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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "FDG (fluoro-deoxy glucose)"

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Videnovic-Ivanov, Jelica, Dragana Sobic-Saranovic, Isidora Grozdic, Violeta Mihailovic-Vucinic, Snezana Filipovic, and Mihailo Stjepanovic. "The application results of 18F - FDG/PET scan in chronic sarcoidosis." Medical review 66, suppl. 1 (2013): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns13s1050v.

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Introduction. The authors evaluated the application of 18 Ffluoro-2-deoxy-D: -glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography to diagnose the activity in patients with chronic sarcoidosis. Material and Methods. The study sample included 71 patients (48 females and 23 males, their mean age being 47?3 years) with biopsy-proven sarcoidosis of chronic course. Results. All patients underwent 18 F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D: -glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography, which detected inflammation in 65 patients (91.5%) (maximum standardized uptake value, 8.1 ? 3.9). Angiotensin-converting enzyme levels were significantly higher in the patients with positive than in those with negative 18 F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D: -glucose positron emission tomography/ computed tomography results. Conclusion. 18 F-fluoro- 2-deoxy-D: -glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography revealed the functional inflammatory active localizations in chronic sarcoidosis. The obtained results contribute to the adequate therapeutic option.
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Yu, Amy S., Bruce A. Hirayama, Gerald Timbol, et al. "Functional expression of SGLTs in rat brain." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 299, no. 6 (2010): C1277—C1284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00296.2010.

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This work provides evidence of previously unrecognized uptake of glucose via sodium-coupled glucose transporters (SGLTs) in specific regions of the brain. The current understanding of functional glucose utilization in brain is largely based on studies using positron emission tomography (PET) with the glucose tracer 2-deoxy-2-[F-18]fluoro-d-glucose (2-FDG). However, 2-FDG is only a good substrate for facilitated-glucose transporters (GLUTs), not for SGLTs. Thus, glucose accumulation measured by 2-FDG omits the role of SGLTs. We designed and synthesized two high-affinity tracers: one, α-methyl-4-[F-18]fluoro-4-deoxy-d-glucopyranoside (Me-4FDG), is a highly specific SGLT substrate and not transported by GLUTs; the other one, 4-[F-18]fluoro-4-deoxy-d-glucose (4-FDG), is transported by both SGLTs and GLUTs and will pass through the blood brain barrier (BBB). In vitro Me-4FDG autoradiography was used to map the distribution of uptake by functional SGLTs in brain slices with a comparable result from in vitro 4-FDG autoradiography. Immunohistochemical assays showed that uptake was consistent with the distribution of SGLT protein. Ex vivo 4-FDG autoradiography showed that SGLTs in these areas are functionally active in the normal in vivo brain. The results establish that SGLTs are a normal part of the physiology of specific areas of the brain, including hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, and cerebral cortices. 4-FDG PET imaging also established that this BBB-permeable SGLT tracer now offers a functional imaging approach in humans to assess regulation of SGLT activity in health and disease.
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Medak, Adrianna, Julia Wojtowicz, Katarzyna Pietrasz, et al. "Użyteczność badania 18F-FDG PET/CT w diagnostyce guzów pierwotnych i przerzutów nowotworowych do mózgu." Letters in Oncology Science 17, no. 3 (2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21641/los.2020.17.3.183.

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Celem niniejszej pracy jest wykazanie, że mimo nieswoistego charakteru radiofarmaceutyku 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glukozy (z ang. 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose, 18F-FDG), badanie pozytonowej tomografii emisyjnej/tomografii komputerowej (z ang. positron emission tomography/computed tomography, PET/CT) z użyciem 18F-FDG pozwala wykryć guzy pierwotne i przerzuty nowotworowe do mózgu, co może znacząco wpłynąć na protokół terapeutyczny i jakość życia chorego onkologicznie.
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Wienhard, K., G. Pawlik, B. Nebeling, et al. "Estimation of Local Cerebral Glucose Utilization by Positron Emission Tomography: Comparison of [18F]2-Fluoro-2-Deoxy-D-Glucose and [18F]2-Fluoro-2-Deoxy-D-Mannose in Patients with Focal Brain Lesions." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 11, no. 3 (1991): 485–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1991.92.

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A comparative PET study of [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) and [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-mannose (FDM) uptake was performed in 13 patients with focal brain lesions. Differences between FDG and FDM with respect to model rate constants, lumped constant, and estimated metabolic rate for glucose were determined on a regional basis. Across whole brain, the transport rate constant K*1 was almost unchanged, whereas k*2, describing the transport back from tissue to plasma, was 6% higher, and the phosphorylation rate constant k*3 was 9% lower for FDM compared to FDG. This implies a 20% lower lumped constant for FDM. No significant regional variability of this differential tracer behavior was observed in normal or in lesioned brain tissue. Thus, results from previous FDG studies, where the radiotracer was not 100% pure FDG but contained varying amounts of FDM, can easily be corrected by adjustment of the lumped constant employed in metabolic quantitation.
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Penna, Patricia Sola, Sergio Augusto Lopes De Souza, Paulo Gustavo Limeira Nobre De Lacerda, et al. "Evidencing leprosy neuronal inflammation by 18-Fluoro-deoxy-glucose." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 17, no. 6 (2023): e0011383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011383.

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Background Leprosy is caused by multiple interactions between Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) and the host’s peripheral nerve cells. M. leprae primarily invades Schwann cells, causing nerve damage and consequent development of disabilities. Despite its long history, the pathophysiological mechanisms of nerve damage in the lepromatous pole of leprosy remain poorly understood. This study used the findings of 18F-FDG PET/CT on the peripheral nerves of eight lepromatous patients to evaluate the degree of glucose uptake by peripheral nerves and compared them with clinical, electrophysiological, and histopathological evaluations. Methods Eight patients with lepromatous leprosy were included in this study. Six patients were evaluated up to three months after leprosy diagnosis using neurological examination, nerve conduction study, 18F-FDG PET/CT, and nerve biopsy. Two others were evaluated during an episode of acute neuritis, with clinical, neurophysiological, and PET-CT examinations to compare the images with the first six. Results Initially, six patients already had signs of peripheral nerve injury, regardless of symptoms; however, they did not present with signs of neuritis, and there was little or no uptake of 18F-FDG in the clinically and electrophysiologically affected nerves. Two patients with signs of acute neuritis had 18F-FDG uptake in the affected nerves. Conclusions 18F-FDG uptake correlates with clinical neuritis in lepromatous leprosy patients but not in silent neuritis patients. 18F-FDG PET-CT could be a useful tool to confirm neuritis, especially in cases that are difficult to diagnose, such as for the differential diagnosis between a new episode of neuritis and chronic neuropathy.
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Nguyen, V. T., K. A. Mossberg, T. J. Tewson, et al. "Temporal analysis of myocardial glucose metabolism by 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 259, no. 4 (1990): H1022—H1031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1990.259.4.h1022.

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To assess kinetic changes of myocardial glucose metabolism after physiological interventions, we perfused isolated working rat hearts with glucose and 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-FDG). Tissue uptake of 2-FDG and the input function were measured on-line by external detection. The fractional rate of 2-FDG phosphorylation was determined by graphical analysis of time-activity curves. The steady-state uptake of 2-FDG was linear with time, and the tracer was retained predominantly in its phosphorylated form. Tissue accumulation of 2-FDG decreased with a reduction in work load and with the addition of competing substrates. Insulin caused a significant increase in 2-FDG accumulation in hearts from fasted but not from fed animals. We conclude that in the isolated working rat heart there is rapid adjustment of exogenous substrate utilization and that most interventions known to alter glucose metabolism induce parallel changes in 2-FDG uptake. Qualitative differences in the in vitro response to insulin may be affected by the presence of either endogenous insulin or glycogen.
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Cauchon, Nicole, Haroutioun M. Hasséssian, Eric Turcotte, Roger Lecomte, and Johan E. van Lier. "Deciphering PDT-induced inflammatory responses using real-time FDG-PET in a mouse tumour model." Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 13, no. 10 (2014): 1434–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4pp00140k.

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Dynamic positron emission tomography (PET), combined with constant infusion of 2-deoxy-2-[<sup>18</sup>F]fluoro-d-glucose (FDG), enables real-time monitoring of transient metabolic changesin vivo, which can serve to understand the underlying physiology.
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Huellner, M. W., M. Cousin, T. Linder, et al. "Melanoma of the middle ear: initial presentation, Fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging and follow up." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 125, no. 5 (2011): 536–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215110002872.

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AbstractBackground:We present a rare case of primary mucosal melanoma of the middle ear imaged with 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT).Method:Clinical, radiological, intra-operative and histological findings are discussed.Results:An 88-year-old woman presented with intermittent otorrhoea of the left ear for several months. Otoscopy revealed a livid protrusion of the tympanic membrane. Melanoma was not suspected initially, but was established on transmembranous biopsy. Pre-operative 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography revealed a mass lesion in the left tympanic cavity with high fluoro-deoxyglucose uptake, as well as an ipsilateral intraparotid lymph node metastasis. The patient underwent surgical treatment. The diagnosis of melanoma was confirmed histologically.Conclusion:In this rare case, clinical, radiological and surgical findings led to the diagnosis of a primary mucosal melanoma of the middle ear.
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Nanni, Cristina. "PET-FDG: Impetus." Cancers 12, no. 4 (2020): 1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12041030.

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The International Myeloma Working Group (IMWG)recommends FDG PET/CT (Fluoro-Deoxy-glucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography) as the gold standard imaging modality for initial evaluation and response to therapy assessment in multiple myeloma. In fact, FDG PET/CT, provides multiple useful indexes to risk-stratify patients and has significant prognostic value. However, multiple myeloma remains a complex disease to interpret on imaging. The Italian myeloma criteria for PET use (IMPeTUs) were proposed to standardize FDG PET/CT reading in multiple myeloma. In this communication an overview on IMPeTUs is provided as well as some examples of application.
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Shin, Young Shik, Jungwoo Kim, Dazy Johnson, et al. "Quantitative assessments of glycolysis from single cells." TECHNOLOGY 03, no. 04 (2015): 172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2339547815200058.

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The most common positron emission tomography (PET) radio-labeled probe for molecular diagnostics in patient care and research is the glucose analog, 2-deoxy-2-[F-18]fluoro-D-glucose (18F-FDG). We report on an integrated microfluidics-chip/beta particle imaging system for in vitro 18F-FDG radioassays of glycolysis with single cell resolution. We investigated the kinetic responses of single glioblastoma cancer cells to targeted inhibitors of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. Further, we find a weak positive correlation between cell size and rate of glycolysis.
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Części książek na temat "FDG (fluoro-deoxy glucose)"

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Dullaart, Robin P. F., Marcel Nijland, Philip M. Kluin, and Andor W. J. M. Glaudemans. "23. A 45-year-old Woman with Recurrent Thromboembolic Events and Increased Adrenal 2-[fluorine 18] fluoro-2-deoxy-D glucose (18F-FDG) Uptake." In Diagnostic Dilemmas: Images in Endocrinology. The Endocrine Society, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/dde2.9781936704590.ch23.

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Mosconi Lisa, Berti Valentina, McHugh Pauline, Pupi Alberto, and de Leon Mony J. "A Tale of Two Tracers: Glucose Metabolism and Amyloid Positron Emission Tomography Imaging in Alzheimer's Disease." In Advances in Alzheimer’s Disease. IOS Press, 2011. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-793-2-219.

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The development of prevention therapies for Alzheimer's disease (AD) would greatly benefit from biomarkers that are sensitive to subtle brain changes occurring prior to the onset of clinical symptoms, when the potential for preservation of function is at the greatest. In vivo brain imaging is a promising tool for the early detection of AD through visualization of abnormalities in brain structure, function and histopathology. Currently, Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging with amyloid-beta (A&amp;beta;) tracers and 2-[18F]fluoro-2-Deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) is largely utilized in the early and differential diagnosis of AD. A&amp;beta; PET tracers bind to A&amp;beta; plaques in brain, and provide an in vivo estimate of AD pathology. FDG-PET is used to measure glucose metabolism, a marker of brain activity. This paper reviews brain A&amp;beta;- and FDG-PET studies in AD patients as well as in non-demented individuals at risk for AD. We then discuss the potential of combining symptoms-sensitive FDG-PET measures with pathology-specific A&amp;beta;-PET to improve the early detection of AD.
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Fernandes, Mariana, Agostino Chiaravalloti, Natalia Manfredi, et al. "Nocturnal Hypoxia and Sleep Fragmentation May Drive Neurodegenerative Processes: The Compared Effects of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome and Periodic Limb Movement Disorder on Alzheimer’s Disease Biomarkers." In Handbook of Prevention and Alzheimer’s Disease. IOS Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/aiad230032.

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Background: Sleep disorders may cause dysregulation in cerebral glucose metabolism and synaptic functions, as well as alterations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker levels. Objective: This study aimed at measuring sleep, CSF Alzheimer’s disease (AD) biomarkers, and cerebral glucose consumption in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and patients with periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD), compared to controls. Methods: OSAS and PLMD patients underwent 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG PET), polysomnographic monitoring, and lumbar puncture to quantify CSF levels of amyloid-β42 (Aβ42), total tau, and phosphorylated tau. All patients were compared to controls, who were not affected by sleep or neurodegenerative disorders. Results: Twenty OSAS patients, 12 PLMD patients, and 15 controls were included. Sleep quality and sleep structure were altered in both OSAS and PLMD patients when compared to controls. OSAS and PLMD patients showed lower CSF Aβ42 levels than controls. OSAS patients showed a significant increase in glucose uptake in a wide cluster of temporal-frontal areas and cerebellum, as well as a reduced glucose consumption in temporal-parietal regions compared to controls. PLMD patients showed increased brain glucose consumption in the left parahippocampal gyrus and left caudate than controls. Conclusion: Sleep dysregulation and nocturnal hypoxia present in OSAS patients, more than sleep fragmentation in PLMD patients, were associated with the alteration in CSF and 18F-FDG PET AD biomarkers, namely reduction of CSF Aβ42 levels and cerebral glucose metabolism dysregulation mainly in temporal areas, thus highlighting the possible role of sleep disorders in driving neurodegenerative processes typical of AD pathology.
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Subburaj, Kiruthika, Venkata Subramanian Krishnaraju, and Anjugam Alagappan. "Radiopharmaceuticals in Dermatologic Imaging and Therapy." In Targeted Radiopharmaceuticals and Imaging. Royal Society of Chemistry, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1039/9781837677139-00382.

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Skin is an organ system, which includes not only the skin but also its associated appendages, like hair and nails. These are sites of a wide range of both benign and malignant disease processes. Nuclear medicine plays a vital role in diagnosis, prognostication, response assessment and surveillance of malignant conditions, such as melanoma and other non-melanoma skin cancers. [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy glucose ([18F]FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)–computerized tomography (CT) is the cornerstone of oncology practice and is supplemented by a wide variety of newly developed radiopharmaceuticals which are specific to conditions such as melanoma. Additionally, both PET and single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) radiopharmaceuticals play a pivotal role in diagnosis of benign skin conditions, such as lymphedema and dermatomyositis. The therapeutic potential of nuclear medicine has also been harnessed to treat refractory superficial skin conditions, such as keloids, hypertrophic scars and superficial basal cell carcinomas. Most of these agents are at the stage of pre-clinical and early clinical trials and still require validation in large scale randomised control trials.
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Høilund-Carlsen, Poul F., Abass Alavi, and Jorge R. Barrio. "PET/CT/MRI in Clinical Trials of Alzheimer’s Disease." In Advances in Alzheimer’s Disease. IOS Press, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3233/aiad240044.

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With the advent of PET imaging in 1976, 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG)-PET became the preferred method for in vivo investigation of cerebral processes, including regional hypometabolism in Alzheimer’s disease. With the emergence of amyloid-PET tracers, [11C]Pittsburgh Compound-B in 2004 and later [18F]florbetapir, [18F]florbetaben, and [18F]flumetamol, amyloid-PET has replaced FDG-PET in Alzheimer’s disease anti-amyloid clinical trial treatments to ensure “amyloid positivity” as an entry criterion, and to measure treatment-related decline in cerebral amyloid deposits. MRI has been used to rule out other brain diseases and screen for ‘amyloid-related imaging abnormalities’ (ARIAs) of two kinds, ARIA-E and ARIA-H, characterized by edema and micro-hemorrhage, respectively, and, to a lesser extent, to measure changes in cerebral volumes. While early immunotherapy trials of Alzheimer’s disease showed no clinical effects, newer monoclonal antibody trials reported decreases of 27% to 85% in the cerebral amyloid-PET signal, interpreted by the Food and Drug Administration as amyloid removal expected to result in a reduction in clinical decline. However, due to the lack of diagnostic specificity of amyloid-PET tracers, amyloid positivity cannot prevent the inclusion of non-Alzheimer’s patients and even healthy subjects in these clinical trials. Moreover, the “decreasing amyloid accumulation” assessed by amyloid-PET imaging has questionable quantitative value in the presence of treatment-related brain damage (ARIAs). Therefore, future Alzheimer’s clinical trials should disregard amyloid-PET imaging and focus instead on assessment of regional brain function by FDG-PET and MRI monitoring of ARIAs and brain volume loss in all trial patients.
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Triumbari, Elizabeth Katherine Anna, Agostino Chiaravalloti, Orazio Schillaci, Nicola Biagio Mercuri, and Claudio Liguori. "Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography Imaging in Therapeutic Clinical Trials in Alzheimer’s Disease: An Overview of the Current State of the Art of Research." In Advances in Alzheimer’s Disease. IOS Press, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3233/aiad240045.

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The integration of positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) has revolutionized the landscape of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) research and therapeutic interventions. By combining structural and functional imaging, PET/CT provides a comprehensive understanding of disease pathology and response to treatment assessment. PET/CT, particularly with 2-deoxy-2-[fluorine-18]fluoro-D-glucose (18F-FDG), facilitates the visualization of glucose metabolism in the brain, enabling early diagnosis, staging, and monitoring of neurodegenerative disease progression. The advent of amyloid and tau PET imaging has further propelled the field forward, offering invaluable tools for tracking pathological hallmarks, assessing treatment response, and predicting clinical outcomes. While some therapeutic interventions targeting amyloid plaque load showed promising results with the reduction of cerebral amyloid accumulation over time, others failed to demonstrate a significant impact of anti-amyloid agents for reducing the amyloid plaques burden in AD brains. Tau PET imaging has conversely fueled the advent of disease-modifying therapeutic strategies in AD by supporting the assessment of neurofibrillary tangles of tau pathology deposition over time. Looking ahead, PET imaging holds immense promise for studying additional targets such as neuroinflammation, cholinergic deficit, and synaptic dysfunction. Advances in radiotracer development, dedicated brain PET/CT scanners, and Artificial Intelligence-powered software are poised to enhance the quality, sensitivity, and diagnostic power of molecular neuroimaging. Consequently, PET/CT remains at the forefront of AD research, offering unparalleled opportunities for unravelling the complexities of the disease and advancing therapeutic interventions, although it is not yet enough alone to allow patients’ recruitment in therapeutic clinical trials.
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Robbins, Richard J., Chee-Yeung Chan, R. Michael Tuttle, and Steven M. Larson. "Chapter 6 The role of fluoro-deoxy glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) in the management of differentiated thyroid cancer." In Advances in Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. Elsevier, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1569-2566(04)04006-2.

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Faheem, Mohd, Vaibhav Pandey, and Manish Dixit. "[ 18F]Fluoro Analogue of D-Glucose: A Chemistry Perspective." In 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose: Chemistry and Biology. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815305159124010007.

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2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose ([18F]FDG) is a versatile molecule in nuclear medicine that has evolved into a vital radiotracer in medical imaging applications via positron emission tomography (PET) [18F]FDG is derived from its derivative, 2-deoxyD-glucose (2-DG), where the triflate group is attached to carbon-2 [18F]FDG serves as a crucial non-invasive diagnostic tool and is prominently utilized in non-invasive imaging of various metastatic diseases, particularly cancer imaging. Its importance as a tracer has been further enhanced by its unexpected attribute of generating a low body background through excretion, leading to its effective application in PET/CT for highly-sensitive and specific tumor detection. This chapter provides insight into the synthesis of [18F]FDG, employing various reaction protocols such as electrophilic and nucleophilic processes. This chapter also summarized the purification and their quality assurance methods and highlighted the distinct challenges associated with each. The nucleophilic technique produces [18F]FDG with a higher yield and purity than the electrophilic method for routine manufacture. Commercially devoted automated modules for FDG production use this method, demonstrating its widespread use in clinical imaging. Nucleophilic reactions of [18F]fluoride ions attacking the C-2 position of mannose triflate to produce FDG are routine in clinical imaging. The final [18F]FDG product satisfies safety, purity, and efficacy standards through rigorous quality control and assurance. The trajectory from glucose discovery to the development of [18F]FDG exemplifies the continuing advancement of medical imaging methods. FDG's accomplishment shows how biology, chemistry, and medical technology are interrelated, providing a better understanding and treatment of complicated diseases like cancer.
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King, KS, DK Alexopoulos, MA Whatley, et al. "Functional Imaging of Head and Neck Paragangliomas: Comparison of18F-Fluorodihydroxyphenylalanine (18F-FDOPA) Positron Emission Tomography (PET),18F-Fluorodopamine (18F-FDA) PET/Computed Tomography (CT),18F-Fluoro-2-Deoxy-D-Glucose (18F-FDG) PET/CT,123I-Metaiodobenzylguanidine (123I-MIBG) Scintigraphy, and 111In-Pentetreotide Scintigraphy." In The Endocrine Society's 92nd Annual Meeting, June 19–22, 2010 - San Diego. Endocrine Society, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo-meetings.2010.part2.or.or14-2.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "FDG (fluoro-deoxy glucose)"

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Patel, Maryam, Bawanile Hadebe, Venesen Pillay, and Lerwine Harry. "Should 18F-FDG PET/CT Scans (2-Deoxy-2[fluorine 18] fluoro-D-glucose Integrated with Computed Tomography) Replace 99mTc-MDP (Methylene Diphosphonate) Bone Scintigraphy in the Management of Breast Cancer Patients with Suspected Skeletal Metastases?" In Abstracts for the 18th International Conference on Radiopharmaceutical Therapy (ICRT). Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-1769982.

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