descriptive approach with the nature of verification explanatory method. The data used are secondary data in the form of Export, Import, and the Consumer Price Index of Indonesian Economic Growth (GDP) in 2000-2014. The results showed that export push the GDP more effectively: compared to import sector and CPI. Regression analysis showed that the constant value of GDP was 0.526. Also, the Export Coefficients value is 0.015
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Beard, KT. "Efficiency of index selection for dairy cattle using economic weights for major milk constituents." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 39, no. 2 (1988): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9880273.

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A breeding objective (aggregate genotype) for dairy cattle based on returns, net of feed costs, from yield of fat, protein and carrier (the non-fat, non-protein component of the milk) was developed. Returns were estimated using a forecast of the future Australian dairy market structure, and feed costs were estimated from the metabolizable energy required to produce each of three milk components.The effects of erors in forecasting future conditions on economic weights and efficiency of index selection of sires were examined.Economic weights varied widely when subject to errors in the price of m
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Hussain, Altaf, Musrat Rafique, Ambar Khalil, and Maryam Nawaz. "Macroeconomic Determinants of Stock Price Variations: An Economic Analysis of Kse-100 Index." Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2013): 28–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.52131/pjhss.2013.0101.0003.

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The main objective of this study is to assess the macroeconomic determinants of stock price variability in Pakistan. The quarterly data on macroeconomic variables (Gross Domestic Product, Foreign Direct Investment, Interest Rates, Exports, Money Supply and Unemployment Rate) and KSE-100 Index as proxy of stock price variation for the period of 1992:01 to 2012:04 is taken for the empirical investigation. Johansen co-integration test and VECM is used for this purpose. The analysis of this study specifies that the foreign direct investment, interest rates, export and unemployment rate have signif
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Ghafoor, Abdul, Khalid Mushtaq, and Abedullah Abedullah. "The Export Supply Response of Mangoes: A Cointegration and Causality Analysis." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 18, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 93–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2013.v18.i1.a5.

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This paper analyzes the impact of major factors on the export of mangoes from Pakistan. We use a cointegration approach and error correction mechanism applied to data for the period 1970–2005. Mango exports are regressed against the index of relative prices of mango exports (2000 = 100), the quantity of domestic mango production, real agricultural gross domestic product (GDP), the length of all-weather roads, and international standardization, i.e., the impact of the World Trade Organization agreement. The results of the augmented Dickey-Fuller test reveal that all the data series are I(1). Ap
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Shuquan, He, and Matukorn Bu-iad. "Economic factors affecting Thailand’s frozen shrimp export volume to the United States and Japan." Financial Markets, Institutions and Risks 4, no. 4 (2020): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/fmir.4(4).66-74.2020.

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A Study of Economic Factors Affecting Thailand’s Frozen Shrimp Export Volume to the United States and Japan which hypothesized that there are economic factors that affect the quantity of frozen shrimp exports from Thailand to the United States, namely the Manufacturing Production Index classified by production activity, Frozen Seafood (MPI), Domestic Wholesale Shrimp Price (PRIshrimp), United States Gross Domestic Product (GDPU.S.A.), Per Capita Income of US Population (PCIU.S.A.), Rate Of Change In Private Consumption And Consumption Expenditures Of The US Private Sector (PCEU.S.A.) and assum
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Bonino-Gayoso, Nicolás, Antonio Tena-Junguito, and Henry Willebald. "URUGUAY AND THE FIRST GLOBALIZATION: ON THE ACCURACY OF EXPORT PERFORMANCE, 1870-1913." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 33, no. 2 (May 5, 2015): 287–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610915000130.

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ABSTRACTIn order to understand Uruguay’s long-run economic evolution it becomes crucial to interpret its export performance during the First Globalization. The lack of accuracy of official figures, especially official prices used, calls for an adjustment of Uruguayan export series. We have used empirical evidence to test the accuracy of quantities and values of export records, first, according to import partners’ records and, second, according to international market prices. Results show a general undervaluation of official export values during the period along with severe distortions in the r
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Sumantri, Fazhar, and Umi Latifah. "THE INFLUENCE OF INTEREST RATE, MONEY CIRCULATION, INFLATION, AND CPI AGAINST EXPORT AND IMPORT IN INDONESIA 2012-2018." Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan 17, no. 2 (January 1, 2020): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jep.v17i2.10242.

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Indonesia’s economic growth can no longer depends on internal trade only but needs to depend on the export and import with the global market, thus macroeconomic influence towards export and import needs further research.Thus, this research focuses on the effect of multiple macroeconomic variables which are the rate of loans, money supply, inflation and consumer price index towards export and import in Indonesia. The data used in this research are secondary data acquired from BPS, BI and the Ministry of Trade during the periode of 2012-2018, which are analyzed using the classic assumption tests
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Export price index"

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Hillgren, Jonathan, and Emma Magnusson. "For better or for worse : A study on the impact of exchange rate volatility on trade." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-64694.

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Sammanfattning Examensarbete i finansiering, Civilekonomprogrammet Ekonomihögskolan vid Linnéuniversitetet, VT-2017 Författare: Emma Magnusson & Jonathan Hillgren Handledare: Håkan Locking Examinator: Andreas Stephan Titel: For better or for worse – A study on the impact of exchange rate volatility on trade   Bakgrund: Växelkurssvängningar har studerats av flertalet forskare då detta anses vara en osäkerhet vars effekt inte är säkerställd. Då internationell handel är en viktig faktor för tillväxt och välstånd i en nation är dess samband med volatiliteten betydelsefullt att fastställa f
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Singh, Shiu Raj. "Dynamics of macroeconomic variables in Fiji : a cointegrated VAR analysis." Diss., Lincoln University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/774.

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Abstract of thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Commerce and Management Dynamics of macroeconomic variables in Fiji : a cointegrated VAR analysis By Shiu Raj Singh The objective of this study is to examine how macroeconomic variables of Fiji inter-relate with aggregate demand and co-determine one another using a vector autoregression (VAR) approach. This study did not use a prior theoretical framework but instead used economic justification for selection of variables. It was found that fiscal policy, which is generally used as a stabili
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Toan, Nguyen Thien, and 阮善全. "A Study on the Relationship between Vietnam’s Import and Export of Petroleum Products and Consumer Price Index." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/49147066030537835957.

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碩士<br>萬能科技大學<br>經營管理研究所<br>105<br>The purpose of this study is to explore and forecast the number and amount of Vietnamese oil import and export. We use many methods such as the naïve forecast, moving average method, exponential smoothing method, and simple regression analysis as a predictive tool to forecast the number and amount of Vietnamese oil import and export. The real data manipulated in this study were obtained from the Ministry of Economic Affairs of Vietnam General Statistics Office. It includes the monthly number and amount of Vietnamese oil import and export in AD 2008 to AD 2016.
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Liao, Fu-Chun, and 廖福君. "Applying Artificial Intelligence methods to Explore US Dollar Index Closing Price." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/02098254293669271722.

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碩士<br>中華大學<br>資訊管理學系碩士班<br>103<br>Because of the special status of the dollar in the international monetary system, the dollar exchange rate movements on the commodity markets and the countries’ economic have an important impact. In the market, most of the international raw materials denominated in dollars, even more dollar to some extent reflects the value of global merchandise trade. The US Dollar Index (USDX) is based on the trade settlement amount of each major countries around the world who trade with the United States, and it is also the integrated index reflecting the dollar in the inte
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Huang, Jian-Wei, and 黃建瑋. "To explore the causal relation between average wage of workers index and consumer price index in China." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/60247492613742505299.

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碩士<br>國立東華大學<br>公共行政研究所<br>97<br>The theme of this study is to explore the relation between average wage of workers index and consumer price index in China. The contents of this study include theories of research method to Granger causality test, the decision to wage and price standard as well as the review about the research of wage and price reform in China. In addition, this study introduces how the wage effects price in terms of firm cost and labor earnings, and analyses how the price influences wage in terms of labor's life and firm's revenue. This research is based on the theories of Gr
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Hong-JenYen and 顏宏任. "A Study on Effect the Financial Crisis Has on Taiwan’s Consumption Expenses, Stock Price Index, Imports, and Exports." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47034692695554782173.

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碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>國際企業研究所碩博士班<br>101<br>Financial crisis occurred in 2008 impacted Taiwan's economy. It frustrated confidence in the consumption and people became being conservative on the consumption; in the stock market, the stock prices plunged in 2008; the Taiwan stock price index dropped below 4000 point; trading has constituted a majority part of Taiwan GDP where international trade and foreign exchange reserves indeed has been positioned significantly in Taiwan economy. This Study aimed to discuss all changes made on these macroeconomic in Taiwan and in which means our government is able
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Deng, Yong-Jyun, and 鄧詠駿. "Application of neutral network to explore the intraday price behavior of Taiwan weighted stock index futures." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/15687134163589971346.

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碩士<br>國立清華大學<br>計量財務金融學系<br>100<br>This study are base on manipulating the method of Artificial Intelligence to improve the flaw when people maneuvered technical or experience analysis merely, as well as modifying the shortcomings of Eight Indicators, which considered only price and quantity. Therefore, the traditional analyses are superseded by measuring the variation among three sampling points, variety technical indicators and inverse neutral network to establish a model; with that people could forecast the closing price on the day and the opening price on the next day of Taiwan weighted st
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Guido, Andres Noel Turcios, and 涂安杰. "An Impact of Gross Domestic Product, Consumer Price Index, Exchange Rate and Exports on the Imports Sector in the Nicaraguan Market." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/w5s496.

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碩士<br>國立臺北科技大學<br>管理國際學生碩士專班 (IMBA)<br>102<br>Since the last couple of years, Nicaragua’s international exchange has undergone a very steady growth pace. There are a lot of factors that influence this result, but as we take a further look, it can be observed that their imports and their exports have suffer from and unstable growth during the same period of growth pace. This paper involves the use of multiple linear regression to analyze the impact of these factors and understand the relation of the variables with the demands of imports. These variables can be commonly nominated as Gross Domest
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Książki na temat "Export price index"

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Office, International Labour, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Statistical Office of the European Communities, United Nations. Economic Commission for Europe, and World Bank, eds. Export and import price index manual: Theory and practice. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, 2009.

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Gibbons, Elizabeth. Import price declines in 1986 reflected reduced oil prices: Despite price increases for major product categories resulting from the decline in the dollar, the overall import index decreased for the fourth consecutive year : export prices were relatively stable again last year. [Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1987.

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Zieschang, Kimberly D. A framework for price statistics. [Washington, D.C.]: International Monetary Fund, Statistics Dept., 2000.

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Export and Import Price Index Manual: Theory and Practice. OECD, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264085411-en.

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Abu Bakar, Nor'Aznin. Currency crisis in four Asian countries: The insolvency model approach. UUM Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/9789672064039.

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The book deals with the 1997 Asian currency crisis and analyses the causes and consequences of the crisis.The two hypotheses, fundamental and panic/herd behavior hypotheses, which are often viewed as competing, are also examined. The first hypothesis states that fundamental imbalances triggered the Asian currency and financial crisis in 1997.The crisis occurred because the economies had deteriorating current accounts, a slow down in growth rates and short-term debt approaching a dangerous level; while the second hypothesis states that sudden shifts in market expectations and confidence were th
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Części książek na temat "Export price index"

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Sydes, Michelle, and Rebecca Wickes. "The Land of the ‘Fair Go’? Mapping Income Inequality and Socioeconomic Segregation Across Melbourne Neighbourhoods." In The Urban Book Series, 229–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64569-4_12.

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AbstractDespite enduring political rhetoric that promotes Australia as ‘the lucky country’ and ‘the land of the fair go’, recent decades have seen a noticeable increase in levels of income inequality. This growing economic divide has driven housing prices up and left lower-income families unable to access the housing market in inner-city locations. In contrast to other countries, Australia’s socioeconomic segregation does not overlap with ethnic segregation. Australia’s highly regulated immigration program has resulted in a relatively well-educated and employable foreign-born population who largely reside in middle-income neighbourhoods. These particularities make Australia an interesting context to explore patterns of socioeconomic segregation over time. In this chapter, we will utilise both traditional measures of segregation (such as the dissimilarity index) as well more spatialised measures (such as location quotients and Local Morans I) to assess socioeconomic segregation at the local level. Drawing on four waves of census data (2001, 2006, 2011 and 2016), we explore how socioeconomic segregation has changed over time across nearly 500 neighbourhoods in Melbourne. We further examine the degree to which socioeconomic segregation aligns with ethnic segregation patterns and levels in this city. We find patterns of socioeconomic segregation remain relatively unchanging over time in Melbourne. Additionally, our findings highlight important differences in patterns and levels of socioeconomic and ethnic segregation in the Australian context.
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Lavopa, Alejandro, and Adam Szirmai. "Structural Change as a Modernization Process." In New Perspectives on Structural Change, 217–39. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198850113.003.0011.

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This chapter analyses economic development through the lens of a newly developed index: the structural modernization index. This index combines two dimensions that have been widely invoked as prime drivers of economic development namely, structural change and technological catch-up. For each country, the index calculates the productivity gap with respect to the world frontier in activities that typically represent the modern sector of the economy and weights this relative productivity by the employment share of those activities in the total labour force. The index is calculated for a sample of 115 countries over the period 1960–2014. It is used to explore the relationship between structural modernization and the ability to escape poverty and middle-income traps.
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Koç, Ahmet Ali, Oznur Ozdamar, and Peyman Uysal. "The Economic Determinants of Food Security in the MENA Region." In Urban Agriculture and Food Systems, 273–92. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8063-8.ch013.

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This paper aims to analyse the determinants of the food insecurity examining the relationship of important economic,social and natural factors with an overall food insecurity index that derived by dividing the food imports value to the sum of total exports and the net remittance inflows. Overall analysis is made by employing panel-data methods using a dataset that covers 18MENA countries and Turkey for the period of 1990-2014.Emprical results support the evidence of the harmful effect of price increases on food security. Furthermore, significance of education related variables and fresh water withdrawals indicate that the region has had benefit from nearly 30 years investment on education and intensive water exploitation, although poor water management and great waste of irrigation will most likely have negative effects on food security in the near future.
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Jérôme, Yolette, Magline Alexis, David Telcy, Pascal Saffache, and Evens Emmanuel. "The Challenge of Water in the Sanitary Conditions of the Populations Living in the Slums of Port-au-Prince: The Case of Canaan." In Environmental Health [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96321.

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Haitian cities are more and more prone to demographic growth, which has a lasting effect on water distribution infrastructures, as well as those that make it possible to clean it up. They are in touch with the growing demand for water, but also with the management methods of this resource. Over the past 25 years, the enlarged agglomeration of Port-au-Prince, the largest agglomeration in the country, has experienced very strong urban expansion with the creation of new precarious spaces. The literature reports that Haiti is now more than 64% urban and 35% of its population lives in the metropolitan area of Port-au-Prince, in the West Department. Over the past decade, the footprint of the Port-au-Prince metropolitan area has grown by 35%. Recent observations on the formation and development of some slums highlight the country’s vulnerability to land-based hazards, which support this form of urbanization through the emergence of environmental displaced persons. Canaan, a human settlement created following the earthquake of January 12, 2010 by presidential decree, and inhabited by the victims of this event, has a deficit in infrastructure and basic urban services. The results of our previous work on this territory lead to a much more in-depth reflection on the need to develop an index of vulnerability to environmental diseases for the population. In fact, most of the households that live there face very precarious situations. The health conditions associated with this context expose the population to increased risks of disease. The measures taken by families to treat water at home do not seem to limit their vulnerability to environmental diseases (infectious and chronic). Improving living conditions in Canaan with a view to sustainability therefore underlies major challenges. What avenues of intervention should be favored to facilitate a favorable development of the population, while taking into account the strong constraints that weigh on their daily lives? The objective of this study is precisely to analyze the vulnerability of the population to water-borne diseases.
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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Export price index"

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Baigonushova, Damira, Saikal Otorova, Junus Ganiev, and Jusup Pirimbaev. "Problems of Development of the Agricultural Sector in Kyrgyzstan." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c09.02022.

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The main aim of this study is to identify the main development problems and the affecting factors of the agricultural sector of Kyrgyzstan. In order to achieve the goal, the relationship between the agricultural sector’s export, import, the employment rate and the amount of loans granted to the agricultural sector was analyzed by the ARDL cointegration method. Annual data for the period 1992-2014 was used in the analysis. According to the empirical results, a 1% increase in exports was found to increase agricultural production by 0.23% in the short term, while a 1% increase in the price index
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Bal, Harun, Mehmet Demiral, and Filiz Yetiz. "Exchange Rate Pass-Through to Domestic Prices: Evidence from OECD Countries." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c08.01951.

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There is an immense literature on the effects of exchange rate changes on macroeconomic indicators, specifically on the trade balance, growth, inflation, and overall productivity in open economies. One of the main attempts in the related literature is about ascertaining whether the exchange rate fluctuations alter domestic prices. This possible mechanism is called as the pass-through effect which is getting more important since the argument that exchange rate adjustment is a part of the solution for global rebalancing is empirically well-supported. Starting from this claim, this study purposes
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Cambazoğlu, Birgül, Hacer Simay Karaalp Orhan, and Konstantinos Vergos. "The Effects of Exchange Rates on Macroeconomic Variables: A Study of the Selected Emerging Economies." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00674.

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The exchange rate channel of the monetary transmission mechanism has gained importance through widespread use of the floating exchange rate regime with increased globalization. In this context, this study aims to explore the effectiveness of the exchange rate channel on net exports and thereby total output and price level using vector auto-regression (VAR) models. The sample countries are Turkey and Argentina, which have employed a floating exchange rate regime since 22 February 2001 and 11 February 2002, respectively. The monthly data set consists of five macro-economic variables, which are s
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Bhargava, R., and A. Peretto. "A Unique Approach for Thermo-Economic Optimization of an Intercooled, Reheat and Recuperated Gas Turbine for Cogeneration Applications." In ASME Turbo Expo 2001: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2001-gt-0206.

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In the present paper, a comprehensive methodology for the thermo-economic performance optimization of an intercooled reheat (ICRH) gas turbine with recuperation for cogenerative applications has been presented covering a wide range of power-to-heat ratio values achievable. To show relative changes in the thermo-economic performance for the recuperated ICRH gas turbine cycle, results for ICRH, recuperated Brayton and simple Brayton cycles are also included in the paper. For the three load cases investigated, the recuperated ICRH gas turbine cycle provides the highest values of electric efficien
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Bettocchi, R., M. Cadorin, M. Morini, M. Pinelli, P. R. Spina, and M. Venturini. "Assessment of the Performance and of the Profitability of CHP Energy Systems Fed by Vegetable Oils." In ASME Turbo Expo 2009: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2009-59022.

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In this paper, energy and economic analyses of vegetable oil fed energy systems are presented. The paper focuses on the process from oil to energy, while the economic costs of the transformation process of the biomass from field to oil is assumed embodied in the cost of the oils. Five different oils are considered (sunflower, rapeseed, soybean, palm and waste fried oil) as fuels for cogenerative Internal Combustion Engines, also running in combined cycle configuration. In particular, the considered combined cycle is composed of Internal Combustion Engines and Organic Rankine Cycle modules. Ene
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Shilling, Norman Z., and Robert M. Jones. "The Impact of Fuel Flexible Gas Turbine Control Systems on Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle Performance." In ASME Turbo Expo 2003, collocated with the 2003 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2003-38791.

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Interest in Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) is developing from a need for fuel diversification as a hedge for natural gas price and availability. In IGCC, the gas turbine combustion system is critical to meeting this need. The combustion system also needs to achieve superior environmental performance. This paper discusses specific requirements for IGCC combustion systems that derive from characteristics of gasification fuels and integration with the gasification process. Tradeoffs between system physical design parameters and control strategies must be evaluated in terms of overa
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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Export price index"

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Vargas-Herrera, Hernando, Juan Jose Ospina-Tejeiro, Carlos Alfonso Huertas-Campos, Adolfo León Cobo-Serna, Edgar Caicedo-García, Juan Pablo Cote-Barón, Nicolás Martínez-Cortés, et al. Monetary Policy Report - April de 2021. Banco de la República de Colombia, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr2-2021.

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1.1 Macroeconomic summary Economic recovery has consistently outperformed the technical staff’s expectations following a steep decline in activity in the second quarter of 2020. At the same time, total and core inflation rates have fallen and remain at low levels, suggesting that a significant element of the reactivation of Colombia’s economy has been related to recovery in potential GDP. This would support the technical staff’s diagnosis of weak aggregate demand and ample excess capacity. The most recently available data on 2020 growth suggests a contraction in economic activity of 6.8%, lowe
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Research Department - Balance of Payments - Export Price Index - Work Sheets - Commodity Prices used in Compiling Index. 1927 - 1961. Reserve Bank of Australia, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_2006/14398.

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Research Department - Balance of Payments - Export Price Index - Memoranda - 1932 - 1968. Reserve Bank of Australia, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_2006/14391.

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Research Department - Balance of Payments - Export Price Index - Correspondence - General - 1962 - 1968. Reserve Bank of Australia, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_2006/14392.

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Research Department - Balance of Payments - Export Price Index - Work Sheets - Weighing of Index from Base Years 1893 - 1903. Reserve Bank of Australia, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_2006/14393.

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Research Department - Balance of Payments - Export Price Index - Work Sheets - Calculation and Results. 1926 - 1962. Reserve Bank of Australia, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_2006/14400.

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Monetary Policy Report - January 2021. Banco de la República de Colombia, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr1.-2021.

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Macroeconomic Summary Overall inflation (1.61%) and core inflation (excluding food and regulated items) (1.11%) both declined beyond the technical staff’s expectations in the fourth quarter of 2020. Year-end 2021 forecasts for both indicators were revised downward to 2.3% and 2.1%, respectively. Market inflation expectations also fell over this period and suggested inflation below the 3% target through the end of this year, rising to the target in 2022. Downward pressure on inflation was more significant in the fourth quarter than previously projected, indicating weak demand. Annual decelerati
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