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1
Avsec, Jurij, i Igor Medveď. "Calculation of Thermodynamic Properties in Solid-Liquid, Solid-Gas and Liquid-Gas Region". Advanced Materials Research 1126 (październik 2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1126.1.
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The paper features the mathematical model of analytical calculation of thermodynamic properties like viscosity, speed of sound and thermal conductivity for fluids in one and two-phase region (fluid-solid, fluid-gas) on the basis of statistical mechanics. For the calculation of thermal conductivity and viscosity for fluids will be presented Chung-Lee-Starling model Equations for the thermal conductivity are developed based on kinetic gas theories and correlated with the experimental data. The low-pressure transport properties are extended to fluids at high densities by introducing empirically correlated density dependent functions. These correlations use acentric factor, dimensionless dipole moment and an empirically determined association parameters to characterize molecular structure effect of polyatomic molecules. The calculation of thermodynamic properties for fluids was developed under the theory of statistical thermodynamics and statistical associated fluid theory. For the calculation of thermal conductivity of solids are the most important two contributions: the heat transport by electrons (el) and by phonons (ph). In our model we have made the assumption that heat transport by electrons and by phonons is independent and the thermal conductivity is than a sum of both terms.
2
He, Jie, Xiang Huang i Pei Cao. "Fine Particle Migration in a Gas Hydrate Sand: Single- and Two-Phase Fluid Using a Device for Observation at the Pore Scale". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, nr 1 (6.01.2024): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse12010109.
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The production of natural gas hydrates will change the cementation strength, porosity, and effective stress in the stratum, which may lead to engineering and geological disasters. Sand production is a phenomenon where sand particles are carried out of the reservoir along with fluids during gas extraction, posing challenges to safe and sustainable production. This study explored the mechanism of fine particle migration in multiphase flow by a microscopic visualization test device. The device can inject a gas–liquid–solid phase at the same time and allow real-time observation. Experimental tests on fine particle migration of single- and two-phase fluid flow were carried out considering different conditions, i.e., fine particle concentration, fine particle size, fluid flow rate, and gas–liquid ratio. The results show that in single-phase fluid flow, the original gas will gradually dissolve in the liquid phase, and finally stay in the test device as bubbles, which can change the pore structures, resulting in the accumulation of fine particles at the gas–liquid interface. In two-phase fluid flow with mixed gas–water fluids, there are two flow modes of gas–liquid flow: mixed flow and separated flow. The interfacial tension at the gas–liquid interface can effectively migrate fine particles when the gas–liquid flows alternately and the sand production rate further increases as the gas–liquid ratio increases. In addition, changes in the concentration of fine particles, particle size, fluid flow rate, and the gas–liquid ratio will affect the migration of fine particles, leading to differences in the final sand production.
3
Bolotov, Alexander, i Georgy Burdo. "Magnetic fluid method for sealing liquid media". E3S Web of Conferences 383 (2023): 04081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338304081.
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Magnetic fluid seals for sealing gas environments are widely used in various industries due to their undeniable advantages. However, such seals are not capable of reliable sealing of liquid media with different polarities. The paper analyses physicochemical processes that lead to destructing magnetic fluid in a seal under the influence of a liquid medium in contact with it. There are results of experimental studies on sealing using magnetic seals of non-magnetic fluids with different polarity. The authors studied the tightness of a magnetic fluid seal capacity in contact with weakly polar liquids: MVP instrument oil, vaseline oil, and water as a highly polar liquid. For sealing water, the authors chose magnetic fluids with liquid siloxanes as the basis; they are immiscible with water and hydrophobic. Weakly polar liquids were sealed using magnetic fluid with a dispersion medium of triethanolamine, which is almost insoluble in hydrocarbon liquids and has a high dielectric permittivity and surface tension comparable in magnitude. It is established that magnetic fluid based on triethanolamine reliably seals the experimental bearing from penetrating of weakly polar liquids at an overpressure of 10 kPa and below. To seal polar liquid media, it seems promising to use oleophobic magnetic fluids based on PES-5, containing a large amount of filler in the form of ferrite particles. A magnetic fluid should have the smallest possible contact area with the sealed fluid and maintain a laminar flow regime.
4
Troyakov, Konstantin V., Anna S. Kaverzina, Vyacheslav V. Rybin, Alexey Yu Ivanov i Artem A. Kardash. "Effect of undissolved gas on fluid bulk modulus". E3S Web of Conferences 471 (2024): 02019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202447102019.
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This document describes the effect of undissolved gas on the bulk modulus of the fluid. The concept of liquid compressibility and dependence on composition, temperature and pressure is considered. Various methods of measuring the modulus of volumetric elasticity of the liquid were considered. It was also proposed to improve the mathematical model for calculating the module of volumetric elasticity of a liquid. The results of the study were used to plot the effect of the gas phase content modulus of volumetric elasticity of working fluid at different pressures. It was also concluded that the obtained values describe the need to equip hydraulic drives with devices for degassing working liquids.
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Indrawati, Ragil T. "POLA ALIRAN FLUIDA PADA DELIQUIDISER". Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat UNSIQ 5, nr 2 (30.05.2018): 237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32699/ppkm.v5i2.470.
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ujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui fenomena pola aliran fluida yang terjadi pada deliquidiser serta properties yang ada pada daerah inlet, drain, oil outlet dan gas outlet. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan pendekatan simulasi pemodelan matematis Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) menggunakan software Ansys. Dalam penelitian ini diasumsikan bahwa model akan disimulasikan skala 1:1 pada 2 phase fluida yaitu fase gas dan liquid dengan 2 jenis fluida (gas dan liquid). Simulasi akan mengacu pada kondisi steady state dan tidak ada solid content. Asumsi inlet fluid pada kondisi 5% turbulence, komposisi gas dan fraksi volume gas & liquid ialah konstan. Drag coefficient yang diguankan ialah 0.44 dengan working pressure 207 psi.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bahwa persebaran fraksi gas dari bagian inlet tersebar secara merata pada semua bagian. Akan tetapi, setelah weirplate, ketika melewati nozzle dan menuju outlet gas, gas cenderung bergerak ke atas. Sedangkan, fraksi liquid mengalir dibagian bawah tengah ke bawah setelah fraksi gas. Gas dan liquid velocity streamline menunjukkan pola pergerakan dari inlet kemudian menumbuk weirplate, melewati nozzle dan keluar melalui outlet gas. Optimasi pada sistem telah dilakukan dan hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan nilai fraksi gas dan fraksi liquid sebesar 0.74 dan 0.17 dalam aliran yang keluar dari bagian outlet. Sedangkan, untuk mass flow pada outlet gas sebesar 8.8 kg/s dan mass flow pada drain sebesar 0.05 kg/s.
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Meng, Mianmo, Hongkui Ge, Yinghao Shen, Wenming Ji i Fei Ren. "Fluid saturation evolution with imbibition in unconventional natural gas reservoirs". Interpretation 6, nr 4 (1.11.2018): T849—T859. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2017-0206.1.
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Hydraulic fracturing plays an important role in developing unconventional natural gas. The large amount of fracturing fluid retention becomes a significant phenomenon in gas fields. Much research has been carried out to explain this mechanism. Imbibition is regarded as one of the important factors and has been investigated extensively. However, the saturation evolution of different types of fluids (liquid, free gas, and trapped gas) has been less researched during imbibition. A porosity experiment combined with an imbibition experiment was conducted to research the fluids-saturation evolution. There are three types of experimental rocks: tight sand, volcanic rock, and shale. The free-gas saturation decreases with the increasing liquid saturation in all samples. However, the sum of these two types of saturation is approximately 100% during imbibition in tight sand. This indicates that the pore space is almost totally filled by liquid and free gas. The sum of these two types of saturation is less than 100% during imbibition in volcanic rock. This indicates that there is trapped gas by liquid. Trapped-gas saturation increases at the early period and decreases at the late period. The sum of these two types of saturation greatly exceeds 100% during imbibition and increases with the imbibition time in shale rocks. This means that there is large amount of extra imbibition liquid. At the same time, the free-gas saturation fluctuates with the increasing liquid saturation. Based on the above results, it can be concluded that tight sand reservoirs have nearly no trapped gas and extra imbibition liquid, volcanic reservoirs have trapped gas and a little extra imbibition liquid, and shale reservoirs have some trapped gas and a large amount of extra imbibition liquid. This research contributes to understanding the fluid saturation evolution during hydraulic fracturing in unconventional natural gas reservoirs.
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Xipeng, Zheng, Wang Le, Jia Xiaoxuan, Xiang Wenchuan i Yang Shunsheng. "Numerical Simulation of Gas-Liquid Flow in a Bubble Column by Intermittent Aeration in Newtonian Liquid/Non-Newtonian Liquid". International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2018 (6.11.2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5254087.
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The dynamic behaviors of gas-liquid two-phase flow were simulated in a lab-scale intermittent bubble column by Euler-Euler two-fluid model coupled with the PBM (population balance model) using two different liquid phases, i.e., Newtonian fluid (water)/non-Newtonian fluid (activated sludge). When non-Newtonian fluid was used during intermittent aeration, some interesting results were obtained. Two symmetric vortexes existed in the time-averaged flow field; the vertical time-averaged velocity of the liquid phase decreased with increasing anaerobic time; the average gas holdup distribution was like a trapezoid with long upper side and short lower side and affected by the dynamic viscosity of the liquid phase. Compared with non-Newtonian fluid, the use of Newtonian fluid as the liquid phase led to a more complicated time-averaged flow field structure and vertical time-averaged velocity distribution, higher average gas holdup, and the asymmetric column-shaped gas holdup distribution with increasing anaerobic time. For different liquid phases, the instantaneous flow field, instantaneous vertical velocity, and instantaneous gas holdup distribution all periodically changed with anaerobic time; however, different from Newtonian liquid phase, non-Newtonian liquid phase had no periodic oscillating instantaneous horizontal velocity.
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TUDOR, Beatrice, i Mirela NOUR. "Flow Simulation of Fluid Under Pressure, Through Pipes for Oil and Gas Transport". Annals of “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati. Fascicle IX, Metallurgy and Materials Science 46, nr 4 (15.12.2023): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/mms.2023.4.07.
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The work presents a simulation of the flow of liquids under pressure, through pipelines intended for the transport of oil and natural gas. The simulation was done using the SOLIDWORKS program. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation facilitates the analysis of complex fluid flow problems involving liquid-gas, fluid-solid, or fluid-fluid interactions. CFD allows us to design products and systems that meet fluid flow and heat transfer requirements.
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Dadash-Zade, Mirza A., i Ru Cao. "Fluid Mechanics of Gas-Liquid Systems". Academic Journal of Science and Technology 12, nr 2 (14.09.2024): 286–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/wpx4z528.
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The study of gas-liquid systems in fluid mechanics is essential for understanding multiphase flows, particularly in industries such as oil and gas field development. This research explores the key parameters that govern the behavior of such systems, including volume flow, velocity, area, dynamic viscosity, and diameter. Volume flow represents the quantity of fluid moving through a system per unit time, while velocity determines the rate at which the fluid particles travel. The cross-sectional area of the conduit directly influences the flow regime, and the dynamic viscosity defines the fluid's internal resistance to flow, significantly impacting pressure drops and flow patterns. The pipe diameter plays a critical role in determining flow characteristics such as Reynolds number and transition between laminar and turbulent flow. By analyzing these factors, this study provides insights into optimizing gas-liquid systems for improved performance and efficiency in industrial applications.
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Liu, Chang. "Advances in Gas Well Fluid Accumulation Modeling". Academic Journal of Science and Technology 5, nr 1 (3.03.2023): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ajst.v5i1.5602.
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Liquid accumulation at the bottom of a well is an important cause of production reduction or even shutdown of natural gas wells, and it is inevitable that water-bearing formations generate liquid accumulation when producing natural gas. Therefore, it is important to study gas well liquid accumulation models and identify liquid accumulation at the bottom of a well in order to take timely and reasonable process measures to deal with liquid accumulation at the well. Based on this, this paper analyzes the current status of domestic and international research on gas well critical fluid-carrying droplet models and critical fluid-carrying film models through literature research, analyzes the problems and development trends of research on gas well fluid accumulation prediction, and provides a comprehensive and systematic summary of the progress of gas well fluid accumulation model research.
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Guardone, Alberto, Piero Colonna, Matteo Pini i Andrea Spinelli. "Nonideal Compressible Fluid Dynamics of Dense Vapors and Supercritical Fluids". Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 56, nr 1 (19.01.2024): 241–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-120720-033342.
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The gas dynamics of single-phase nonreacting fluids whose thermodynamic states are close to vapor-liquid saturation, close to the vapor-liquid critical point, or in supercritical conditions differs quantitatively and qualitatively from the textbook gas dynamics of dilute, ideal gases. Due to nonideal fluid thermodynamic properties, unconventional gas dynamic effects are possible, including nonclassical rarefaction shock waves and the nonmonotonic variation of the Mach number along steady isentropic expansions. This review provides a comprehensive theoretical framework of the fundamentals of nonideal compressible fluid dynamics (NICFD). The relation between nonideal gas dynamics and the complexity of the fluid molecules is clarified. The theoretical, numerical, and experimental tools currently employed to investigate NICFD flows and related applications are reviewed, followed by an overview of industrial processes involving NICFD, ranging from organic Rankine and supercritical CO2 cycle power systems to supercritical processes. The future challenges facing researchers in the field are briefly outlined.
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Tomiyama, Akio, i Naoki Shimada. "A Numerical Method for Bubbly Flow Simulation Based on a Multi-Fluid Model". Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 123, nr 4 (23.05.2001): 510–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1388010.
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A numerical method based on an N+1-fluid model is proposed for the prediction of a three-dimensional unsteady turbulent bubbly flow with nonuniform bubble sizes. Among the N+1 fluids, one fluid corresponds to the liquid phase and the N fluids to bubbles. The model can therefore take account of N different bubble sizes. Since the fluid density of each bubble group can differ from that of other groups, the method is also applicable to multi-component flows such as a gas-liquid-solid flow and a liquid-solid flow with various particles. The increase in the number of fluids to be solved does not require any lengthy complicated programming because the calculation of N field equations for the gas phase is easily conducted using a single DO-loop. To demonstrate the potential of the proposed method, unsteady bubble plumes in a water-filled vessel were simulated using the N+1-fluid and two-fluid models. As a result, it was confirmed that the N+1-fluid model gave better predictions than the two-fluid model for bubble plumes with nonuniform bubble sizes.
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Shan, Jie, i Xiaojun Zhou. "The Effect of Bubbles on Particle Migration in Non-Newtonian Fluids". Separations 8, nr 4 (24.03.2021): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations8040036.
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The movement of the gas–liquid interface caused by the movement of the bubble position will have an impact on the starting conditions for particle migration. This article quantifies the influence of moving bubbles on the starting conditions of particle migration in non-Newtonian fluids, and it aims to better understand the influence of bubbles moving in non-Newtonian fluids on particle migration to achieve more effective control. First, the forces and moments acting on the particles are analyzed; then, fluid dynamics, non-Newtonian fluid mechanics, extended DLVO (Derjaguin Landau Verwey Overbeek theory), surface tension, and friction are applied on the combined effects of particle migration. Then, we reasonably predict the influence of gas–liquid interface movement on particle migration in non-Newtonian fluids. The theoretical results show that the movement of the gas–liquid interface in non-Newtonian fluids will increase the separation force acting on the particles, which will lead to particle migration. Second, we carry out the particle migration experiment of moving bubbles in non-Newtonian fluid. Experiments show that when the solid–liquid two-phase flow is originally stable, particle migration occurs after the bubble movement is added. This phenomenon shows that the non-Newtonian fluid with bubble motion has stronger particle migration ability. Although there are some errors, the experimental results basically support the theoretical data.
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Ramírez-Argáez, Marco, Abhishek Dutta, A. Amaro-Villeda, C. González-Rivera i A. Conejo. "A Novel Multiphase Methodology Simulating Three Phase Flows in a Steel Ladle". Processes 7, nr 3 (26.03.2019): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7030175.
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Mixing phenomena in metallurgical steel ladles by bottom gas injection involves three phases namely, liquid molten steel, liquid slag and gaseous argon. In order to numerically solve this three-phase fluid flow system, a new approach is proposed which considers the physical nature of the gas being a dispersed phase in the liquid, while the two liquids namely, molten steel and slag are continuous phases initially separated by a sharp interface. The model was developed with the combination of two algorithms namely, IPSA (inter phase slip algorithm) where the gas bubbles are given a Eulerian approach since are considered as an interpenetrating phase in the two liquids and VOF (volume of fluid) in which the liquid is divided into two separate liquids but depending on the physical properties of each liquid they are assigned a mass fraction of each liquid. This implies that both the liquid phases (steel and slag) and the gas phase (argon) were solved for the mass balance. The Navier–Stokes conservation equations and the gas-phase turbulence in the liquid phases were solved in combination with the standard k-ε turbulence model. The mathematical model was successfully validated against flow patterns obtained experimentally using particle image velocimetry (PIV) and by the calculation of the area of the slag eye formed in a 1/17th water–oil physical model. The model was applied to an industrial ladle to describe in detail the turbulent flow structure of the multiphase system.
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Song, Yingbin, i Xiaonan Dong. "Study on Condensed Matter Simulated by Multiphase Fluid-Solid Coupling Fluid Mechanics". Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 77 (29.11.2023): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v77i.14372.
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The hydrodynamic characteristics of a three-phase gas-liquid-solid turbulent bed with light particle flow and intermittent liquid feeding were numerically simulated by CFD program Fluent6.3. The axial and radial motion of particles in a three-phase gas-liquid-solid turbulent bed and the variation of particle concentration in the bed are studied. The results show that the size and frequency of cavitation increase with the increase of the distance from the axis of the air distribution disk and the distance from the bed surface to the central region. The void varied from narrow to wide, while the void changed in the opposite direction. The bubble lift rate and bubble size are basically the same in axial and radial direction. With the increase of the surface gas velocity and the viscosity of the liquid phase, the average particle content in the bed decreases.
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Vaskopulos, T., C. E. Polymeropoulos i V. Sernas. "Temperatures in a Gas Turbine Vaporizer at Near Idle Engine Conditions". Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 117, nr 2 (1.04.1995): 302–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2814094.
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The work is a laboratory investigation of the effect of different liquids and liquid flow rates on the metal temperature of a gas turbine T vaporizer. Most of the experimentation was carried out using JP5. A limited number of runs using Diesel Fuel Marine and calibration runs using water provided additional data for different fluids. Conditions that approach local liquid depletion inside the vaporizer were identified by monitoring local overheating of the vaporizer metal. Because of apparatus limitations, testing was carried out only at vaporizer pressure and liquid flow rates approaching idle engine operation. An experimental correlation was developed allowing estimation of the mean vaporizer temperature as a function of input conditions and fluid properties.
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Mlkvik, Marek. "Unsteady Behaviour of the Effervescent Atomizer". MATEC Web of Conferences 328 (2020): 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032801008.
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The effervescent atomizer is a well-established type of the twin-fluid nozzle with internal mixing of fluids. It is popular for the ability to process highly viscous liquids, such as liquid fuels, into a fine spray with low gas consumption. This study aims to investigate the performance of the effervescent nozzle when spraying the liquids with a viscosity up to 308 mPa·s. The working parameters of the nozzle were defined by the mass flows ratio of the gas to the liquid (GLR =2.5 to 20 %) and the gas pressure at the nozzle inlet (Δp = 0.14 MPa). The spray quality was investigated by the laser diffraction system, measuring the spray drop sizes. The investigated nozzle was able to atomize all of the model liquids. However, the liquid viscosity increase led to the need to operate the nozzle with the larger gas consumption. The minimum GLR for the spraying of the liquid with the viscosity 308 mPa·s was 10 %, while the less viscous liquid (60 mPa·s) was processed with the GLR = 2.5 %. It was observed that the spray quality was, at the low GLRs, lowered by unstable nozzle work, caused by the presence of the plug flow in the mixing chamber of the atomizer.
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Cai, Wenbin, Zhimin Huang, Xiangyang Mo i Huiren Zhang. "Velocity String Drainage Technology for Horizontal Gas Wells in Changbei". Processes 10, nr 12 (8.12.2022): 2640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10122640.
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The Changbei gas field is dominated by wells with large horizontal displacement, which have exhibited high gas production performance at an early stage of development. With the decrease in reservoir pressure, the liquid loading in the gas well is relatively high and gas production rapidly decreases. Therefore, suitable drainage measures are required to maintain stable gas production. Based on the characteristics of the unconnected oil jacket of gas wells in Changbei, a velocity string was used for drainage. A critical liquid-carrying model was established to determine the location of liquid loading in horizontal gas wells in Changbei. First, the coefficients of the liquid-carrying model were determined through theoretical analysis of the characteristics of the gas well formation. Then, the depth setting of the velocity string was analyzed. The critical liquid-carrying model was employed to calculate the liquid-carrying flow rate of each section; the calculated flow rates were compared with the actual flow rates to determine whether fluid accumulation occurred in each section of the gas well. Thereafter, with the help of the oil and casing position, the suitable setting position of the velocity string was determined. The formation fluid was driven from the tubing into the casing owing to the increase in the overflow area, based on the principle of reducer fluid mechanics. The fluid velocity in the larger overflow cross-section decreased, thereby reducing the drainage capacity of the gas well and resulting in liquid loading. Finally, a timing analysis was performed. After the formation pressure decreased, the well production and flow rate changes were analyzed by placing two velocity strings of different sizes at different wellhead pressures in the gas well with fluid accumulation. The results indicated that although the velocity string was set at a position suitable for fluid drainage, fluid accumulation still occurred after a production period, thus necessitating replacement deliquification.
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Liu, Qilin, Xue Han, Jian Cao, Lang Du, Ning Jia, Rong Zheng, Wen Chen i Dezhi Zeng. "Design of Multifunctional and Efficient Water-Based Annulus Protection Fluid for HTHP Sour Gas Wells". Processes 11, nr 1 (5.01.2023): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11010171.
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In order to solve the corrosion problem of production string in the process of acidizing for the purpose of production, a new water-based annular protective fluid suitable for HTHP acid gas, including H2S-CO2 wells, was developed. Firstly, an appropriate deoxidizer, bactericide, and corrosion inhibitor shall be selected according to the production string of acid gas. In addition, the synergism between additives is evaluated. Then, by designing the additive ratio, the optimal formulation of the water-based annular protective fluid is determined. Finally, a high-temperature autoclave was used to evaluate the protective performance of the water-based annular protective liquid. The results showed that it is recommended to use water-based annular protective liquids prepared with clear water that comes easily from nature (rivers, etc.), which consist of a corrosion inhibitor, CT2-19C (30,000 ppm), BN-45 bactericide (2 g/L), and anhydrous sodium sulfite (3 g/L). The density of the water-based annulus protection liquid is 1.02 g/cm3, and the freezing point is −2.01 °C. The dissolved oxygen content of water-based annulus protection fluids prepared with clear water in formation water shall be controlled within 0.3 ppm. The corrosion inhibition rate of water-based annular protective fluid in the liquid phase is higher than 90%, and the corrosion rate of P110SS steel in the gas–liquid phase is lower than the oilfield corrosion control index (0.076 mm/y).
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Gee, Norman, G. Ramanan i Gordon R. Freeman. "Density effects on ion mobilities in electron attaching fluids: CS2, SF6, and C6F6". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 68, nr 9 (1.09.1990): 1527–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v90-235.
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Ion mobilities μ were measured at densities n ranging from those of the low density gas (n < 0.01 nc, where nc = critical fluid density) through the dense gas and low-density liquid transition region (~0.5nc to 2nc) to the normal liquid (~3nc). The mobility at a given density was constant over a 10-fold variation of electric field strength, typically in the range 0.1 < E(MV/m) < 5. In the gas phase changes in mobility were dominated by changes in gas density. Comparison with neutral molecule transport in SF6 was used to illustrate the change in the effect of the ion on its local environment from that of molecular cluster formation to that of liquid electrostriction as density was increased. In the liquid, changes in ion mobility are dominated by changes in free volume. Mobilities in the present liquids could be described without reference to the activation energies suggested by the Arrhenius model. Keywords: ion, mobility, fluid, density, electron attaching.
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Hadjiconstantinou, Nicolas G. "Molecular Mechanics of Liquid and Gas Slip Flow". Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 56, nr 1 (19.01.2024): 435–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-121021-014808.
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By taking into account the inhomogeneity introduced by the presence of a solid boundary, slip-flow theory extends the range of applicability of the venerable Navier–Stokes description to smaller scales and into the regime where confinement starts to be important. Due to the inherently atomistic nature of solid–fluid interactions at their interface, slip flow can be described, at least in principle, predictively at this level. This review aims to summarize our current understanding of slip flow at the atomistic level in dilute gases and dense liquids. The discussion extends over the similarities and differences between slip in gases and liquids, characterization and measurement of slip by molecular simulation methods, models for predicting slip, and open questions requiring further investigation.
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Kojic, Predrag, Jovana Kojic, Milada Pezo, Jelena Krulj, Lato Pezo i Nikola Mirkov. "Numerical study of the hydrodynamics and mass transfer in the external loop airlift reactor". Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly, nr 00 (2021): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq210522034k.
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The objective of this study was to investigate the hydrodynamics and the gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient of an external-loop airlift reactor (ELAR). The ELAR was operated in three cases: different inlet velocities of fluids, different alcohols solutions (water, 0.5% methanol, 0.5% ethanol, 0.5% propanol and 0.5% butanol) and different concentration of methanol in solutions (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 5%). The influence of superficial gas velocity and various diluted alcohol solutions on hydrodynamics and gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient of the ELAR was studied. Experimentally, the gas hold-up, liquid velocities and volumetric mass transfer coefficient values in the riser and the downcomer were obtained from the literature source. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed, based on two-phase flow, investigating different liquids regarding surface tension, assuming the ideal gas flow, applying the finite volume method and Eulerian-Eulerian model. The volumetric mass transfer coefficient was determined using CFD model, as well as artificial neural network model. The effects of liquid parameters and gas velocity on the characteristics of the gas-liquid mass transfer were simulated. These models were compared with appropriate experimental results. CFD model successfully succeed to simulate the influence of different alcohols regarding the number of C-atoms on hydrodynamics and mass transfer.
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Xu, Q., D. Cheng, G. Trapaga, N. Yang i E. J. Lavernia. "Numerical Analyses of Fluid Dynamics of an Atomization Configuration". Journal of Materials Research 17, nr 1 (styczeń 2002): 156–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2002.0024.
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Computational fluid dynamic techniques were used to analyze the gas flow behavior of a typical atomization configuration. The calculated results are summarized as follows. The atomization gas flow at the atomizer's exit may be either subsonic at ambient pressure or sonic at an underexpanded condition, depending on the magnitude of the inlet gas pressure. When the atomization gas separates to become a free annular gas jet, a closed recirculating vortex region is formed between the liquid delivery tube and the annular jet's inner boundary. Upon entering the atomization chamber, an underexpanded sonic gas flow is further accelerated to supersonic velocity during expansion. This pressure adjustment establishes itself in repetitive expansion and compression waves. A certain protrusion of the liquid delivery tube is crucial to obtain a stable subatmospheric pressure region at its exit. The vortex flow under the liquid delivery tube tends to transport liquid metal to the high kinetic energy gas located outside the liquid delivery tube, thereby leading to an efficient atomization.
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FUNADA, T., i D. D. JOSEPH. "Viscous potential flow analysis of Kelvin–Helmholtz instability in a channel". Journal of Fluid Mechanics 445 (16.10.2001): 263–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112001005572.
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We study the stability of stratified gas–liquid flow in a horizontal rectangular channel using viscous potential flow. The analysis leads to an explicit dispersion relation in which the effects of surface tension and viscosity on the normal stress are not neglected but the effect of shear stresses is. Formulas for the growth rates, wave speeds and neutral stability curve are given in general and applied to experiments in air–water flows. The effects of surface tension are always important and determine the stability limits for the cases in which the volume fraction of gas is not too small. The stability criterion for viscous potential flow is expressed by a critical value of the relative velocity. The maximum critical value is when the viscosity ratio is equal to the density ratio; surprisingly the neutral curve for this viscous fluid is the same as the neutral curve for inviscid fluids. The maximum critical value of the velocity of all viscous fluids is given by that for inviscid fluid. For air at 20°C and liquids with density ρ = 1 g cm−3 the liquid viscosity for the critical conditions is 15 cP: the critical velocity for liquids with viscosities larger than 15 cP is only slightly smaller but the critical velocity for liquids with viscosities smaller than 15 cP, like water, can be much lower. The viscosity of the liquid has a strong effect on the growth rate. The viscous potential flow theory fits the experimental data for air and water well when the gas fraction is greater than about 70%.
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Tao, Yingmei, Phillip S. Wells, Xuefeng Yi, Kwang S. Yun i Jon F. Parcher. "Lattice–fluid model for gas–liquid chromatography". Journal of Chromatography A 862, nr 1 (listopad 1999): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00887-0.
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Lucas, Dirk, Iztok Tiselj, Yassin A. Hassan i Fabio Moretti. "Computational Fluid Dynamics for Gas-Liquid Flows". Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2009 (2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/725247.
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Zhang, Peng, i Bing Xuan Ni. "Research on Influence of Wetting Fluid by Gas Bubble Method to Measure Pore Size Characteristics". Advanced Materials Research 1048 (październik 2014): 498–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1048.498.
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In this paper, the experimental of pore diameter distribution characteristics of spunbond and meltblown composite nonwoven is carried out by using of gas bubble method. The influence of 7 kinds of wetting liquid to measurement results is studied, including of Galwick, Porefil, Silpore, Silwick, Dimethyl silicone, Isopropanol and Alcohol. The results show that wetting liquids of Galwick, Silwick and Dimethyl silicone can obtain the consistent value of pore diameter, meanwhile, have nearly normal distribution characteristics of pore diameter. Therefore, the wetting liquids of Galwick, Silwick and Dimethyl silicone are ideal wetting liquid for nonwoven. While the other four kinds of wetting liquid measurement results vary greatly, and don’t show normal distribution, they are not suitable as the wetting liquid of nonwoven by gas bubble method.
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Rafikov, I. R., R. I. Davletov, E. E. Smirnova, K. A. Pereskokov, A. P. Aleksashev i A. S. Chirkunova. "MODELING OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER PROCESSES TO VERIFY THE THROUGHPUT CAPACITY OF A DRILLING MUD GAS SEPARATOR". Petroleum Engineering 22, nr 6 (24.12.2024): 173–84. https://doi.org/10.17122/ngdelo-2024-6-173-184.
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The article investigates the modeling of heat and mass transfer processes in drilling fluid gas separators used in oil and gas well drilling and workover operations. Drilling fluid gas separators play a critical role in ensuring the safe separation of gas-liquid mixtures, which is essential to prevent gas blowouts and accidents such as gas-air mixture explosions. It is demonstrated that the selection of the optimal separator type depends on specific operational conditions, including pressure, temperature, and the composition of the gas-liquid mixture.The proposed methodology for assessing separator performance involves several key steps. First, the calculation of gas and liquid throughput capacity, which allows for evaluating the device's efficiency in various geological conditions. Second, the calculation of pressure in the gas outlet line and the required height of the liquid seal necessary to prevent gas breakthrough. Third, special attention is given to preventing liquid droplet carryover in the gas flow and ensuring the retention of the required liquid volume within the separator’s body.Verifying the compliance of the drilling fluid gas separator’s characteristics with actual well construction conditions allows for the assessment of its operating range and the selection of a safe well control mode. This helps prevent situations where the drilling fluid or formation fluid could enter the gas outlet line, or gas could break through the liquid seal and be released inside the working areas.The use of software tools for modeling hydrocarbon phase transitions allows for accurate predictions of gas-liquid system behavior under high temperature and pressure conditions, significantly enhancing the precision of calculations and operational safety. As a result, the proposed methodology can be applied for the proper selection and design of gas separators, as well as optimizing their performance according to well conditions. This article provides significant practical value for engineering personnel in the oil and gas industry and contributes to improving the safety and efficiency of drilling and workover operations.
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Panahov, G., E. Abbasov, S. Bakhtiyarov i P. Museibli. "An Effect of Electrokinetics Phenomena on Nonlinear Wave Propagation in Bubbly Liquids". International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering 26, nr 3 (26.08.2021): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ijame-2021-0043.
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Abstract A study of nonlinear waves in liquid-gas mixtures with the consideration of internal effects is an important problem of both the fundamental and the applied fluid mechanics. Investigation of nonlinear waves in the gas-liquid mixtures with allowance for internal effects is an important task of both fundamental and applied fluid mechanics. These problems often arise in industrial processes such as oil and gas production, hydrocarbons pipeline transportation, gas-saturated fluids flow in pipelines, etc. In this work, we investigate the effect of the internal electric field on the nonlinear wave propagation in a bubbly liquid. Numerical simulations have been conducted to study the nonlinear waves described by the nonlinear Burgers-Korteweg-de Vries equation. The numerical simulations showed that the electrokinetic processes significantly affect the wave propagation process. The amplitude of the waves gradually decreases when the size of the gas bubble is decreasing and the electrical potential increases. A good agreement of obtained results with our previous predictions is found.
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Li, Hong Lian, Rui Dai, Xiao Lu Wang i Ji Feng Qu. "Sebei NO.2 Gas Field I-1 Layer Group Wellbore Liquid Loading Analysis". Advanced Materials Research 868 (grudzień 2013): 692–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.868.692.
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Sebei NO.2 gas field I-1 layer group is shallow-buried with comparatively lower formation energy. In the process of developing, the formation pressure drops and the total energy consumption of the gas-liquid two phase pipe flowing increases gradually, which leads wellbore to produce accumulated fluid that greatly reduces gas well productivity. This paper is based on the mastery of gas field reservoir characteristics and production dynamics, analyzing the changes of gas well production performance before and after gas wells with accumulated fluid. A wellbore liquid loading identification model of Sebei NO.2 gas field is established in terms of the liquid removing capacity calculations, wellhead characteristic observation method, the pressure gradient method. In the aspect of liquid loading volume, the study based on the theory of wellbore gas-liquid two phase flow, using four classical pressure distribution models to construct a combined model that is more suitable for single wells, analyzed the features of fluid gas well distribution with structural characteristics and other aspects. Practical application shows that the analysis results are reliable and highly practical, and deepening the understanding of the phenomenon of gas liquid loading.
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MILLER, BRUCE N., i TERRENCE L. REESE. "SELF-TRAPPING AT THE LIQUID-VAPOR CRITICAL POINT". Modern Physics Letters B 20, nr 04 (10.02.2006): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984906010561.
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Experiments suggest that localization via self-trapping plays a central role in the behavior of equilibrated low mass particles in both liquids and in supercritical fluids. In the latter case, the behavior is dominated by the liquid-vapor critical point which is difficult to probe, both experimentally and theoretically. Here, for the first time, we present the results of path-integral computations of the characteristics of a self-trapped particle at the critical point of a Lennard-Jones fluid for a positive particle-atom scattering length. We investigate the influence of the range of the particle-atom interaction on trapping properties, and the pick-off decay rate for the case where the particle is ortho-positronium. We find that, at the critical point, the transition from the self-trapped inhomogeneity to the density of the surrounding fluid is more gradual than in the liquid, or dense gas, away from the critical point. In addition the "shell structure" in fluid density surrounding the droplet is effaced.
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Ye, Cheng, Jiaqin Gong, Kecheng Liu, Jingjing Pei, Shengjiang Xu i Peng Xu. "Study on Gas Invasion Behavior of Gas–Liquid Displacement in Fractured Reservoirs". Processes 10, nr 12 (29.11.2022): 2533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10122533.
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When drilling or exploiting fractured formations, gas fluid displacement and invasion often occur, and gas invasion is very subtle and difficult to find. The gas in the fracture enters the wellbore and arrives near the wellhead with the drilling fluid. Improper treatment may lead to serious accidents such as lost circulation and blowout. In this study, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation software for modeling and grid generation, based on the volume of fluid (VOF) method, the gas invasion behavior under different conditions was simulated to explore the flow process and characteristics of gas invasion, and the effects of different drilling fluid properties and fracture morphology on gas invasion were analyzed. The experimental results show that the drilling fluid enters the fracture to compress the gas, making the pressure in the fracture greater than that in the wellbore, thus leading to the occurrence of gas invasion. The viscosity and density of the drilling fluid have different effects on the gas invasion process. The higher the viscosity, the smaller the possibility of gas invasion. However, when the viscosity of the drilling fluid gradually increases from 10–50 MPa·s, the change of gas invasion rate is small, all within 1.0–1.2 m/s. The higher the density, the more conducive to the occurrence of gas invasion. The inlet pressure has no obvious effect on the occurrence of gas invasion, and the occurrence time of the gas invasion fluctuates in 0.35 s at 0.5–2.5 MPa. With the increase in the fracture width and length, the possibility of gas invasion decreases, but there is an extreme value for the fracture height. The time of gas invasion does not change beyond this extreme value. When the fracture height is 100–700 mm, the time of gas invasion increases with the increase in the height; when the height is 700–900 mm, the gas invasion time does not change. These results provide a practical and effective method for enhancing oil recovery, preventing and treating gas invasion in gas–liquid flooding.
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Martin, M., i M. Diaz. "Gas-liquid and gas-liquid-liquid reactors with top and bottom blowing: I. Fluid dynamic regimes". Chemical Engineering Communications 189, nr 4 (kwiecień 2002): 543–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00986440212088.
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Nikolaev, Oleg V., Sergey A. Shulepin, Sergey A. Borodin, Konstantin N. Guzhov, Ivan V. Stonozhenko i Sergey A. Khokhlov. "Similarity parameters clarified in the conditions of gas wells operation with water phase of various mineralization". Georesursy 21, nr 3 (1.09.2019): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18599/grs.2019.3.68-72.
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Determining the effect of the fluid properties extracted from the reservoirs together with the produced gas on the pressure loss in wellbores is an urgent task for many fields and underground gas storages. The similarity parameters clarification of gas-liquid flows in pipes and creation of new modeling methods based on them make it possible to increase the degree of validity of the assigned technological modes at all stages of operation of field facilities containing a liquid phase in the products. Previous experimental studies have made it possible to establish an unambiguous dependence of pressure losses in the well on the amount of fluid represented by condensation water. However, the question of the effect of fluid properties on pressure losses in the path of formation mixture movement from the bottom to the installation of integrated gas treatment remains open. The article describes experimental studies of gas-liquid flows with liquids of high density, allowing us to make appropriate changes to the calculation formulas. Based on the methods of similarity and dimensions, corrections to the parameters included in the calculated relationships are concretized, conclusions of new formulas are given that take into account the influence of the liquid phase density on pressure losses in well bores. The structure of a new similarity parameter, the clarified Buzinov parameter, is substantiated, which allows us to most accurately calculate the stable operating modes of gas wells in fields and underground gas storage with an aqueous phase of various salinity. Relations for quantitative estimates of the effect of reducing pressure losses in gas-liquid flows due to wetting of the inner surface of elevator pipes are presented for the first time.
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Wang, Baojin, Liuci Wang, Xiangbo Meng i Fushen Ren. "Effect of Annular Gas–Liquid Two-Phase Flow on Lateral Vibration of Drill String in Horizontal Drilling for Natural Gas Hydrate". Processes 11, nr 1 (26.12.2022): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11010054.
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NGH (natural gas hydrate) is a sort of green energy with huge reserves. When drilling and exploiting NGH, the complex drilling environment will aggravate the vibration of the drill string, which will destroy the stability of the NGH reservoir and make it decompose to produce a large amount of gas. Gas flows into the annular with the drilling fluid, filling the annular with a gas–liquid two-phase flow with a complex variation in the characteristic parameters of the pipe flow. The mixed gas–liquid annular flow will make the drill string vibration more complex and intense. In this study, the nonlinear mathematical model of the drill string lateral vibration is established by considering the influence of the internal and external fluids, gravity, and the bottom axial force on the lateral vibration of the drill string. The effect of the annular fluid velocity and gas content on the lateral vibration of the drill string was studied through experiments and numerical simulations. This study found that, with an increase in annular fluid velocity and gas content, the stability of the drill string is weakened, and the lateral vibration is intensified, so the effect of the annular fluid velocity on the lateral vibration of drill string is greater than that of the annular gas content.
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Sivaji, Chinnasami, M. Ramachandran i Sowmiya Soundharaj. "An Detailed Study on Nano Fluids and Its Applications in Energy Sector". 1 8, nr 1 (1.06.2022): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.46632/jemm/8/1/10.
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Nano liquids are primarily used as coolants for their advanced heat properties in heat exchangers such as Electronic cooling systems (Like flat plates) and radiators. Heat transfer on a flat plate has been analyzed by several researchers. The nanofluid is prepared by suspending small nanoparticles in basic Water and ethylene glycol Such as fluids with or without stabilization techniques. The average size of nanoparticles is less than 100 nm, and The nanoparticles used in nano liquids are usually. The base fluid is a Well stimulant treatment fluid used in cosmetics Continuous phase fluid. Continuous phase fluid may be added, But it is not defined as water, and whether it is liquid or hydrocarbon May be without hydrocarbon gas. Well-induced therapy More than one base fluid can be used. The atomic number can Derived from the dimensional analysis of the Fourier law, because it is equal to the dimensionless temperature gradient at the surface: q Heat transfer rate, k is the constant heat. Conductivity and T is the temperature of the liquid. Sodium benzoic sulfate (SDBS) Water is used as a surfactant in the preparation of nano liquids. Cu nanoparticles with demonized water Nano-liquid samples of three-volume fractions are prepared; the average diameter of the nanoparticles is 25 nm. Many researchers have called the validity stability of nanofluids. The scattering behavior of various non-substances in the solvent varies and depends on many factors. A complete understanding of particle-particle-particle interaction to create a stable fluid. Electronics heat management and increasing the efficiency of fluids for transfer from air to liquid cooling systems. Improving the energy efficiency of electronic systems. Improving rack density for computer systems by reducing computers to sub-1U operating systems. Improvement in Power Module Life (MTPF). A nanofluid is a liquid containing particles the size of nanometers. The Nano liquids are obtained by scattering. Non-aqueous fluid (NAF) is a water-based permeable fluid. Commonly used NAF systems are reverse emulsions based on diesel oil, mineral oil or synthetic fluid. In NAF systems, the water level is emulsified in a continuous oil phase, also known as water-in-oil emulsion or reverse emulsion. Nusselt A is the number Is the dimensionless number closest to the pocket number. Both numbers are held inside the fluid Will be converted to a liquid with thermal energy Used to describe the ratio of thermal energy.
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Deng, Rui, Chengsheng Chen, Shuyong Shi i Yunpeng Wang. "Fluid Phase Simulation and Evolution of a Condensate Gas Reservoir in the Tazhong Uplift, Tarim Basin". Geofluids 2019 (13.06.2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8627698.
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The fluid phase and the evolution of the condensate gas reservoir in the Lianglitage Formation (O3), Well ZG7-5, Tazhong Uplift, were studied by integrating the PVTsim and the PetroMod software. The fluid phase was successfully simulated, and the burial, temperature, pressure, and pressure coefficient histories were reconstructed. The evolution of the fluid phase and its properties (density, viscosity, and gas-oil ratio) under the ideal and gas washing conditions was also explored. The simulated pressure-temperature (P‐T) phase diagram confirms that the reservoir fluid is in the condensate gas phase at present, with an order of critical point-cricondenbar-cricondentherm (CP‐Pm‐Tm). The temperature and pressure show an overall increasing trend considering the entirety of geological evolution. Under ideal conditions, fluid transition from coexisting gas and liquid phases to a single condensate gas phase occurred during the Late Cretaceous (80 Ma, T=135.7°C, and P=58.19 MPa). The density and viscosity of the liquid phase decreased gradually while the density and viscosity of the gas phase and the solution gas-oil ratio increased during geological processes. With the consideration of gas washing, the critical phase transition time points for 100% and 50% gas washing fluid are 394 Ma, 383 Ma, 331 Ma, and 23 Ma, as well as 266 Ma and 23 Ma, respectively. The average liquid phase density, gas phase density, and liquid phase viscosity under 100% gas washing are larger than those under 50% gas washing before 23 Ma (Miocene), while the gas phase viscosity values are similar for both cases. This study visually suggests that the temperature and pressure histories, which are controlled by the burial history and heat flow evolution, and gas washing have significant impacts on the formation of the condensate gas reservoirs and evolution of the fluid phase and its features in the Tazhong Uplift.
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Jiang, Yulin. "Study on Weight Function Distribution of Hybrid Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow Electromagnetic Flowmeter". Sensors 20, nr 5 (5.03.2020): 1431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20051431.
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The electromagnetic flowmeter is usually used for single-phase fluid parameter measurement. When the measured fluid is gas-liquid two-phase flow, the geometry of the sensor measurement space will change with the movement of the gas, which will cause measurement errors. The weight function distribution is an important parameter to analyze such measurement errors. The traditional method for calculating the weight function of gas-liquid two-phase flow involves complex dimensional space transformation, which is difficult to understand and apply. This paper presents a new method for calculating the weight function of the gas-liquid two-phase flow electromagnetic flowmeter. Firstly, based on the measurement principle of the electromagnetic flowmeter, a general model of weight function of the gas-liquid two-phase flow electromagnetic flowmeter is built. Secondly, the bubbles in the fluid are regarded as the “isolated” points in the flow field. According to the physical connection between the “field” of the measured fluid and the “source” of the sensor electrode, the Green’s function expression based on gas-liquid two-phase flow is established. Then, combined with the boundary conditions of the measurement space of the electromagnetic flowmeter, the Green’s function is analyzed. Finally, the general model of weight function is solved by using the expression of Green’s function, then the expression of the weight function of the electromagnetic flowmeter is obtained when the measured fluid is hybrid gas-liquid two-phase flow. The simulation results show that the proposed method can reasonably describe the influence of the gas in the measured fluid on the output signal of the sensor, and the experimental results also indirectly prove the rationality of this method.
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Wang, Wei Qiang, Kai Feng Fan, Yu Fei Wan, Ming Wu i Le Yang. "Study on the Pigging Process of Rich Gas Pipeline". Advanced Materials Research 884-885 (styczeń 2014): 242–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.884-885.242.
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Intensive study on flowing properties of two-phase fluid of gas and liquid during pipeline pigging helps to improve the safety operation of rich gas pipeline. Therefore, based on the multiphase fluid transient simulation software, a two-fluid model is employed to study the flowing regulation of gas and liquid in practical operation of natural gas pipeline pigging,especially the change rule of velocity,flow pattern, pressure, liquid holdup ratio, and liquid slug in the passing ball process. The results reveal that three flow patterns appeared in pipeline pigging. They are stratified flow, slug flow and bubble flow. The place where the particular flow pattern appears is related to the terrain. The biggest pressure is found at the entrance, then pressure comes down along the pipeline, and fluctuate according to the fluid amount and terrain; the transient velocity of pig is coherent with the terrain and liquid holdup ratio; small slug flows are easy to gather and form into a longer one. The research can somehow guide to the safety operation of natural gas pipeline pigging.
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Kumar, Pradeep. "Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Uranium, Plutonium and Thorium". Journal of ISAS 1, nr 1 (31.07.2022): 65–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.59143/isas.jisas.1.1.kmmu6765.
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In recent decades, extraction of actinides (U,Pu,Th) employing supercritical CO2has drawn attention owing to its inherent potential to minimize liquid waste generation. Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) offers faster extraction with fine control over extraction process by means of varying pressure , temperature conditions. Supercritical Fluids have hybridproperties of liquid and gas. Liquid like solvation and gas like diffusivity enable topenetrate deep inside solid matrix, extracting component of interest, thus capable of extraction from liquid as well as solid matrix. Metal ion is complexed withsuitable organic compound, which gets soluble in SC CO2 . SC CO2 acts as a solvent and after extractionescapes as gas leaving behind extractant. Various types of ligands such organophosphorus compounds, -diketones, macrocyclic compounds, amides, dithiocarbamates are employed.SFE offers attractive alternative to reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste.In this paper, research work carried out on the SFE of actinides (U,Pu,Th) has been reviewed.
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Wang, Weiyang, Wei Zhu i Mingzhong Li. "Gas–Liquid Flow Behavior in Condensate Gas Wells under Different Development Stages". Energies 16, nr 2 (14.01.2023): 950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020950.
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The phase state prediction methods of condensate gas are relatively mature, but the effect of phase changes on gas–liquid mixture flow behavior and the liquid-carrying capacity of gas has not been researched in detail. This study applied PIPESIM software to predict the fluid phase properties under different development stages of a condensate gas reservoir in Shengli Oilfield and determined the phase diagram and physical properties of the well stream on the basis of the optimized equation of state (EOS). Then the influence of phase change characteristics on wellbore flow behavior and critical liquid-carrying gas velocity was analyzed. The study showed that compared with the early development stage, fewer heavy components are produced and the produced gas–liquid ratio is increased in the late stage of the condensate gas reservoir. In addition, the pressure loss of fluid is decreased, the critical liquid-carrying gas velocity and flow rate are reduced, and the liquid-lifting difficulty is reduced for gas. The reason is that the liquid density decreases obviously due to the phase change, while the gas density is almost unchanged, and the oil–gas surface tension decreases obviously, resulting in a decrease in the critical liquid-carrying gas velocity. At the same time, the variation in the gas compressibility factor is very small, which leads to a decrease in the critical liquid-carrying gas flow rate.
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Hegab, A. M., S. A. Gutub i A. Balabel. "A Developed Numerical Method for Turbulent Unsteady Fluid Flow in Two-Phase Systems with Moving Interface". International Journal of Computational Methods 14, nr 06 (sierpień 2017): 1750063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219876217500633.
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This paper presents the development of an accurate and robust numerical modeling of instability of an interface separating two-phase system, such as liquid–gas and/or solid–gas systems. The instability of the interface can be refereed to the buoyancy and capillary effects in liquid–gas system. The governing unsteady Navier–Stokes along with the stress balance and kinematic conditions at the interface are solved separately in each fluid using the finite-volume approach for the liquid–gas system and the Hamilton–Jacobi equation for the solid–gas phase. The developed numerical model represents the surface and the body forces as boundary value conditions on the interface. The adapted approaches enable accurate modeling of fluid flows driven by either body or surface forces. The moving interface is tracked and captured using the level set function that initially defined for both fluids in the computational domain. To asses the developed numerical model and its versatility, a selection of different unsteady test cases including oscillation of a capillary wave, sloshing in a rectangular tank, the broken-dam problem involving different density fluids, simulation of air/water flow, and finally the moving interface between the solid and gas phases of solid rocket propellant combustion were examined. The latter case model allowed for the complete coupling between the gas-phase physics, the condensed-phase physics, and the unsteady nonuniform regression of either liquid or the propellant solid surfaces. The propagation of the unsteady nonplanar regression surface is described, using the Essentially-Non-Oscillatory (ENO) scheme with the aid of the level set strategy. The computational results demonstrate a remarkable capability of the developed numerical model to predict the dynamical characteristics of the liquid–gas and solid–gas flows, which is of great importance in many civilian and military industrial and engineering applications.
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Matsuoka, Hiroki, Takefumi Kanda, Shuichi Wakimoto, Koichi Suzumori i Pierre Lambert. "Development of a Rubber Soft Actuator Driven with Gas/Liquid Phase Change". International Journal of Automation Technology 10, nr 4 (5.07.2016): 517–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2016.p0517.
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Soft rubber actuators are very useful in applications involving humans, such as in medicine and reflexology. Additionally, they are useful in industrial devices because of their softness. However, many soft rubber actuators are driven by pneumatic power, and the power source is usually bulky. This makes the application of soft rubber actuators difficult. In this study, we propose a novel small power source for soft rubber actuators, which uses the gas/liquid phase change phenomenon of the actuator working fluid. When fluids change their phase between liquid and vapor, a large volume change occurs. We assume that this volume change is sufficient to drive a single soft rubber actuator. We fabricated a prototype of an actuator comprised entirely of silicone rubber via a molding process. Using the first prototype, we confirmed that the actuator can be driven by the gas/liquid phase change of the actuator fluid. Then, we fabricated a second prototype that includes a cartridge heater inside its body. We applied an electronics coolant fluid to this actuator. From the results of several experiments, we confirmed that the actuator produced a maximum output force of 405 mN. When the actuator was driven by the gas/liquid phase change, its trajectory was almost the same as that when driven by air pressure. Hence, the proposed pressure source maintained the characteristics and advantages of the soft rubber actuator. We believe that a pressure source using the gas/liquid phase change phenomenon of a working fluid will mitigate the problems of the driving system of soft rubber actuators.
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Jaireth, S., A. K. Sen i O. P. Varma. "Fluid Inclusion Studies in Apatite of the Sung Valley Carbonatite Complex, N. E. India: Evidence of Melt-Fluid Immiscibility". Journal Geological Society of India 37, nr 6 (1.06.1991): 547–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17491/jgsi/1991/370604.
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Abstract The Sung Valley carbonatite complex of Cretaceous age has a core of serpentinized peridotite rimmed by pyroxenite. The complex is intruded by small- to medium-sized bodies of uncompahgrite, ijolite, syenite and carbonatite. The carbonatites occur as stocks, lenses, dykes and veins. Apatite grains in the apatite-magnetite sovite are characterized by three varieties of apparently syngenetic primary inclusions: The type S (solidified) inclusions contain highly birefringent and anisotropic solids along with some gas and liquid; the co-existing type F (fluid) inclusions are of two types-low to moderate salinity gas-liquid inclusions (gas= 15 to 35% by volume) and high salinity gas-liquid inclusions with one or more daughter minerals (halite, sylvite, carbonates). Type S inclusions homogenize into a relatively viscous, melt-like liquid at temperatures between 740 and 806°C whereas type F inclusions homogenize into a liquid phase at temperatures between 177 and 488°C. The large variation in homogenization temperatures between type S and type F inclusions and the difference in their composition are interpreted to be the result of a liquid immiscibility between a volatilerich carbonate melt and a saline aqueous fluid, though contribution of necking down of some original inclusions in generating clusters of type S and type F inclusions cannot be ruled out completely.
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Kovačič, K., i B. Šarler. "The kinetic energy transfer analysis between the gas and the liquid in flow-focusing of the micro-jet". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2766, nr 1 (1.05.2024): 012075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2766/1/012075.
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Abstract The present study uses computational fluid dynamics to analyse the kinetic energy transfer from the gas to the liquid phase, considering the significant influence of surface tension. The considered situation is the gas dynamic virtual nozzle, where the co-flowing gas focuses and accelerates the liquid jet. The experimentally validated half-space three-dimensional gas-liquid mixture model addresses the unsteady, incompressible, isothermal, Newtonian, low-turbulent two-phase flow. The continuity, momentum and the k-ω SST turbulence model are employed to resolve the fluid flow. The numerical solution is based on the finite volume method and volume of fluid approach with a geometric reconstruction scheme for tracking the gas-liquid interface. The total pressure of the gas, an indication of its energy, is tracked along streamlines and analysed spatially and temporarily. It is found that around 50 % of the focusing gas energy is transferred to the liquid jet before its breakup for the nozzle with Weber number 3.5, and gas and jet Reynolds number 1842 and 108, respectively. The linear regression between jet length and energy transfer efficiency is discovered. The presented methodology represents an essential tool for analysing and understanding the energy transfer process between the focusing gas and the liquid jet.
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Kumar, Pradeep. "Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Uranium, Plutonium and Thorium: A Review". Journal of ISAS 1, nr 1 (31.07.2022): 65–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.59143/isas.jisas.1.1.abbn9566.
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In recent decades, extraction of actinides (U,Pu,Th) employing supercritical CO2has drawn attention owing to its inherent potential to minimize liquid waste generation. Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) offers faster extraction with fine control over extraction process by means of varying pressure , temperature conditions. Supercritical Fluids have hybridproperties of liquid and gas. Liquid like solvation and gas like diffusivity enable topenetrate deep inside solid matrix, extracting component of interest, thus capable of extraction from liquid as well as solid matrix. Metal ion is complexed withsuitable organic compound, which gets soluble in SC CO2 . SC CO2 acts as a solvent and after extractionescapes as gas leaving behind extractant. Various types of ligands such organophosphorus compounds, -diketones, macrocyclic compounds, amides, dithiocarbamates are employed.SFE offers attractive alternative to reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste.In this paper, research work carried out on the SFE of actinides (U,Pu,Th) has been reviewed.
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KOVALENKO, ANDRIY, i FUMIO HIRATA. "TOWARDS A MOLECULAR THEORY FOR THE VAN DER WAALS–MAXWELL DESCRIPTION OF FLUID PHASE TRANSITIONS". Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry 01, nr 02 (październik 2002): 381–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219633602000282.
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We briefly review developments of theories for phase transitions of molecular fluids and mixtures, from semi-phenomenological approaches providing equations of state with adjustable parameters to first-principles microscopic methods qualitatively correct for a variety of molecular models with realistic interaction potentials. We further present the generalization of the van der Waals–Maxwell description of fluid phase diagrams to account for chemical specificities of polar molecular fluids, such as hydrogen bonding. Our theory uses the reference interaction site model (RISM) integral equation approach complemented with the new closure we have proposed (KH approximation), successful over a wide range of density from gas to liquid. The RISM/KH theory is applied to the known three-site models of water, methanol, and hydrogen fluoride. It qualitatively reproduces their vapor-liquid phase diagrams and the structure in the gas as well as liquid phases, including hydrogen bonding. Furthermore, phase transitions of water and methanol sorbed in nanoporous carbon aerogel are described by means of the replica generalization of the RISM approach we have developed. The changes as compared to the bulk fluids are in agreement with simulations and experiment. The RISM/KH theory is promising for description of phase transitions in various associating fluids, in particular, electrolyte as well as non-electrolyte solutions and ionic liquids.
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Wang, Baojin, Zhongyang Wang, Liuci Wang i Pengyu Sun. "Effect of Annular Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow on Dynamic Characteristics of Drill String". Shock and Vibration 2021 (11.11.2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9976164.
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Natural gas hydrate (NGH) is a kind of new type green energy source with giant reserves which has been thought of highly by energy explorers in the world. However, NGH breaks down to produce some natural gas that enters the annulus and flows together with the drilling fluid. The gas-liquid two-phase flow can have an impact on the work of the drill string. Therefore, it is important to study gas-liquid two-phase flow in the annulus on the dynamic characteristics of the drill string. In this article, taking a single drill string as the research object, a fluid-structure coupled finite element mathematical model of two-phase flow in the annulus and drill string is established based on computational fluid dynamics and computational structural dynamics theory. The finite element numerical simulation method is used to analyze the influence of drilling fluid and natural gas in the annulus on the dynamic characteristics of the drill string. The simulation analysis shows the following: (1) The motion of drilling fluid or natural gas in the annulus will reduce the natural frequency of the drill string, and the drilling fluid has a greater impact on the natural frequency of the drill string. (2) When single-phase drilling fluid flows in the annulus, the displacement peak in different directions, maximum equivalent stress, and strain of the drill string increase with the increase of the drilling fluid flow velocity or pressure, and the drilling fluid pressure has a more significant effect. (3) When the gas-liquid two-phase fluid flows in the annulus, the displacement peak, maximum equivalent stress, velocity amplitude, and acceleration amplitude of the drill string all increase with the natural gas flow velocity and natural gas content increase, and the natural gas flow velocity has a more significant effect.
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Murickan, Geeno, Hassan Bahrami, Reza Rezaee, Ali Saeedi i Tsar Mitchel. "Using relative permeability curves to evaluate phase trapping damage caused by water- and oil-based drilling fluids in tight-gas reservoirs". APPEA Journal 52, nr 1 (2012): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj11048.
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Low matrix permeability and significant damage mechanisms are the main signatures of tight-gas reservoirs. During the drilling and fracturing of tight formations, the wellbore liquid invades the tight formation, increases liquid saturation around the wellbore, and eventually reduces permeability at the near wellbore zone. The liquid invasion damage is mainly controlled by capillary pressure and relative permeability curves. Due to high critical water saturation, relative permeability effects and strong capillary pressure, tight formations are sensitive to water invasion damage, making water blocking and phase trapping damage two of the main concerns with using a water-based drilling fluid in tight-gas reservoirs.Therefore, the use of an oil-based mud may be preferred in the drilling or fracturing of a tight formation. Invasion of an oil filtrate into tight formations, however, may result in the introduction of an immiscible liquid-hydrocarbon drilling or completion fluid around the wellbore, causing the entrapment of an additional third phase in the porous media that would exacerbate formation damage effects. This study focuses on phase trapping damage caused by liquid invasion using a water-based drilling fluid in comparison with the use of an oil-based drilling fluid in water-sensitive, tight-gas sand reservoirs. Reservoir simulation approach is used to study the effect of relative permeability curves on phase trap damage, and the results of laboratory experiments of core flooding tests in a West Australian tight-gas reservoir are shown, where the effect of water injection and oil injection on the damage of core permeability are studied. The results highlight the benefits of using oil-based fluids in drilling and fracturing of tight-gas reservoirs in terms of reducing skin factor and improving well productivity.
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Ku, Haochu, Kunpeng Zhang, Xiangge He, Min Zhang i Hailong Lu. "Decoding Fluid Flow Characteristics Through Distributed Acoustic Sensing: A Novel Approach". Sensors 25, nr 7 (23.03.2025): 2011. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25072011.
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Flow characteristic monitoring includes parameters such as flow regime, fluid characteristic frequency, and flow rate, which are crucial for optimizing production and ensuring the safety of oil and gas transportation systems. Existing fluid monitoring technologies, such as various flow meters, often face limitations in providing distributed and real-time monitoring data. In contrast, distributed acoustic sensing offers a spatial resolution of 1 m with high frequency sampling capability, allowing for long-term, multi-point dynamic monitoring of fluid migration characteristics. We developed an indoor physical simulation pipeline loop to assess the feasibility of using distributed acoustic sensing for monitoring flow migration characteristics. The experiment collected signal characteristics under different conditions, including background noise, single gas-phase flow, single liquid-phase flow, and gas–liquid two-phase flow. In the frequency–power spectral density analysis, single gas-phase flow signals are concentrated at lower frequencies, single liquid-phase flow displays noticeable spikes over a broader frequency range, and gas–liquid two-phase flow covers the widest frequency range with stronger amplitude signals. Autocorrelation analysis shows larger oscillations for gas–liquid two-phase flow, smoother signals for gas-phase flow, and more turbulent signals for liquid-phase flow. By examining root mean square energy changes, flow rates can be qualitatively estimated, revealing a positive correlation between energy and flow velocity. Finally, the study discussed the limitations of the experimental setup and proposed improvements and advanced research directions of distributed acoustic sensing in fluid monitoring.