Artykuły w czasopismach: „Hill”

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DEV, INDER, SUDESH RADOTRA, ASHA RAM, J. P. SINGH, D. DEB, M. M. ROY, M. SRIVASTAVA, PARDEEP KUMAR, SUHEEL AHMAD i R. S. CHAURASIA. "Species richness, productivity and quality assessment of grassland resources in hill agroecosystem of western Himalaya". Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 88, nr 10 (22.10.2018): 1167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v88i10.84145.

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Livestock contribution in agricultural economy is significantly higher in hilly regions of India. A detailed study was carried out to assess the productivity, species richness and diversity of grasses of the grasslands in different hill agro-ecosystems of Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh in western Himalaya. Saccharum spontaneum (low hills), Chrysopogon echinulatus (mid hills) and Festuca spp. (high hills) were observed as the most dominant species in hill agro-ecosystems. Productivity assessment was done at five locations, viz. open forest area; enclosed forest area; community land; farmers’ field; and wasteland in each hill zone. High species richness and diversity was observed in mid hill zone as compared to low and high hills. The mean production level was recorded highest in low hills closely followed by mid hills; much less in high hills. Amongst the land-use systems, highest biomass production was recorded at farmers’ field followed by community land and least in wasteland situation. The average herbage production obtained through six cuts at periodic intervals (March to December) was 3,202 DM kg/ha, while in single harvest it was 2,249 DM kg/ha (low-hill conditions); 2,893 and 1,924 DM kg/ha (mid-hill conditions) and 1,399 and 850 DM kg/ha (high-hill conditions), respectively. Averaged over the different locations, 6.01, 6.64 and 10.87% crude protein (CP) was observed (in multicut situation) in low, mid and high hills respectively. Average herbage production obtained through six cuts at periodical intervals (March-December) was consistently higher as compared to single harvest in all the three zones.

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Chen, Yong, Yuhan Li, Jianfeng Yao, Guohui Shen, Wenjuan Lou, Haiwei Xu i Yong Guo. "Experimental Study of Downburst Wind Flow over a Typical Three-Dimensional Hill". Applied Sciences 12, nr 6 (18.03.2022): 3101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12063101.

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To achieve a comprehensive understanding of a three-dimensional (3D) wind field and the speed-up phenomenon in a downburst wind flow over a 3D hilly terrain, a succession of laboratory tests utilizing 12 hill models with cosine-squared cross-section was conducted using a physical downburst simulator with a jet diameter of 0.6 m. By placing the models in the strong horizontal wind region and the strong vertical wind region, the corresponding wind profiles for both the horizontal and vertical velocities were measured. It was found that the wind flowed predominantly over the crest of the hill in the case of low hills, whereas wind flow around the hill body became increasingly pronounced as the hill height increased. In addition, the speed-up region, where the horizontal wind velocity exceeds the impinging jet velocity, was identified, and found to move from the crest to the two sides of the hill as the hill height increased. Accordingly, the most significant topographic multipliers of all locations on the hill might appear at the crest, the hill foot, or elsewhere, depending largely on the hill height. Among all cases, the maximum topographic multiplier was 1.12, and occurred at the ridge, while the ratio of hill height to jet height was 5/12. Additionally, empirical equations are presented to facilitate the determination of wind loads induced by a downburst flow over an isolated hill.

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Mukherjee, Anirban, Premlata Singh, Satyapriya Satyapriya, Shantanu Rakshit, Rajarshi roy Burman, Kumari Shubha i Shiv Kumar. "Assessment of livelihood wellbeing and empowerment of hill women through Farmers Producer Organization: A case of women based Producer Company in Uttarakhand". Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 90, nr 8 (14.10.2020): 1474–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v90i8.105945.

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Hill agriculture is different from agriculture at plains, in respect to land type, altitude and climate, in addition to lack of infrastructure and fragmented land holding. Due to lack of employment opportunities hill farmers are leaving agriculture and migrating to plains. Lack of industries and marketing infrastructure has made it more difficult for farmers to excel in farm business. Farmers Producer Company (FPC) has emerged as a new agri-business model and is working in hilly areas it too. With an intention to find out the effectiveness of hill based FPC for enhancing livelihood wellbeing and empowering women farmers in hills the present study was conducted by selecting an women farmer based Organization, Mahila Umang Producer Company (MUPC) of a group of hill rural women. An ex-post facto research design was used. Difference in difference research design was used to calculate the actual impact of FPC. To measure the livelihood wellbeing an index were prepared by following the standard protocol. The study was conducted in Almora district of Uttarakhand from 37 randomly selected members of MUPC and 20 nonmember respondents from the same locale. The MUPC was found effective in enhancing income and empowering hill women. Joining the FPC has improved the hill women’s livelihood in terms of economic, human, and political dimensions.

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Xiao, Zhengwu, Ruichun Zhang, Fangbo Cao, Longsheng Liu, Jiana Chen i Min Huang. "Effects of Decreasing Hill Number per Unit Area Combined with Increasing Seedling Number per Hill on Grain Quality in Hybrid Rice". Agronomy 14, nr 6 (30.05.2024): 1172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14061172.

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Hill number per unit area and seedling number per hill are foundational agrotechnical factors shaping the growth and development of rice plants. This study aimed to determine the effects of decreasing the hill number per unit area combined with increasing the seedling number per hill on grain quality in hybrid rice. Field experiments were performed in Hengyang, Hunan Province, China, in 2022 and 2023 using the hybrid rice variety Huazheyou 261, as well as in Liuyang, Hunan Province, China, in 2023 using the hybrid rice varieties Yueyou 2646 and Zhenliangyouyuzhan. Treatments (combining hill number per unit area and seedling number per hill) encompassed a combination of 24 hills per m2 and one seedling per hill (H24S1) and a combination of 14 hills per m2 and three seedlings per hill (H14S3) in Hengyang, as well as a combination of 28 hills per m2 and two seedlings per hill (H28S2) and a combination of 14 hills per m2 and four seedlings per hill (H14S4) in Liuyang. There were no significant differences in the leaf area index at the heading stage, as well as no significant differences in canopy light transmittance during the grain-filling period between H24S1 and H14S3 in Hengyang, or between H28S2 and H14S4 in Liuyang. The differences in grain quality traits, including milling traits (brown, milled, and head rice rate), appearance traits (rice length, rice length-width ratio, chalky grain rate, and chalkiness degree), amylose and protein content, and pasting characteristics were also not significant between H24S1 and H14S3 in Hengyang, nor between H28S2 and H14S4 in Liuyang. This study indicates that the grain quality in hybrid rice is unaffected by decreasing the hill number per unit area integrated with increasing the seedling number per hill.

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Srinivasulu, B., C. Srinivasulu, T. A. Shah, G. Devender i H. Kaur. "First confirmed record of Calodactylodes aureus (Reptilia) from Karnataka, India". TAPROBANICA 6, nr 1 (29.06.2014): 53–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.47605/tapro.v6i1.129.

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The Indian Golden Gecko Calodactylodes aureus (Beddome, 1870) was known originally from the Tirupati hills in the Seshachalam range and the Velikonda range. It is listed under Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act (1972) as it was considered rare, being found at the time only in the Seshachalam range. Subsequently, researchers have revealed the presence of this species from the Papikonda Hills (Perantalapally) in Khammam District, Maredumilli in East Godavari District, Araku Valley and Ananthagiri Hills in Vishakhapatnam District and Kadapa Hills from Andhra Pradesh, Niyamgiri hill ranges of Rayagada, Kalahandi Districts in Odhisha and Vellore and Balmathi Hill, Tamil Nadu. Furthermore, this species was recently reported from Sathgar Hill, Kailasagiri Hill (Ambur) and Valli Malai in Vellore District, Sayed Basha Malai in Krishnagiri District, Nedumkunam Hill, Melthiruvadathanur (Morambu), Karadi Parai and Sathanur Dam in Tiruvanamalai District and the Gingee Hills in Villupuram District of Tamil Nadu. Reddy et al. (2013) reported the occurrence of this species from Nigidi reserve forest area in the Anantapur District of Andhra Pradesh and this is the westernmost locality record of this species to date.

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Santosa, Edi, Herdhata Agusta, Dwi Guntoro i Sofyan Zaman. "Strength assessment of rice hills from different planting distance by loading simulation". Ilmu Pertanian (Agricultural Science) 5, nr 3 (2.12.2020): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ipas.31895.

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Plant spacing arrangement might benefit hill strength from the impact of strong wind velocity during extreme weather situations. Here, a loading test to evaluate rice hill strength was performed on Ciherang variety grown in square and double row spacing 2:1. The research was conducted at Cilubang village, Dramaga, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia from March to May 2017. Weight holding capacity was evaluated in 85 days after transplanting on four levels of hill height, i.e., 80 cm, 60 cm, 40 cm, and 20 cm above soil level with three-time replication. The results showed that double-spaced hills had 66.0 % ± 3.1 % stronger than those of square spacing at all height measurement. To lodge a hill into 20 cm to 40 cm from soil level, it required 346.7 g to 741.7 g in square spacing, and 555.2 g to 1149.2 g in double row spacing. Stronger hills in double row spacing seemed to correlate with a higher number of tiller and hills architecture; it requires further study in the role of both factors on the hill strength improvement. The present study recommends applying double row spacing to improve rice hill strength especially at a time with a high chance of lodging by strong wind incident.

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Liu, Hu i Wang. "Large Eddy Simulations of the Flow Fields over Simplified Hills with Different Roughness Conditions, Slopes, and Hill Shapes: A Systematical Study". Energies 12, nr 18 (4.09.2019): 3413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12183413.

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Turbulent flow fields over topographies are important in the area of wind energy. The roughness, slope, and shape of a hill are important parameters affecting the flow fields over topographies. However, these effects are always examined separately. The systematic investigations of these effects are limited, the coupling between these effects is still unrevealed, and the turbulence structures as a function of these effects are still unclear. Therefore, in the present study, the flow fields over twelve simplified isolated hills with different roughness conditions, slopes, and hill shapes are examined using large eddy simulations. The mean velocities, velocity fluctuations, fractional speed-up ratios, and visualizations of the turbulent flow fields are presented. It is found that as the hill slope increases, the roughness effects become weaker, and the roughness effects will further weaken as the hill changes from 3D to 2D. In addition, the fractional speed-up ratio at the summit of rough hills can even reach to three times as large as that over the corresponding smooth hills. Furthermore, the underestimation of the ratios of spanwise fluctuation to the streamwise fluctuation by International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61400-1 is quite obvious when the hill shape is 3D. Finally, coherent turbulence structures can be identified for smooth hills, and as the hill slope increases, the coherent turbulence structures will experience clear evolutions. After introducing the ground roughness, the coherent turbulence structures break into small eddies.

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Mia, MT, N. Sultana i A. Paul. "Studies on the Causes, Impacts and Mitigation Strategies of Landslide in Chittagong city, Bangladesh". Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 8, nr 2 (29.02.2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v8i2.26854.

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Landslide is becoming a regular hazard in the urbanized hilly areas in Chittagong, Bangladesh. Generally, the hills consist of unconsolidated sedimentary rocks such as sandstone, siltstone, shale and conglomerate. Applying questionnaire survey with 120 respondents, and collection of secondary information, the study was carried out in two landslide prone sites located in Batali hill and Motijhrna area of Chittagong city for assessing the socio-economic condition of the people, causes of landslide, impacts of landslide on local people and mitigation strategies of landslide. People living in the study area were characterized by dominance of middle age group of population (52%), illiterate (49%), day laborer (27%), migrated from the other places (93%), low income (57%) and having poor housing infrastructure. The present study indicates that landslide affect the poor people living on the slope of hilly areas. The main reasons identified for landslide were hill cutting (36%), weak soil structure (23%) and devegetation (16%). The major impacts of landslide on the local communities, as reported by the respondents were loss of natural scenic beauty (77%), economic loss (77%), destruction of lives (57%) and environmental problems (47%). According to the respondents, the main mitigation strategies were stopping of hill cutting (75%), resettlement of the affected people in other places (57%), planting the affected area (55%) and development of robust policy (42%).J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 8(2): 1-5 2015

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Wallach, J. L. "A low-relief hill in eastern Ontario, Canada, covered by the easily erodible Queenston Formation and derived sediments — probably the result of Quaternary tectonic uplift". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 51, nr 9 (wrzesień 2014): 862–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2014-0081.

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The Upper Ordovician Queenston Formation is predominantly a brick red, easily erodible, fine-grained clastic sedimentary rock that is not expected to form topographic highs. Nevertheless, the Queenston, overlain by a relatively thin cover of red unconsolidated sediments derived from it, blankets two low-relief hills. Their combined presence at the top of those hills is curious; therefore, Cholowski Hill, the larger of the two, and its surroundings were studied to try to resolve that apparent contradiction. Cholowski Hill is elongated nearly north–south and overlies a similarly shaped, north–south magnetic anomaly, which is a spur off a generally north-northeast-trending magnetic high. The spatial and geometric relationships of the hill to the magnetic anomaly, a feature of the Precambrian basement, suggest that the hill resulted from repeated tectonic uplift along faults that propagated upward from the basement, though many of them show no surface expression. Two notable exceptions are the North Russell and East Ridge faults that are topographically expressed at the surface and extend along the spine of Cholowski Hill. Their presence and that of Cholowski Hill imply geologically recent uplift. Glacial erratics on, and the smooth character of, the hill imply that it had been overridden by continental ice and was an upland prior to at least the last major glacial advance. Champlain Sea sediments surrounding and encroaching on the lowest part of the hill, but absent from the higher elevations, intimate that Cholowski Hill was not completely covered by those sediments, though it is conceivable that deposited sediments were washed away. The precise age of uplift is unknown, but the characteristics of the hill suggest a Quaternary event.

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Meader, Chrys. "Dulwich Hill". Sydney Journal 2, nr 2 (15.03.2010): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/sj.v2i2.1502.

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Dulwich Hill, a suburb of the Marrickville local government area, is located seven kilometres south-west of Sydney. The traditional owners of the land were Cadigal of the Eora nation. The suburb is located on both sides of a ridge, and consists of a number of low hills, which were once heavily timbered. The lower land slopes towards Cooks River and was covered in dense ti-tree scrub.In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Dulwich Hill developed as a desirable residential district with a small village shopping centre and isolated but significant pockets of industry. It is a suburb shaped by twentieth-century subdivisions. Dulwich Hill has retained a village atmosphere, even with the late twentieth and early twenty-first century developments where former factory sites have been redeveloped for large apartment complexes. These complexes are themselves small villages within the suburb of Dulwich Hill.

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Fadjarajani, S., i R. As’ari. "Disaster mitigation-based environmental management model: a study on ten thousand hills, Tasikmalaya City, West Java". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 986, nr 1 (1.02.2022): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/986/1/012020.

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Abstract Tasikmalaya seen from the physiographical aspect has its own uniqueness because it has many hills known as the ten thousand hills. The Ten thousand has functions, namely: geological, ecological, hydrological, aesthetic, economic, micro-climatological, natural defense/fortress (buffer zone), as well as education and tourism functions. The method used in this research is descriptive with field observation data collection techniques based on Satellite Imagery analysis.. The method used in this research is descriptive with field observation data collection techniques based on Satellite Imagery analysis. Data analysis is based on satellite imagery data processing with ArcGIS which was developed. The facts on the ground show that the extinction rate of the hill reaches 70%. One of the driving factors for the extinction of the hill was the mining of mineral. The distribution pattern and factual conditions in the field showed that 41.67% of the hills experienced extinction and 58.33% of the hills were heavily damaged by sand mining. This disaster mitigation-based environmental management model includes: 1) Zoning of hill areas based on conservation functions, 2) community participation based on economic improvement. Ten thousand hill zoning and community participation based on economic improvement can be used as role models for environmental management based on disaster mitigation in Tasikmalaya which is located in the ten thousand hill area.

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Ali, Md Jahangir. "Causes of Landslide and its Socio-economic Effects: a study on Chattogram City and Surrounding Areas, Bangladesh". Ilomata International Journal of Social Science 2, nr 4 (1.12.2021): 275–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.52728/ijss.v2i4.393.

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Landslide is a regular hazard in Bangladesh especially in Chattogram, the South-Eastern part of the Country. In 2007 and 2008 there happened two massive landslides in Chattogram. As a result, a huge number of people (130 and 11 respectively) died with heavy loss of properties affecting thousands of people in the region. Most of the landslides happened after torrential rain. Combined effect of rainfall and hill cutting induced slope instability adding Earthquake-triggered landslide in Chattogram. Some influential people are involved in hill cutting and developing hilly settlements in Chattogram. In some places, Government and non-Government authorities are developing settlements by razing hills there. A detailed area planning, landslide vulnerability zoning, landslide database development, geophysical analysis, and strictly implementation of Government’s existing rules are recommended to ensure avoiding further tragedy in Chattogram like 2007 and 2008.

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K, Arumugam. "The Legends and History of the Javadi Hills People". International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-10 (10.08.2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22s101.

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Javadi Hills is the eastern chain of hills comprising Vellore district, Thiruvannamalai district, and Tirupattur district. The people living in these hills call themselves Malayalis. They have nothing to do with the Malayalis living in the state of Kerala. They live in the hills of Yelagiri Hill, Kolli Hills, Sitheri Hills, and Pachaimalai Hills in Tamil Nadu. But marriages happen between the people of these hill areas. They are the majority of the 37 tribes in Tamil Nadu. One hundred and four villages (184) in fourteen panchayats on this hill are the domains of this study. These Malayalis tell folktales as songs and stories. It can be seen that the custom of telling this as stories by men and songs by women can be seen. And they do not tell these stories all the time. It is noteworthy that they sing only during festivals or among researchers who conduct research on this community. Similarly, this review article explains that the songs narrating stories related to them are in circulation only among a few senior tribal people.

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Baxter, M. Aaron, i Bradley D. Jones. "The fimYZ Genes Regulate Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Invasion in Addition to Type 1 Fimbrial Expression and Bacterial Motility". Infection and Immunity 73, nr 3 (marzec 2005): 1377–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.3.1377-1385.2005.

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ABSTRACT An important step in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium virulence is the ability to invade the intestinal epithelium. The invasion process requires a large number of genes encoded on Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) at centisome 63 as well as genes located in other positions throughout the chromosome. Expression of the invasive phenotype is tightly regulated by environmental cues that are processed by a complex regulatory scheme. A central player in the invasion regulatory pathway is the HilA protein, which is transcriptional activator belonging to the OmpR/ToxR family. A number of positive regulators (hilC, hilD, fis, sirA/barA, csrAB, phoBR, fadD, envZ/ompR, and fliZ) and negative regulators (hha, hilE, lon, ams, phoP c and pag) have been identified that are able to alter expression of hilA transcription. Recent work has found that hilA transcription requires the HilD protein for activation. Other work has emphasized the importance of HilE as a negative regulator of hilA. Overexpression of hilE superrepresses hilA transcription, as well as the invasive phenotype. Two-hybrid experiments suggest that HilE exerts its regulatory influence on hilA through protein-protein interactions with HilD as the protein does not bind to the hilA promoter nor does it affect hilD transcription. As it seems likely that hilE plays an important role in translating environmental signals into invasion gene regulation, we have attempted to identify how the hilE gene itself is regulated. Our results indicate that the fimYZ genes, response regulatory proteins involved in type 1 fimbrial gene expression and recently implicated in motility gene regulation, are important activators of hilE expression. These findings indicate that invasion gene expression is coregulated with motility and adherence and provide experimental evidence that the expression of these virulence phenotypes is a subset of the overall regulation of bacterial physiology.

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Widera, Marek, i Lilianna Chomiak. "Various Genetic Types of End Moraines in the City of Poznań and Its Close Vicinity, Central-Western Poland". Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports 29, nr 3 (1.09.2019): 218–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ceer-2019-0037.

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Abstract The current research focuses on explaining the origin of end moraines running through the northernmost districts of the city of Poznań. The highest hills, that is, the Moraska Hill and the Dziewicza Hill, are a stagnation record of the Vistulian Glaciation of the Poznań Phase. These two hills represent terminal moraines of similar height and age, but the mechanism of their formation is diametrically opposed. The Dziewicza Hill is a typical accumulative end moraine, where Pleistocene deposits over 70 m thick are undisturbed. On the other hand, the Moraska Hill is a classic example of a push end moraine with a relatively thin cover of Pleistocene sediments and glaciotectonically elevated (up to 130 m a.s.l.) upper Neogene deposits. In the latter case, these strongly deformed sediments are the so-called “Poznań Clays” that underlie the Quaternary deposits in the vast area of the Polish Lowlands.

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Honoki, H., T. Kawakami, H. Yasuda i I. Maehara. "Nitrate Leakage from Deciduous Forest Soils into Streams on Kureha Hill, Japan". Scientific World JOURNAL 1 (2001): 548–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.360.

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Nitrate leakage from deciduous forest soils into streams was investigated for two adjacent hills. Many of the streams on Kureha Hill, located in Toyama City, Japan, have extremely high nitrate concentrations. The nitrate concentration of Hyakumakidani, one of the streams on Kureha Hill, averaged 158 μeq l-1and reached 470 μeq l-1during an episodic event. In contrast, the streams on Imizu Hill, adjacent to Kureha Hill, had low concentrations, below 15 μeq l-1. Even during an episode, the nitrate concentrations increased to no more than 75 μeq l-1.Both areas have similar blown forest soils, C/N ratios in O horizons, and vegetation consisting primarily of deciduous trees. However, soil incubation experiments, which lasted for 4 weeks, revealed that the nitrification rates in the surface soils of Kureha Hill were much higher than in the soils of Imizu Hill.

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Sun, Yong He, Lin Kang, Feng Xiang Yang i Xue Song Li. "Analysis of Fault Characteristics and Reservoir Forming Control in Middle Fault Depression Belt in Hailer-Tamtsag Basin". Advanced Materials Research 616-618 (grudzień 2012): 174–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.174.

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In order to reveal in middle fault depression belt of Hailer-Tamtsag Basin buried hill oil and gas migration and accumulation characteristics, we summarize controlling effect of fault on oil and gas migration and accumulation of buried hill, which by analysing genetic mechanism of buried hills based on fault systems formation and evolution. Research shows that three types of fault system in Hailer-Tamtsag Basin: early stretched fault system(Type I), early stretched middle tensile shearing fault system(Type I-II), early stretched middle tensile shearing reverse late fault system(Type I-II-III). Type I-II and I-II-III are stretching by NW tensional stress in Nantun group ,which afford tectonic framework for syngenesis buried hill and epigenetic buried hill. Type I make buried hills complicated .It is also favorable to ancient geomorphological buried hill in the fault less affected zones. Although they formed cracks dense zone easier, Type I-II and I-II-III fault system damage the reservoir which is not conducive to " hydrocarbon-supplying window " formation; Type I fault system have less promotion on the development of the buried hill reservoir, while it is conducive to hydrocarbon accumulation as the block boundary in buried hill hydrocarbon. Fault formed source rocks two kinds for hydrocarbon mode: unidirectional and bidirectional, which formed two reservoir-forming pattern: Unidirectional transportation hydrocarbon of weathering crust or hydrocarbon of fracture damage zones and bidirectional transportation hydrocarbon of weathering crust or hydrocarbon of fracture damage zones.

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Alam, MA, i MS Sheuly. "Effect of Time of Tiller Separation on Grain Growth and Seed Yield of Transplant Aman Rice". Journal of Science Foundation 10, nr 1 (30.08.2013): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsf.v10i1.16274.

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An experiment was carried out to study the effect of time of tiller separation on grain growth and yield of transplant aman rice. The experiment consisted of 3 times of tiller separation viz. tiller separation at 25 (T1), 35 (T2) and 45 (T3) days after transplanting (DAT); and 5 levels of number of tillers kept hill-1 viz. intact hills (K0), 1 tiller kept hill-1 (K1), 2 tillers kept hill-1 (K2), 3 tillers kept hill-1 (K3) and 4 tillers kept hill-1 (K4). The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications. The unit plot size was 4 m 2.5 m. With a few exceptions, the highest grain growth parameters like number of panicles hill-1, dry weight panicle-1, number of grains panicle-1, dry weight grain-1 and grain growth rate were observed when tillers were separated at 25 DAT but the lowest values were found at 45 DAT. The grain growth rate decreased with the advance of time. The highest grain yield (5.25 t ha-1) was obtained from tillers separated at 25 days after transplanting (DAT) but the lowest values (4.13 t ha-1) were recorded when tillers were separated at 45 DAT. The maximum grain yield (5.88 t ha-1) was found in intact hills, while the lowest values (2.64 t ha-1) were obtained when 1 tiller kept hill-1. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsf.v10i1.16274 J Sci Foundation, January-June 2012;10(1):12-19

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Panjaitan, Taufiq Hidayat, Machzumy Jafar M.Ali i Muhammad Diah. "Pengaruh Awan Terhadap Visibilitas Hilal di POB Blang Tiron Bukit Pole Kompleks Perumahan PT. Perta Arun Gas Lhokseumawe". Astroislamica: Journal of Islamic Astronomy 2, nr 2 (23.12.2023): 206–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47766/astroislamica.v2i2.1920.

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During the month of Ramadan, Shawal, zulqaidah and zulhijjah, there were no sights of hilal due to the presence of cloud-like natural factors that covered the hilal at the western horizon at the time of observation. The title of this research is The Impact of Clouds on the Visibility of Hilal in Blang Tiron Hill Pole Complex Housing PT. Perta Arun Gas Lhokseumawe with two formula problems namely: 1. How is the category and characteristics of clouds in the horizon of Blang Tyron POB. 2. The impact of the cloud on the visibility of hilal at Blang tiron. In conducting research, the author uses qualitative methods using field research. The primary data sources are observations and interviews with the relevant parties, while the secondary data is documents, books, research journals and related articles. The data collection methods used are observation methods, interviews and documentation studies. The results of this study show that clouds are the factor that covers the hilal in the POB Blang tyron at the time of observations of Ramadan, Shawal, Zulqaidah and Zulhijjah are low clouds of cumulus clouds, medium clouds altostratus, and high clouds comulunimbus and cirrus. The thick clouds that are evenly in the western part of the horizon can release light that divides the brightness of the light that covers the hill, making it difficult for the observers to observe its appearance even though the hills are above the horizont.

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Main-Hester, Kara L., Katherine M. Colpitts, Gracie A. Thomas, Ferric C. Fang i Stephen J. Libby. "Coordinate Regulation of Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 (SPI1) and SPI4 in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium". Infection and Immunity 76, nr 3 (26.12.2007): 1024–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01224-07.

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ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium harbors five pathogenicity islands (SPI) required for infection in vertebrate hosts. Although the role of SPI1 in promoting epithelial invasion and proinflammatory cell death has been amply documented, SPI4 has only more recently been implicated in Salmonella virulence. SPI4 is a 24-kb pathogenicity island containing six open reading frames, siiA to siiF. Secretion of the 595-kDa SiiE protein requires a type I secretory system encoded by siiC, siiD, and siiF. An operon polarity suppressor (ops) sequence within the 5′ untranslated region upstream of siiA is required for optimal SPI4 expression and predicted to bind the antiterminator RfaH. SiiE concentrations are decreased in a SPI1 mutant strain, suggesting that SPI1 and SPI4 may have common regulatory inputs. SPI1 gene expression is positively regulated by the transcriptional activators HilA, HilC, and HilD, encoded within SPI1, and negatively regulated by the regulators HilE and PhoP. Here, we show that mutations in hilA, hilC, or hilD similarly reduce expression of siiE, and mutations in hilE or phoP enhance siiE expression. Individual overexpression of HilA, HilC, or HilD in the absence of SPI1 cannot activate siiE expression, suggesting that these transcriptional regulators act in concert or in combination with additional SPI1-encoded regulatory loci to activate SPI4. HilA is no longer required for siiE expression in an hns mutant strain, suggesting that HilA promotes SPI4 expression by antagonizing the global transcriptional silencer H-NS. Coordinate regulation suggests that SPI1 and SPI4 play complementary roles in the interaction of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium with the host intestinal mucosa.

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Sun, Menghan, i Hui Qi. "Scattering of Antiplane SH Waves by Complex Landforms". Shock and Vibration 2021 (5.08.2021): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9997230.

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The multiple scattering of SH waves by isosceles triangular hill, semicircle depression, and isosceles trapezoidal hill in the solid half-space is studied. The complex model is divided into multiple subdomains by using the region matching method, then the wave functions in each subdomain are constructed by using the fractional-order Bessel function, and finally, the infinite algebraic equations for solving the unknown coefficients in the wave function are established by using the multipolar coordinate technique and the complex function method according to the boundary conditions. Fourier series is used to solve the unknown undetermined coefficients. The results show that due to the multiple reflections of the incident wave between complex landforms, surface displacement amplitude is affected by the incident angle, incident frequency, and the distance between the isosceles triangular hill, semicircle depression, and isosceles trapezoidal hill. It is found that when the incident frequency increases, there is a certain amplification effect between the hills and the depression. When the wave is incident horizontally, there is a certain “barrier” effect between hills and depression, and when the distance between the hills and depression reaches a certain level, the “barrier” effect will reach a stable value.

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Jia, Zhen Zhen, i Tao Feng. "Analysis on Explosion Characteristics of Coal Gangue Hills". Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (czerwiec 2014): 924–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.924.

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In the process of the coal gangue hill explosion, a lot of harmful gases can be released, which seriously pollutes the atmospheric environment and is harmful to people’s health; meanwhile, equipments and the surrounding buildings can also be destroyed, which brings huge economic losses and casualties. In addition, social problems caused by coal gangue hills will become a thorny problem for coal enterprises. Therefore, the influencing factors on the coal gangue hill explosion, the explosion characteristics and laws, and the spontaneous combustion process of the coal gangue hill are analyzed; the coal gangue hill explosion are discussed from the arch shell theory, the bottom air leakage and oxygen supply, rainfall, detonating gas explosion, and chain reaction; the conditions, influencing factors and characteristics of the coal gangue hill explosion are obtained.

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Baxter, M. Aaron, Thomas F. Fahlen, Rebecca L. Wilson i Bradley D. Jones. "HilE Interacts with HilD and Negatively Regulates hilA Transcription and Expression of the Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Invasive Phenotype". Infection and Immunity 71, nr 3 (marzec 2003): 1295–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.3.1295-1305.2003.

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ABSTRACT The ability of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium to traverse the intestinal mucosa of a host is an important step in its ability to initiate gastrointestinal disease. The majority of the genes required for this invasive characteristic are encoded on Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI1), and their expression is controlled by the transcriptional activator HilA, a member of the OmpR/ToxR family of proteins. A variety of genes (hilC, hilD, fis, sirA/barA, csrAB, phoB, fadD, envZ/ompR, fliZ, hilE, ams, lon, pag, and hha) have been identified that exert positive or negative effects on hilA expression, although the mechanisms by which these gene products function remain relatively unclear. Recent work indicates that the small DNA-binding protein, Hha, has a significant role in repressing hilA transcription and the invasive phenotype, particularly in response to osmolarity signals. We have characterized the Salmonella-specific gene, hilE, and found that it plays an important regulatory role in hilA transcription and invasion gene expression. Mutation of hilE causes derepression of hilA transcription, and overexpression of hilE superrepresses hilA expression and the invasive phenotype. Bacterial two-hybrid experiments indicate that the HilE protein interacts with HilD, suggesting a possible mechanism for HilE negative regulation of hilA gene expression and the Salmonella invasive phenotype. Finally, we have found that the hilE gene resides on a region of the serovar Typhimurium chromosome that has many characteristics of a pathogenicity island.

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Shamsoddin, Sina, i Fernando Porté-Agel. "Wind turbine wakes over hills". Journal of Fluid Mechanics 855 (19.09.2018): 671–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2018.653.

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Understanding and predicting the behaviour of wind turbine wake flows over hills is important for optimal design of wind-farm configurations on topography. In this study, we present an analytical modelling framework together with large-eddy simulation (LES) results to investigate turbine wakes over two-dimensional hills. The analytical model consists of two steps. In the first step, we deal with the effect of the pressure gradient on the wake evolution; and in the second step, we consider the effect of the hill-induced streamline distortion on the wake. This model enables us to obtain the wake recovery rate, the mean velocity and velocity deficit profiles and the wake trajectory in the presence of the hill. Moreover, we perform LES to test our model and also to obtain new complementary insight about such flows. Especially, we take advantage of the LES data to perform a special analysis of the behaviour of the wake on the leeward side of the hill. It is found that the mainly favourable pressure gradient on the windward side of the hill accelerates the wake recovery and the adverse pressure gradient on the leeward side decelerates it. The wake trajectory for a hill of the same height as the turbine’s hub height is found to closely follow the hill profile on the windward side, but it maintains an almost constant elevation (a horizontal line) downstream of the hilltop. The trajectory of the wake on the leeward side is also studied for a limiting case of an escarpment, and it is shown that an internal boundary layer forms on the plateau which leads to an upward displacement of the wake centre. Finally, a parametric study of the position of the turbine with respect to the hill is performed to further elucidate the effect of the hill-induced pressure gradient on the wind turbine wake recovery.

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Wirasanti, Niken, i Helmi Murwanto. "The Reconstruction of a Javanese Civilization Cultural Landscape in 8 AD based on Canggal Inscription in Gendol Hill Complex, Magelang, Central Java". Indonesian Journal of Geography 52, nr 1 (28.04.2020): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijg.44294.

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The research took place in the Gendol Hill complex, Magelang, Central Java. One of the peaks in the hills complex is Mount Wukir, where a Canggal Inscription was found. The Canggal Inscription mentions an area named Java, rich in agricultural products with many sacred buildings. The term Javanese refers to an area of Gendol Hill complex, which is part of the Kedu–Central Java region. This paper aims to 1) interpret the cultural landscape of the Gendol Hill complex, 2) reconstruct the spatial structure (layout), and its utilization as a settlement area for Javanese society in the 8th century. This paper interprets the Canggal Inscription and collates information about the potential of both biotic and non-biotic resources. Data processing is conducted through inductive–explanatory analysis. The results suggest that the Cultural Landscape of Gunung Wukir Temple was in a place protecting it from disaster. The complex was protected by Gendol Hills, acting as a barrier against volcanic eruptions from Mount Merapi. Gendol Hill complex was located in an environment that flourished with both biotic and non-biotic resources. The community cultivated its alluvial plains and established settlements in this area. The denuded structural hills were also perceived as sacred spaces to erect temples with natural resources close by such as andesite rocks available from rivers around the hills.

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Zamir, Rausan, Nazmul Islam i M. F. Hossain. "Study on Buffering Capacity and Organic Matter of some Soil Samples from Rungicherra Tea-Estate, Bangladesh". International Letters of Natural Sciences 44 (lipiec 2015): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.44.31.

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In this study, soil samples from three different hills of three topographic positions were evaluated on the basis of buffer capacity and organic matter. Maximum soil samples were found to have good buffer capacity where soil samples of topographical positions hill base and hill top showed maximum and minimum values respectively, leaving hill slope samples in medium value of buffer capacity. Our study suggested this variation of buffer capacity may be due to the differences of organic matter amongst the topographical positions and profiles.

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Zamir, Rausan, ABM Nazmul Islam i M. F. Hossain. "Study on Buffering Capacity and Organic Matter of some Soil Samples from Rungicherra Tea-Estate, Bangladesh". International Letters of Natural Sciences 44 (31.07.2015): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-1tgq1p.

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In this study, soil samples from three different hills of three topographic positions were evaluated on the basis of buffer capacity and organic matter. Maximum soil samples were found to have good buffer capacity where soil samples of topographical positions hill base and hill top showed maximum and minimum values respectively, leaving hill slope samples in medium value of buffer capacity. Our study suggested this variation of buffer capacity may be due to the differences of organic matter amongst the topographical positions and profiles.

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Banik, Ratan Lal. "Melocanna baccifera Bamboo Forests and Impact on Hill Ecosystem of the Indian Sub-Continent". Journal of Non Timber Forest Products 27, nr 1 (31.12.2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps2000-2020-i67ezh.

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Melocanna baccifera (Roxb.) Kurz is a versatile NTFP resource. It forms natural bamboo vegetation extended over about 35,86,410 ha of hilly forests distributed only in the geographical region of northeast India, Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) and Sylhet of Bangladesh, and Arakan hills of Myanmar. The major biological attributes of M.baccifera that strengthen the species capability in competing other bamboo and tree species in colonizing the hills of the above region are identified. These are underground extensive rhizome net-work with much elongated rhizome necks, the diffused nature of clump to provide room for more number of culms annually, rapid expansion rate of clump, tolerance to biotic interference including fire, huge production of fertile seeds with faster seedling growth, etc. The higher density of pagoda like erect solitary culms with radiating unequal numerous branches provide better mechanism in intercepting the rain water to the ground by throughfall and stemflow. The bamboo forest (BF) has profuse root growth and dense root distribution in the 0-66cm of soil depth and as a result ground is more porous in terms of non-capillary and total porosity of the soil mass. The large scale death of M.baccifera forests due to recent (2002-2010) flowering has mixed impact on the hill ecosystem, biodiversity and socio-economy of indigenous people.

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Elavarasan, K., S. Soundara Rajan, A. Manoharan i P. B. Pushpalatha. "Biochemical Analysis and Comparison of Superior Cabbage Genotypes Grown in Plains and Hills of Kerala, India". International Letters of Natural Sciences 38 (maj 2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.38.1.

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The present study was undertaken to identify the superior cabbage genotype and to examine their physical yield performance among the four cultivated genotypes namely Namdhari Seeds 183, Namdhari Seeds 160, Namdhari Seeds 35 and Tropical Sun Plus, grown in plains and higher altitude of Kerala. Study revealed that significant differences were observed in yield levels of cabbage and it was ranged from 22.6 – 29.3 kg /16m2 in hills and 1.27 – 22.06 kg /16m2 in plains. Among the cabbage genotypes, NS 183 was found to be the best for hilly region in terms of higher head yield (22.06 Kg /16m2), head weight (729.6 g), head height (11.1 cm) and early maturity. Similarly, Tropical Sun Plus exhibited better performance in plains in terms of higher head yield (22.06 Kg /16m2), head weight (729.6 g) and head height (11.1 cm). The individual genotype which exhibited the superior performance in hills and plains were selected and compared for the general biochemical characters like Moisture content, acidity, ascorbic acid, protein, phosphorus, calcium and potassium. Finally, the study found that, the genotype grown at hill (Tropical Sun Plus) was recorded a higher biochemical characters than genotype grown in plains (Tropical Sun plus). Similarly, hill grown genotype (NS 183) recorded a higher biochemical characters than the plains grown genotype (NS 183).

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Elavarasan, K., S. Soundara Rajan, A. Manoharan i P. B. Pushpalatha. "Biochemical Analysis and Comparison of Superior Cabbage Genotypes Grown in Plains and Hills of Kerala, India". International Letters of Natural Sciences 38 (6.05.2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-430x4i.

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The present study was undertaken to identify the superior cabbage genotype and to examine their physical yield performance among the four cultivated genotypes namely Namdhari Seeds 183, Namdhari Seeds 160, Namdhari Seeds 35 and Tropical Sun Plus, grown in plains and higher altitude of Kerala. Study revealed that significant differences were observed in yield levels of cabbage and it was ranged from 22.6 – 29.3 kg /16m2 in hills and 1.27 – 22.06 kg /16m2 in plains. Among the cabbage genotypes, NS 183 was found to be the best for hilly region in terms of higher head yield (22.06 Kg /16m2), head weight (729.6 g), head height (11.1 cm) and early maturity. Similarly, Tropical Sun Plus exhibited better performance in plains in terms of higher head yield (22.06 Kg /16m2), head weight (729.6 g) and head height (11.1 cm). The individual genotype which exhibited the superior performance in hills and plains were selected and compared for the general biochemical characters like Moisture content, acidity, ascorbic acid, protein, phosphorus, calcium and potassium. Finally, the study found that, the genotype grown at hill (Tropical Sun Plus) was recorded a higher biochemical characters than genotype grown in plains (Tropical Sun plus). Similarly, hill grown genotype (NS 183) recorded a higher biochemical characters than the plains grown genotype (NS 183).

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Aalto, T., J. Hatakka, U. Karstens, M. Aurela, T. Thum i A. Lohila. "Modeling atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentration profiles and fluxes above sloping terrain at a boreal site". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 5, nr 5 (14.10.2005): 10019–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-5-10019-2005.

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Abstract. CO2 fluxes and concentrations were simulated in the planetary boundary layer above subarctic hilly terrain using a three dimensional model. The model solves the transport equations in the local scale and includes a vegetation sub-model. A WMO/GAW background concentration measurement site and an ecosystem flux measurement site are located inside the modeled region at a hilltop and above a mixed boreal forest, respectively. According to model results, the concentration measurement at the hill site was representative for continental background. However, this was not the case for the whole model domain. Concentration at few meters above active vegetation represented mainly local variation. Local variation became inseparable from the regional signal at about 60–100 m above ground. Flow over hills changed profiles of environmental variables and height of inversion layer, however CO2 profiles were more affected by upwind land use than topography. The hill site was above boundary layer during night and inside boundary layer during daytime. The CO2 input from model lateral boundaries dominated in both cases. Daily variation in the CO2 assimilation rate was clearly seen in the CO2 profiles. Concentration difference between the hill site and the forest site was about 5 ppm during afternoon according to both model and measurements. The average modeled flux to the whole model region was about 40% of measured and modeled local flux at the forest site.

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32

Aalto, T., J. Hatakka, U. Karstens, M. Aurela, T. Thum i A. Lohila. "Modeling atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentration profiles and fluxes above sloping terrain at a boreal site". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6, nr 2 (3.02.2006): 303–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-303-2006.

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Abstract. CO2 fluxes and concentrations were simulated in the planetary boundary layer above subarctic hilly terrain using a three dimensional model. The model solves the transport equations in the local scale and includes a vegetation sub-model. A WMO/GAW background concentration measurement site and an ecosystem flux measurement site are located inside the modeled region at a hilltop and above a mixed boreal forest, respectively. According to model results, the concentration measurement at the hill site was representative for continental background. However, this was not the case for the whole model domain. Concentration at few meters above active vegetation represented mainly local variation. Local variation became inseparable from the regional signal at about 60-100 m above ground. Flow over hills changed profiles of environmental variables and height of inversion layer, however CO2 profiles were more affected by upwind land use than topography. The hill site was above boundary layer during night and inside boundary layer during daytime. The CO2 input from model lateral boundaries dominated in both cases. Daily variation in the CO2 assimilation rate was clearly seen in the CO2 profiles. Concentration difference between the hill site and the forest site was about 5ppm during afternoon according to both model and measurements. The average modeled flux to the whole model region was about 40% of measured and modeled local flux at the forest site.

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Snyder, William H., Roger S. Thompson, Robert E. Eskridge, Robert E. Lawson, Ian P. Castro, J. T. Lee, Julian C. R. Hunt i Yasushi Ogawa. "The structure of strongly stratified flow over hills: dividing-streamline concept". Journal of Fluid Mechanics 152 (marzec 1985): 249–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112085000684.

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In stably stratified flow over a three-dimensional hill, we can define a dividing streamline that separates those streamlines that pass around the hill from those that pass over the hill. The height Hs of this dividing streamline can be estimated by Sheppard's simple energy argument; fluid parcels originating far upstream of a hill at an elevation above Hs have sufficient kinetic energy to rise over the top, whereas those below Hs must pass around the sides. This prediction provides the basis for analysing an extensive range of laboratory observations and measurements of stably stratified flow over a variety of shapes and orientations of hills and with different upwind density and velocity profiles. For symmetric hills and small upwind shear, Sheppard's expression provides a good estimate for Hs. For highly asymmetric flow and/or in the presence of strong upwind shear, the expression provides a lower limit for Hs. As the hills become more nearly two-dimensional, these experiments become less well defined because steady-state conditions take progressively longer to be established. The results of new studies are presented here of the development of the unsteady flow upwind of two-dimensional hills in a finite-length towing tank. These measurements suggest that a very long tank would be required for steady-state conditions to be established upstream of long ridges with or without small gaps and cast doubt upon the validity of previous laboratory studies.

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P, Suresh. "Oral Customs of Javvaadhumalai Malayalis". International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-17 (17.12.2022): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt224s1728.

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Tamil Nadu consists of the Eastern and Western Ghats. There are thirty-six tribal people living in these hills including "Adiyaan, Aranaadan, Eravaalan, Irular, Oorali, and Kaniyan." The Eastern Ghats have Javvaadhumalai, Yelagirimalai, Kalvarayanmalai, Servarayanmalai, Chitherimalai, Pachaimalai, Paalamalai, Vattalmalai, Neyyaamalai, Jarugumalai, Parukkurmalai, Kaalimalai, Kadakadalai, and Kollimalai hills. The divisions of the population living in the Western Ghats cannot be seen in these hills. The hills are mainly inhabited by Malayali tribes. The life of these javvaadhu hill people is a simple life. They are also preserving the arts according to the environment in which they live. The oral literature in their case helps to know the life and culture of the hill people.

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Islam, T., i MA Salam. "Effect of number of seedlings hill-1 on the yield and yield contributing characters of short duration Aman rice cultivars". Progressive Agriculture 28, nr 4 (12.04.2018): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v28i4.36367.

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The experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh during the period from July to October 2016 to study the effect of age of seedling on the yield and yield contributing characters of short duration Aman rice cultivars. The study consisted two factor A: Variety- three- i) BINA dhan7 (V1), (ii) BRRI dhan56 (V2) and (iii) BRRI dhan62 (V3); and factor B: Number of seedlings hill-1- (i) Single seedling hill-1 (S1), (ii) Two seedlings hill-1 (S2) and (iii) Three seedlings hill-1 (S3). The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The highest grain yield was obtained from the cultivar BINA dhan7 which was statistically identical with BRRI dhan56 and this was the consequences of higher number of total and effective tillers hiil-1 and highest number of grains panicle-1. Grain yield was not significantly affected by the number of seedlings hill-1 but numerically the highest grain yield was recorded from single seedling hill-1. From the interaction it is observed that grain yield was not significantly affected by the interaction of cultivar and number of seedlings hill-1. But numerically the highest grain yield was recorded from the interaction of BRRI dhan56 × single seedling hill-1. From the economic analysis it is observed that the highest BCR (1.64) was recorded from single seedling hill-1 in BRRI dhan56 which was close to single seedling hill-1 in BINA dhan7 and the lowest BCR (103) was obtained from two seedlings hill-1 in BRRI dhan62. From the results of the study it may be concluded that BRRI dhan56 with single seedling hill-1 might be cultivated in AEZ-9 for obtaining higher yield and higher economic return in Aman season.Progressive Agriculture 28 (4): 279-286, 2017

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Highsmith, M. Jason, Jason T. Kahle, Rebecca M. Miro i Larry J. Mengelkoch. "Ramp descent performance with the C-Leg and interrater reliability of the Hill Assessment Index". Prosthetics and Orthotics International 37, nr 5 (17.01.2013): 362–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309364612470482.

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Background: Transfemoral amputees have decreased ability to descend ramps and hills. The Hill Assessment Index quantifies transfemoral amputee ramp performance, but interrater reliability has not been assessed. Objectives: To determine whether C-Leg use improves hill descent gait and evaluate the Hill Assessment Index’s interrater reliability. Methods: Twenty-one transfemoral amputees descended a ramp while timed and video recorded, using their nonmicroprocessor prosthetic knee. Subjects were fitted and accommodated with a C-Leg and retested. Test times were compared, and ramp performances were independently reviewed using the Hill Assessment Index by two raters. Hill Assessment Index scores were compared between knee conditions within raters for performance and between raters to assess the Hill Assessment Index’s interrater reliability. Results: Mean Hill Assessment Index scores were greater for C-Leg compared to nonmicroprocessor prosthetic knee for both raters. C-Leg resulted in faster ramp descent. Strong correlations resulted between raters on Hill Assessment Index scores for nonmicroprocessor prosthetic knee (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.97) and C-Leg (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.99). Conclusions: C-Leg improves Hill Assessment Index ramp descent performance and time. In descent quality, C-Leg offers the possibility of eliminating assistive device use and/or improving step length in the absence of an assistive device. C-Leg resulted in 23% gait speed increase during ramp descent. The Hill Assessment Index had very good interrater reliability but should be assessed for intrarater reliability, minimal detectable change, and validity. Clinical relevance Transfemoral amputees have difficulty ambulating on ramps. While the C-Leg has been shown to improve ramp descent, this has not been confirmed, and the Hill Assessment Index has not been studied for reliability. This study confirms that the C-Leg improves ramp descent performance and the Hill Assessment Index’s interrater reliability.

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Pañella, Pedro G., Ary Mailhos, J. Mauricio Bonifacino i Felipe Lezama. "Plants at the summit: characterization of grasslands on cerros chatos of northeastern Uruguay". Darwiniana, nueva serie 11, nr 2 (2023): 420–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14522/darwiniana.2023.112.1145.

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Flat-top hills (“cerros chatos”) stand out as distinct relief formations in northeastern Uruguay. These are elevations of about 300 m above mean sea level, generally formed by Jurassic sandstones, characterized by a flat top, a stone ledge of variable height, and a concave or stepped hillside. Little is known about the vegetation atop these hills, which consists mostly of sparse grasslands with little to no grazing. As such, the aim of this study is to make the first characterization of the vegetation at the top of flat-top hills. In order to achieve this, we describe the vegetation of three emblematic hills in the region: Del Medio Hill, Vigilante Hill and Miriñaque Hill. Plant species composition surveys were carried out in spring 2021 and autumn 2022, identifying and delineating distinct vegetation formations. 315 species belonging to 63 vascular plant families were identified, with Poaceae and Asteraceae ranking as the top two families in terms of species richness. Among the species found, 31 are included in the list of priority species for conservation in Uruguay. Furthermore, Achyrocline marchiorii represents a new record for the Uruguayan flora. Two vegetation formations were present in all three hills: the ledge formation, associated with the rocky outcrops around the perimeter of the hilltops; and the crest formation, associated with the deep soils and low rock cover at the center of the hilltops. A shoulder formation of colluvial origin was also identified in the Miriñaque Hill, showing moderate slope and rockiness. The uncommon flora found on top of these hills is threatened due to the rapid increase of afforestation in the region, and the presence of the alien species Cynodon dactylon, Melinis repens and Pinus taeda. Such evidences emphasize the need for urgent management plans to protect these hills, which are not covered by any conservation program on a national or global scale.

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Sheehan, Riley C., i Jinger S. Gottschall. "Walking Strategies Change With Distance From Hill Transition and Scale With Hill Angle". Journal of Applied Biomechanics 28, nr 6 (grudzień 2012): 738–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.28.6.738.

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Individuals must constantly modify their gait patterns to safely transition between different surfaces. The goal of the current study was to determine if gait changes could be detected two steps from a transition, and whether these changes scaled with the angle of the hill. We hypothesized that during the anticipation of uphill walking and the aftereffect of downhill walking, the magnitude of kinetic and electromyography changes would be greatest at steep hill angles and fewer steps from the transition. We collected force and electromy-ography data as participants walked on the level ground before an uphill ramp and after a downhill ramp. As hypothesized, there were significant main effects for both the number of steps and angle of the hill for the first vertical GRF peak, as well as lateral gastrocnemius and vastus lateralis activity. Overall, our results indicate that when transitioning to and from hills, anticipation and aftereffect responses occur at least two steps from the transition and are scaled to the angle of the hill.

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Pattinson, S. E., A. Waterhouse i J. T. B. Wyllie. "The effects of shepherding and nutritional inputs in an extensive hill sheep system". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1994 (marzec 1994): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600027483.

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There is increasing pressure on hill farmers to reduce stock numbers on the hills. With such a reduction in sheep numbers, farmers would have the option of either maintaining or reducing management and physical inputs. In general, current extensive hill sheep farming systems are characterised by low stocking densities, low inputs and high lamb mortality.The trial was conducted as part of a work programme studying extensive systems. Compared to a system with very low inputs this trial examined the effects of increasing inputs, in terms of supplementary feeding in late pregnancy and shepherding at lambing.Within an extensive hill fanning system (0.66 ewes/ha) two hundred ewes were allocated to one of two nutritional treatments in late pregnancy together with the provision or absence of shepherding at lambing in a 2x2 factorial design. All the ewes were of the Scottish Blackface breed and were mated on the open hill without access to improved grazing. Ewes remained on the hill until mid-pregnancy at which stage they were assigned to either Group H (supplementation with feedblocks, low forage availability) or Group L (minimal supplementation, high forage availability). Group L continued to graze on the open hill whilst Group H were confined to a hill park (approximately 45 ha).

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Ulak, S., B. Lama, D. K. Pradhan i S. Bhattarai. "Exploring agroforestry systems and practices in the Terai and hill regions of Nepal". Banko Janakari 31, nr 2 (28.12.2021): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v31i2.41885.

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This paper explores the status of agroforestry systems and practices in the Terai and hill regions of Nepal. Field survey, semi-structured interview and focus group discussions with the local farmers and stakeholders were conducted to explore the status of the agroforestry system and practices. The study covers forty-three districts, and represents agroforestry systems and practices in the Terai and hill regions of Nepal. Altogether, twelve agroforestry systems and forty-three agroforestry practices were documented in the Terai and hills of Nepal- ten systems in the Terai and seven systems in the hills. Agrisilviculture, agrisilvihorticulture, agrosilvopastoral, agrohortosilvopastoral, homegarden, hortiagriculture, silvofishery, agrosilvifishery, hortisilviculture and apiculture were the major agroforestry systems adopted in the Terai whereas those adopted in the hills included hortiagriculture, agrisilviculture, agrisilvihorticulture, agrosilvopastoral, homegarden, hortosilvipastoral and silvopastoral. The study revealed a gradual emerging scenario of commercial agroforestry systems in these regions although the continuation of traditional agroforestry systems was observed in most of the Terai and hill regions. Insufficient labour availability, fragmentation of land, market price fluctuation, lack of technical knowledge, and wild animal disturbances were some of the major challenges observed in the Terai and hills of Nepal.

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Gupta, Neelam, S. C. Gupta, N. D. Verma, RK Pundir, B. IK Joshi, A. E. Nivsarkar i R. Sahai. "MITHUN - AN IMPORTANT BOVINE SPECIES OF INDIAN ORIGIN". Animal Genetic Resources Information 18 (kwiecień 1996): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900000699.

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SUMMARYThe Mithun (Bos frontalis) is a heavily built semi domesticated bovine species originated in north eastern hill region of India. In some folklore, Mithun have been referred to as the descendent of the Sun. There are interesting and divergent legends about the orig of mithun among different in tribes. Even today, mithun is used as a holy sacrificial animal to appease the Gods by the tribesman. It is a woodland animal found at an elevation of between 2 000 and 9 000 feet. The habitat of mithun extends like a long curved belt of hills from the Akasan hill and Chin Hills of Burma through the Chittagong hill tracts of Bangladesh and the Lushai (Mizo) hills of Manipur and Naga hills of India. The geographic zone is covered with tropical evergreen rain forests. At higher elevations mithun territories are also shared by yak (Poephagus grunniens), while at lower altitudes domestic cattle and mithun co-habit. The information contained in the article is primarily based on a field survey carried out on mithun of Porba village of Nagaland. Some data collated and published by other departments is also included.

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Kapai, Yuimirin. "Spatial Organisation of Northeast India: Colonial Politics, Power Structure and Hills–Plains Relationship". Indian Historical Review 47, nr 1 (czerwiec 2020): 150–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0376983620925591.

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The article examines the ideological framework and the principal concerns and interests that underline the colonial policy towards the hill ‘tribes’ of Northeast India. It elaborates on an argument that the colonial spatial ordering of the region privileges the valleys over the hills. The colonial rule establishes and maintains the structural imbalance of the region by making the plains the centres and by relegating the hills to the peripheral ‘others’, thereby perpetuating the power configuration implicit in the spatial organisation. Emphasis on paternalistic reasoning of the British policy towards the hills has clouded the stamp of indifference and insensitivity that underlay the policies. The policy also ‘excluded’ the hill peoples from access to education, engagement in modern economy, and development of infrastructures. The practice of reading the history of the British policy towards the hills appears to be essentially concerned with the elucidation of the hill peoples’ separatist attitude. By reading the history through the lens of categories such as centre-periphery, power relations and uneven development, the article contends that the colonial policy of segregation charts a historical trajectory, which is at variance with what the hegemonic discourse has established.

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Yang, Rui, Ting Ting Wang i Wei Wei Xia. "Research of Influence of Obstacles on Three-Dimensional Hill Wind Field". Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (październik 2013): 1712–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.1712.

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At different wind speeds, in order to study the impact of obstacle size and distance to the bottom of the hill on wind farm, using Pro / E generates the model of hills and upstream obstacle, sinusoidal model was selected to the hill contour, then Fluent was adopted to analyze the flow field, turbulence model select the SSK k-ω, inlet boundary condition was exponential function. Wind speed distribution and wind pressure distribution of hill surface at each case were depicted by the simulation results; the obstacle of conducive for wind farms was obtained by comparing flow field distribution of each case.

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MAU, Khan, Rayhan SM, Hoque MN, slam MR i Hannan A. "Effect of number of seedlings hill-1 and weeding on the yield of aus rice cv.BR16". Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment 03, nr 04 (2022): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.47440/jafe.2022.3404.

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An experiment was conducted to ascertain the impact of weeding and the number of seedlings per hill-1on the performance of aus rice (cv. BR16). The treatments consisted of three weeding methods and four levels of seedlings hill-1in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The number of weeding had an impact on weed dry weight, according to the results. Compared to not weeding, one and two-hand weeding decreased the dry weight of weeds. The degree of shrinkage was greater while weeding with two hands. The number of seedlings hill-1had a substantial impact on yield and all plant morphological parameters, according to data on yield and yield-contributing characteristics of aus rice. With criteria like total tillers hill-1, effective tillers hill-1, grains panicle-1, the weight of 1000 grains, grain yield (5.02 t ha-1), biological yield, and harvest index, four seedlings hill-1achieved the maximum yield. In 8 seedling hill-1, the lowest grain yield (2.58 t ha-1) was discovered. Except for non-effective tillers hill-1and panicle length, all yield-contributing features were strongly impacted by the amount of weeding. Two-hand weeding resulted in the best grain production (5.04 t ha-1) and one weeding produced the lowest yield (3.46 t ha-1). Except for plant height, ineffective tillers hill-1, unfilled grains panicle-1, and weight of 1000 grains, the interaction impact of the number of seedlings hill-1and weeding was found to be significant for the yield-contributing features. With two hands weeding at 20 and 40 DAS, the maximum grain production (5.79 t ha-1) was recorded from 4 seedling hills-1.

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Islam, MS, MM Rashid, MK Mondal, SC Nath i MR Karim. "Effect of Planting Density on the Performance of Hybrid Rice (Oryza sativa L.) under Waterlogged Condition". Agriculturists 11, nr 2 (1.01.2014): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v11i2.17497.

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The experiment was conducted to find out the effect of planting density on the performance of hybrid rice variety Aloran under water logged condition at the BRAC Agricultural Research and Development Center in Gazipur, Bangladesh during the dry (DS) and wet season (WS) of 2009. Different planting densities were maintained using different spacings and number of seedlings per hill. These include 25 cm × 20 cm, 25 cm × 10 cm, 20 cm × 10 cm, 20 cm × 15 cm with single seedling per hill and 20 cm × 15 cm with two seedlings per hill and 20 cm × 15 cm with three seedlings per hill. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Density of 20 cm × 10 cm with 1 seedling hill-1 i.e. 50 hills m-2 produced the highest grain yield of 7.5 t ha-1 and 4.6 t ha-1 in DS and WS respectively, which was significantly higher than the yield with recommended density (20 cm × 15 cm with 1 seedling per hill). This yield was increased due to higher number of panicles m-2. Increasing the seedling numbers hill-1 with the recommended planting density did not improve the yield of hybrid rice. This result suggests that higher planting density rather than increased number of seedling hill-1 is necessary for getting higher yield of hybrid rice in continuous water logged condition. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v11i2.17497 The Agriculturists 2013; 11(2) 109-113

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Paul, SK, KS Rahman i MAR Sarkar. "Physiological Attributes of Transplant Aman Rice (Cv. Brri Dhan52) as Affected by Tiller Seedlings and Urea Super Granules". Progressive Agriculture 24, nr 1-2 (9.06.2014): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v24i1-2.19094.

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The experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh to investigate the effect of age of tiller seedlings, number of tiller seedlings hill-1 and application of urea super granules (USG) on some physiological attributes of transplant Aman rice cv. BRRI dhan52. The experiment consisted of two ages of tiller seedlings viz. 25- and 35-day old, three levels of tiller seedlings hill-1 viz.1, 3 and 5 seedlings hill-1 and three USG levels viz. 0, 1.8g and 2.7g USG per four hills in every alternate row. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The effect of age of tiller seedlings, number of tiller seedlings hill-1 and USG application were significant on crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR) and leaf area index (LAI). The highest CGR and RGR were found by transplanting 35-day old tiller seedlings during the period at 15-30 and 60-75 DAT when 5 tiller seedlings hill-1 were transplanted. The highest NAR was observed at 60-75 DAT with transplanting 5 tiller seedlings hill-1 and the lowest one was recorded at 30-45 DAT. The highest LAI was found at 35-day old tiller seedlings during the period at 60 and 75 DAT when 5 tiller seedlings hill-1 were transplanted. CGR and RGR were found highest by applying 1.8 g USG at 45-60 and 60-75 DAT while NAR was the highest with application of 2.7g USG at 60-75 DAT and lowest one was found in control (0 g USG) at 45-60 and 60-75 DAT. The highest LAI was found by applying 1.8g USG at 15, 30, 45 and 60 DAT and the lowest one was found at 60 DAT in control and at 15, 30 and 45 DAT when 2.7g USG was applied. The highest LAI and CGR were found in older tiller seedlings (35- day old) by transplanting five tiller seedlings hill-1 fertilized with 1.8g USG whereas the highest RGR and NAR were obtained in younger tiller seedlings (25-day old) by transplanting single tiller seedling hill-1 fertilized with 1.8g USG per four hills of every alternate row.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v24i1-2.19094 Progress. Agric. 24(1&2): 17 - 27, 2013

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Dey, Sudip, Chandrani Debbarma, Prasamita Sarkar i Sushmita Paul. "Geo-electrical mapping and groundwater potential zoning in some selected pockets of Baromura hill of Tripura (India)". Journal of Applied and Natural Science 2, nr 2 (1.12.2010): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v2i2.121.

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Baromura hill of Tripura is characterised by complex geology and very rugged landform. Water scarcity is a very general problem for the remote hilly villages of this area. Thus groundwater is considered as one of the most valuable natural resources in hilly villages of Baromura hill. The present study aims to prepare small area survey based geo-electrical mapping for understanding groundwater condition in some selected pockets of the study area. For that purpose one hill slope and one trough shaped low land (locally known as lunga) was selected. Soil resistivity meter was used for electrical survey. A circle plot was prepared for geo-electrical survey on the basis of which geo-electrical maps were drawn. In the studied hill slope morphology four sectors of ground water conditions were observed according to their electrical resistivity character namely shallowest zone, medium zone, deep zone and very deep zone. The trough shaped low land (lunga) is characterised by comparatively shallower condition of groundwater and it was divided into five classes namely near surface water, very shallow zone, shallow zone, medium shallow zone and medium zone. Though the depth of the water bearing strata cannot be detected by this method it is very suitable for understanding the groundwater potential zones in remote places like present study area.

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Banik, Sanjukta, i Malay Mukhopadhyay. "Rock carving on Ayodhya Hill: an avenue for geoheritage, geoconservation and environmental sensitization". ENSEMBLE 2, nr 2 (2.06.2021): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37948/ensemble-2020-0202-a014.

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The present paper aims to throw light on the environmental sensitivity illustrated through art on a hill signifying interface of nature and culture .Ayodhya Hill in Purulia district, displays an aspect of aesthetic attachment of humans with nature in the form of in-situ rock cut sculpture ‘Pakhi Pahar’which has transformed the bare hill into a piece of art. For the past three decades the hill has been sculpted by a group of local artists, creating around 65 birds.Even the boulders lying on the foot of the hill are sculpted, to save these fragile components of nature from stone quarrying and crushing machines which are demolishing and fragmenting the rocks and hills of the chotanagpur terrain to gather stone chips for commercial use. It may also be argued by a few ,that the natural environment of Matha range of Ayodhya Hill is infringed upon for the sake of art. The present researcher seeks to explain through empirical observation, narrative analysis and perception study of local people whether Pakhi Pahar is an “Aesthetic Regard” or “Aesthetic Affront” for nature . This paper also tries to bring in to focus the future potential of this cultural landscape in developing as a tourism site and giving employment to the local youth.

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Ellermeier, Jeremy R., i James M. Slauch. "Fur Regulates Expression of the Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 Type III Secretion System through HilD". Journal of Bacteriology 190, nr 2 (9.11.2007): 476–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00926-07.

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ABSTRACT The invasion of intestinal epithelial cells by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is mediated by a type III secretion system (T3SS) encoded on Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI1). Expression of the SPI1 T3SS is tightly regulated by the combined action of HilC, HilD, and RtsA, three AraC family members that can independently activate hilA, which encodes the direct regulator of the SPI1 structural genes. Expression of hilC, hilD, and rtsA is controlled by a number of regulators that respond to a variety of environmental signals. In this work, we show that one such signal is iron mediated by Fur (ferric uptake regulator). Fur activates hilA transcription in a HilD-dependent manner. Fur regulation of HilD does not appear to be simply at the transcriptional or translational level but rather requires the presence of the HilD protein. Fur activation of SPI1 is not mediated through the Fur-regulated small RNAs RfrA and RfrB, which are the Salmonella ortholog and paralog of RyhB that control expression of sodB. Fur regulation of HilD is also not mediated through the known SPI1 repressor HilE or the CsrABC system. Although understanding the direct mechanism of Fur action on HilD requires further analysis, this work is an important step toward elucidating how various global regulatory systems control SPI1.

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Chim, Bee Khim, Peter Omara, Natasha Macnack, Jeremiah Mullock, Sulochana Dhital i William Raun. "Effect of Seed Distribution and Population on Maize (Zea maysL.) Grain Yield". International Journal of Agronomy 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/125258.

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Maize planting is normally accomplished by hand in the developing world where two or more seeds are placed per hill with a heterogeneous plant spacing and density. To understand the interaction between seed distribution and distance between hills, experiments were established in 2012 and 2013 at Lake Carl Blackwell (LCB) and Efaw Agronomy Research Stations, near Stillwater, OK. A randomized complete block design was used with three replications and 9 treatments and a factorial treatment structure of 1, 2, and 3 seeds per hill using interrow spacing of 0.16, 0.32, and 0.48 m. Data for normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (IPAR), grain yield, and grain N uptake were collected. Results showed that, on average, NDVI and IPAR increased with number of seeds per hill and decreased with increasing plant spacing. In three of four site-years, planting 1 or 2 seeds per hill, 0.16 m apart, increased grain yield and N uptake. Over sites, planting 1 seed, every 0.16 m, increased yields by an average of 1.15 Mg ha−1(range: 0.33 to 2.46 Mg ha−1) when compared to the farmer practice of placing 2 to 3 seeds per hill, every 0.48 m.

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