Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Organization)

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Organization)”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 30 lipca 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Organization)"

Gagliani, Gabriele. "Intellectual Property-Related Local Content Requirements in International Trade Law: An Evolving Concept Amid Persisting Questions". Global Trade and Customs Journal 16, Issue 4 (1.04.2021): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2021016.

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Despite the challenges they pose under international trade law, recent discussions and cases at the World Trade Organization (WTO) demonstrate that local content requirements (LCRs) have enjoyed continued success among both developed and developing countries. This article focuses on a specific type of LCRs, intellectual property-related LCRs (IP-related LCRs). The article argues that the concept and related regulation of LCRs concerning IP rights have undergone a remarkable evolution under international trade law. The notion and regulation of IP-related LCRs, in particular, have changed from the 1883 Paris Convention on the Protection of Industrial Property (Paris Convention) and the 1886 Berne Convention on the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (Berne Convention) to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1947 and, later, the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) and other Agreements at the WTO. Indeed, while the Paris Convention and the Berne Convention are still in force, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1947 and the WTO Agreements have reframed the debate and implications of IP-related LCRs. Nevertheless, some questions on what is permissible under international trade law remain open at the WTO. Given LCRs continued success, some clarifications on their consistency with WTO law may be further needed. Local Content Requirements (LCRs), Agreement of Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement), General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1994 (GATT 1994), World Trade Organization (WTO), Intellectual Property Rights

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Mitchell, AndrewD, i Tania Voon. "Tariff Negotiations and Renegotiations under the GATT and the WTO: Procedures and Practices. By Anwarul Hoda. [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2001, 137, (Appendices) 136 and (Index) 36 pp. Hardback £45.00 net. ISBN 0–521–80449–3.]". Cambridge Law Journal 61, nr 2 (24.06.2002): 463–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197302501690.

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Oneof the most important achievements of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) to date has been a substantial reduction in the level of tariffs applied in international trade. The average tariff on industrial products has diminished from more than 40 per cent. in 1947 to less than 5 per cent. today. As a result of this success, multilateral negotiations within the WTO have begun to place more emphasis on non-tariff barriers. Nevertheless, tariffs remain an important issue. Many OECD countries, for example, continue to impose high tariffs on agricultural products and other products of particular interest to developing countries. The work programme adopted at the Fourth WTO Ministerial Conference held in Doha late last year provides for negotiations to improve market access for agricultural products and to reduce or eliminate tariffs on non-agricultural products and environmental goods.

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Pangestu, Yudha, Bernard Sipahutar i Budi Ardianto. "Harmonisasi Prinsip Perdagangan Internasional pada GATT dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2014 tentang Perdagangan". Uti Possidetis: Journal of International Law 2, nr 1 (10.06.2021): 81–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/up.v2i1.10352.

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Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimanakah implementasi prinsip-prinsip perdagangan internasional pada General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) dan Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2014 Tentang Perdagangan dan untuk mengetahui bagaimanakah harmonisasi prinsip-prinsip perdagangan internasional General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2014 Tentang Perdagangan. Tipe penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum normatif. Adapun hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan adalah implementasi prinsip-prinsip perdagangan internasional General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) dan Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2014 tentang Perdagangan, berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1994 Tentang Pengesahan Agreement Establishing The World Trade Organization (Persetujuan Pembentukan Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia) terdapat isi atau materi yang memuat pengaturan prinsip GATT/WTO, yakni pada huruf A, B, dan C, serta harmonisasi prinsip-prinsip perdagangan internasional General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2014 Tentang Perdagangan, bahwa dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2014 Tentang Perdagangan terdapat beberapa prinsip-prinsip hukum dalam pengaturan perdagangan internasional. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1994 Tentang Pengesahan Agreement Establishing The World Trade Organization (Persetujuan Pembentukan Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia) terdapat isi atau materi yang memuat pengaturan prinsip GATT/WTO, yakni pada huruf A, B, dan C, serta harmonisasi prinsip-prinsip perdagangan internasional General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2014 Tentang Perdagangan, bahwa dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2014 Tentang Perdagangan terdapat beberapa prinsip-prinsip hukum dalam pengaturan perdagangan internasional.

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Cameron, James, i Kevin R. Gray. "Principles of International Law in The WTO Dispute Settlement Body". International and Comparative Law Quarterly 50, nr 2 (kwiecień 2001): 248–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/50.2.248.

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Unlike the original 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and trade (GATT), the 1994 Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO Agreement)1 covers a much wider range of trade. It extends beyond goods and now embraces services, intellectual property, procurement, investment and agriculture. Moreover, the new trade regime is no longer a collection of ad hoc agreements, Panel reports and understandings of the parties. All trade obligations are subsumed under the umbrella of the WTO, of which all parties are members. Member States have to accept the obligations contained in all the WTO covered agreements: they cannot pick and choose.

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JOERGES, CHRISTIAN, i CHRISTINE GODT. "5 Free trade: the erosion of national, and the birth of transnational governance". European Review 13, S1 (marzec 2005): 93–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798705000219.

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Free Trade has always been highly contested, but both the arguments about it and the treaties that regulate it have changed dramatically since the Second World War. Under the 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) regime, objections to free trade were essentially economic, and tariffs were a nation state's primary means of protecting its interests. However, by the early 1970s, tariffs had been substantially reduced, and the imposition and removal of non-tariff barriers that reflected a wide range of domestic concerns about the protection of health, safety, and the environment have since come to dominate trade agreements and their implementation. The expanding scope of these international treaties, and their effect on domestic regulatory objectives, has created new challenges for the nation-state, and for the international trade system as a whole. Domestic regulatory objectives that are generally embedded in a nation state's legal system or even in its constitution, are now negotiable and are susceptible to adjudication at the international level where they may, or may not, be used to camouflage unrelated economic interests. The international trade system adapted to this situation in 1994 by transforming the GATT into the World Trade Organization (WTO), which has more effective means for dispute resolution and includes a number of special agreements – such as the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) and the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) – with rules for balancing the economic concerns of free trade with the social concerns of regulatory objectives. These developments have generated legal queries about the general legitimacy of transnational governance arrangements and their ‘constitutionalization’, i.e. the quest for transnational governance that is mediated by law and not only accepted de facto but considered deserving of acceptance.

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Baldwin, Richard. "The World Trade Organization and the Future of Multilateralism". Journal of Economic Perspectives 30, nr 1 (1.02.2016): 95–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.30.1.95.

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When the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade was signed by 23 nations in 1947, the goal was to establish a rules-based world trading system and to facilitate mutually advantageous trade liberalization. As the GATT evolved over time and morphed into the World Trade Organization in 1993, both goals have largely been achieved. The WTO presides over a rule-based trading system based on norms that are almost universally accepted and respected by its 163 members. Tariffs today are below 5 percent on most trade, and zero for a very large share of imports. Despite its manifest success, the WTO is widely regarded as suffering from a deep malaise. The main reason is that the latest WTO negotiation, the Doha Round, has staggered between failures, flops, and false dawns since it was launched in 2001. But the Doha logjam has not inhibited tariff liberalization—far from it. During the last 15 years, most WTO members have massively lowered barriers to trade, investment, and services bilaterally, regionally, and unilaterally—indeed, everywhere except through the WTO. For today's offshoring-linked international commerce, the trade rules that matter are less about tariffs and more about protection of investments and intellectual property, along with legal and regulatory steps to assure that the two-way flows of goods, services, investment, and people will not be impeded. It’s possible to imagine a hypothetical WTO that would incorporate these rules. But the most likely outcome for the future governance of international trade is a two-pillar structure in which the WTO continues to govern with its 1994-era rules while the new rules for international production networks are set by a decentralized process of sometimes overlapping and inconsistent mega-regional agreements.

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Reinhardt, Eric, i Marc L. Busch. "Developing Countries and General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement". Journal of World Trade 37, Issue 4 (1.08.2003): 719–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2003034.

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Kucik, Jeffrey, i Eric Reinhardt. "Does Flexibility Promote Cooperation? An Application to the Global Trade Regime". International Organization 62, nr 3 (lipiec 2008): 477–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818308080168.

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Do flexibility provisions in international agreements—clauses allowing for legal suspension of concessions without abrogating the treaty—promote cooperation? Recent work emphasizes that provisions for relaxing treaty commitments can ironically make states more likely to form agreements and make deeper concessions when doing so. This argument has particularly been applied to the global trade regime, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and its successor, the World Trade Organization (WTO). Yet the field has not produced much evidence bearing on this claim. Our article applies this claim to the global trade regime and its chief flexibility provision, antidumping. In contrast to prior work, this article explicitly models the endogeneity and selection processes envisioned by the theory. We find that states joining the WTO are more likely to adopt domestic antidumping mechanisms. Likewise, corrected for endogeneity, states able to take advantage of the regime's principal flexibility provision, by having a domestic antidumping mechanism in place, are significantly more likely to (1) join the WTO, (2) agree to more tightly binding tariff commitments, and (3) implement lower applied tariffs as well.

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Bartels, Lorand. "The Chapeau of the General Exceptions in the WTO GATT and GATS Agreements: A Reconstruction". American Journal of International Law 109, nr 1 (styczeń 2015): 95–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.109.1.0095.

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One of the most important issues in the law of the World Trade Organization is the right of WTO members to adopt measures for nontrade purposes. In the WTO’s General Agreement. on Tariffs and Trade (GATT 1994) and General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), this right is secured in general exceptions provisions, which permit WTO members to adopt measures to achieve certain objectives, notwithstanding any other provisions of these agreements and also, in some cases, other WTO agreements. These objectives include, most importantly, the protection of public morals, the maintenance of public order, the protection of human, animal, or plant life or health, the enforcement of certain domestic laws, and the conservation of exhaustible natural resources.

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Heliskoski, Joni. "Joint Competence of the European Community and its Member States and the Dispute Settlement Practice of the World Trade Organization". Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 2 (1999): 61–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/152888712802815743.

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One of the principal achievements of the 1994 Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization was the new mechanism for dispute settlement, embodied in the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes. While its predecessor, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1947 (and the 1979 Agreements resulting from the Tokyo Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations) had already evolved, to a considerable degree, from a negotiating forum for the conduct of world trade diplomacy to a “judicial” system properly so called, the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding nevertheless marked a decisive step forward.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Organization)"

Xia, Yao Yuan. "Reconciliation of non-market economies : GATT trade rules". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28870.

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Due to the abortion of the proposed Havana Charter and non-participation of the USSR and other State trading economies in the Charter negotiations, GATT has been acting as a traders' club - a club mainly beneficial to western •market economies. Its rules are formulated almost exclusively in favor of free trade on a comparative advantage and private enterprise basis. There is virtually no place for NMEs to have effective access. As one of the pivots of post-World-War-II multilateralism, GATT assumes a major role in compromising, integrating, regulating and supervising diversified member nations' trade laws and policies. Its legal framework, however, is inadequate to deal with the integration of NME. This is because GATT is framed essentially along the line of market ideology and minimal government intervention. NMEs, on the other hand, discard market ideology and adopt wholesale government intervention and central planning as a basic form of economy. While trading practice in NMEs is basically incompatible with the GATT-promoted free trade rules, accommodations were made to facilitate NMEs' request for membership. Consequently, Poland, Romania, Hungary and Yugoslavia became GATT members respectively during the 1960s and 70s. At that time East European countries maintained command state trading thus were unable to be fully integrated into the GATT-based international trade order. During negotiations on terms of NMEs' accession to GATT, GATT countries adopted an import commitments approach to solve the central and much debated issue of market access to NME countries. Despite its merits, the approach has been criticized notwithstanding the fact that no alternative has been suggested. Accordingly, the primary objective of the thesis is to rethink the existing approaches to NMEs in order to explore new ways of effectively integrating NMEs into the GATT legal framework. By approaching the thesis problem carefully, the writer arrives at the conclusion that although GATT would need new assumptions with a view to regaining a new consensus of broader international representation and participation, a considerable and substantial decentralization in the NME is unavoidable in order to adapt themselves into the GATT framework. In the meantime, it is stressed that all GATT countries should continue to facilitate NMEs' access to the GATT forum in the hope that NMEs being potential world traders would increase world prosperity and understanding by broader participation. World prosperity, needless to say, is the best guarantee of world peace and security.
Law, Peter A. Allard School of
Graduate

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Nischalke, Tobias Ingo. "Theories of international cooperation and the GATT/WTO regime: beyond the dichotomy of rational and cognitive approaches". Thesis, Rhodes University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003027.

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This thesis aspires to assess the explanatory value of different theories of international cooperation for the case of the world trade regime of GATT/WTO and subsequently strives to reach a satisfactory interpretation of the instance of cooperation. The world trade regime embarked on a process of transformation with the signing of the Marrakech Agreements of 15th April 1994. The event marked the conclusion of the Uruguay Round and, with the establishment of the WTO, the beginning of a new era for the world trade regime. The thesis endeavours to establish the substance of the regime change from GATT to the WTO. It outlines the most significant provisions of the agreement of the Uruguay Round and, subsequently, analyses the change on the level of regime norms underlying the world trade regime. The analysis of regime norms yields insights about the essence of the regime transformation and as to what factors proved to be conducive to cooperation in the sphere of the world trade. The GATT/WTO regime with its extended scope and more sophisticated institutional structures can be regarded as a prime example of successful cooperation. However, the prospects for cooperation between states in an anarchic environment without central authority for enforcement are the subject of a remarkably intense scholarly debate. Therefore it is worthwhile to examine which theoretical framework proves to be most adept at elucidating the circumstances of this instance of cooperation. This thesis applies different theories of international cooperation to the case of the GATT/WTO regime. While a large array of rational theories attempts to explain cooperation from a perspective which focuses on interests and capabilities, a different strand of theories, that of cognitive approaches, emphasizes the paramountcy of ideas and beliefs as variables which explain cooperation. They endogenize the process of interest formation. This thesis seeks to synthesise the strong points of rational and cognitive approaches and thus to reconcile the divergent schools of thought. Its further purpose is to set out factors which are conducive to cooperation.

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Mathis, James Haley. "Regional trade agreements in the GATT/WTO GATT article XXIV and the internal trade requirement /". [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2001. http://dare.uva.nl/document/60558.

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Bindley, Geoffrey Norman. "China and the GATT : a study of political and economic implications /". Thesis, [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13841051.

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Thesis (M.B.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1994.
"The implications of state trading, and the costs and benefits of GATT membership; with illustrations from the stell industry." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 61-64).

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Sherman, Richard Scott. "Managing political exchange : multilateralism in global trade policy /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10737.

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Pelc, Krzysztof J. "The cost of wiggle-room on the use of flexibility in international trade agreements /". Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2009. http://worldcat.org/oclc/463166578/viewonline.

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Poonyth, Daneswar. "A structural econometric model of the European sugar sector and the potential implications of the GATT/WTO /". free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9924914.

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Haddock, Janet Elaine. "Environment-related decision making : an examination of the GATT/WTO process /". Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20272029.

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Manjoro, Faith Tendayi. "International trade and environmental disputes : an analysis of Article XX of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1994) and environmental policies of the developing and developed world". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007444.

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A major problem emanating from the trade/environment conflict is the use of trade measures, such as restrictions and sanctions, as tools for environmental protection. Proponents of free trade argue that the use of these measures is tantamount to abuse of environmental standards for protectionist ends. This is particularly so if the imposition of the standard amounts to a unilateral act which blocks the entry of a specified product into the market of another member state for reasons other than environmental protection. Environmentalists at the same time argue that free trade will lead to environmental degradation and therefore advocate for the use of trade-restrictive measures to safeguard against the destruction of the environment. The GATT has proved problematic when it comes to the resolution of trade/environment conflicts. The GATT aims at trade liberalisation yet most environmental policies are enforced through trade-restrictive devices like quotas and licences. Article XX of the GATT is anomalous: it does not explicitly mention the environment, yet member states rely on it as an environmental protection clause. This thesis discusses the various issues emanating from the trade/environmental debate. The history of Article XX is reviewed and the issues that arise in the adjudication of Articles XX (b) and (g) in a trade/environment context are analysed in light of the decisions by the GATTIWTO dispute settlement bodies. The role played by Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) in protecting the environment is discussed. However, the relationship between MEAs and the WTO is also scrutinised as these rule-making bodies often come into conflict: firstly, because they serve two differing interests - on the one hand, MEAs allow for the use of trade restrictive measures in environmental agreements and on the other, the WTO calls for unrestricted trade unless exceptional circumstances exist; and secondly, member states that are party to both the WTO and MEAs are often forced to subscribe to international trade rules that are incompatible with those in environmental agreements. The trade/environmental debate is important to both the developed and developing worlds. The developed world is in favour of environmental policies which protect the environment from degradation. On the other hand, the developing world is in desperate need of the benefits of trade liberalisation so as to cater for high unemployment rates and poor economic growth. The question thus arises as to whether, when environmental issues are promoted, developing countries will not suffer at the expense of developed nations which may engage in protectionist measures under the pretext of environmental conservation. The divide between developed and developing countries is illustrated in Chapter 5 through case studies on coal mining in the USA and South Africa. The conclusion reached is that total co-operation is essential between developed and developing states for success in safeguarding the environment from degradation. Accordingly, the trade/environmental debate cannot be isolated from the conflicting approaches in developed and developing countries. The conclusions in the final chapter seek to strike a balance between trade liberalisation and environmental protection. Recommendations are made on how the trade/environmental challenges could be dealt with and the regulation of trade restrictive devices to exclude, or at least limit, protectionism.

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Williams, Brett Gerard. "The importance of disciplining the choice of policy instrument to the effectiveness of the GATT as international law disciplining agricultural trade policies /". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phw72122.pdf.

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Książki na temat "General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Organization)"

Nthomiwa, Mosadinyana G. Botswana and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Gaborone: Dept. of Commerce and Consumer Affairs, 1994.

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Y, Lim Joseph, i Philippine Peasant Institute, red. Philippine issues & perspectives: The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Quezon City, Philippines: Philippine Peasant Institute, 1996.

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(1987-1994), Uruguay Round. Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1994.

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1960-, McMahon Joseph A., red. Trade & agriculture: Negotiating a new agreement? London: Cameron May, 2001.

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Rüdiger, Wolfrum, Stoll Peter-Tobias i Koebele Michael, red. WTO - trade remedies. Leiden: M. Nijhoff Pub., 2008.

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Knapp, Ursula. The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS): An analysis. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1994.

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María, Ogliastri Puerta Ana, red. Sintesis del Acuerdo General de Aranceles Aduaneros y Comercio, "GATT". Bogotá: Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Socioeconómicas, 1986.

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Mavroidis, Petros C. Trade in goods: The GATT and the other agreements regulating trade in goods. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.

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1932-, Dunkel Arthur, red. Trade policies for a better future: The Leutwiler report, the GATT, and the Uruguay Round. Dordrecht: M. Nijhoff, 1987.

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World Trade Organization. Trade in Services Division. i World Trade Organization Secretariat, red. A handbook on the GATS agreement. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

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Części książek na temat "General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Organization)"

Naray, Peter. "Accession of Non-Market Economies to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade". W Russia and the World Trade Organization, 1–15. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230596184_1.

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Baber, Graeme. "The World Trade Organization’s International Trade Agreements – The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade". W Preferential Trade Agreements and International Law, 1–109. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Routledge research in international law: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351259002-1.

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Andersen, Uwe. "Allgemeines Zoll- und Handelsabkommen (General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade/GATT/Welthandelsorganisation (World Trade Organization/WTO)". W Handwörterbuch Internationale Organisationen, 14–19. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-86673-8_4.

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Södersten, Bo, i Geoffrey Reed. "The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade". W International Economics, 349–73. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-15030-4_17.

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van Meerhaeghe, M. A. G. "The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade". W International Economic Institutions, 111–45. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3576-4_4.

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Van Meerhaeghe, M. A. G. "The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade". W International Economic Institutions, 101–33. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1930-8_4.

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Van Meerhaeghe, M. A. G. "The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade". W International Economic Institutions, 111–45. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1933-9_4.

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Hamblet, Wendy C. "General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)". W Encyclopedia of Global Justice, 381–82. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9160-5_604.

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Singham, Shanker A., i Alden F. Abbott. "The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade". W Trade, Competition and Domestic Regulatory Policy, 130–87. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/978042932333110.4324/9780429323331-6.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Organization)"

Ayodele, Emmanuel, Oshogwe Akpogomeh, Freda Amuah i Gloria Maduabuchi. "African Continental Free Trade Agreement: the Pros and Cons on the Oil and Gas Industry in Nigeria". W SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207164-ms.

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Abstract Nigeria has oil and gas as her major source of revenue, accounting for more than 80% of her foreign exchange, with the AfCFTA, that has been signed and ratified not just by Nigeria but by other African countries taking away tariffs on goods and services produced across the continent irrespective of the market where it's been sold. The AfCFTA being the second largest free trade agreement in the history of World Trade Organization is aimed at uniting African markets. This paper aims to review the framework of the continental free trade agreement, it pros and cons, its grey area, and its impact on the Oil and Gas Industry in Nigeria. The impact of the agreement on the local industries servicing the oil and gas industry is considered as well. The paper reviews the possible advantage of the AfCFTA on the Nigerian oil and gas market. The possible threats to nationalization in the oil and gas industry due to the availability of cheap labour and technical expertise across the continent in the country is analyzed. Solutions to protect the oil and gas industry in Nigeria is recommended as well.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Organization)"

Fernández Monge, Ernesto. Trade Policy Scope and Taxation Study in Belize. Inter-American Development Bank, grudzień 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009147.

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The Technical Note provides an overview of the trends in Belize's tariff structure over recent years, in particular its trade policy, commitments and obligations, the tax revenue implications, and the scope for policy implementation. Specifically, it assesses the country's level of compliance with CARICOM commitments, such as the application of the common external tariff, and outlines and analyzes Belize's trade agreement obligations and their timing and impact with respect to fiscal incentives. It provides policy recommendations and alternatives for compliance with Belize's international trade commitments, for example with the World Trade Organization (WTO), from legislative and policy changes to further trade liberalization and fiscal measures to ensure compliance with its existing international tariff and nontariff commitments. The study considers the solution to eliminate the use of revenue replacement duties, lower all tariffs on excisable goods, and then levy an excise tax on each of the goods up to the current level imposed by import and revenue replacement duties. The study argues in favor of the elimination of the Environmental Tax, as it violates the principle of WTO national treatment in its current form, and takes into account that the export incentive programs will have to be reformed to comply with the rules of the WTO before the end of 2015. Finally, the study proposes a transformation or rationalization of the import license regime to make it more predictable, transparent, and nondiscriminatory.

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Walmsley, Terrie, i Thomas Hertel. China's Accession to the WTO: Timing is Everything. GTAP Working Paper, październik 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp13.

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Since China’s application in 1987 to resume its status in the Generalized Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT)/World Trade Organization (WTO) there has been a great deal of debate over the timing of China’s accession. Although most of the issues relating to the timing of China’s trade liberalization have been resolved, the abolition of restrictions on Chinese textiles and clothing may still be subject to delay if the United States and Europe choose to implement the safeguards contained in the their bilateral accession agreements with China as well as in the original Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC). In this paper, the effects of alternative target dates for the elimination of restrictions on textiles quotas are examined. Since this issue revolves fundamentally around the question of timing, it is most appropriately addressed in a dynamic model. In this study we use the Dynamic GTAP model. This is applied to a 19-region by 22-commodity aggregation of the GTAP database, supplemented with foreign income data. The paper finds that timing is indeed an important determinant of the profile of structural adjustment required in China and the rest of the world. In light of their interest in delayed implementation the ATC, it is interesting to note that our results suggest slower elimination of these quotas is detrimental to national welfare in North America and Europe.

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Hertel, Thomas, David Hummels, Maros Ivanic i Roman Keeney. How Confident Can We Be in CGE-Based Assessments of Free Trade Agreements? GTAP Working Paper, czerwiec 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp26.

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With the proliferation of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) over the past decade, demand for quantitative analysis of their likely impacts has surged. The main quantitative tool for performing such analysis is Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) modeling. Yet these models have been widely criticized for performing poorly (Kehoe, 2002) and having weak econometric foundations (McKitrick, 1998; Jorgenson, 1984). FTA results have been shown to be particularly sensitive to the trade elasticities, with small trade elasticities generating large terms of trade effects and relatively modest efficiency gains, whereas large trade elasticities lead to the opposite result. Critics are understandably wary of results being determined largely by the authors’ choice of trade elasticities. Where do these trade elasticities come from? CGE modelers typically draw these elasticities from econometric work that uses time series price variation to identify an elasticity of substitution between domestic goods and composite imports (Alaouze, 1977; Alaouze, et al., 1977; Stern et al., 1976; Gallaway, McDaniel and Rivera, 2003). This approach has three problems: the use of point estimates as “truth”, the magnitude of the point estimates, and estimating the relevant elasticity. First, modelers take point estimates drawn from the econometric literature, while ignoring the precision of these estimates. As we will make clear below, the confidence one has in various CGE conclusions depends critically on the size of the confidence interval around parameter estimates. Standard “robustness checks” such as systematically raising or lowering the substitution parameters does not properly address this problem because it ignores information about which parameters we know with some precision and which we do not. A second problem with most existing studies derives from the use of import price series to identify home vs. foreign substitution, for example, tends to systematically understate the true elasticity. This is because these estimates take price variation as exogenous when estimating the import demand functions, and ignore quality variation. When quality is high, import demand and prices will be jointly high. This biases estimated elasticities toward zero. A related point is that the fixed-weight import price series used by most authors are theoretically inappropriate for estimating the elasticities of interest. CGE modelers generally examine a nested utility structure, with domestic production substitution for a CES composite import bundle. The appropriate price series is then the corresponding CES price index among foreign varieties. Constructing such an index requires knowledge of the elasticity of substitution among foreign varieties (see below). By using a fixed-weight import price series, previous estimates place too much weight on high foreign prices, and too small a weight on low foreign prices. In other words, they overstate the degree of price variation that exists, relative to a CES price index. Reconciling small trade volume movements with large import price series movements requires a small elasticity of substitution. This problem, and that of unmeasured quality variation, helps explain why typical estimated elasticities are very small. The third problem with the existing literature is that estimates taken from other researchers’ studies typically employ different levels of aggregation, and exploit different sources of price variation, from what policy modelers have in mind. Employment of elasticities in experiments ill-matched to their original estimation can be problematic. For example, estimates may be calculated at a higher or lower level of aggregation than the level of analysis than the modeler wants to examine. Estimating substitutability across sources for paddy rice gives one a quite different answer than estimates that look at agriculture as a whole. When analyzing Free Trade Agreements, the principle policy experiment is a change in relative prices among foreign suppliers caused by lowering tariffs within the FTA. Understanding the substitution this will induce across those suppliers is critical to gauging the FTA’s real effects. Using home v. foreign elasticities rather than elasticities of substitution among imports supplied from different countries may be quite misleading. Moreover, these “sourcing” elasticities are critical for constructing composite import price series to appropriate estimate home v. foreign substitutability. In summary, the history of estimating the substitution elasticities governing trade flows in CGE models has been checkered at best. Clearly there is a need for improved econometric estimation of these trade elasticities that is well-integrated into the CGE modeling framework. This paper provides such estimation and integration, and has several significant merits. First, we choose our experiment carefully. Our CGE analysis focuses on the prospective Free Trade Agreement of the Americas (FTAA) currently under negotiation. This is one of the most important FTAs currently “in play” in international negotiations. It also fits nicely with the source data used to estimate the trade elasticities, which is largely based on imports into North and South America. Our assessment is done in a perfectly competitive, comparative static setting in order to emphasize the role of the trade elasticities in determining the conventional gains/losses from such an FTA. This type of model is still widely used by government agencies for the evaluation of such agreements. Extensions to incorporate imperfect competition are straightforward, but involve the introduction of additional parameters (markups, extent of unexploited scale economies) as well as structural assumptions (entry/no-entry, nature of inter-firm rivalry) that introduce further uncertainty. Since our focus is on the effects of a PTA we estimate elasticities of substitution across multiple foreign supply sources. We do not use cross-exporter variation in prices or tariffs alone. Exporter price series exhibit a high degree of multicolinearity, and in any case, would be subject to unmeasured quality variation as described previously. Similarly, tariff variation by itself is typically unhelpful because by their very nature, Most Favored Nation (MFN) tariffs are non-discriminatory in nature, affecting all suppliers in the same way. Tariff preferences, where they exist, are often difficult to measure – sometimes being confounded by quantitative barriers, restrictive rules of origin, and other restrictions. Instead we employ a unique methodology and data set drawing on not only tariffs, but also bilateral transportation costs for goods traded internationally (Hummels, 1999). Transportation costs vary much more widely than do tariffs, allowing much more precise estimation of the trade elasticities that are central to CGE analysis of FTAs. We have highly disaggregated commodity trade flow data, and are therefore able to provide estimates that precisely match the commodity aggregation scheme employed in the subsequent CGE model. We follow the GTAP Version 5.0 aggregation scheme which includes 42 merchandise trade commodities covering food products, natural resources and manufactured goods. With the exception of two primary commodities that are not traded, we are able to estimate trade elasticities for all merchandise commodities that are significantly different form zero at the 95% confidence level. Rather than producing point estimates of the resulting welfare, export and employment effects, we report confidence intervals instead. These are based on repeated solution of the model, drawing from a distribution of trade elasticity estimates constructed based on the econometrically estimated standard errors. There is now a long history of CGE studies based on SSA: Systematic Sensitivity Analysis (Harrison and Vinod, 1992; Wigle, 1991; Pagon and Shannon, 1987) Ho

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Research Department - International Section - General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) - Papua New Guinea - Cables - 1953 - 1956. Reserve Bank of Australia, marzec 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_2006/17384.

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Research Department - International Section - General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) - Trade and Employment Conference - Correspondence and Reports from Dr Coombs and Mr Phillips - 1946 - 1948. Reserve Bank of Australia, marzec 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_2006/17383.

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Bank's Functions, Activities, Incidents - International & Inter-Regional Institutions Conferences - 6th Session of the Contracting Parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade - 1951. Reserve Bank of Australia, marzec 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_pn-006909.

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