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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Gaussian star filter”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 2 czerwca 2025

Data aktualizacji: 31 lipca 2025

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1

Kim, Taeho, Natnael S. Zewge, Hyochoong Bang, and Hyosang Yoon. "GMM-Based Adaptive Extended Kalman Filter Design for Satellite Attitude Estimation under Thruster-Induced Disturbances." Sensors 23, no. 9 (2023): 4212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23094212.

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Star images from star trackers are usually defocused to capture stars over an exposure time for better centroid measurements. While a satellite is maneuvering, the star point on the screen of the camera is affected by the satellite, which results in the degradation of centroid measurement accuracy. Additionally, this could result in a worse star vector outcome. For geostationary satellites, onboard thrusters are used to maintain or change orbit parameters under orbit disturbances. Since there is misalignment in the thruster and torque is generated by an impulsive shape signal from the torque c

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Cui, Kai, Zhaohui Liu, Junfeng Han, Yuke Ma, Peng Liu, and Bingbing Gao. "Event-Driven Maximum Correntropy Filter Based on Cauchy Kernel for Spatial Orientation Using Gyros/Star Sensor Integration." Sensors 24, no. 22 (2024): 7164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24227164.

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Gyros/star sensor integration provides a potential method to obtain high-accuracy spatial orientation for turntable structures. However, it is subjected to the problem of accuracy loss when the measurement noises become non-Gaussian due to the complex spatial environment. This paper presents an event-driven maximum correntropy filter based on Cauchy kernel to handle the above problem. In this method, a direct installation mode of gyros/star sensor integration is established and the associated mathematical model is derived to improve the turntable’s control stability. Based on this, a Cauchy ke

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3

Chi, Luo-jia, Xin-xi Feng, and Lu Miao. "Generalized Labeled Multi-Bernoulli Extended Target Tracking Based on Gaussian Process Regression." MATEC Web of Conferences 176 (2018): 01017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817601017.

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For the problems that Gamma Gaussian Inverse Wishart Cardinalized Probability Hypothesis Density (GGIW-CPHD) filter cannot accurately estimate the extended target shape and has a bad tracking performance under the condition of low SNR, a new generalized labeled multi-Bernoulli algorithm based on Gaussian process regression is proposed. The algorithm adopts the star convex to model the extended target, and realizes the online learning of the Gaussian process by constructing the state space model to complete the estimation of the extended target shape. At the same time, in the low SNR environmen

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4

KETENCİ, Seniha, and Ali GANGAL. "Automatic reduction of periodic noise in images using adaptive Gaussian star filter." TURKISH JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & COMPUTER SCIENCES 25 (2017): 2336–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/elk-1506-78.

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Sun, Lifan, Haofang Yu, Jian Lan, Zhumu Fu, Zishu He, and Jiexin Pu. "Tracking of Multiple Maneuvering Random Hypersurface Extended Objects Using High Resolution Sensors." Remote Sensing 13, no. 15 (2021): 2963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13152963.

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With the increased resolution capability of modern sensors, an object should be considered as extended if the target extent is larger than the sensor resolution. Multiple maneuvering extended object tracking (MMEOT) uses not only measurements of the target centroid but also high-resolution sensor measurements which may resolve individual features or measurement sources. MMEOT aims to jointly estimate object number, centroid states, and extension states. However, unknown and time-varying maneuvers of multiple objects produce difficulties in terms of accurate estimation. For multiple maneuvering

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Roell, Tristan, Andreas Seifahrt, and Ralph Neuhäuser. "Search for extrasolar planets with high-precision relative astrometry by ground-based and single-aperture observations." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 3, S249 (2007): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921308016372.

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AbstractWe present our search program for substellar companions using high-precision relative astronomy. Due to its orbital motion around the star, an unseen substellar companion would produce a periodic “wobble” of the host star, which is the astrometric signal of the unseen companion. By measuring the separation between the components of stellar double and triple systems, we want to measure this astrometric signal of a possible unseen companion indirectly as a relative and periodic change of these separations. Using a new observation mode (the “cube-mode”) where the frames were directly save

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7

Taha, A. S., L. Labadie, E. Pantin, et al. "The spatial extent of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons emission in the Herbig star HD 179218." Astronomy & Astrophysics 612 (April 2018): A15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201732008.

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Aim. We investigate, in the mid-infrared, the spatial properties of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emission in the disk of HD 179218, an intermediate-mass Herbig star at ~300 pc. Methods. We obtained mid-infrared images in the PAH-1, PAH-2 and Si-6 filters centered at 8.6, 11.3, and 12.5 μm, and N-band low-resolution spectra using CanariCam on the 10-m Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC). We compared the point spread function (PSF) profiles measured in the PAH filters to the profile derived in the Si-6 filter, where the thermal continuum emission dominates. We performed radiative trans

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8

Huang, Shuo, Hideki Umehata, Ryohei Kawabe, et al. "Characterizing CO Emitters in the SSA22-AzTEC26 Field." Astrophysical Journal 953, no. 1 (2023): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ace0c0.

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Abstract We report the physical characterization of four CO emitters detected near the bright submillimeter galaxy (SMG) SSA22-AzTEC26. We analyze the data from Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array band 3, 4, and 7 observations of the SSA22-AzTEC26 field. In addition to the targeted SMG, we detect four line emitters with signal-to-noise ratio >5.2 in the cube smoothed with a 300 km s−1 FWHM Gaussian filter. All four sources have NIR counterparts within 1″. We perform UV-to-FIR spectral energy distribution modeling to derive the photometric redshifts and physical properties. Based on

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9

Zari, E., H. Hashemi, A. G. A. Brown, K. Jardine, and P. T. de Zeeuw. "3D mapping of young stars in the solar neighbourhood with Gaia DR2." Astronomy & Astrophysics 620 (December 2018): A172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201834150.

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We study the three dimensional arrangement of young stars in the solar neighbourhood using the second release of the Gaia mission (Gaia DR2) and we provide a new, original view of the spatial configuration of the star-forming regions within 500 pc of the Sun. By smoothing the star distribution through a Gaussian filter, we construct three dimensional (3D) density maps for early-type stars (upper-main sequence, UMS) and pre-main sequence (PMS) sources. The PMS and the UMS samples are selected through a combination of photometric and astrometric criteria. A side product of the analysis is a 3D,

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10

Songai, Gao, Zhang Ningning, and Zheng Xiang. "Design of Precise Estimation Algorithm for Sports Pose Based on Multifeature Fusion." Mobile Information Systems 2022 (October 11, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1224939.

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The estimation time and estimation precision of motion pose samples are problematic for the pose estimation algorithm of sports movements. This paper proposes a multifeature fusion-based algorithm for accurate posture estimation. The human rod model is constructed after analyzing the human pose estimation technology. Using the Kalman filter method, the degree of freedom and range of motion of the major joints of the human body were determined. The eight-star model was used to extract the sports posture features, and the weighted average method was used to process the grayscale images of sports

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11

Yun, Hyeong-Sik, and Jeong-Eun Lee. "The Principal Component Analysis Filtering Method for an Unbiased Spectral Survey of Complex Organic Molecules." Astrophysical Journal 958, no. 2 (2023): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acfa6a.

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Abstract A variety of interstellar complex organic molecules (COMs) have been detected in various physical conditions. However, in the protostellar and protoplanetary environments, their complex kinematics make line profiles blend together and the line strength of weak lines weaker. In this paper, we utilize the principal component analysis technique to develop a filtering method that can extract COM spectra from the main kinematic component associated with COM emission and increase the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of spectra. This filtering method corrects non-Gaussian line profiles caused by

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12

Yu, L., J.-F. Donati, K. Grankin, et al. "Magnetic field, activity, and companions of V410 Tau." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 489, no. 4 (2019): 5556–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2481.

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ABSTRACT We report the analysis, conducted as part of the MaTYSSE programme, of a spectropolarimetric monitoring of the ∼0.8 Myr, ∼1.4 M⊙ disc-less weak-line T Tauri star V410 Tau with the ESPaDOnS instrument at the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope and NARVAL at the Télescope Bernard Lyot, between 2008 and 2016. With Zeeman-Doppler Imaging, we reconstruct the surface brightness and magnetic field of V410 Tau, and show that the star is heavily spotted and possesses a ∼550 G relatively toroidal magnetic field. We find that V410 Tau features a weak level of surface differential rotation between the

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13

Rathinam, Vinoth, Ramathilagam Arunagiri, Valarmathi Krishnasamy, and Sasireka Rajendran. "Tri-level lung cancer classification via deep learning based GoogleNet with computed tomography images." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 14, no. 3 (2025): 2198–208. https://doi.org/10.11591/eei.v14i3.9258.

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Lung cancer (LC) is one of the most prevalent causes of cancer-related death worldwide. World Health Organization (WHO) classifies LC into two broad histological subtypes: non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) which is the cause of about 85% of cases and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) which makes up the remaining 15%. Several issues can influence LC detection including poor image quality, insufficient training data, low-quality image characteristics, and poor tumor localization. To overcome these challenges a novel TRI-level LC classification via deep learning-based GoogleNet with computed tomogra

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14

Bini, A. A., and P. Jidesh. "Image Restoration Using Adaptive Region-Wise p-Norm Filter with Local Constraints." International Journal of Image and Graphics 16, no. 02 (2016): 1650008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021946781650008x.

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In this work, we introduce a feature adaptive second-order p-norm filter with local constraints for image restoration and texture preservation. The p-norm value of the filter is chosen adaptively between 1 and 2 in a local region based on the regional image characteristics. The filter behaves like a mean curvature motion (MCM) [A. Marquina and S. Osher, SIAM Journal of Scientific Computing 22, 387–405 (2000)] in the regions where the p-norm value is 1 and switches to a Laplacian filter in the rest of the regions (where the p-norm value is 2). The proposed study considerably reduces stair-case

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15

Wen, Baotian, Zhizhong Lu, and Bowen Zhou. "Marine Radar Constant False Alarm Rate Detection in Generalized Extreme Value Distribution Based on Space-Time Adaptive Filtering Clutter Statistical Analysis." Remote Sensing 16, no. 19 (2024): 3691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16193691.

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The performance of marine radar constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detection method is significantly influenced by the modeling of sea clutter distribution and detector decision rules. The false alarm rate and detection rate are therefore unstable. In order to address low CFAR detection performance and the modeling problem of non-uniform, non-Gaussian, and non-stationary sea clutter distribution in marine radar images, in this paper, a CFAR detection method in generalized extreme value distribution modeling based on marine radar space-time filtering background clutter is proposed. Initially, thr

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16

Cui, Weichen, Tong Wang, Degen Wang, and Kun Liu. "An Efficient Sparse Bayesian Learning STAP Algorithm with Adaptive Laplace Prior." Remote Sensing 14, no. 15 (2022): 3520. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14153520.

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Space-time adaptive processing (STAP) encounters severe performance degradation with insufficient training samples in inhomogeneous environments. Sparse Bayesian learning (SBL) algorithms have attracted extensive attention because of their robust and self-regularizing nature. In this study, a computationally efficient SBL STAP algorithm with adaptive Laplace prior is developed. Firstly, a hierarchical Bayesian model with adaptive Laplace prior for complex-value space-time snapshots (CALM-SBL) is formulated. Laplace prior enforces the sparsity more heavily than Gaussian, which achieves a better

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17

Toledo-Padrón, B., A. Suárez Mascareño, J. I. González Hernández, et al. "A super-Earth on a close-in orbit around the M1V star GJ 740." Astronomy & Astrophysics 648 (April 2021): A20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202040099.

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Context. M-dwarfs have proven to be ideal targets for planetary radial velocity (RV) searches due to their higher planet-star mass contrast, which favors the detection of low-mass planets. The abundance of super-Earth and Earth-like planets detected around this type of star motivates further such research on hosts without reported planetary companions. Aims. The HADES and CARMENES programs are aimed at carrying out extensive searches of exoplanetary systems around M-type stars in the northern hemisphere, allowing us to address, in a statistical sense, the properties of the planets orbiting the

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18

Schumann, Paula, Maria Scholz, Katrin Trentzsch, et al. "Detection of Fall Risk in Multiple Sclerosis by Gait Analysis—An Innovative Approach Using Feature Selection Ensemble and Machine Learning Algorithms." Brain Sciences 12, no. 11 (2022): 1477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12111477.

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One of the common causes of falls in people with Multiple Sclerosis (pwMS) is walking impairment. Therefore, assessment of gait is of importance in MS. Gait analysis and fall detection can take place in the clinical context using a wide variety of available methods. However, combining these methods while using machine learning algorithms for detecting falls has not been performed. Our objective was to determine the most relevant method for determining fall risk by analyzing eleven different gait data sets with machine learning algorithms. In addition, we examined the most important features of

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Wright, Lillian, Katherine E. Whitaker, John R. Weaver, et al. "Remarkably Compact Quiescent Candidates at 3 < z < 5 in JWST-CEERS." Astrophysical Journal Letters 964, no. 1 (2024): L10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ad2b6d.

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Abstract In this Letter, we measure the rest-frame optical and near-infrared sizes of 10 quiescent candidates at 3 < z < 5, first reported by Carnall et al. We use James Webb Space Telescope Near-Infrared Camera F277W and F444W imaging obtained through the public CEERS Early Release Science program and imcascade, an astronomical fitting code that utilizes multi-Gaussian expansion, to carry out our size measurements. When compared to the extrapolation of rest-optical size–mass relations for quiescent galaxies at lower redshift, 8 out of 10 candidates in our sample (80%) are on average mor

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Díaz, A. I., G. F. Hägele, M. V. Cardaci, E. Terlevich, and R. Terlevich. "Kinematics of the Circumnuclear Region of NGC 3351." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 2, S235 (2006): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921306006739.

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AbstractUsing high-resolution blue and far red spectra from the William Herschel Telescope, we have mapped the velocity field along three different slits in the central kiloparsec of the spiral galaxy NGC 3351. We have measured ionized gas (Hβ and [Oiii]) and stellar (near-IR Ca triplet) velocity dispersions for five individual Circumnuclear Star Forming Regions (CNSFRs) and the nucleus. Velocities and velocity dispersions in the red range were obtained using the cross-correlation technique of Tonry & Davis (1979AJ.84.1511) with a set of eleven templates, following the work by Nelson &

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Zhang, Liu, Bo Sun, He Liu, and Guowei Fan. "Fusion of a priori information and energy distribution for the centroiding method of the star sensor." AIP Advances 14, no. 4 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0187170.

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The star sensor is the most accurate measurement instrument in the spacecraft attitude measurement system, and the accurate centroid of the star point is the basis for ensuring the performance of the star sensor. Currently, the centroid of the gray method is the most widely used centroid extraction method in practice. Systematic errors caused by the centroid of the gray method and random noise in the detector imaging process are the main factors contributing to the deviation of the star centroiding coordinates. Considering the relationship between the point spread function and the pixel gray v

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Finociety, B., J.-F. Donati, K. Grankin, et al. "The active weak-line T Tauri star LkCa 4 observed with SPIRou and TESS." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, January 25, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stad267.

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Abstract We report results of a spectropolarimetric and photometric monitoring of the weak-line T Tauri star LkCa 4 within the SPIRou Legacy Survey large programme, based on data collected with SPIRou at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope and the TESS space probe between October 2021 and January 2022. We applied Zeeman-Doppler Imaging to our spectropolarimetric and photometric data to recover a surface brightness distribution compatible with TESS photometry, as well as the large-scale magnetic topology of the star. As expected from the difference in wavelength between near-infrared and optical

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23

Vinoth, Rathinam, Arunagiri Ramathilagam, Krishnasamy Valarmathi, and Rajendran Sasireka. "Tri-level lung cancer classification via deep learning based GoogleNet with computed tomography images." May 19, 2025. https://doi.org/10.11591/eei.v14i3.9258.

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Lung cancer (LC) is one of the most prevalent causes of cancer-related death worldwide. World Health Organization (WHO) classifies LC into two broad histological subtypes: non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) which is the cause of about 85% of cases and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) which makes up the remaining 15%. Several issues can influence LC detection including poor image quality, insufficient training data, low-quality image characteristics, and poor tumor localization. To overcome these challenges a novel TRI-level LC classification via deep learning-based GoogleNet with computed tomogra

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24

Sen, Arko P., Andrey Sarantsev, Geoffrey Blewitt, and Andrei Derevianko. "Tutorial on running median subtraction filter with application to searches for exotic field transients in multi-messenger astronomy." AIP Advances 15, no. 5 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0242593.

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Running Median Subtraction Filter (RMSF) is a robust statistical tool for removing slowly varying baselines in data streams containing transients (short-duration signals) of interest. In this work, we explore the RMSF performance and properties using simulated time series and analytical methods. We study the RMSF fidelity in preserving the signal of interest in the data using (i) a Gaussian pulse and (ii) a transient oscillatory signal. Such signals may be generated by hypothetical exotic low-mass fields (ELFs) associated with intense astrophysical events like binary black hole or neutron star

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Klein, Baptiste, Jean-François Donati, Claire Moutou, et al. "Investigating the young AU Mic system with SPIRou: large-scale stellar magnetic field and close-in planet mass." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, December 8, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa3702.

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Abstract We present a velocimetric and spectropolarimetric analysis of 27 observations of the 22-Myr M1 star AU Microscopii (AU Mic) collected with the high-resolution YJHK (0.98-2.35 μm) spectropolarimeter SPIRou from 2019 September 18 to November 14. Our radial velocity (RV) time-series exhibits activity-induced fluctuations of 45 m s−1 RMS, ∼3 × smaller than those measured in the optical domain, that we filter using Gaussian Process Regression. We report a 3.9σ-detection of the recently-discovered 8.46 d-transiting planet AU Mic b, with an estimated mass of 17.1$^{+4.7}_{-4.5}$ M⊕ and a bul

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Zangrandi, Federico, Katharina Jurk, Manami Sasaki, et al. "First study of the supernova remnant population in the Large Magellanic Cloud with eROSITA." Astronomy & Astrophysics, November 4, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202348868.

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The all-sky survey carried out by the extended Roentgen Survey with an Imaging Telescope Array (eROSITA) on board Spektrum-Roentgen-Gamma (Spektr-RG, SRG) has provided spatially and spectrally resolved X-ray data of the entire Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) and its immediate surroundings in the soft X-ray band down to keV with an average angular resolution of 26 in the field of view. In this work, we study the supernova remnants (SNRs) and SNR candidates in the LMC using data from the first four all-sky surveys (eRASS:4). From the X-ray data, in combination with results at other wavelengths, we

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Wack, David, Kenneth Snyder, Kevin Seals, et al. "Abstract TMP14: Masked Smoothing for Computed Tomography Perfusion Imaging." Stroke 44, suppl_1 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/str.44.suppl_1.atmp14.

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Objective: CT perfusion imaging is characterized by a high contrast ratio between different structure types. This facilitates the segmentation of an image into different classes, such as tissue and vasculature. However, grey and white matter tissue regions have relatively low values and can suffer from poor signal to noise ratios. While smoothing can improve the image quality of brain parenchyma, the inclusion of high contrast vascular voxels skews the dataset. It is thus desirable to smooth the tissue voxels independently from other voxel types, as has been implemented previously using mean f

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Sruthi, K., and C. D. Ravikumar. "Study of central light distribution in nearby early-type galaxies hosting nuclear star clusters." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, February 28, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stad620.

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Abstract We present analysis of 63 nearby (&lt; 44 Mpc) early-type galaxies hosting nuclear star clusters using the recently discovered parameter Central Intensity Ratio (CIRI) determined from near-infra-red (3.6 μm) observations with the Infra-red-array-camera of Spitzer space telescope. The CIRI, when combined with filters involving age and B − K colour of host galaxies, helps identify two distinct classes of galaxies hosting nuclear star clusters. This is independently verified using Gaussian Mixture Model. CIR shows a positive trend with faint, low mass, and blue galaxies in the sample

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Liang, Tao, Qingfeng Zhang, Guiming Liu, Weiheng Zhu, and Chuansheng Wang. "A preliminary comparative study on the centering algorithms for Cassini-ISS NAC images." Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics, September 7, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-4527/ad7822.

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Abstract Obtaining high precision is an important consideration for astrometric studies using images from the Narrow Angle Camera (NAC) of the Cassini Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS). Selecting the best centering algorithm is key to enhancing astrometric accuracy. In this study, we compared the accuracy of five centering algorithms: Gaussian fitting, the modified moments method, and three PSF fitting methods (effective PSF (ePSF), PSFEx, and extended PSF (xPSF) from the Cassini Imaging Central Laboratory for Operations (CICLOPS)). We assessed these algorithms using 70 ISS NAC star field images

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McPherson, Daniel K., Deanne B. Fisher, Nikole M. Nielsen, et al. "DUVET Survey: Mapping Outflows in the Metal-Poor Starburst Mrk 1486." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, September 6, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stad2685.

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Abstract We present a method to characterize star-formation driven outflows from edge-on galaxies and apply this method to the metal-poor starburst galaxy, Mrk 1486. Our method uses the distribution of emission line flux (from Hβ and [OIII] 5007) to identify the location of the outflow and measure the extent above the disk, the opening angle, and the transverse kinematics. We show that this simple technique recovers a similar distribution of the outflow without requiring complex modelling of line-splitting or multi-Gaussian components, and is therefore applicable to lower spectral resolution d

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Yu, Yang, and Hongqing Zhu. "Retinal vessel segmentation with constrained-based nonnegative matrix factorization and 3D modified attention U-Net." EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing 2021, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13640-021-00546-6.

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AbstractDue to the complex morphology and characteristic of retinal vessels, it remains challenging for most of the existing algorithms to accurately detect them. This paper proposes a supervised retinal vessels extraction scheme using constrained-based nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) and three dimensional (3D) modified attention U-Net architecture. The proposed method detects the retinal vessels by three major steps. First, we perform Gaussian filter and gamma correction on the green channel of retinal images to suppress background noise and adjust the contrast of images. Then, the stu

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Lee, Jaemyoung (Jason), J. Richard Bond, Pavel Motloch, Alexander van Engelen, and George Stein. "Exploring the non-gaussianity of the cosmic infrared background and its weak gravitational lensing." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, February 28, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stae605.

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Abstract Gravitational lensing deflects the paths of photons, altering the statistics of cosmic backgrounds and distorting their information content. We take the Cosmic Infrared Background (CIB), which provides plentiful information about galaxy formation and evolution, as an example to probe the effect of lensing on non-Gaussian statistics. Using the Websky simulations, we first quantify the non-Gaussianity of the CIB, revealing additional detail on top of its well-measured power spectrum. To achieve this, we use needlet-like multipole-band-filters to calculate the variance and higher-point c

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