Artykuły w czasopismach: „Fertility Endocrine aspects”

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Szkodziak, Filip, Jarosław Krzyżanowski i Piotr Szkodziak. "Psychological aspects of infertility. A systematic review". Journal of International Medical Research 48, nr 6 (czerwiec 2020): 030006052093240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060520932403.

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Objective Fertility may be defined as a capacity to conceive and produce offspring. Infertility is characterized by failure to establish a clinical pregnancy after 12 months of regular and unprotected sexual intercourse. Infertility concerns an estimated 8–12% of the global population, and is associated with factors including time of unwanted non-conception, age of female partner and number of diseases impacting fertility. Unexplained infertility is described as idiopathic. This study aimed to analyse and evaluate the influence of mental disorders, often considered as reasons for idiopathic infertility, on female and male fertility, including stress, depression, sleep and eating disorders, and addictions. Methods This systematic review comprised a search of MEDLINE, Cochrane and PubMed databases for relevant articles that were analysed by two independent reviewers. Results A total of 106 articles published between 1955–2019 were included. Mental disorders modify endocrine gland and immune system functioning at both the tissue and cellular level, and are negatively associated with female and male fertility. Conclusion Mental disorders may negatively impact female and male fertility. Further studies are required to explain the exact role and contribution of mental disorders to fertility.

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Leshchenko, O. Ya, E. V. Genich, M. A. Darenskaya i L. I. Kolesnikova. "HIV and infertility: neuro-endocrine and metabolic aspects". HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders 12, nr 4 (9.02.2021): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22328/2077-9828-2020-12-4-73-80.

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Objective: to establish a correlation of the main neuroendocrine and metabolic parameters associated with infertility and to provide a prognostic assessment of reproductive disorders in HIV-infected women, stages 4.Materials and methods. Cross-sectional, cohort, clinical and sociological study of fertility of 83 women of reproductive age with HIV, stages 4.Results. The most signiﬁcant indicators of lipid peroxidation and neuroendocrine regulation systems have been established in patients with HIV infection and reproductive disorders, which will make it possible to predict these disorders in the future. Decreased ovarian reserve, ovarian steroid function, increased pituitary prolactinergic function are associated with a deﬁciency of a number of antioxidants (retinol, tocopherol, superoxide dismutase) and the development of oxidative stress with a predominant accumulation of intermediate lipid peroxidation products in HIV-infected women with infertility.Conclusion. The pathogenetically substantiated principle of the correction of antioxidant status is the use of a-tocopherol and retinol preparations and the correction of hormonal levels in HIV-infected women with reproductive disorders.

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Kumar, A., S. Raut i N. H. Balasinor. "Endocrine regulation of sperm release". Reproduction, Fertility and Development 30, nr 12 (2018): 1595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd18057.

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Spermiation (sperm release) is the culmination of a spermatid’s journey in the seminiferous epithelium. After a long association with the Sertoli cell, spermatids have to finally ‘let go’ of the support from Sertoli cells in order to be transported to the epididymis. Spermiation is a multistep process characterised by removal of excess spermatid cytoplasm, recycling of junctional adhesion molecules by endocytosis, extensive cytoskeletal remodelling and final spermatid disengagement. Successful execution of all these events requires coordinated regulation by endocrine and paracrine factors. This review focuses on the endocrine regulation of spermiation. With the aim of delineating how hormones control the various aspects of spermiation, this review provides an analysis of recent advances in research on the hormonal control of molecules associated with the spermiation machinery. Because spermiation is one of the most sensitive phases of spermatogenesis to variations in hormone levels, understanding their molecular control is imperative to advance our knowledge of the nuances of spermatogenesis and male fertility.

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Arnanz, Ana, Juan A. Garcia-Velasco i José Luis Neyro. "Calcifediol (25OHD) Deficiency and Its Treatment in Women’s Health and Fertility". Nutrients 14, nr 9 (27.04.2022): 1820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14091820.

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Currently, there is abundant scientific evidence showing that the vitamin D endocrine system (VDES) is a highly complex endocrine system with multiple actions in different regions of the body. The unequivocal presence of vitamin D receptors in different tissues related to fertility, and to specific aspects of women’s health such as pregnancy, undoubtedly implies functions of this steroid hormone in both male and female fertility and establishes relationships with different outcomes of human gestation. In order to review the role of the VDES in human fertility, we evaluated the relationships established between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (calcifediol) deficiency and in vitro fertilization, as well as aspects related to ovarian reserve and fertility, and commonly diagnosed endocrinopathies such as polycystic ovary disease. Likewise, we briefly reviewed the relationships between calcifediol deficiency and uterine fibroids, as well as the role that treatment may have in improving human fertility. Finally, the best scientific evidence available on the consequences of calcifediol deficiency during pregnancy is reviewed in relation to those aspects that have accumulated the most scientific literature to date, such as the relationship with the weight of the newborn at the time of delivery, the appearance of preeclampsia, and the risk of developing gestational diabetes and its final consequences for the pregnancy. To date, there is no definitive consensus on the necessary dose for treatment of calcifediol deficiency in the therapeutic management of infertility or during pregnancy. Large prospective clinical intervention studies are needed to clarify the benefits associated with this supplementation and the optimal dose to use in each situation. Although most intervention studies to date have been conducted with cholecalciferol, due to its much longer history of use in daily care, the use of calcifediol to alleviate 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency seems safe, even during pregnancy. The unequivocal presence of vitamin D receptors in very different tissues related to human fertility, both male and female, as well as in structures typical of pregnancy, allows us to investigate the crucial role that this steroid hormone has in specific aspects of women’s health, such as pregnancy and the ability to conceive. Well-designed clinical studies are needed to elucidate the necessary dose and the best form of treatment to resolve the very common calcifediol deficiency in women of reproductive age.

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de Carvalho, Bruno, Ionara Barcelos, Sebastião de Medeiros, Cristina Benetti-Pinto, Daniela Yela, Andrea Nácul, Gustavo Maciel, José Júnior, Ana Carolina Rosa e Silva i Laura Costa. "Increasing the Chances of Natural Conception: Opinion Statement from the the Brazilian Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Associations - FEBRASGO - Committee of Gynecological Endocrinology". Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia / RBGO Gynecology and Obstetrics 41, nr 03 (15.02.2019): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1677838.

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AbstractConsidering that myths and misconceptions regarding natural procreation spread rapidly in the era of easy access to information and to social networks, adequate counseling about natural fertility and spontaneous conception should be encouraged in any kind of health assistance. Despite the fact that there is no strong-powered evidence about any of the aspects related to natural fertility, literature on how to increase the chances of a spontaneous pregnancy is available. In the present article, the Brazilian Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Associations (FEBRASGO, in the Portuguese acronym) Committee on Endocrine Gynecology provides suggestions to optimize counseling for non-infertile people attempting spontaneous conception.

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Ivanova, L. V., L. Sh Gorbacova i N. L. Nemet. "Modern aspects in the treatment of pelvic inflammatory diseases, associated with intrauterine device contraception and their consequences in the remote period". Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 48, nr 2 (15.05.1999): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd88063.

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Pelvic inflammatory diseases are widespread form of women pathology. In many cases these diseases are connected to IUD application and frequently result in violations of specific functions of a female organism. We conduct operation on generalization of data of literary sources, with reference to the given kind of a pathology, analyse the etiology, clinical features, methods of treatment (conservative and surgical), and also paths for restoring fertility and endocrine functions.

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Yding Andersen, C., L. S. Mamsen i S. G. Kristensen. "FERTILITY PRESERVATION: Freezing of ovarian tissue and clinical opportunities". Reproduction 158, nr 5 (listopad 2019): F27—F34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-18-0635.

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Ovarian tissue cryopreservation (OTC) is mainly used for fertility preservation in girls and women facing a gonadotoxic treatment. If the woman subsequently becomes menopausal, the ovarian tissue may be transplanted to regain ovarian function, including fertility. The method was developed more than two decades ago and today thousands of women worldwide have undergone OTC. Fewer than 500 patients have had tissue transplanted and close to 100% of those regain ovarian function. Several technical aspects of OTC are now becoming more established, including high quantitative follicle survival, defining the size of the tissue resulting in optimal tissue revascularisation and follicle loss resulting from transport of ovarian tissue prior to freezing. We have used OTC to safeguard fertility in patients with genetic diseases, which for some diagnoses is purely experimental, as no transplantations is yet been performed. Usage of OTC beyond fertility is now also being considered; here, the endocrine function of follicles is the focus. It has been suggested that ovarian tissue stored in the reproductive years may be used to avoid premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) when there is a familial disposition or to postpone menopause in patients with an increased risk of osteoporosis or cardiovascular diseases. The benefit of OTC beyond fertility requires, however, actual clinical studies. The current review includes several recent technical aspects with contributions from Denmark building on some of the early work by Roger Gosden.

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Rojas, Joselyn, Mervin Chávez-Castillo, Luis Carlos Olivar, María Calvo, José Mejías, Milagros Rojas, Jessenia Morillo i Valmore Bermúdez. "Physiologic Course of Female Reproductive Function: A Molecular Look into the Prologue of Life". Journal of Pregnancy 2015 (2015): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/715735.

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The genetic, endocrine, and metabolic mechanisms underlying female reproduction are numerous and sophisticated, displaying complex functional evolution throughout a woman’s lifetime. This vital course may be systematized in three subsequent stages: prenatal development of ovaries and germ cells up untilin uteroarrest of follicular growth and the ensuing interim suspension of gonadal function; onset of reproductive maturity through puberty, with reinitiation of both gonadal and adrenal activity; and adult functionality of the ovarian cycle which permits ovulation, a key event in female fertility, and dictates concurrent modifications in the endometrium and other ovarian hormone-sensitive tissues. Indeed, the ultimate goal of this physiologic progression is to achieve ovulation and offer an adequate environment for the installation of gestation, the consummation of female fertility. Strict regulation of these processes is important, as disruptions at any point in this evolution may equate a myriad of endocrine-metabolic disturbances for women and adverse consequences on offspring both during pregnancy and postpartum. This review offers a summary of pivotal aspects concerning the physiologic course of female reproductive function.

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Schuenemann, G. M., J. L. Edwards, F. M. Hopkins, N. R. Rohrbach, H. S. Adair, F. N. Scenna, J. C. Waller, J. W. Oliver, A. M. Saxton i F. N. Schrick. "Fertility aspects in yearling beef bulls grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue pastures". Reproduction, Fertility and Development 17, nr 4 (2005): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd05005.

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During a 2-year study, yearling beef bulls were used to determine the effects of grazing on endophyte-infected tall fescue on endocrine profiles, semen quality and fertilisation potential. Bulls were allotted to graze tall fescue pastures infected with Neotyphodium coenophialum (E+; n = 20 per year) or Jesup/MaxQTM (Pennington Seed, Atlanta, GA, USA; NTE; n = 10 per year). Bulls were grouped by scrotal circumference (SC), bodyweight (BW), breed composites and age to graze tall fescue pastures from mid-November until the end of June (within each year). Blood samples, BW, SC and rectal temperatures (RT) were collected every 14 days. Semen was collected from bulls every 60 days by electroejaculation and evaluated for motility and morphology. The developmental competence of oocytes fertilised in vitro with semen from respective treatments was determined. Bulls grazing E+ pastures had decreased BW gain (P < 0.01), increased overall RT (P < 0.01) and decreased prolactin (P < 0.01) compared with animals grazing NTE pastures. Neither percentage of normal sperm morphology nor motility differed between bulls grazed on the two pasture types. Semen from E+ bulls demonstrated decreased cleavage rates (P = 0.02) compared with semen from NTE bulls. However, development of cleaved embryos to the eight-cell and blastocyst stages did not differ between the two groups. In conclusion, semen from bulls grazing E+ tall fescue resulted in decreased cleavage rates in vitro, which may lower reproductive performance owing to reduced fertilisation ability.

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Yaw, Alexandra, Autumn McLane-Svoboda i Hanne Hoffmann. "Shiftwork and Light at Night Negatively Impact Molecular and Endocrine Timekeeping in the Female Reproductive Axis in Humans and Rodents". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, nr 1 (30.12.2020): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22010324.

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Shiftwork, including work that takes place at night (nightshift) and/or rotates between day and nightshifts, plays an important role in our society, but is associated with decreased health, including reproductive dysfunction. One key factor in shiftwork, exposure to light at night, has been identified as a likely contributor to the underlying health risks associated with shiftwork. Light at night disrupts the behavioral and molecular circadian timekeeping system, which is important for coordinated timing of physiological processes, causing mistimed hormone release and impaired physiological functions. This review focuses on the impact of shiftwork on reproductive function and pregnancy in women and laboratory rodents and potential underlying molecular mechanisms. We summarize the negative impact of shiftwork on female fertility and compare these findings to studies in rodent models of light shifts. Light-shift rodent models recapitulate several aspects of reproductive dysfunction found in shift workers, and their comparison with human studies can enable a deeper understanding of physiological and hormonal responses to light shifts and the underlying molecular mechanisms that may lead to reproductive disruption in human shift workers. The contributions of human and rodent studies are essential to identify the origins of impaired fertility in women employed in shiftwork.

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Tang, Tian, Jinghan Yang i Siyuan Jing. "A Preliminary Study on the Mechanism of Premature Ovarian Failure". Proceedings of Anticancer Research 5, nr 4 (29.07.2021): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/par.v5i4.2318.

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Premature ovarian failure (POF) refers to the failure of ovaries which causes amenorrhea before the age of 40. It is characterized by primary or secondary amenorrhea along with elevated blood gonadotropin levels and decreased estrogen levels with varying degrees of low estrogen symptoms such as hot flashes and sweating, facial flushing, reduced libido, and so on. Premature ovarian failure (POF) is a common endocrine disease in gynecology. The incidence of POF is increasing year by year and the affected population increasingly involves the younger-aged groups. Its etiology is complex and diverse involving many factors such as genetics, immunity, medical treatment, environment endocrine disruptors, etc. It is also affected by long-term smoking, alcohol intake, and other behaviors which damage patients’ physical and mental health. In recent years, the effects of gene therapy in restoring ovarian function and improving fertility in animal experiments have provided a new direction for POF patients. This article discusses the etiology and possible pathogenesis of POF and BRCA from various aspects as well as summarizes the recent research status and progress of new treatment methods of POF.

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CARSOTE, Mara, Diana Elena RENTEA, Aida PETCA, Stefania ZUGRAVU, Claudia MEHEDINTU, Florica SANDRU, Anda DUMITRASCU i Mihai Cristian DUMITRASCU. "Endocrine issues and premenopausal breast cancer – case report and review of literature". Romanian Journal of Medical Practice 16, nr 4 (31.12.2021): 533–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjmp.2021.4.25.

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There is an alarming increasing incidence of PBC (premenopausal breast cancer) in countries with high income due to, on one hand, more accessible screening tools and, on the other hand, potential implications of daily lifestyle habits and endocrine disruptors of modern society on terms of facilitating tumor growth. A more severe prognostic is found in females younger than 40 years old at first detection, with advanced disease at diagnostic, and those with tumors displaying specific immunohistochemistry configuration (and associated gene profile) like ER (estrogen receptor) positive or HEGFR2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor) negative. Recently, particular aspects are reported in terms of PBC therapy: the switch from offering aromatase inhibitors/tamoxifen only in post-menopausal females was done to premenopausal subjects in addition to medication that offers ovarian function suppression (OFS) – as an alternative to classical oophorectomy - for 5 years up to 10 years extension depending on protocol and patient’ age at first diagnostic. The main endocrine considerations concerning PBC are: OFS and/or chemotherapy or oophorectomy causing prompt hypogonadism, bone status anomalies due to estrogens deficiency, potential endocrine tumors that are prone to be linked (for instance, a higher risk of cancer in acromegalic patients etc.), cardio-metabolic elements as facilitators of early tumorigenesis, fertility issues on PBC survivals etc. The purpose of the present paper is to introduce several key messages that relate to endocrine implications of PBC starting from a case.

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de Graaf, Johan P., Friso de Vries, Anne Dirkson, Olaf Hiort, Alberto M. Pereira, Márta Korbonits i Martine Cools. "Patients with rare endocrine conditions have corresponding views on unmet needs in clinical research". Endocrine 71, nr 3 (3.02.2021): 561–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12020-021-02618-z.

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Abstract Purpose European Reference Network on Rare Endocrine Conditions' (Endo-ERN) mission is to reduce and ultimately abolish inequalities in care for patients with rare endocrine conditions in Europe. This study assesses which themes related to rare endocrine conditions are prioritized by patients for clinical research. Methods A survey was developed, translated into 22 different European languages, and distributed to patients with rare endocrine conditions. Patients were asked to give priority scores to listed prespecified topics: fertility, heritability, tiredness, daily medicine intake, sleep quality, physical discomfort, and ability to work, partake in social life, and sports. They were also asked to suggest further important areas for research in open fields. Results After data cleaning, 1378 survey responses were analyzed. Most responses were received from Northern (47%) and Western Europeans (39%), while Southern (11%) and Eastern Europe (2%) were underrepresented. Respondents were most interested in research concerning ability to participate in social life and work. Patients suggested key areas to work: long-term side effects of medical treatments and quality of life. Some priorities differed between disease groups, both for prespecified and open topics and reflected aspects of patients’ individual conditions. Conclusions With this large survey, Endo-ERN gained insight into patients’ unmet needs in scientific research. Patients prioritized research on ability to work and participation in social activities, though needs differ between the disease groups. Clinical experts should incorporate the results of this survey into the design of future studies on rare endocrine conditions. We aim to utilize these results in designing patient-reported outcome measures for the disease areas covered by Endo-ERN.

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Damiani, Durval, Marc Fellous, Ken McElreavey, Sandrine Barbaux, Elenilde S. A. Barreto, Vaê Dichtchekenian i Nuvarte Setian. "True hermaphroditism: clinical aspects and molecular studies in 16 cases". European Journal of Endocrinology 136, nr 2 (luty 1997): 201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1360201.

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Abstract Although true hermaphroditism (TH) accounts for less than 10% of intersex patients, it stands as a diagnostic challenge and has allowed a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in sexual differentiation. In this paper we review the clinical and laboratory data as well as molecular biology findings on 16 TH patients followed up at the Pediatric Endocrine Unit, Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University Medical School. They were of a mean age of 3 years 8 months and nine of them were black. All the patients had ambiguous external genitalia as the main complaint. The 46,XX karyotype accounted for 50% of the cases and the ovotestis was the most frequent gonad found (59%). In the eight TH patients with a 46,XX karyotype, the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome (SRY) was negative, posing an intriguing question about the testicular differentiation mechanisms involved in these cases. In 7/19 ovotestes, the ovarian portion of the gonad has been preserved, keeping open the possibility of fertility. The female sex option was made in 10/16 cases (62·5%) and three patients exhibited spontaneous puberty. The mechanism through which testicular tissue develops without SRY has not yet been completely clarified, suggesting the involvement of the X chromosome as well as autosomal genes in the process. European Journal of Endocrinology 136 201–204

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Carsote, Mara, Cristina Vasiliu, Alexandra Ioana Trandafir, Simona Elena Albu, Mihai-Cristian Dumitrascu, Adelina Popa, Claudia Mehedintu, Razvan-Cosmin Petca, Aida Petca i Florica Sandru. "New Entity—Thalassemic Endocrine Disease: Major Beta-Thalassemia and Endocrine Involvement". Diagnostics 12, nr 8 (9.08.2022): 1921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12081921.

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Beta-thalassemia (BTH), a recessively inherited haemoglobin (Hb) disorder, causes iron overload (IO), extra-medullary haematopoiesis and bone marrow expansion with major clinical impact. The main objective of this review is to address endocrine components (including aspects of reproductive health as fertility potential and pregnancy outcome) in major beta-thalassemia patients, a complex panel known as thalassemic endocrine disease (TED). We included English, full-text articles based on PubMed research (January 2017–June 2022). TED includes hypogonadism (hypoGn), anomalies of GH/IGF1 axes with growth retardation, hypothyroidism (hypoT), hypoparathyroidism (hypoPT), glucose profile anomalies, adrenal insufficiency, reduced bone mineral density (BMD), and deterioration of microarchitecture with increased fracture risk (FR). The prevalence of each ED varies with population, criteria of definition, etc. At least one out of every three to four children below the age of 12 y have one ED. ED correlates with ferritin and poor compliance to therapy, but not all studies agree. Up to 86% of the adult population is affected by an ED. Age is a positive linear predictor for ED. Low IGF1 is found in 95% of the population with GH deficiency (GHD), but also in 93.6% of persons without GHD. HypoT is mostly pituitary-related; it is not clinically manifested in the majority of cases, hence the importance of TSH/FT4 screening. HypoT is found at any age, with the prevalence varying between 8.3% and 30%. Non-compliance to chelation increases the risk of hypoT, yet not all studies confirmed the correlation with chelation history (reversible hypoT under chelation is reported). The pitfalls of TSH interpretation due to hypophyseal IO should be taken into consideration. HypoPT prevalence varies from 6.66% (below the age of 12) to a maximum of 40% (depending on the study). Serum ferritin might act as a stimulator of FGF23. Associated hypocalcaemia transitions from asymptomatic to severe manifestations. HypoPT is mostly found in association with growth retardation and hypoGn. TED-associated adrenal dysfunction is typically mild; an index of suspicion should be considered due to potential life-threatening complications. Periodic check-up by ACTH stimulation test is advised. Adrenal insufficiency/hypocortisolism status is the rarest ED (but some reported a prevalence of up to one third of patients). Significantly, many studies did not routinely perform a dynamic test. Atypical EM sites might be found in adrenals, mimicking an incidentaloma. Between 7.5–10% of children with major BTH have DM; screening starts by the age of 10, and ferritin correlated with glycaemia. Larger studies found DM in up to 34%of cases. Many studies do not take into consideration IGF, IGT, or do not routinely include OGTT. Glucose anomalies are time dependent. Emerging new markers represent promising alternatives, such as insulin secretion-sensitivity index-2. The pitfalls of glucose profile interpretation include the levels of HbA1c and the particular risk of gestational DM. Thalassemia bone disease (TBD) is related to hypoGn-related osteoporosis, renal function anomalies, DM, GHD, malnutrition, chronic hypoxia-induced calcium malabsorption, and transplant-associated protocols. Low BMD was identified in both paediatric and adult population; the prevalence of osteoporosis/TBD in major BTH patients varies; the highest rate is 40–72% depending on age, studied parameters, DXA evaluation and corrections, and screening thoracic–lumbar spine X-ray. Lower TBS and abnormal dynamics of bone turnover markers are reported. The largest cohorts on transfusion-dependent BTH identified the prevalence of hypoGn to be between 44.5% and 82%. Ferritin positively correlates with pubertal delay, and negatively with pituitary volume. Some authors appreciate hypoGn as the most frequent ED below the age of 15. Long-term untreated hypoGn induces a high cardiovascular risk and increased FR. Hormonal replacement therapy is necessary in addition to specific BTH therapy. Infertility underlines TED-related hormonal elements (primary and secondary hypoGn) and IO-induced gonadal toxicity. Males with BTH are at risk of infertility due to germ cell loss. IO induces an excessive amount of free radicals which impair the quality of sperm, iron being a local catalyser of ROS. Adequate chelation might improve fertility issues. Due to the advances in current therapies, the reproductive health of females with major BTH is improving; a low level of statistical significance reflects the pregnancy status in major BTH (limited data on spontaneous pregnancies and growing evidence of the induction of ovulation/assisted reproductive techniques). Pregnancy outcome also depends on TED approach, including factors such as DM control, adequate replacement of hypoT and hypoPT, and vitamin D supplementation for bone health. Asymptomatic TED elements such as subclinical hypothyroidism or IFG/IGT might become overt during pregnancy. Endocrine glands are particularly sensitive to iron deposits, hence TED includes a complicated puzzle of EDs which massively impacts on the overall picture, including the quality of life in major BTH. The BTH prognostic has registered progress in the last decades due to modern therapy, but the medical and social burden remains elevated. Genetic counselling represents a major step in approaching TH individuals, including as part of the pre-conception assessment. A multidisciplinary surveillance team is mandatory.

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Trummer, Christian, Stefan Pilz, Verena Schwetz, Barbara Obermayer-Pietsch i Elisabeth Lerchbaum. "Vitamin D, PCOS and androgens in men: a systematic review". Endocrine Connections 7, nr 3 (marzec 2018): R95—R113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/ec-18-0009.

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Background Accumulating evidence from animal and human studies suggests that vitamin D is involved in many functions of the reproductive system in both genders. Aim The aim of this review was to provide an overview on the effects of vitamin D on polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in women and androgen metabolism in men. Methods We performed a systematic literature search in PubMed for relevant English language publications published from January 2012 until September 2017. Results and discussion The vitamin D receptor and vitamin D-metabolizing enzymes are found in reproductive tissues of women and men. In women, vitamin D status has been associated with several features of PCOS. In detail, cross-sectional data suggest a regulatory role of vitamin D in PCOS-related aspects such as ovulatory dysfunction, insulin resistance as well as hyperandrogenism. Moreover, results from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) suggest that vitamin D supplementation may be beneficial for metabolic, endocrine and fertility aspects in PCOS. In men, vitamin D status has been associated with androgen levels and hypogonadism. Further, there is some evidence for a favorable effect of vitamin D supplementation on testosterone concentrations, although others failed to show a significant effect on testosterone levels. Conclusion In summary, vitamin D deficiency is associated with adverse fertility outcomes including PCOS and hypogonadism, but the evidence is insufficient to establish causality. High-quality RCTs are needed to further evaluate the effects of vitamin D supplementation in PCOS women as well as on androgen levels in men.

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Allen, Cathy. "Health and Disease After Assisted Reproductive Technology". Fertility & Reproduction 01, nr 03 (wrzesień 2019): 122–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2661318219300095.

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Long-term health outcomes after ART have largely focused on offspring health and perinatal parameters. Longer-term health outcomes in female patients remain difficult to fully assess. Hypothetical concerns about the effects of endocrine manipulation on hormone-sensitive conditions, e.g. breast disease, are confounded by variable factors in patients and treatments. Obstetric and perinatal factors endow an additional layer of complexity to the overall analysis and more research is required to appreciate all aspects of ART. Notwithstanding the knowledge gap, clinicians must endeavour to individualise management plans, taking into account the pros and cons of ART in the context of immediate, maternity-related and long-term health risks for their patients. This review of recent literature examines current ART practice in terms of female health and disease as we strive for best practice in an ever-changing clinical and demographic fertility landscape.

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O'Connor, Annalouise, James Gibney i Helen M. Roche. "Metabolic and hormonal aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome: the impact of diet". Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 69, nr 4 (10.08.2010): 628–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665110002016.

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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common, chronic endocrine condition affecting young women of reproductive age. It is characterised by hyperandrogenaemia, and profound menstrual and ovulatory dysfunction with consequent sub-fertility. A clustering of metabolic aberrations is commonly associated with this condition and these include insulin resistance, disordered lipid metabolism and chronic low-grade inflammation. Overweight and obesity, as well as a degree of adipose tissue dysfunction, are present in a large proportion of women with PCOS, and where present, magnify the inherent hyperandrogenaemia characteristic of the condition, in addition to worsening the metabolic profile. Diet and lifestyle interventions are among the first-line treatments for PCOS, and weight reduction through energy restriction has been shown to exert positive influences on both metabolic and hormonal aspects of this condition. Alterations in carbohydrate amount and type have also been investigated, and more recently, dietary fatty acids, with a particular emphasis on PUFA, have been shown to have a positive impact within this population group. Although it is likely that diet is not the root cause of PCOS, it represents a modifiable variable with the potential to improve the health of women with this condition. Work to date has provided insights into the role of diet in PCOS; however, further work is required to determine the role of nutrients specifically within the context of PCOS, in order to develop more effective, evidence-based dietary guidelines for this condition.

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Tzvetkova, P. "Congenital anomalies of the mesonephronic duct and fertility". Acta chirurgica Iugoslavica 54, nr 2 (2007): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aci0702063t.

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Agenesia of deferential duct and the others congenital malformations of mesonephronical duct are often encountering condition in andrological practice. This study presents the possibilities of reproductive medicine to restore the male fertility and concentrates on biological and clinical aspects of malformations of mesonephronic duct like factors for excretory male infertility. The investigations including 104 patients (mean age 30.25+1.91 years old) with congenital anomalies of mesonephronical duct with: Agenesia of mesonephronical derivates - case with unilateral agenesia of the deferent duct, kidney and left urether (n=1); Dysgenesia of the epididymis (n=5); Cysts of the epididymis (n=47); Agenesia of the deferential duct (n=48); Aplasia of the eja-culatorial duct (n=3). The following methods were used: open testicular biopsy by Vilar; objective findings in situ operation; bilateral epididymo - and deferentovesiculography; morphological specimens of the testicular and epididymal tissues; enzymohistochemical analysis of testicular specimens; the ejaculates and morphological analysis of spermatozoa were assessed for quality parameters by the standard protocol; enzymocytological research of spermatozoa in seminal fluid; biochemical analysis of seminal fluid fructose and citric acid concentrations; radioimmunoassay for measurements of blood FSH and testosterone concentration. Results: Most often observed localization of the malformations of mesonephronic canal is bilateral at 54.81%. The testicular specimens proved preserved testicular architecture and spermatogenesis, and the epididymal slides showed dilatation of the epididymal tubules, which were overfilled with a lot of spermatozoa. The strongest expression of the enzymichistochemical NADH-TR reactions is in the Sertoli cells. We observed spermatozoa with disrup-ted configuration among which the abnormalities in sperm head and acrosome were predominated. The biochemical analysis of seminal fluid proves normal citric acid and low or lack of fructose concentration in seminal fluid. There were no breaches in endocrine regulation of the reproductive process. Patients with congenital anomalies of mesonephronic canal have preserving fertility in 31.73%. There are morpho-functional disorders of the testes, epididymis and seminal ducts in 68.27%. Conclusion: There are normal spermatogenesis but definite sterility. These results necessitate an application of plastic reconstructive operation for recovery of fertilizing ability of the patients, or their involvement in ICSI programme. .

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El. Khoury, Diala, Salma Fayjaloun, Marc Nassar, Joseph Sahakian i Pauline Y. Aad. "Updates on the Effect of Mycotoxins on Male Reproductive Efficiency in Mammals". Toxins 11, nr 9 (3.09.2019): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11090515.

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Mycotoxins are ubiquitous and unavoidable harmful fungal products with the ability to cause disease in both animals and humans, and are found in almost all types of foods, with a greater prevalence in hot humid environments. These mycotoxins vary greatly in structure and biochemical effects; therefore, by better understanding the toxicological and pathological aspects of mycotoxins, we can be better equipped to fight the diseases, as well as the biological and economic devastations, they induce. Multiple studies point to the association between a recent increase in male infertility and the increased occurrence of these mycotoxins in the environment. Furthermore, understanding how mycotoxins may induce an accumulation of epimutations during parental lifetimes can shed light on their implications with respect to fertility and reproductive efficiency. By acknowledging the diversity of mycotoxin molecular function and mode of action, this review aims to address the current limited knowledge on the effects of these chemicals on spermatogenesis and the various endocrine and epigenetics patterns associated with their disruptions.

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Valentim, Jean Kaique, Janaína Palermo Mendes, Bruna Barreto Przybulinski, Felipe Cardoso Serpa, Deivid Kelly Barbosa, Vivian Aparecida Rios Castilho i Rita Therezinha Rolim Pietramale. "Fatores Nutricionais Aplicados à Reprodução de Ruminantes". UNICIÊNCIAS 23, nr 2 (4.12.2019): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/1415-5141.2019v23n2p77-82.

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Os animais de produção estão sendo modificados através de um intenso melhoramento genético, buscando intensificar seu desempenho para atender a demanda mundial em quesitos de alimentação. Essa maximização de desempenho demanda um acréscimo nutricional, e este por sua vez pode afetar as funções reprodutivas. Vários estudos mostram que a reprodução pode ser comprometida se as necessidades nutricionais dos animais não forem atendidas. Esta demanda nutricional afeta diretamente a função dos órgãos reprodutivos e o funcionamento do sistema endócrino, podendo interferir na taxa de fertilidade destes animais. A nutrição tem influência na fertilidade, diretamente por meio do fornecimento de nutrientes específicos, que são necessários para os processos de desenvolvimento do folículo, de ovulação, de maturação oocitária, de fertilização, de sobrevivência embrionária e o estabelecimento da gestação e, indiretamente, atuando sobre as concentrações circulantes dos hormônios e outros metabólitos sensíveis aos nutrientes que são requeridos para o sucesso destes processos. O objetivo do presente trabalho é obter uma revisão de literatura atualizada sobre o contexto recente da influência de fatores nutricionais sobre os aspectos reprodutivos de animais ruminantes. Palavras-chave: Nutrição. Metabolismo. Fertilidade. Ruminantes. AbstractThe farm animals are being modified through an intensive genetic improvement seeking to increase their performance to meet the global demand on power issues. This performance maximization demands an extra nutritional and this in turn can affect the reproductive functions. Several studies show that the reproduction can be compromised if the animal’s nutritional needs are met. This nutritional demand directly affects the function of the reproductive organs and the functioning of the endocrine system and may interfere with fertility rate of these animals. Nutrition affects fertility, directly through the provision of specific nutrients that are required for the processes of development of follicle maturation, ovulation, oocyte , fertilization, embryo survival and the establishment of pregnancy; and, indirectly, acting on circulating concentrations of hormones and other metabolites sensitive to nutrients that are required for the success of these processes. The goal of this work was to obtain an updated literature review with recent studies related to nutritional aspects involved in the ruminant animals reproduction. Keywords: Nutrition. Metabolism. Fertility. Ruminants.

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Foresta, Carlo, Daniela Zuccarello, Andrea Garolla i Alberto Ferlin. "Role of Hormones, Genes, and Environment in Human Cryptorchidism". Endocrine Reviews 29, nr 5 (1.08.2008): 560–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/er.2007-0042.

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Abstract Cryptorchidism is the most frequent congenital birth defect in male children (2–4% in full-term male births), and it has the potential to impact the health of the human male. In fact, although it is often considered a mild malformation, it represents the best-characterized risk factor for reduced fertility and testicular cancer. Furthermore, some reports have highlighted a significant increase in the prevalence of cryptorchidism over the last few decades. Etiology of cryptorchidism remains for the most part unknown, and cryptorchidism itself might be considered a complex disease. Major regulators of testicular descent from intraabdominal location into the bottom of the scrotum are the Leydig-cell-derived hormones testosterone and insulin-like factor 3. Research on possible genetic causes of cryptorchidism has increased recently. Abundant animal evidence supports a genetic cause, whereas the genetic contribution to human cryptorchidism is being elucidated only recently. Mutations in the gene for insulin-like factor 3 and its receptor and in the androgen receptor gene have been recognized as causes of cryptorchidism in some cases, but some chromosomal alterations, above all the Klinefelter syndrome, are also frequently involved. Environmental factors acting as endocrine disruptors of testicular descent might also contribute to the etiology of cryptorchidism and its increased incidence in recent years. Furthermore, polymorphisms in different genes have recently been investigated as contributing risk factors for cryptorchidism, alone or by influencing susceptibility to endocrine disruptors. Obviously, the interaction of environmental and genetic factors is fundamental, and many aspects have been clarified only recently.

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Giommi, Christian, Hamid R. Habibi, Michela Candelma, Oliana Carnevali i Francesca Maradonna. "Probiotic Administration Mitigates Bisphenol A Reproductive Toxicity in Zebrafish". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, nr 17 (27.08.2021): 9314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179314.

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Although the use of bisphenol A (BPA) has been banned in a number of countries, its presence in the environment still creates health issues both for humans and wildlife. So far, BPA toxicity has been largely investigated on different biological processes, from reproduction to development, immune system, and metabolism. In zebrafish, Danio rerio, previous studies revealed the ability of environmentally relevant concentrations of this contaminant to significantly impair fertility via epigenetic modification. In addition, several studies demonstrated the ability of different probiotic strains to improve organism health. This study provides information on the role of the probiotic mixture SLAb51 to counteract adverse BPA effects on reproduction. A 28-day trial was set up with different experimental groups: BPA, exposed to 10 µg/L BPA; P, receiving a dietary supplementation of SLAb51 at a final concentration of 109 CFU/g; BPA+P exposed to 10 µg/L BPA and receiving SLAb51 at a final concentration of 109 CFU/g and a C group. Since oocyte growth and maturation represent key aspects for fertility in females, studies were performed on isolated class III (vitellogenic) and IV (in maturation) follicles and liver, with emphasis on the modulation of the different vitellogenin isoforms. In males, key signals regulating spermatogenesis were investigated. Results demonstrated that in fish exposed to the combination of BPA and probiotic, most of the transcripts were closer to C or P levels, supporting the hypothesis of SLAb51 to antagonize BPA toxicity. This study represents the first evidence related to the use of SLAb51 to improve reproduction and open new fields of investigation regarding its use to reduce endocrine disrupting compound impacts on health.

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Seshagiri, Polani B., i Venkatappa Vani. "Research on early mammalian development in India". International Journal of Developmental Biology 64, nr 1-2-3 (2020): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.190189ps.

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Historically, research in India on early mammalian development had only begun, rather modestly, in the last century, unlike the USA and UK. In India, initial studies were on gonadal and reproductive tissue development and function and they were limited to anatomical and histological characterization. This was followed by research on fertility regulation and contraception. Since the 1960s, a major initiative took place regarding endocrine biochemistry and the use of antifertility agents in inhibiting gonadal function and early development. Post-independence, the Indian government´s funding support enabled universities and institutions to embark on various research disciplines in biology but with no particular emphasis on developmental biology per se. Subsequently, India made significant progress in the area of mammalian reproduction and development, but not specifically in the core aspects of developmental biology. Reasons for this could be due to the nation’s compulsion to invest and embark on socio-economic and infrastructure development and on research involving family planning methods for reversible-affordable contraceptives to curtail population growth. With regard to the latter, biologists were involved in hormone-based contraception research. During this pursuit, insights were achieved into basic aspects of the development of gonads, gametes and embryos. Notwithstanding this, in the post-1980s through to the present time, Indian scientists have contributed to (i) the understanding of the cellular and molecular regulation of early development, (ii) developing genetically modified mouse models, (iii) using assisted reproductive technologies, generating mammalian progeny, including humans and (iv) deriving pluripotent stem cell lines for developmental studies. This article provides a perspective on the past and current status of early mammalian development research in India.

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Charazac, Aurélie, Charlotte Hinault, Bastien Dolfi, Solène Hautier, Célia Decondé Le Butor, Frédéric Bost i Nicolas Chevalier. "Low Doses of PFOA Promote Prostate and Breast Cancer Cells Growth through Different Pathways". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, nr 14 (18.07.2022): 7900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147900.

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Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDCs) are found in everyday products. Widely distributed throughout the environment, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are a specific class of EDCs that can accumulate in adipose tissue. Many of them induce adverse effects on human health—such as obesity, fertility disorders and cancers—by perturbing hormone effects. We previously identified many compounds with EDC activity in the circulation of obese patients who underwent bariatric surgery. Herein, we analyzed the effects of four of them (aldrin, BDE28, PFOA and PCB153) on two cancer cell lines of hormone-sensitive organs (prostate and breast). Each cell line was exposed to serial dilutions of EDCs from 10−6 M to 10−12 M; cytotoxicity and proliferation were monitored using the IncuCyte® technology. We showed that none of these EDCs induce cytotoxicity and that PFOA and PCB153, only at very low doses (10−12 M), increase the proliferation of DU145 (prostate cancer) and MCF7 (breast cancer) cells, while the same effects are observed with high concentrations (10−6 M) for aldrin or BDE28. Regarding the mechanistic aspects, PFOA uses two different signaling pathways between the two lines (the Akt/mTORC1 and PlexinD1 in MCF7 and DU145, respectively). Thus, our study demonstrates that even at picomolar (10−12 M) concentrations PFOA and PCB153 increase the proliferation of prostate and breast cancer cell lines and can be considered possible carcinogens.

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Gerardi, Chiara, Eleonora Allocati, Carla Minoia, Attilio Guarini i Rita Banzi. "Long-Term Follow-Up of Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma and Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Survivors: Aims and Methodological Approach for Fondazione Italiana Linfomi Systematic Reviews". Cancers 13, nr 12 (14.06.2021): 2976. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13122976.

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Advances in diagnosis and treatment of hematological malignancies has boosted attention on optimal follow-up care of survivors after cancer. To collect evidence that could inform the development of an optimal model for Italian hematology centers and the scientific community, Fondazione Italiana Linfomi (FIL) commissioned an analysis of the international follow-up approaches for long-term survivors after classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) or diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). FIL set up multidisciplinary teams, representing all different skills relevant for cancer survivors. They conducted a series of systematic reviews focused on three main aspects: incidence of long-term toxicity; comparison of old or standard therapies and more recent ones; and evidence on specific follow-up approaches. The teams applied this framework to cardiological, endocrine-metabolic, neurological/cognitive, and psychological disorders, secondary cancers, fertility preservation, and lifestyles. Each team conducted comprehensive literature searches on PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library databases up to 2020. Screening followed the PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews. The reviews report the results of this wide project covering the main areas of late toxicity and conditions in the long-term survival of cHL and DLBCL patients and their follow-up. From a clinical point of view, the series confirmed that the evidence on follow-up tended to focus on solid tumors with scant evidence on hematological malignancies.

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Penas-Prado, Marta, Terri S. Armstrong i Mark R. Gilbert. "Proposed Additions to the NCCN Guidelines for Adult Medulloblastoma". Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network 18, nr 11 (listopad 2020): 1579–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2020.7650.

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Medulloblastoma is a rare brain tumor that occurs in both children and adults, with patients aged 15 to 39 years accounting for 30% of all cases. In adults, guidelines for diagnosis and treatment are often based on retrospective data and extrapolated from the pediatric experience due to limited availability of prospective trials or registries involving adults. Importantly, adult patients differ from pediatric patients in many aspects, including the molecular features of the tumor and tolerance to treatment. In 2017, the NCI was granted support from the Cancer Moonshot initiative to address the challenges and unmet needs of adults with rare central nervous system (CNS) tumors through the NCI Comprehensive Oncology Network for Evaluating Rare CNS Tumors (NCI-CONNECT). On November 25, 2019, NCI-CONNECT convened a multidisciplinary workshop on adult medulloblastoma. Working groups identified unmet needs in clinical care and research and developed specific action items, including a proposal for inclusion of new items in the NCCN Guidelines for Adult Medulloblastoma, delineated in this review along with the evidence supporting their incorporation. Recommendations included facilitating referral of patients to centers of excellence; promoting patient participation in clinical trials or registries; encouraging use of DNA methylation for confirmation of diagnosis and subgrouping; offering counseling on contraception and fertility preservation; evaluating patients for symptoms and medical management of endocrine, vision, hearing, and neurocognitive deficits; providing psychosocial support and referral to neurorehabilitation; minimizing delays in therapy; and incorporating imaging standards and criteria for progression.

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Karjula, Salla, Riikka K. Arffman, Laure Morin-Papunen, Stephen Franks, Marjo-Riitta Järvelin, Juha S. Tapanainen, Jouko Miettunen i Terhi T. Piltonen. "A population-based follow-up study shows high psychosis risk in women with PCOS". Archives of Women's Mental Health 25, nr 2 (29.11.2021): 301–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00737-021-01195-4.

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AbstractPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder affecting up to 18% of women. Besides metabolic and fertility aspects, attention has lately been directed towards the detrimental effect of PCOS on psychological health. The objective of the study was to investigate whether women with PCOS are at higher risk for psychotic disorders. The study population derives from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (N = 5889 women). The women with PCOS were identified by two simple questions on oligo-amenorrhea and hirsutism at age 31. Women reporting both symptoms were considered PCOS (N = 124) and asymptomatic women as controls (N = 2145). The diagnosis of psychosis was traced using multiple national registers up to the year 2016. Symptoms of psychopathology were identified using validated questionnaires at age 31. Women with PCOS showed an increased risk for any psychosis by age 50 (HR [95% CI] 2.99, [1.52–5.82]). Also, the risk for psychosis after age 31 was increased (HR 2.68 [1.21–5.92]). The results did not change after adjusting for parental history of psychosis, nor were they explained by body mass index or hyperandrogenism at adulthood. The scales of psychopathology differed between women with PCOS and non-PCOS controls showing more psychopathologies among the affected women. PCOS cases were found to be at a three-fold risk for psychosis, and they had increased psychopathological symptoms. PCOS should be taken into consideration when treating women in psychiatric care. More studies are required to further assess the relationship between PCOS and psychotic diseases.

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Mancini, Vanessa, i Virginia Pensabene. "Organs-On-Chip Models of the Female Reproductive System". Bioengineering 6, nr 4 (7.11.2019): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering6040103.

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Microfluidic-based technology attracts great interest in cell biology and medicine, in virtue of the ability to better mimic the in vivo cell microenvironment compared to conventional macroscale cell culture platforms. Recent Organs-on-chip (OoC) models allow to reproduce in vitro tissue and organ-level functions of living organs and systems. These models have been applied for the study of specific functions of the female reproductive tract, which is composed of several organs interconnected through intricate endocrine pathways and communication mechanisms. To date, a disease and toxicology study of this system has been difficult to perform. Thus, there is a compelling need to develop innovative platforms for the generation of disease model and for performing drug toxicity/screening in vitro studies. This review is focused on the analysis of recently published OoC models that recreate pathological and physiological characteristics of the female reproductive organs and tissues. These models aim to be used to assess changes in metabolic activity of the specific cell types and the effect of exposure to hormonal treatment or chemical substances on some aspects of reproduction and fertility. We examined these models in terms of device specifications, operating procedures, accuracy for studying the biochemical and functional activity of living tissues and the paracrine signalling that occurs within the different tissues. These models represent a powerful tool for understanding important diseases and syndromes affecting women all around the world. Immediate adoption of these models will allow to clarify diseases, causes and adverse events occurring during pregnancy such as pre-eclampsia, infertility or preterm birth, endometriosis and infertility.

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AVERY, Jodie, Stephanie PIROTTA, Geranne JISKOOT i Melanie GIBSON-HELM. "Scoping Appropriate Quality of Life Dimensions for the Development of a Meaningful Quality of Life Tool for PCOS. The “HERAQoL-P”". Fertility & Reproduction 04, nr 03n04 (wrzesień 2022): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s266131822274084x.

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Background: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine condition in women, with a range of symptoms related to problems with fertility, weight gain, mental health and sleep, and is not a stable condition over the life course. Women with PCOS have different experiences of Quality of Life (QoL) depending on their age, ethnicity, socio economic status, severity and phenotype. QoL is an important health outcome, yet measures include predefined items, that may be unimportant to individuals. Existing PCOS QoL measures may not capture the full physical, emotional, and social impact of PCOS, all of which need to be addressed within person-centred care in order to achieve the best possible health outcomes in both the short and long term. Aim: We aim to scope and understand priorities for quality of life (QoL) dimensions from women with PCOS throughout life, to provide a conceptual framework for the creation of a meaningful, scientifically validated quality of life tool in the future. Method: Based on the Schedule for the Evaluation of Individual Quality of Life (SEIQoL) questionnaire, we are surveying 200 women and interviewing 20-30 women diagnosed with PCOS about aspects of life important for their quality of life. Questions in the interview include the impact of this condition on physical, mental and emotional health, and understand whether PCOS affects women differently according to their profile of symptoms and background. Results: This work provides the basis for developing a new QoL tool, reflecting the diverse PCOS features with the greatest impact, enabling better evaluation of Patient Reported Outcomes. Conclusion: A high-quality QoL questionnaire could highlight women’s specific priorities, and then measure whether their healthcare addresses such priorities. We will then create the HERAQol-P, with extensive potential to have impact, in both research and clinical care, adding to the evidence base for PCOS.

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Torti, Lorenza, Laura Maffei, Francesco Sorrentino, Paolo De Fabritiis, Donatella Dell'Anna, Maurizio Poggi, Stefano Aureli, Giovanni Loyola, Rocco Rago i Elisabetta Abruzzese. "New Perspectives and Challenges Regarding Fertility, Conception and Pregnancy in Hemoglobinopathies. a Multidisciplinary Report of 66 Outcomes". Blood 136, Supplement 1 (5.11.2020): 22–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2020-134563.

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Introduction Major thalassemia (TM) and sickle cell disease (SCD), two common genetic hemoglobinopathies, were often fatal 50 years ago. Novel therapeutic and diagnostic methods are increasing lifespan and quality of life. Recent advances in iron chelation for transfusion-dependent hemoglobinopathies have significant improved patient prognosis. Young adult TM and SCD patients often ask about the possibility of conception and pregnancy. The increase in the worldwide movement of carriers and subjects has lead to new cultural, ethical and psychosocial aspects that must be taken into consideration. The present study investigated the fertility rate, maternity/paternity status, need for assisted reproductive techniques (ART), abortion rate, pregnancy/newborn complications in patients with hemoglobinopathies. Methods We followed 130 female (FPs) and male (MPs) patients (F:M=93:37); 75 with TM, 32 with thalassemia intermedia (TI), 13 with SCD and 10 with microdrepanocytosis (MDC). Median age is 55 yo (15-90) for TM+TI and 45 yo (18-79) for SCD+MDC. Pregnancy was reported in 37/52 FP of childbearing age (15-49 yo), and conception in 15 MP with fertility rates of 71% and 70%, respectively. Results We reviewed 66 conceptions from 1999 to 2020. Mother age at pregnancy was between 32-39 yo. Forty-seven pregnancies were spontaneous and 19 medically assisted. There were 3 ovodonations and 2 ICSI; 64% of pregnancies were planned. Pregnancy outcomes of 22 TM, 16 TI, 8 SCD and 3 MDC patients are described. There were 7 miscarriages in the first 12 weeks: 3 in TI, 1 in SCD FP; 1 in TM and 2 in SCD MP. Abortion rate was 9%, comparable to the general population. Intrauterine death at 24w occurred in a SCD FP for placental thrombosis and eclampsia. Sixty live healthy newborns were delivered;4 twin pregnancies occurred (1 TM MP, 3 TM FP). Only 1 malformation was observed, in an infant born after ovodonation in a TM FP who had minor gastroenteric and urinary malformations that were surgically corrected. Obstetric complications were eclampsia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, cardiac failure, and acute chest syndrome in SCD patients. One ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome in the 1st month of pregnancy with ascites and admission to the ER was reported. There were 30 (94%) caesarians (CD) and 3 vaginal deliveries (VG) in FP, with 7 preterm babies (22%). In partners of MPs there were 15 CD (56%), and 11 VG with 5 preterm babies (Table I). Births from MPs occurred between 34-40w with a median birth weight of 3 kg (2.17-4) and 30-41w in FPs with a median birth weight of 2,5 kg (1,1-3,4) . FPs were able to breast fed in 56% of cases for a medium time of 66 days (20-120), while female partners of MPs breastfed for 193 days (20-540). Newborn events includes 14 jaundices; 9 babies were placed in intensive care and required incubator use due to cerebral hemorrhage or infections requiring antibiotic therapy. Discussion Spontaneous pregnancies occur in well chelated and transfused patients but a relevant part of those patients are infertile due to hypogonadism due to transfusional hemosiderosis and may need ART. These patients present a base-line pro-coagulant state which can worsen during pregnancy, needing antithrombotic prophylaxis and require regular consultations, since pregnancies are considered high risk for both mother and baby. As osteopenia-osteoporosis are the common endocrine complications in hemoglobinopathies (67% of FPs), both cesarean delivery and breast feeding are strongly suggested. Even though chelating therapy during lactation does not alter iron excretion, our patients didn't receive chelating therapy when breastfeeding. Multidisciplinary programs including transfusions, cardiac and clinical evaluations should be monthly performed. Our Institution has a team of hematologists and other dedicated specialists that work together during the planning, conception, pregnancy, delivery and immediate post-delivery processes to assure best care to mother and child. Conclusions Survival of hemoglobinopathic patients in developed countries is improving and patients aspire to reproductive aims of their healthy peers. TM and SCD patients often request fertility and pregnancy information, including screening of partners. We provide insights regarding reproductive health experience of hemoglobinopathies in both genders. Detailed results, mothers and child follow up and practical management will be presented. Figure Disclosures Abruzzese: Incyte:Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees;Pfizer:Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees;Novartis:Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees;Bms:Honoraria.

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Panieri, Emiliano, Aleksandra Buha-Đorđevic i Luciano Saso. "Endocrine disruption by PFAS: A major concern associated with legacy and replacement substances". Arhiv za farmaciju 71, nr 6 (2021): 429–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/arhfarm71-34197.

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Perand poly-fluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) have been used for decades in a great variety of processes and products by virtue of their exceptional properties, versatility and chemical stability. Nevertheless, it is increasingly recognized that these substances can represent a serious hazard to human health and living organisms due to their persistence, long-range transport potential and tendency to accumulate in biota. For this reason, some efforts have been made across the EU to identify alternative molecules, with a shorter carbon chain and theoretically safer profile, that might replace the previous generation of legacy PFAS. Unfortunately, this strategy has not been entirely successful and serious concerns are still posed by PFAS in different human populations. Among others, an emerging aspect is represented by the adverse effects that both legacy and alternative PFAS can exert on the human endocrine system, with respect to vulnerable target subpopulations. In this review we will briefly summarize PFAS properties, uses and environmental fate, focusing on their effects on human reproductive capacity and fertility, body weight control and obesity as well as thyroid function.

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Herbert, C. A., T. E. Trigg, M. B. Renfree, G. Shaw, D. C. Eckery i D. W. Cooper. "Long-term effects of deslorelin implants on reproduction in the female tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii)". Reproduction 129, nr 3 (marzec 2005): 361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.00432.

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The contraceptive and endocrine effects of long-term treatment with implants containing the GnRH agonist deslorelin were investigated in female tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii). Fertility was successfully inhibited for 515 ± 87 days after treatment with a 5 mg deslorelin implant (n= 7), while control animals gave birth to their first young 159 ± 47 days after placebo implant administration (n= 8). The duration of contraception was highly variable, ranging from 344 to 761 days. The strict reproductive seasonality in the tammar wallaby was maintained once the implant had expired. This inhibition of reproduction was associated with a significant reduction in basal LH concentrations and a cessation of oestrous cycles, as evidenced by low progesterone concentrations. There was evidence to suggest that some aspect of either blastocyst survival, luteal reactivation, pregnancy or birth may be affected by deslorelin treatment in some animals. These results show that long-term inhibition of fertility in the female tammar wallaby is possible using slow-release deslorelin implants. The effects of deslorelin treatment were fully reversible and there was no evidence of negative side effects. Slow-release GnRH agonist implants may represent a practicable method for reproductive management of captive and semi-wild populations of marsupials.

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Orenchuk, I. V., i O. G. Boychuk. "PREDICTION OF UTERINE FACTOR OF INFERTILITY IN LATE REPRODUCTIVE AGE WOMEN". Art of Medicine 22, nr 2 (20.07.2022): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21802/artm.2022.2.22.75.

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Restoration of women's reproductive health in modern conditions is a multifactorial problem for specialists (obstetricians, gynecologists, endocrinologists, hematologists, therapists), often requiring the use of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) [1,3]. According to available data, 46.7% of women who need ART have primary infertility, 53.3% have secondary infertility, and the average age is less than 35 years [2,4]. Despite the fact that only 10-20% of married couples have a verified cause of infertility, in most cases the etiopathogenesis of impaired fertility cannot be corrected [5,6]. One of the factors of a woman's infertility is the uterine factor, caused by various pathologies of the uterine cavity. The variety of pathologies (endometrial polyps, submucosal leiomyomas, intrauterine synechiae, chronic endometritis, congenital anomalies of the uterus) explains the variety of approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of uterine infertility [7]. The uterine form of infertility is the dominant cause of female infertility, exceeding the frequency of tubal-peritoneal and endocrine factors. Today, the connection between the occurrence of infertility and the age aspect has been proven. Materials. A sample and analysis of medical records of women who required the use of ART due to uterine infertility (n = 100) for 2017-2020. Results. The majority of women are residents of Ivano-Frankivsk region. The average age of women is 32.98 ± 0.4 years. When comparing the age of women, depending on the causes of the uterine form of infertility, differences were found. In adenomyosis, the age was the highest (34.44 ± 0.8 years) and can be compared with age in uterine fibroids (MM), but significantly higher than in hyperplastic processes of the endometrium (GPE), chronic endometritis (CE) or congenital anomalies of uterine development. (VARM) (p <0.001). Thus, VARM, DPE and CE can lead to infertility in women over the age of 23, which requires timely prevention and early diagnosis in this age cohort of women. Uterine factor remains one of the main factors in a woman's infertility. The probable cause of infertility in 33.4% of cases was uterine fibroids (MM), in 24.3% - adenomyosis, in 25.6% - endometrial hyperplastic processes (GPE), in 7.8% - saddle-shaped uterus as a manifestation of congenital anomaly development of the uterus (VARM), in 9.9% of women - chronic endometritis (CE). Infertility was primary in 13 (40.63%) women with MM, in 10 (43.48%) women with adenomyosis, in 21 (80.77%) women with GPE, in 2 (25%) women with VARM and in 2 women (18.18%) women with CE. The variety of pathologies (endometrial polyps, submucosal leiomyomas, intrauterine adhesions, chronic endometritis, congenital anomalies of the uterus) explains the variety of approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of uterine infertility. Conclusions. It was found that women, depending on the cause of the uterine form of infertility, had a correlation between different studied parameters. Differentiated differences in the clinical and social, anamnestic portrait of women depending on the cause of uterine infertility, which require further detailed study and analysis, which allows to differentiate approaches to timely diagnosis and targeted prevention of uterine infertility.

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Pocar, P., TA Brevini, B. Fischer i F. Gandolfi. "The impact of endocrine disruptors on oocyte competence". Reproduction, 1.03.2003, 313–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep.0.1250313.

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To date, approximately 60 chemicals have been identified as endocrine disruptors: exogenous agents that interfere with various aspects of natural hormone physiology. The potential reproductive and health hazards of these environmental chemicals have recently generated concern among the scientific community, policy makers and general public. The present review presents and discusses the available evidence that environmental chemicals are causing ovarian toxicity in various species, with particular attention to farm animals. The impact of chronic exposure to endocrine disruptors via food and drinking water cannot be neglected when studying fertility problems in these species. This review focuses attention on the superfamily of organochlorine chemicals, persistent organic pollutants (POPs), because of their persistence in the environment, ability to concentrate up the food chain, continued detection in environmental matrices and ability to be stored in the adipose tissue of animals and humans. Published data clearly indicate that POPs disrupt mammalian oocyte maturation and follicle physiology in every species studied so far, including farm animals. However, as most of the data available still derive from experiments performed on laboratory species or in vitro models, great care should be taken when extrapolations to other species or environmental situations are attempted.

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Pereira, Nigel, i Karen Lin-Su. "Reproductive Function and Fertility in Women with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia". EMJ Reproductive Health, 16.08.2018, 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.33590/emjreprohealth/10314092.

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Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) refers to a group of disorders that are associated with defective adrenal steroidogenesis, the most common of which is 21-hydroxylase deficiency. The advent of neonatal screening, molecular genetics, and glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid replacement has vastly improved the diagnosis and treatment of CAH; therefore, most infants and children with CAH successfully transition into adulthood. Several quality-of-life issues emanate from this transition, of which reproduction and fertility are notable. In this review, the authors appraise the effects of elevated androgens in CAH on the anatomic, hormonal, and psychosocial aspects of reproductive function. These CAH-associated alterations in reproductive anatomy or endocrine function can impair natural fertility, most often depending on the severity of CAH. In addition to assessing the fertility rates of women with CAH attempting natural conception, as well as those requiring assisted reproductive treatments, the authors also review data pertaining to the mode of delivery and pregnancy outcomes in these women. Finally, the importance of reproductive and preconception counselling in women with CAH attempting conception is briefly discussed.

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Bettocchi, Carlo, Marco Rinaldi i Francesco Sebastiani. "GnRH in the treatment of Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism". Current Pharmaceutical Design 26 (25.11.2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666201125113319.

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: Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) is at the centre of the scientific debate for the treatment of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Sexual maturation and reproductive function depend on the pulsatile secretion of GnRH are mainly congenital and may or may not be associated with other genetic anomalies or syndromes. Clinical manifestations include a wide range of metabolic, endocrine and psychologic dysfunctions. The following manuscript focuses on the effects of GnRH therapy on fertility and cognitive abilities, aiming to investigate the current level of evidence for this treatment regimen. Current literature has been reviewed and synthesized with the aim of highlighting the key messages on these two aspects.

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Mattia, Lorenza, Irene Samperi, Salvatore Monti, Vincenzo Toscano, Giuseppe Pugliese i Maurizio Poggi. "The Quality of Life of Thalassemic Patients: The Role of Endocrine Defect Compensation". Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets 21 (21.04.2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871530321666210421123759.

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Background: The improvement of beta thalassaemia treatments has led to an increase in life expectancy. This implies the emergence of new comorbidities. Amongst others, endocrine glands are extremely sensitive to iron overload. Objective: We aimed to understand the burden of the endocrine conditions on the patient’s quality of life (QOL). Results: Hypogonadism may present with lack or delay of pubertal development, sexual dysfunctions and impaired fertility, which impact QOL in both sexes. Early recognition and treatment, as well as choosing the most appropriate therapy, according to patient’s needs (fertility, pubertal development, psychological concerns, comorbidities) are advisable. Osteoporosis affects QOL irrespective of symptoms. Growth hormone deficiency may occur both in childhood and in adulthood, and it affects different aspects of QOL. In adults, it could be difficult to examine if the symptoms are due to GHD, and a trial of GH replacement could be useful to identify benefits and needs. Glucose metabolism impairment is common in thalassaemic patients and early recognition is mandatory because long-term complication can have a detrimental impact on QOL (as blindness or dialysis). Although the incidence of adrenal insufficiency seems to be rare in thalassaemic patients, when it occurs, it has a severe impact on QOL. Conclusion: Limited data is available on QOL in thalassaemic patients, and even less related to endocrinopathies. We can speculate that endocrinopathies have an impact on everyday life. More studies are needed to allow our patients to achieve not just a longer life but also a better quality of life.

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Lu, Yen-Shen, Andrea Wong i Hee-Jeong Kim. "Ovarian Function Suppression With Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone Agonists for the Treatment of Hormone Receptor-Positive Early Breast Cancer in Premenopausal Women". Frontiers in Oncology 11 (14.09.2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2021.700722.

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Chemotherapy and endocrine therapies are mainstays of treatment for early and advanced hormone receptor-positive (HR+) breast cancer. In premenopausal women with HR+ tumors, the benefits of adding ovarian function suppression (OFS) to endocrine therapy have been debated. Consequently, for many years, tamoxifen monotherapy has been the standard of care for endocrine treatment in the adjuvant setting. Recent studies have, however, provided new evidence that, in some premenopausal patients, OFS in combination with tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors (AIs) can significantly increase survival versus tamoxifen alone. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists (LHRHa), including goserelin, triptorelin, and leuprorelin, achieve OFS through sustained suppression of the release of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone from the pituitary. In turn, this suppresses production and secretion of estradiol, an ovarian hormone that supports cancer cell growth, survival, and proliferation. In this review, we discuss the clinical evidence supporting the addition of LHRHa to adjuvant endocrine therapies, including tamoxifen and AIs, for premenopausal women with breast cancer. We also discuss the role of LHRHa use in combination with adjuvant chemotherapy to preserve ovarian function and fertility in young patients with breast cancer. Finally, we discuss important practical aspects of the use of LHRHa in breast cancer treatment, including side-effects, patient adherence to treatment, and the use of slow-release, long-acting drug formulations.

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Rizzo, Gianluca, Alessandra Feraco, Maximilian Andreas Storz i Mauro Lombardo. "The role of soy and soy isoflavones on women's fertility and related outcomes: an update". Journal of Nutritional Science 11 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jns.2022.15.

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Abstract Soy is a key food in human nutrition. It is widely used in eastern traditional cuisine and it has recently diffused among self-conscious and vegetarian diets. The success of soy mainly depends on versatility and supposed healthy properties of soy foods and soy components. Meanwhile, the possible influence on endocrine system, in particular by isoflavones, raised concerns among some researchers. The present paper aims to conduct a review of available data on the effect of soy, soy foods and soy components on women's fertility and related outcomes. Eleven interventional studies, eleven observational studies and one meta-analysis have been selected from the results of queries. A weak, not clinically relevant effect has been highlighted on cycle length and hormonal status. However, a suggestive positive influence has been shown among women with fertility issues and during assisted reproductive technologies. Overall, soy and soy components consumption do not seem to perturb healthy women's fertility and can have a favourable effect among subjects seeking pregnancy. However, because of the paucity of studies exploring the impact of soy intake on women's fertility, as well as the limited population sample size, the frequently incomplete specimens’ collection to investigate all cycle phases and the insufficient characterisation of participants, the evidence is suggestive and it needs further in-depth research taking into account all these aspects.

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Jafardoust Bostani, Rashid, i Maryam Parvini Kohneshahri. "Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: Clinical Features, Genetics of Disease, and Diagnosis Criteria". Journal of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, 24.08.2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/ssu.v29i6.6990.

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Introduction: The polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine condition affecting 7-10% of women in reproductive age. PCOS is generally characterized by hirsutism, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovaries. Insulin resistance is the hallmark of PCOS with a considerable prevalence. Despite numerous studies, the etiology of PCOS haas not been cleared yet; PCOS is considered a multifactorial syndrome with a wide range of genetic, endocrine, molecular, and environmental abnormalities. Altered expression of several genes and miRNAs in PCOS patients has become a useful and non-invasive method in the characterization of PCOS in the last decades. On the other hand, altered secretion of sexual hormones like testosterone, progesterone, and estrogen can be a valid confirmation of PCOS. Several methods and drugs are used to treat PCOS like anti-androgens, insulin sensitizers, and bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Taken together, PCOS is a common abnormality among women and not only does affect fertility, but also influences different aspects of their life from anxiety to type two diabetes. Women, especially in third world countries should care about their lifestyle and diet, which has a vital role in the prevention of PCOS. New methods in the diagnosis of PCOS lead to declining the side effects of PCOS.

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Pereira, Madison, Kathy Matuszewska, Colin Jamieson i Jim Petrik. "Characterizing Endocrine Status, Tumor Hypoxia and Immunogenicity for Therapy Success in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer". Frontiers in Endocrinology 12 (17.11.2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.772349.

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Epithelial ovarian cancer is predominantly diagnosed at advanced stages which creates significant therapeutic challenges. As a result, the 5-year survival rate is low. Within ovarian cancer, significant tumor heterogeneity exists, and the tumor microenvironment is diverse. Tumor heterogeneity leads to diversity in therapy response within the tumor, which can lead to resistance or recurrence. Advancements in therapy development and tumor profiling have initiated a shift from a “one-size-fits-all” approach towards precision patient-based therapies. Here, we review aspects of ovarian tumor heterogeneity that facilitate tumorigenesis and contribute to treatment failure. These tumor characteristics should be considered when designing novel therapies or characterizing mechanisms of treatment resistance. Individual patients vary considerably in terms of age, fertility and contraceptive use which innately affects the endocrine milieu in the ovary. Similarly, individual tumors differ significantly in their immune profile, which can impact the efficacy of immunotherapies. Tumor size, presence of malignant ascites and vascular density further alters the tumor microenvironment, creating areas of significant hypoxia that is notorious for increasing tumorigenesis, resistance to standard of care therapies and promoting stemness and metastases. We further expand on strategies aimed at improving oxygenation status in tumors to dampen downstream effects of hypoxia and set the stage for better response to therapy.

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Gnocchi, Margherita, Tiziana D’Alvano, Claudia Lattanzi, Giulia Messina, Maddalena Petraroli, Viviana D. Patianna, Susanna Esposito i Maria E. Street. "Current evidence on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on paediatric endocrine conditions". Frontiers in Endocrinology 13 (5.08.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.913334.

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Severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) interacts with the host cells through its spike protein by binding to the membrane enzyme angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and it can have a direct effect on endocrine function as ACE2 is expressed in many glands and organs with endocrine function. Furthermore, several endocrine conditions have features that might increase the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the severity and course of the infection, as obesity for the underlying chronic increased inflammatory status and metabolic derangement, and for the possible changes in thyroid function. Vitamin D has immunomodulatory effects, and its deficiency has negative effects. Adrenal insufficiency and excess glucocorticoids affect immune conditions also besides metabolism. This review aims to analyze the rationale for the fear of direct effects of SARS-Cov-2 on endocrinological disorders, to study the influence of pre-existing endocrine disorders on the course of the infection, and the actual data in childhood. Currently, data concerning endocrine function during the pandemic are scarce in childhood and for many aspects definite conclusions cannot be drawn, however, data on properly managed patients with adrenal insufficiency at present are re-assuring. Too little attention has been paid to thyroid function and further studies may be helpful. The available data support a need for adequate vitamin D supplementation, caution in obese patients, monitoring of thyroid function in hospitalized patients, and confirm the need for an awareness campaign for the increased frequency of precocious puberty, rapidly progressive puberty and precocious menarche. The changes in lifestyle, the increased incidence of overweight and the change in the timing of puberty lead also to hypothesize that there might be an increase in ovarian dysfunction, as for example polycystic ovarian disease, and metabolic derangements in the next years, and in the future we might be facing fertility problems. This prompts to be cautious and maintain further surveillance.

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Dhami, A. J., J. H. Chauhan, K. K. Hadiya i N. P. Sarvaiya. "Ovarian Dynamics, Plasma Endocrine Profile and Fertility Response Following Synchronization Protocols in Crossbred Cows with Cystic Ovaries". Indian Journal of Animal Research, OF (11.07.2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.18805/ijar.b-3944.

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Background: Cystic ovarian degeneration (COD) with prevalence of 10-13% is a common and economically important condition in dairy cattle affecting fertility. Predisposing factors and aetiology of ovarian cysts are multifaceted. The most widely accepted cause is either absent, insufficient or wrong time occurrence of pre-ovulatory LH-surge. The accuracy of differential diagnosis of cyst per rectum can be increased by simultaneous use of USG and/or plasma progesterone assay and therapeutic success depends on type and duration of cystic condition. The literature on these aspects in crossbred cows is meagre, hence was planned to differentially diagnose the ovarian follicular and luteal cysts based on clinical, sonographic and endocrine findings and to study the estrus response and conception rates following different treatment modalities of COD in crossbred cattle. Methods: This study was conducted on greater than 90 days postpartum HF crossbred cows with cystic ovaries (n=58) confirmed by per rectal palpation and ultrasonography. The animals with follicular cysts were randomly treated with either conventional Ovsynch or Ovsynch + CIDR protocol (n=10 each) and those with luteal cysts with either Double PG injections 11 days apart or modified Ovsynch protocol (n=16 each) with fixed time AI. A group of six cystic cows was kept as untreated control. Blood samples were collected in heparinized vacutainers, together with trans-rectal ultrasonography, on day 0 (just before initiation of treatment), on day of last PGF2á injection, on day of induced estrus/FTAI and on day 12 post-AI for determination of plasma progesterone and estradiol-17â by RIA technique. Results: The mean diameters and wall thickness of ovarian cysts regressed significantly (p less than 0.01) among responded cows of all four protocols. The estrus induction response within 48-96 hrs of last PG injection with Ovsynch, Ovsynch + CIDR, Modified Ovsynch and Double PG protocols was 90.00, 100.00, 87.50 and 81.25 %, respectively. The conception rates at induced estrus with FTAI for these protocols were 50.00, 40.00, 50.00 and 43.75 %, respectively and the corresponding overall conception rates for 3 cycles’ post-treatment were 60.00, 70.00, 68.75 and 56.25 %, respectively, compared to zero result of control group. The mean plasma progesterone concentration varied highly significantly (p less than 0.01) between periods of treatment in all protocols, the values were lower (p less than 0.01) on day 0 and on day of FTAI than on the day of last PG injection and on day 12 post-AI. The values on day 12 post-AI were significantly higher in conceived than non-conceived cows. The trend of estradiol-17â profile on day of last PG injection was reversed than on day 0. The higher levels of estradiol-17â on day of FTAI were associated with regression of cystic structures and development of new dominant follicles with estrogenic activity concomitant to induced estrus and ovulatory LH surge in most of the animals as evident from USG monitoring, behavioural signs and conception rates.

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Sengupta, Pallav, Sulagna Dutta, Ivan Rolland Karkada, Roland Eghoghosoa Akhigbe i Suresh V. Chinni. "Irisin, Energy Homeostasis and Male Reproduction". Frontiers in Physiology 12 (21.09.2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.746049.

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Irisin is a novel skeletal muscle- and adipose tissue-secreted peptide. It is conventionally regarded as an adipomyokine and is a cleaved fragment of Fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5). It is involved in the browning of white adipose tissue, glucose tolerance, and reversing of metabolic disruptions. Fertility is closely linked to energy metabolism and the endocrine function of the adipose tissue. Moreover, there is established association between obesity and male infertility. Irisin bears strong therapeutic promise in obesity and its associated disorders, as well as shown to improve male reproductive functions. Thus, irisin is a molecule of great interest in exploring the amelioration of metabolic syndrome or obesity-induced male infertility. In this review we aim to enumerate the most significant aspects of irisin actions and discuss its involvement in energy homeostasis and male reproduction. Though current and future research on irisin is very promiscuous, a number of clarifications are still needed to reveal its full potential as a significant medicinal target in several human diseases including male infertility.

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Luz, Gabriela Bueno, Andressa Stein Maffi, Eduardo Gularte Xavier, Marcio Nunes Correa, Bernardo Garziera Gasperin i Cassio Cassal Brauner. "Endocrine Profile and Reproductive Performance in Heifers Induced to Lactation". Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 47, nr 1 (13.05.2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.92095.

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Background: Low reproductive efficiency has been one of the main factors that lead to dairy herd culling in the reproductive age. In multiparous animals, such inefficiency and culling can occur because of various factors and may be associated with occasional endocrine failures. To avoid revenue losses that incur due to lack of lactation, lactation is artificially induced in the animals that are not pregnant, using a defined protocol. The aim of this study was, therefore, to evaluate and compare the reproductive performance of heifers submitted to the induction protocol with that of pregnant heifers during the transition period.Materials, Methods & Results: Sixty Holstein heifers, 32 ± 0.6 months of age, were divided into two groups: Control Group (Control, n = 30) comprising pregnant heifers that were accompanied since 21 days before the expected calving date until 224 days in milk (DIM) and an Induction Group (Induction, n = 30) comprising non-pregnant heifers submitted to a lactation induction protocol, accompanied from the beginning of the protocol until 224 DIM. For evaluation of the endocrine profile (progesterone and estradiol concentrations) of these animals, blood samples were collected at two periods: the pre-lactation (weeks -3, -2 and -1) and post-lactation (weeks 1 and 4). Heifers from both groups were submitted to weekly reproductive evaluations, from the beginning of lactation until 35 DIM. Uterine examinations were performed using ultrasonography and vaginoscopy to evaluate uterine content, cervical opening, and mucosal aspect. Females in good reproductive health were subjected to a hormonal protocol for timed artificial insemination (TAI). The pregnancy rate of heifers that could reproduce (Control, n = 13, and Induction, n = 20) were evaluated and inseminated until 49 DIM. Progesterone levels were similar (P > 0.05) in the two groups at both pre- and post-start of lactation. Estradiol concentrations were different (P < 0.01) among groups only in the pre-lactation period. Higher levels of progesterone (P = 0.06) were observed in the induced heifers (Induction Group = 1.07 ± 0.23 ng/mL and Control Group = 0.38 ± 0.28 ng/mL). Therefore, in the fourth week, induced heifers exhibited higher luteinic activity, the progesterone concentration was above 1 ng/mL in 42% of the animals, while just 12.5% of the Control heifers had it. The overall pregnancy rate was 47.75%. The pregnancy rate recorded for induced heifers and Control heifers was 40% and 55.55%, respectively.Discussion: Progesterone and estradiol evaluations were performed in the first week after the beginning of the lactation to evaluate the metabolism and physiological concentration of the hormones used during the protocol. The measurements were again performed in the fourth week to evaluate the return to cyclicity of the heifers in both groups. The high serum concentrations of estradiol attained during the induction, in the pre-lactation period, may have possible interfered with the uterine environment and follicular population of these animals. Furthermore, it is possible that the hormonal combination used has a central effect on the synthesis and release of gonadotrophins and/or an effect on the ovarian follicular population. Based on the hormonal profile evaluated, particularly the endocrine profile, and the reproductive performance of heifers, the results suggest that the protocol for induced lactation has a positive effect on fertility.

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Souza, Natália Freitas, Washington Luiz Assunção Pereira, Sara Letícia Dos Santos Andrade, Marcio Alan Oliveira Mour, Victor Da Costa Mileo, Moises Moreira Lima, Sebastião Tavares Rolim Filho i Adriana Maciel de Castro Cardoso Jaques. "Epidermoid Polycystic Ovaries and Uterine Hypoplasia in a Cow". Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 48 (25.02.2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.100608.

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Background: Ovarian cysts originate from mature follicles that do not ovulate within the predicted time according to the oestrous cycle. Dermoid cysts are structures lined by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, without adjacent epidermal structures, filled by keratinic debris and amorphous proteinaceus material. They are small, located below the cortex, near the hilus. There is controversy regarding the teratogenicity of the dermoid cyst. Some authors use the nomenclature of benign cystic ovarian teratoma, others, reports that although the fibrous wall and histological features are similar to teratomas, it is not associated with this germ cell-derived neoplasia.Case: Ovaries and uterus were received from a female, adult bovine, Nelore, from a slaughterhouse. The left ovary measured 6.5x5.0x3.9 cm and weighed 80 g; the right ovary measured 5.7x3.7x3.0 cm and weighed 60 g. Grossly, the ovaries were similar, presenting floating consistency, multilobulated and pointed aspect, and at the cut surface, there was extravasation of mucopurulent content of whitish colour. Regarding to the uterus, macroscopically, the uterine horns were infantile and decrease in the diameter. Fragments of the tissues were collected and fixed in 10% buffered formalin for histopathological examination and the staining of the slides was done with hematoxylin and eosin. Microscopically, in the ovaries, it was observed rare vestigial elements of ovary identifying an atresic follicle. Polycystic formation with cysts exhibiting partial or total coating of a keratinized squamous epithelium was also observed. In the lumen abundant keratinous material was present. The uterine microscopy revealed compact endometrium with areas variably infiltrated by lymphocytes, plasmocytes and occasional neutrophils. Areas devoid of endometrial glands were observed, in addition to other areas with reduced quantity and size. Also, the myoepithelial layer was thin and enlargement of the endometrial vascular space was noted.Discussion: Only one study was found reporting three cases of unilateral dermoid cyst in bovine ovary, also from slaughterhouse. Dermoid cysts appear most often in Zebu cattle. Clinically, these cysts do not necessarily result in infertility and do not interfere in the ovarian functions, due to this, the ovaries are not referred for histopathology examination, which difficult its classification. However, in this study the histological examination showed the absence of follicular development, which characterizes infertility, including endocrine dysfunction. Macroscopically ovarian dermoid cysts are similar to abscesses. It has a viscous or milky content inside and, at the cut surface, usually the content project to the surface. Histologically, there are dilated cysts containing material in the lumen at various stages of keratinization conferring a lamellar aspect and a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. In this study, we observed pseudostratified epithelial lining containing cilia in addition to lumen keratin content, without follicles or adnexal structures, corroborating the findings in the literature. Also, it was observed uterine hypoplasia, which occurs due to failure of the development of the paramesonephric ducts during embryonic development. Ovarian dermoid cysts associated with uterine hypoplasia are infrequent in animals and, clinically, may not present changes in fertility and ovarian function.

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