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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Frogs – Physiology”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 7 lutego 2022

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1

Smotherman, M. S., and P. M. Narins. "Hair cells, hearing and hopping: a field guide to hair cell physiology in the frog." Journal of Experimental Biology 203, no. 15 (August 1, 2000): 2237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.15.2237.

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For more than four decades, hearing in frogs has been an important source of information for those interested in auditory neuroscience, neuroethology and the evolution of hearing. Individual features of the frog auditory system can be found represented in one or many of the other vertebrate classes, but collectively the frog inner ear represents a cornucopia of evolutionary experiments in acoustic signal processing. The mechano-sensitive hair cell, as the focal point of transduction, figures critically in the encoding of acoustic information in the afferent auditory nerve. In this review, we p

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2

McCAY, MICHAEL G. "AERODYNAMIC STABILITY AND MANEUVERABILITY OF THE GLIDING FROG POLYPEDATES DENNYSI." Journal of Experimental Biology 204, no. 16 (August 15, 2001): 2817–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.16.2817.

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SUMMARY Gliding has evolved independently in two families of tree frog. Tree frogs glide to descend rapidly to mating sites over temporary pools on the forest floor or to escape predators. The physical mechanisms used by frogs to glide and maneuver were investigated using a combination of observations of live frogs (Polypedates dennysi) gliding in a tilted wind-tunnel and aerodynamic forces and torques measured from physical models of tree frogs in a wind-tunnel. Tree frogs maneuvered in the tilted wind-tunnel using two different turning mechanisms: a banked turn (the frog rolls into the turn)

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3

Shirokova, N., J. García, G. Pizarro, and E. Ríos. "Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum compared in amphibian and mammalian skeletal muscle." Journal of General Physiology 107, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.107.1.1.

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Puzzled by recent reports of differences in specific ligand binding to muscle Ca2+ channels, we quantitatively compared the flux of Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in skeletal muscle fibers of an amphibian (frog) and a mammal (rat), voltage clamped in a double Vaseline gap chamber. The determinations of release flux were carried out by the "removal" method and by measuring the rate of Ca2+ binding to dyes in large excess over other Ca2+ buffers. To have a more meaningful comparison, the effects of stretching the fibers, of rapid changes in temperature, and of changes in the C

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4

Maekawa, Shun, Hitomi Iemura, Yuko Kuramochi, Nami Kosaka-Nogawa, Hironori Nishikawa, Youichi Aizawa, and Takashi Kato. "A New Animal Model for Anemia Induced by Environmental Low-Temperature: Physiology of Erythrocyte Production and Circulation." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 4770. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.4770.4770.

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Abstract To survive, organisms must adapt to changes in the ambient environment. Here, we describe a new model of anemia based on exposure of African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis to low-temperature. Frogs exposed at low-temperature (5ºC) for five days had decreased numbers of peripheral blood erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes as well as low hemoglobin levels. By contrast, spleen erythrocytes increased in number. Cell counts returned to normal in frogs re-warmed at ambient temperature (22ºC) for two days. To confirm these observations in vivo, we labeled peripheral blood cells with fluo

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5

Layne, J. R., R. E. Lee, and T. L. Heil. "Freezing-induced changes in the heart rate of wood frogs (Rana sylvatica)." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 257, no. 5 (November 1, 1989): R1046—R1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1989.257.5.r1046.

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During the first few hours of freezing the cardiovascular system must distribute cryoprotectant throughout the body of freeze-tolerant frogs. This study presents initial documentation of the changes in heart rate of wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) during nonlethal freezing. Heart rate was determined by measuring the electrocardiogram of frogs. Within 1 min of the onset of freezing the heart rate nearly doubled to approximately 8.0 beats/min. The heart rate began to slow after the first hour of the freeze, and the heart completely stopped beating near the completion of ice formation approximately 2

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6

Klop-Toker, Kaya L., Jose W. Valdez, Michelle P. Stockwell, Matthew E. Edgar, Loren Fardell, Simon Clulow, John Clulow, and Michael J. Mahony. "Assessing host response to disease treatment: how chytrid-susceptible frogs react to increased water salinity." Wildlife Research 44, no. 8 (2017): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr16145.

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Context The severity and prevalence of the amphibian fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is correlated with several environmental variables, including salinity, temperature, and moisture content, which influence the pathogen’s growth and survival. Habitats that contain these environmental variables at levels outside of those optimal for Bd growth and survival may facilitate the survival of susceptible host species. Therefore, manipulation of environmental salinity is a potential management strategy to help conserve Bd-susceptible species. However, host behaviour also influence

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7

Baker, B. J., and J. M. L. Richardson. "The effect of artificial light on male breeding-season behaviour in green frogs, Rana clamitans melanota." Canadian Journal of Zoology 84, no. 10 (October 2006): 1528–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z06-142.

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Artificial night lighting (or ecological light pollution) is only now gaining attention as a source of long-term effects on the ecology of both diurnal and nocturnal animals. The limited data available clearly indicate that artificial light can affect physiology and behaviour of animals, leading to ecological consequences at the population, community, and ecosystem levels. Aquatic ecosystems may be particularly vulnerable to such effects, and nocturnally breeding animals such as frogs may be especially affected. To address this potential, we quantify the effects of artificial light on calling

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8

Rubin, Bruce K., Chris I. Cheeseman, Sita Gourishankar, and Malcolm King. "Is there a seasonal variation in mucus transport and nutrient absorption in the leopard frog?" Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 70, no. 4 (April 1, 1992): 442–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y92-056.

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We postulated that as a hibernating species, frogs might have variable demands for nutrients at different seasons of the year and that this must be reflected in seasonal variations of physiologic processes related to nutrient transport and absorption. We examined the rate of mucus transport on the ciliated palate and the movement of nutrients across the intestinal lumen of leopard frogs, Rana pipiens. Mucus transport on the frog palate was strongly influenced by season, with maximal transport occurring in late June (Julian day 178, p = 0.0001; r = 0.58). This increased transport rate was assoc

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9

Alonso-Gómez, A. L., M. Tejera, M. Alonso-Bedate, and M. J. Delgado. "Response to pinealectomy and blinding in vitellogenic female frogs (Rana perezi) subjected to high temperature in autumn." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 68, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y90-014.

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The present experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of pinealectomy and bilateral enucleation on the ovarian activity in Rana perezi frogs maintained in 12-h light – 12-h dark photoperiod and 20 ± 1 °C during the vitellogenetic growth in late autumn. These environmental conditions, mainly temperature, induce a gonadal and metabolic response similar to that observed in the natural habitat in summer: a marked ovarian follicular regression, a depletion of the energetic resources from fat bodies and liver, and a minimum in oestradiol circulating levels. This response is partially b

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10

Medler, Scott. "Anesthetic MS-222 eliminates nerve and muscle activity in frogs used for physiology teaching laboratories." Advances in Physiology Education 43, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00114.2018.

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Frogs are routinely used in physiology teaching laboratories to demonstrate important physiological processes. There have been recent directives that promote the use of the anesthetic MS-222 (tricaine methanesulfonate), rather than lowering body temperature with a cold water bath to prepare reptiles and amphibians for physiological experiments or euthanasia. Indeed, the most recent edition of the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals proclaims that chilling in water is not an appropriate method and advocates for the usage of MS-222 or other ane

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11

Tennant, M., S. R. Bruce, and L. D. Beazley. "Survival of ganglion cells which form the retino-retinal projection during optic nerve regeneration in the frog." Visual Neuroscience 10, no. 4 (July 1993): 681–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095252380000537x.

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AbstractDuring optic nerve regeneration in the frog, axons transiently grow along the opposite optic nerve forming a retino-retinal projection. In the present study, we crushed the left optic nerve in the frog Litoria (Hyla) moorei and later applied horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or diamidino yellow (DY) to the right optic nerve. In one series, retinae were examined 3 days after application of the tracer. The retino-retinal projection was found to be maximal at 5 weeks, fell significantly by 7 weeks, and returned to close-to-normal levels by 24 weeks. In a second series, we applied DY at 5 weeks

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12

FLANIGAN, JAMES E., PHILIP C. WITHERS, and MICHAEL GUPPY. "In Vitro Metabolic Depression of Tissues from the Aestivating Frog Neobatrachus Pelobatoides." Journal of Experimental Biology 161, no. 1 (November 1, 1991): 273–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.161.1.273.

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The desert frog Neobatrachus pelobatoides reduced its resting metabolism in vivo by 60–70% during 5–7 weeks of aestivation (summer dormancy). The rate ofoxygen consumption (V·OO2) of isolated and intact skeletal muscle, measured in vitro, was 70% lower for aestivating frogs compared with non-aestivating frogs. The cause of the reduced V·OO2 of aestivating frog muscle must lie in the tissue itself rather than being induced by external factors such as oxygen supply or bloodborne metabolites (because these were identical in the in vitro assay conditions), by any short-term effects produced by hor

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13

John-Alder, Henry B., Peter J. Morin, and Sharon Lawler. "Thermal Physiology, Phenology, and Distribution of Tree Frogs." American Naturalist 132, no. 4 (October 1988): 506–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/284868.

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14

Kargo, William J., and Simon F. Giszter. "Afferent Roles in Hindlimb Wipe-Reflex Trajectories: Free-Limb Kinematics and Motor Patterns." Journal of Neurophysiology 83, no. 3 (March 1, 2000): 1480–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.83.3.1480.

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The hindlimb wiping reflex of the frog is an example of a targeted trajectory that is organized at the spinal level. In this paper, we examine this reflex in 45 spinal frogs to test the importance of proprioceptive afferents in trajectory formation at the spinal level. We tested hindlimb to hindlimb wiping, in which the wiping or effector limb and the target limb move together. Loss of afferent feedback from the wiping limb was produced by cutting dorsal roots 7–9. This caused altered initial trajectory direction, increased ankle path curvature, knee-joint velocity reversals, and overshooting

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15

Kirschner, L. B. "Basis for apparent saturation kinetics of Na+ influx in freshwater hyperregulators." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 254, no. 6 (June 1, 1988): R984—R988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1988.254.6.r984.

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Uptake of Na+ by intact frogs has been reported to show saturation kinetics at low external concentrations (less than 2 mM); yet other evidence shows that the transport system is far from saturated in this concentration range. The saturation behavior was reproduced here in isolated frog skins that were then used as appropriate models for investigating the paradox. When the skin was bathed by 2 mM Na+ outside and open circuited, influx (JNain) was near maximum. If, under these conditions, the skin was short circuited, JNain increased threefold. Alternatively, if Cl- permeability was increased i

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16

Mason, Matthew J., and Peter M. Narins. "Vibrometric studies of the middle ear of the bullfrog Rana catesbeiana I. The extrastapes." Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 20 (October 15, 2002): 3153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.20.3153.

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SUMMARY Laser vibrometry was used to measure the vibration velocity at different points on the ossicular apparatus of the bullfrog Rana catesbeiana in response to free-field sound. The ascending process of the extrastapes,neglected in most accounts of frog middle ear mechanics, supports a rocking motion of the extrastapes and is critical to the normal function of the ossicular apparatus. The articulation between extrastapes and the bony stapes shaft acts as a hinge, although movement at this hinge is usually small. The ratio of tympanic membrane to footplate vibration velocity is significantly

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17

Saltiel, Philippe, Kuno Wyler-Duda, Andrea D'Avella, Matthew C. Tresch, and Emilio Bizzi. "Muscle Synergies Encoded Within the Spinal Cord: Evidence From Focal Intraspinal NMDA Iontophoresis in the Frog." Journal of Neurophysiology 85, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): 605–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2001.85.2.605.

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This paper relates to the problem of the existence of muscle synergies, that is whether the CNS command to muscles is simplified by controlling their activity in subgroups or synergies, rather than individually. We approach this problem with two methods that have been recently introduced: intraspinal N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) microstimulation and a synergy-extracting algorithm. To search for a common set of synergies encoded for by the spinal cord whose combinations would account for a large range of electromyographic (EMG) patterns, we chose, rather than examining a large range of natural b

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Borkent, Art, and Peter Belton. "Attraction of female Uranotaenia lowii (Diptera: Culicidae) to frog calls in Costa Rica." Canadian Entomologist 138, no. 1 (February 2006): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n04-113.

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AbstractDuring a survey of frog-biting corethrellid midges in Costa Rica, we collected 79 female Uranotaenia lowii Theobald, mosquitoes known to bite frogs, from seven lowland localities using the recorded calls of a frog. The calls of male barking tree frogs, Hyla gratiosa LeConte, were repeated about once per second, lasted about 0.15 s, and had a fundamental frequency near 450 Hz. We suggest that this frequency is within the range of acoustic sensitivity of the female mosquito antennae. Males of several families of Nematocera use sound to detect flying females of their own species, but we b

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Miyachi, Yukihisa, Takahisa Koike, Kenzo Muroi, Tomoko Kanao, Taro Kawamoto, and Takeshi Yamada. "Marked depression of radiation-induced emesis in frogs following prior exposure to a brief dose of X-rays." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 80, no. 8 (August 1, 2002): 828–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y02-108.

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Acute emesis response to harmful doses of X-rays on frogs (Rana porosa porosa) was examined. Results showed that the number of radioemesis events following exposure to 0.85 Gy was slightly higher than in the sham control animals. The increase in emesis action became more pronounced when the total dose of radiation was raised to 2.5 Gy. Only 1 frog out of a total of 12 did not show vomiting following radiation, while no response was observed in sham control animals. Note that animals in which the low dose rate of radiation was applied to whole body did not display any changes in the emesis resp

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Wu, Nicholas C., Callum McKercher, Rebecca L. Cramp, and Craig E. Franklin. "Mechanistic basis for loss of water balance in green tree frogs infected with a fungal pathogen." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 317, no. 2 (August 1, 2019): R301—R311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00355.2018.

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Chytridiomycosis, a lethal skin disease caused by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ( Bd), disrupts skin function of amphibians, interfering with ionic and osmotic regulation. To regulate fungal loads, amphibians increase their rate of skin sloughing. However, sloughing also causes a temporary loss of ionic and osmotic homeostasis due to disruption of the skin, a key osmoregulatory organ. The combined effects of increased sloughing frequency and chytridiomycosis contribute to the high rates of mortality from Bd infections. However, the mechanisms responsible for the loss of cu

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Zimmerman, Sarah L., James Frisbie, David L. Goldstein, Jennifer West, Kevin Rivera, and Carissa M. Krane. "Excretion and conservation of glycerol, and expression of aquaporins and glyceroporins, during cold acclimation in Cope's gray tree frog Hyla chrysoscelis." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 292, no. 1 (January 2007): R544—R555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00434.2006.

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Cope's gray tree frog Hyla chrysoscelis accumulates glycerol during cold acclimation. We hypothesized that, during this process, gray tree frogs adjust renal filtration and/or reabsorption rates to retain accumulated glycerol. During cold acclimation, plasma concentrations of glycerol rose >200-fold, to 51 mmol/l. Although fractional water reabsorption decreased, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and, consequently, urine flow were <5% of warm levels, and fractional glycerol reabsorption increased. In contrast, dehydrated frogs increased fractional water reabsorption, decreased GFR, and di

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Storey, K. B., and T. P. Mommsen. "Effects of temperature and freezing on hepatocytes isolated from a freeze-tolerant frog." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 266, no. 5 (May 1, 1994): R1477—R1482. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1994.266.5.r1477.

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Metabolically active hepatocytes prepared from freeze-tolerant wood frogs, Rana sylvatica, were used to examine the direct effects of temperature and freezing on cryoprotectant synthesis and to assess the effectiveness of the natural cryoprotectant glucose in the freezing preservation of the isolated cells. Freshly isolated hepatocytes showed slow leakage of lactate dehydrogenase, readily synthesized urea, and oxidized a variety of 14C-labeled substrates. Effects of temperature on glucose production by isolated hepatocytes showed a normal Arrhenius relationship. However, compared with 0 degree

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Tattersall, Glenn J., Suzanne Currie, and Danielle M. LeBlanc. "Pulmonary and cutaneous O2 gas exchange: a student laboratory exercise in the frog." Advances in Physiology Education 37, no. 1 (March 2013): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00087.2012.

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Gas exchange in animals is ultimately diffusion based, generally occurring across dedicated respiratory organs. In many aquatic amphibians, however, multiple modes of gas exchange exist, allowing for the partitioning of O2 uptake and CO2 excretion between respiratory organs with different efficiencies. For example, due to the physical properties of O2 being vastly different between air and water phases, the lung and skin play disproportionately important roles in O2 uptake. Many aquatic frogs are renowned for their cutaneous gas exchange capacity, where often the majority of CO2 is excreted ac

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Giszter, S. F., J. McIntyre, and E. Bizzi. "Kinematic strategies and sensorimotor transformations in the wiping movements of frogs." Journal of Neurophysiology 62, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): 750–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1989.62.3.750.

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1. Spinal frogs are known to make coordinated and successful wiping movements to almost all places on the body and legs. Such wiping movements involve a sensorimotor transformation. Information from both the spatial locations of stimuli on the skin and the body configuration of the frog is transformed into a set of motor commands that generate body movements adequate to successfully remove the irritant. The spinal cord itself therefore has a limited capacity for sensorimotor transformations. 2. We examined the kinematics of wiping motions in both spinal and intact leopard frogs and bullfrogs.

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Purnamasari, Sry, and Muhammad Wahyu Setiyadi. "PENGARUH ZAT KIMIA PADA BERBAGAI SUHU TERHADAP DENYUT JANTUNG KATAK (Rana sp.) DALAM UPAYA PENGEMBANGAN BUKU PETUNJUK PRAKTIKUM FISIOLOGI HEWAN." Bioscientist : Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi 7, no. 2 (December 30, 2019): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.33394/bjib.v7i2.2388.

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The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of chemicals on various temperatures in the heart of frogs (Rana sp.) And to compile valid animal physiology practical instructions. This research is a type of experimental research (true experimental) and this research approach is a qualitative approach. Samples were given 3 different treatments, namely controls with room temperature of 250C-300C, temperature of 00C-100C, and 300C-400C. The results of the study using ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) showed the effect of NaCl solution on the frog heart rate (Rana sp.) Namely Fcount of 5.18 while

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Huang, Min Yi, Ren Yan Duan, and Xiao Li Ji. "Amphibian as a Model to Study Environmental Problem." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 3179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.3179.

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In order to obtain a better insight of the possible threat of environmental factor to wildlife, especially to amphibians, we studied influences of dicofol on heart rate inR. nigromaculataby applying biological signal recording and monitoring system.R. nigromaculatawas injected in ventral lymph follicle in different doses of dicofol solution, and then observed the changes of heart rate after 7 days. The results showed that with the concentration of dicofol solution increasing, the heart rate, systolic tension and diastolic tension changed. The aim of this research is to discuss the cause of dic

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St-Pierre, Julie, Glenn J. Tattersall, and Robert G. Boutilier. "Metabolic depression and enhanced O2 affinity of mitochondria in hypoxic hypometabolism." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 279, no. 4 (October 1, 2000): R1205—R1214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2000.279.4.r1205.

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This study examined whether the steady-state hypometabolism seen in overwintering frogs ( Rana temporaria) is reflected at the mitochondrial level either by a reduction in their resting (state 4) and active (state 3) respiration rates and/or by increases in O2 affinity. We isolated mitochondria from the skeletal muscle of cold-submerged frogs at different stages during their hibernation in normoxic and hypoxic water. A modest metabolic depression at the whole animal level (normoxic submergence) was not associated with a reduction in mitochondrial state 4 and state 3 respiration rates. However,

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Shibata, Yuki, Takahiro Sano, Nobuhito Tsuchiya, Reiko Okada, Hiroshi Mochida, Shigeyasu Tanaka, and Masakazu Suzuki. "Gene expression and localization of two types of AQP5 inXenopus tropicalisunder hydration and dehydration." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 307, no. 1 (July 1, 2014): R44—R56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00186.2013.

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Two types of aquaporin 5 (AQP5) genes ( aqp-xt5a and aqp-xt5b) were identified in the genome of Xenopus tropicalis by synteny comparison and molecular phylogenetic analysis. When the frogs were in water, AQP-xt5a mRNA was expressed in the skin and urinary bladder. The expression of AQP-xt5a mRNA was significantly increased in dehydrated frogs. AQP-xt5b mRNA was also detected in the skin and increased in response to dehydration. Additionally, AQP-xt5b mRNA began to be slightly expressed in the lung and stomach after dehydration. For the pelvic skin of hydrated frogs, immunofluorescence staining

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Jackson, Donald C., and Gordon R. Ultsch. "Physiology of hibernation under the ice by turtles and frogs." Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological Genetics and Physiology 313A, no. 6 (March 26, 2010): 311–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.603.

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Tattersall, G. J., and R. G. Boutilier. "Does behavioural hypothermia promote post-exercise recovery in cold-submerged frogs?" Journal of Experimental Biology 202, no. 5 (March 1, 1999): 609–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.202.5.609.

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At the low temperatures of the overwintering environment of the frog Rana temporaria, small changes in ambient temperature have large effects on metabolism and behaviour, especially since Q10 values are often greatly elevated in the cold. How the overwintering aquatic frog copes with variable thermal environments in terms of its overall activity metabolism and recovery from pursuit by predators is poorly understood, as is the role of behavioural thermoregulation in furthering recovery from intense activity. Exhaustive exercise was chosen as the method of evaluating activity capacity (defined b

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Rossi, Maria Lisa, Gemma Rubbini, Luciana Gioglio, Marta Martini, and Riccardo Fesce. "Exposure to reduced gravity impairs junctional transmission at the semicircular canal in the frog labyrinth." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 298, no. 2 (February 2010): R439—R452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00673.2009.

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The effects of microgravity on frog semicircular canals have been studied by electrophysiological and morphological approaches. Reduced gravity (microG) was simulated by a random positioning machine (RPM), which continually and randomly modified the orientation in space of the anesthetized animal. As this procedure stimulates the semicircular canals, the effect of altered gravity was isolated by comparing microG-treatment with an identical rotary stimulation in the presence of normal gravity (normoG). Electrophysiological experiments were performed in the isolated labyrinth, extracted from the

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Kouba, A., E. Willis, C. Vance, S. Hasenstab, S. Reichling, J. Krebs, L. Linhoff, M. Snoza, C. Langhorne, and J. Germano. "116 DEVELOPMENT OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE ENDANGERED MISSISSIPPI GOPHER FROG (RANA SEVOSA) AND SPERM TRANSFER FOR IN VITRO FERTILIZATION." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 24, no. 1 (2012): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv24n1ab116.

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Species-specific differences in breeding strategies and physiology have limited the application of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) for critically endangered amphibians in captive assurance colonies. In 2006, the Memphis Zoo (MZ) initiated a program to develop ART for the critically endangered Mississippi gopher frog after natural breeding failed. Standard gamete collection and IVF developed by MZ for reproducing endangered toads such as the Wyoming or boreal toad were applied to the gopher frog with little success, especially hormonal therapy for sperm production. Using the leopard fr

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Chapman, Angela M., and Elizabeth A. Debski. "Neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity of a projection from the lateral thalamic nucleus to the optic tectum of the leopard frog." Visual Neuroscience 12, no. 1 (January 1995): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800007264.

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AbstractUsing rhodamine-labelled latex beads as a retrograde tracer, we have shown that a subset of the neurons projecting from the lateral thalamic nucleus to the optic tectum of the leopard frog are neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactive (NPY-IR). In juvenile frogs, approximately twice as many lateral thalamic nucleus cells from this area project to the ipsilateral tectum as project to the contralateral tectum. NPY-IR cells make up 25% of the projection to the ipsilateral tectum and 13% of the projection to the contralateral tectum. The ipsilateral NPY-IR projection from the lateral nucleus was

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Liparoto, Anita, Daniele Canestrelli, Roberta Bisconti, Claudio Carere, and David Costantini. "Biogeographic history moulds population differentiation in ageing of oxidative status in an amphibian." Journal of Experimental Biology 223, no. 21 (September 24, 2020): jeb235002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.235002.

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ABSTRACTRegulation of oxidative status plays a substantial role in physiological ageing. However, we know little about age-related changes of oxidative status in wild animals, and even less about the role of population history in moulding ageing rates. We addressed these questions by means of a common garden experiment, using the Tyrrhenian tree frog Hyla sarda as the study species. This species underwent a range expansion from northern Sardinia (source) up to Corsica (newly founded) during the Late Pleistocene, and then the two populations became geographically isolated. We found that, at the

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Donohoe, Paul H., Timothy G. West, and Robert G. Boutilier. "Respiratory, metabolic, and acid-base correlates of aerobic metabolic rate reduction in overwintering frogs." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 274, no. 3 (March 1, 1998): R704—R710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1998.274.3.r704.

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Aerobic metabolic rates (M˙o 2) and respiratory quotients (RQ = CO2production/M˙o 2) were measured contemporaneously in hibernating frogs Rana temporaria (L.), submerged for 90 days at 3°C. After 3 mo of submergence in fully aerated water,M˙o 2levels were 61% of those seen at the same temperature before hibernation. Over the first 40 days of hibernation, RQ values (≤0.82) favored a lipid-based metabolism that progressively shifted to an exclusively carbohydrate metabolism (RQ = 1.01) by 90 days of hibernation. Liver glycogen concentrations fell by 68% during the first 8 wk of submergence, ther

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van Bergen, Y. "FASTING FROGS." Journal of Experimental Biology 208, no. 13 (July 1, 2005): iii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.01717.

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Reilly, Beau D., David I. Schlipalius, Rebecca L. Cramp, Paul R. Ebert, and Craig E. Franklin. "Frogs and estivation: transcriptional insights into metabolism and cell survival in a natural model of extended muscle disuse." Physiological Genomics 45, no. 10 (May 15, 2013): 377–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00163.2012.

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Green-striped burrowing frogs ( Cyclorana alboguttata ) survive in arid environments by burrowing underground and entering into a deep, prolonged metabolic depression known as estivation. Throughout estivation, C. alboguttata is immobilized within a cast-like cocoon of shed skin and ceases feeding and moving. Remarkably, these frogs exhibit very little muscle atrophy despite extended disuse and fasting. Little is known about the transcriptional regulation of estivation or associated mechanisms that may minimize degradative pathways of atrophy. To investigate transcriptional pathways associated

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Walton, B. Michael. "Physiology and Phylogeny: The Evolution of Locomotor Energetics in Hylid Frogs." American Naturalist 141, no. 1 (January 1993): 26–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/285459.

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Still, Meghan B., Amanda M. Lea, Hans A. Hofmann, and Michael J. Ryan. "Multimodal stimuli regulate reproductive behavior and physiology in male túngara frogs." Hormones and Behavior 115 (September 2019): 104546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.06.010.

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Partridge, Lloyd D. "Frogs solve Bernstein's problem." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9, no. 4 (December 1986): 619–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00051505.

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Straka, H., and N. Dieringer. "Spinal plasticity after hemilabyrinthectomy and its relation to postural recovery in the frog." Journal of Neurophysiology 73, no. 4 (April 1, 1995): 1617–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.73.4.1617.

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1. Brachial dorsal root-evoked ventral root responses were studied in the isolated brain/spinal cord preparation of frogs. One group of frogs (n = 20) had survived a hemilabyrinthectomy (HL) between 7 and 70 days. In another group of frogs (n = 30), a nerve branch to an individual labyrinthine organ was sectioned uni- or bilaterally 15 days before the recording session. In a third group of frogs (n = 5), a weight had been mounted eccentrically on the head for 15 days. A fourth group of intact frogs (n = 8) served as a control. 2. In chronic HL frogs (> or = 60 days postoperatively) the ampl

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Drummond, Gordon B., and Brian D. M. Tom. "How can we tell if frogs jump further?" Experimental Physiology 96, no. 8 (July 22, 2011): 711–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.2011.059493.

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Drummond, Gordon B., and Brian D. M. Tom. "How can we tell if frogs jump further?" Journal of Physiology 589, no. 14 (July 15, 2011): 3409–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2011.211870.

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Drummond, Gordon B., and Brian D. M. Tom. "How can we tell if frogs jump further?" Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 38, no. 8 (July 25, 2011): 481–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1681.2011.05541.x.

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Beazley, L. D., and J. E. Darby. "A second episode of ganglion cell death takes place when an optic nerve regenerates for a second time in the frog." Visual Neuroscience 10, no. 2 (March 1993): 297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800003692.

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AbstractWe have previously reported that during optic nerve regeneration in the frog, 30–40% of retinal ganglion cells die, the loss being complete within 10 weeks. In the present study, we crushed the optic nerve, waited 10 weeks, and then recrushed the nerve at the same site. Retinae were examined 10 weeks later. We estimated ganglion cell numbers from cresyl-violet-stained wholemounts and found a fall of 53% compared to normals. The loss was significantly greater than the losses of 36% and 35%, respectively, in frogs which received a single optic nerve crush and were examined 10 or 20–24 we

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HANNA, GAVIN, W. JON, and W. P. JON BARNES. "Adhesion and Detachment of the Toe Pads of Tree Frogs." Journal of Experimental Biology 155, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 103–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.155.1.103.

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The mechanisms by which the toe pads of tree frogs adhere to and detach from surfaces during climbing have been studied in Osteopilus septentrionalis and other tree frogs using a variety of techniques. The experiments on attachment lend general support to the theory that toe pads stick by wet adhesion. First, the presence of a meniscus surrounding the area of contact shows that pad and surface are connected by a fluid-filled joint. Second, experiments on single toe pads of anaesthetised frogs demonstrate that the pads exhibit the velocity-dependent resistance to shear forces expected of any sy

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Barnes, J., J. Smith, and J. Platter. "Climbing and adhesion in tree frogs." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 146, no. 4 (April 2007): S144—S145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.01.290.

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Knight, K. "PIPID FROGS SUCK." Journal of Experimental Biology 213, no. 12 (May 28, 2010): iii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.046656.

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Hamamoto, Darryl T., and Donald A. Simone. "Characterization of Cutaneous Primary Afferent Fibers Excited by Acetic Acid in a Model of Nociception in Frogs." Journal of Neurophysiology 90, no. 2 (August 2003): 566–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00324.2003.

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Acetic acid applied to the hind limb of a frog evokes nocifensive behaviors, including a vigorous wiping of the exposed skin, referred to as the wiping response. The aim of this study was to examine the responses of cutaneous primary afferent fibers in frogs to acetic acid (pH 2.84–1.42) applied topically to the skin. Conventional electrophysiological methods were used to record neuronal activity from single identified primary afferent fibers with cutaneous receptive fields on the hind limb. Fibers were classified according to their conduction velocities and responses evoked by mechanical and

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Kuffler, D. P., A. Lyfenko, L. Vyklický, and V. Vlachová. "Cellular Mechanisms of Nociception in the Frog." Journal of Neurophysiology 88, no. 4 (October 1, 2002): 1843–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2002.88.4.1843.

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Cellular mechanisms underlying defense reactions induced by noxious heat and acids were studied in frogs ( Rana pipiens) by measuring whole cell membrane currents in cultured dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Seventy-eight of 82 DRG neurons exposed to 3-s ramps of increasing temperature to 48°C exhibited an inward current ( I HEAT) of 490 ± 70 pA at −70 mV. I HEAT exhibited reversal at ∼10 mV with a pronounced outward rectification, suggesting opening of nonselective cation channels. In frogs, in contrast to mammals, I HEAT was not influenced by capsaicin (5 μM), capsazepine (10 μM), or ruth

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