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Brustel, Julien. "Principes de la régulation des origines de réplication par la lysine méthyltransférase PR-Set7". Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON13522.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn order to ensure accurate inheritance of genetic information through cell proliferation, chromosomes must be precisely copied once and only once and then correctly distributed to daughter cells. Chromosome replication occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle and is initiated at discrete chromosomal sites called replication origins. However, the ability to activate replication origins occurs during mitosis of the previous cell cycle and continuing into early G1 phase. This crucial step, called DNA replication licensing, consists of the assembly of a multi-protein pre-Replicative Complex (pre-RC) onto origins, making them competent for replication. During S phase, pre-RC are inhibited by different ways, that ensures that origins are activated only once per cycle and prevents DNA rereplication (multiple initiations from the same origin). In metazoans, functional replication origins do not show defined DNA consensus sequences, thus evoking the involvement of chromatin determinants in the selection of these origins.During my thesis, I have discovered that that the onset of licensing in mammalian cells coincides with an increase in histone H4 Lysine 20 monomethylation (H4K20me1) at replication origins by the methyltransferase PR-Set7. By genome mapping of H4-20me1 signals during the cell cycle, we found that nearly half of origins that fire during S phase are associated with H4-K20me1 during mitosis, when the process of replication licensing is activated. This mitotic H4-K20me1 signature is highly significant for origins located near transcription start sites and promoters that are characterized by the presence of CpG islands and H3-K4me3 signals. Furthermore, tethering PR-Set7 methylase activity to an origin-free genomic locus is sufficient to promote a chromatin remodeling follow by a creation of a functional origin of replication and promotes replication initiation. PR-Set7 and H4K20me1 are cell-cycle regulated, with high levels during M and early G1 and very low in S phase. At the onset of S phase, PR-Set7 undergoes an ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, which depends on its interaction with the sliding-clamp protein PCNA and involves the ubiquitin E3 ligase CRL4-Cdt2. Strikingly, expression of a PR-Set7 mutant insensitive to this degradation causes the maintenance of H4K20me1 and repeated DNA replication at origins. This photolytic regulation controls the initiation of replication origin.This suggests that a cascade of lysine methylation events, initiated by PR-Set7 during mitosis, would define the position of origins in open chromatin structures
Hassenboehler, Pierre. "Etude structurale et fonctionnelle de la protéine arginine méthyltransférase CARM1". Strasbourg, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010STRA6152.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe protein CARM1 "Coactivator-Associated aRginine Methyltransferase 1" was initially identified for its activity to coactivate transcription under the regulation of some nuclear receptors. This kind of activation process is regulated by a large number of coactivators involved at different stages. In this context, CARM1 was identified to methylates two major targets: histone H3 and CBP. CARM1 is also involved in other biological events like RNA processing and signal transmission. Disturbances of these different processes can induce cancers and CARM1 is by the way a new potential pharmacological target in chemotherapy. The results obtained during this thesis work are divided in four chapters. Chapter 3 presents the crystallographic structures of isolated domains of CARM1, alone or in complex with different cofactors. Chapter 4 describes the functional studies in solution by comparisons of different constructions and mutant forms. These studies highlight the crucial role of different areas and residues for the CARM1 activity. Chapter 5 details studies of interactions between CARM1 and selected target substrates (histone H3 and CBP). It has been done by three different approaches: interactions with full length proteins, fragments of these proteins and an approach consisting of covalently bind H3 peptides to a binary complex CARM1-cofactor. Chapter 6 presents a collaborative work done to discover CARM1 specific inhibitors
Kerbaj, Coline. "Investigating the role of OGT and c-Myc in modulating EZH2 functions in hepatocellular carcinoma". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LYO10358.
Pełny tekst źródłaHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common form of liver cancer and leading cause of death, is a heterogeneous disease with no unique driver mutation. Up to 50% of HCCs harbor alterations in epigenetic machineries that represent promising therapeutic targets. During my PhD, I focused on the histone methyltransferase (HMT) EZH2 that is upregulated in HCC and related to therapy resistance. EZH2 is the catalytic subunit of the PRC2 complex responsible for H3K27me3, a repressive epigenetic mark (canonical function). In cancer, EZH2/PRC2 represses the expression of tumor suppressor genes but EZH2 can also activate oncogenes and cell cycle genes in a mostly PRC2-independent manner (non-canonical function). EZH2 HMT inhibitors have demonstrated low efficacy in solid tumors suggesting that HMT independent functions of EZH2 are key in these cancers. EZH2 can be regulated by post-translational modifications, including O-GlcNAcylation by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) whose expression is increased in HCC. Our data show that EZH2 and OGT are co-recruited to defined gene promoters in HCC and predominantly promote gene expression. To decipher the molecular mechanisms underlying EZH2/OGT-mediated gene activation in HCC, we assessed the roles of PRC2 and c-Myc that plays an important role in HCC and can be modulated by OGT. We showed that EZH2 and c-Myc are O-GlcNAcylated by OGT in human hepatoma cells and that EZH2 O-GlcNAcylation plays a role in EZH2 target promoter recruitment. Our data also indicate that c-Myc plays an important role in EZH2/OGT-mediated gene regulation. Interestingly, our results suggest that part of the non-canonical functions of EZH2 in human hepatoma cells may be PRC2 dependent. Collectively, our data uncover that OGT and c-Myc promote non-canonical functions of EZH2 in transformed liver cells and provide important insights for epigenetic strategies as potential future anti-HCC therapies. A better understanding of the regulatory networks controlling gene expression in HCC will open perspectives for the design of novel therapeutic strategies for HCC
Lhuissier, Eva. "Chondrosarcome : mécanismes de résistance aux traitements conventionnels et thérapies innovantes". Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMC407/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaChondrosarcomas are bone malignant tumors, considered as radio- and chemo-resistant, due to their hypoxic environment. In this context, this study aimed to better understand the role of hypoxia in the resistance of these tumors to chemotherapy (cisplatin) and radiotherapy (X-rays) and to identify new therapeutic strategies to re-sensitize chondrosarcomas by epigenetic targeting of H3K27 methylation. First, we showed that, contrary to what is commonly accepted, hypoxia has differential effect on cisplatin or X-ray sensitivity in chondrosarcomas, while it increases cisplatin resistance and X-ray sensitivity only in one cell line. Secondly, 3-deazaneplanocin A (DZNep) induces apoptosis in these tumors by a mechanism independent of H3K27 methylation and its methylase EZH2 and seems to act through the Rhoβ / EGFR pathway. However, it causes side effects on male fertility. In addition, its association with cisplatin potentiates its toxic effects on chondrosarcomas. The GSK-J4, on the other hand, decreases cell growth and its association with cisplatin increases this effect.This study highlights that chondrosarcomas use different cellular regulation mechanisms, showing the importance of conducting studies on several cell lines in order to better predict the response to treatments. In addition, these studies demonstrate the anti-tumoral properties of DZNep and GSK-J4 in the treatment of these tumors
Herbette, Marion. "Étude de la fonction de l’histone méthyltransférase SET-2 et de ses interacteurs dans le maintien de la lignée germinale de Caenorhabditis elegans". Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEN017.
Pełny tekst źródłaPost-translational modifications of histones contribute to gene expression and genome stability. Methylation of lysine 4 of histone H3 (H3K4me), a mark associated with actively transcribed genes, is deposited by the highly conserved SET1 family methyltransferases acting in COMPASS related complexes. SET-2, the SET1 homologue in Caenorhabditis elegans, is responsible for the deposition of H3K4me in the germ line, and its inactivation causes progressive loss of fertility. The purpose of my PhD work was to study how SET-2 and the methylation of H3K4 contribute to the maintenance of the germ line. I have shown that the absence of SET-2 causes increased sensitivity to DNA damage. However, the DNA damage-induced signaling and repair pathways are functional in the set-2 mutant. By DNA sequencing, I have also shown that the progressive sterility observed in the absence of set-2 is not due to a reduced repair capacity. Together, my results suggest that H3K4 methylation may act downstream of DNA damage signaling, potentially by influencing the organization of chromatin at the sites of double-strand breaks. I have also described a new function for H3K4 methylation in the organization of chromatin by showing that set-2 genetically interacts with the Condensitin II complex and Topoisomerase II, key factors in mitotic chromosome organization. Moreover, FLIM-FRET microscopy experiments have validated a role for H3K4 methylation in germline chromatin organization. Finally, using transcriptomic analyses, I have described a function for CFP-1, a component of the COMPASS complex, in the regulation of the germline transcriptional program independent of SET-2. Altogether, my results show how chromatin regulation affects the maintenance of a functional germline through multiple mechanisms
Herviou, Laurie. "Etude de l'implication de mécanismes épigénétiques dans la physiopathologie du myélome multiple et dans la différenciation plasmocytaire normale". Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTT019/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaEpigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in gene expression regulation. EZH2, the catalytic sub-unit of PRC2, is able to trimethylate the lysine 27 of histone H3 (H3K27me3) and is involved in the regulation of numerous normal processes, such as development and cell differentiation. Plasma cells (PCs) play a major role in the defense of the host organism against pathogens, by producing antigen-specific antibodies. B cell differentiation into PC is mediated by a fine-tuned regulatory network of cell specific transcription factors involved in B and plasma cell identity. Although numerous key actors involved in plasma cell differentiation (PCD) have been described, most of the epigenetic mechanisms associated with this process are yet to be unveiled. Using an in vitro model of PCD developed in our laboratory, we showed that EZH2 is upregulated in the preplasmablast stage (prePB) of the PCD. By analyzing DNA sequences associated with EZH2 and H3K27me3 in this cell type, we highlighted that EZH2 is recruited to and represses through H3K27me3 a subset of genes involved in B cell and plasma cell identity. Interestingly, in prePBs and PBs, EZH2 was also found to be recruited to H3K27me3-free promoters of transcriptionally active genes known to regulate cell proliferation and DNA repair. Inhibition of EZH2 catalytic activity resulted in B to PC transcriptional changes associated with PC maturation induction together with higher immunoglobulin secretion. Altogether, our data suggests that EZH2 is involved in the maintenance of prePBs/PBs transitory immature proliferative state through H3K27me3-dependent and independent gene regulation supporting their amplification. Moreover, while EZH2 overexpression was previously shown to inhibit PCD in mice, this study highlights for the first time that EZH2 inhibition can accelerate normal human PCD by prematurely inducing a plasma cell transcriptional program.EZH2 mutations or abnormal expression were shown to be involved in numerous hematological malignancies and solid tumors. Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a malignant plasma cell disease with a poor survival, characterized by the accumulation of myeloma cells (MMCs) within the bone marrow. We identified a significant upregulation of the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) core genes in MM cells in association with proliferation. We used EPZ-6438, a specific small molecule inhibitor of EZH2 methyltransferase activity, to evaluate its effects on MM cells phenotype and gene expression profile. PRC2 targeting results in cell growth inhibition due to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis together with Polycomb, DNA methylation, TP53 and RB1 target genes induction. EZH2 inhibitor induced toxicity was heterogeneous in human myeloma cell lines and primary MM cells from patients. Interestingly, we found that MM cell resistance to EZH2 inhibitor could be mediated by DNA methylation of PRC2 target genes. We established a gene expression-based EZ-score allowing to identify poor prognosis patients that could benefit from EZH2 inhibitor treatment. We also demonstrated a synergistic effect of EPZ-6438 and Lenalidomide, a conventional drug used for MM treatment, through the activation of B cell transcription factors and tumor suppressor gene expression in concert with MYC repression. Moreover, EPZ-6438 pre-treatment was able to overcome MM cells resistance to lenalidomide. These data suggest that PRC2 targeting could have a therapeutic interest in MM patients characterized by high-risk EZ-score values, reactivating B cell transcription factors and tumor suppressor genes. EZH2 inhibitor could also re-sensitize MM patients to chemotherapies based on immunomodulatory agents
Vaute, Olivier. "Etudes fonctionnelles d'histones déacétylases de classe I". Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30049.
Pełny tekst źródłaChromatin is the real substrate of enzymatic reactions which uses DNA as a substrate. Thus, post-translational modifications of nucleosomal histones play major roles in the control of cell fate. One of the best known histone modifications is lysine acetylation. It is catalysed by histone acetyl transferases and removed by histone déacétylases. In a first study, I investigated the functional relationship between class I histone déacétylases and Suv39H1, a histone H3 K9 methyltransferase. In a second study, I investigated the involvement of the histone déacétylase HDAC3 in apoptosis of T lymphocytes
El, Messaoudi Selma. "Régulation transcriptionnelle du gène "cycline E1" par les arginine [sic] méthyltransférases CARM1 et PRMT5". Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20114.
Pełny tekst źródłaBerthelet, Jérémy. "Effets des métabolites réactifs du benzène et d'une mutation oncogénique sur SetD2, une histone méthyltransférase". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCC080.
Pełny tekst źródłaSetD2 is an epigenetic enzyme that plays a significant role in hematopoiesis and is recognized as the only trimethyltransferase of lysine 36 of histone 3. The H3K36me3 mark allows the recruitment of effectors with key roles in various processes such as DNA repair, cryptic transcription repression and alternative splicing. SETD2 is one of the 50 most mutated genes in cancers, especially clear cell renal cell carcinomas and leukaemias. However, very few studies attempt to characterize in detail the real impact of these mutations on the activity, structure and function of SetD2. In addition, some tumors expressing a wild type SetD2 have a low overall level of H3K36me3, suggesting that the methyltransferase activity of the enzyme can be regulated by pathological mechanisms. First, we tried to evaluate the effects of benzene metabolites on the activity and structure of SetD2. Indeed, benzene is an essential compound for the chemical industry and is recognized as a class 1 leukemogen for humans. Its hematotoxicity is due to its metabolism in bone marrow into highly reactive compounds such as 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ), whose genotoxic effects have been documented. However, the molecular mechanisms of benzene toxicity are not well characterized. We have shown that BQ irreversibly inhibits the methyltransferase activity of SetD2. Biochemical approaches have allowed us to understand that this inhibition was due to the formation of quinonic adducts on the cystein residues of SetD2 zinc fingers, which have a structural and regulatory role. In a cellular context, inhibition of SetD2 activity by BQ results in an overall decrease in the H3K36me3 mark in hematopoietic cell lines such as K562 or HL60 cells. The second part of our project focused on characterizing the effects of the Y1666C mutation on the activity and structure of SetD2. The position Y1666 of SetD2 is recognized as a mutation hotspot in cancers. In addition, this highly conserved tyrosine of SET domain enzymes plays an important role in enzymatic catalysis. We have shown that the Y1666C mutation completely abrogates the enzymatic activity of SetD2, both on histone and non-histone substrates, in an in vitro context as well as in a cellular model. In order to provide structural answers to our studies, we have determined the first structure of SetD2 in complex with its cofactor, the SAM. The analysis of the structure allowed us to highlight that the loss of activity of the mutated enzyme was due to the lateral chain of the C1666 residue. Indeed, the latter is located directly into the binding site of methylatable lysine, thus preventing any interaction between the enzyme and its protein substrate. This work aims to improve the understanding of oncogenesis mechanisms induced by benzene or mutations of a key epigenetic enzyme
Izard, Fanny. "Étude du rôle des méthyltransférases de la Lysine 20 de l’Histone H4 dans la dynamique de la chromatine au cours du cycle cellulaire". Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT136/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn eukaryotic cells, the organization of DNA into chromatin not only ensures its compaction into nucleus, but also serves as a dynamic structure that offers a range of possibilities for regulating DNA transactions, such as transcription, DNA replication and repair. The basic unit of chromatin is the nucleosome, which is constituted of 147 bp of DNA wrapped with an octamer composed of histone proteins. This nucleosome structure is versatile showing distinct variations, including post-translational modifications of histone proteins. Histone modifications contribute to the regulation of genome functions by altering directly the nucleosome structure or through the recruitment of specific chromatin-binding proteins. In this regard, the lysine 20 of histone H4 (H4K20) can be modified to generate three different methylation states: mono- (me1), di- (me2), and trimethylation (me3), with a unique activity being coupled to the specific extent of methylation on this lysine residue. PR-Set7 (also known as SET8 or SETD8) is the sole enzyme that catalyzes H4K20me1, whereas H4K20me2 and H4K20me3 occur through the action of Suv4-20h, which requires PR-Set7-induced H4K20me1 as a substrate. These enzymes are essential since knockout studies have shown that both PR-Set7 and Suv4-20h are required for mouse development and their loss causes DNA damage and cell cycle defects. However, the functions of different H4K20 methylation states and the associated enzymes still remain poorly understood.The work carried out during this thesis reveals that the concerted activity of PR-Set7 and Suv4-20h is required for the timely control of (i) heterochromatin assembly on nascent DNA and (ii) the licensing of a critical subset of late-firing origins necessary for the replication of heterochromatin regions in the following cell cycle. Both functions depend on the conversion of H4K20me1 to H4K20me3 and the specific recruitment of the H4K20me-binding protein LRWD1/ORCA. Accordingly, siRNA-mediated PR-Set7 depletion triggers a defective interphase chromatin compaction in cells that exit of mitosis, which in turn favor a non-specific chromatin loading of ORC and MCMs subunits of pre-replication complexes. Finally and consistent with a key role of H4K20 methylation in heterochromatin formation and replication, my thesis work contributes to reveal that up-regulation of PR-Set7 is a poor prognosis factor in multiple myeloma and that its inhibition by specific chemical compounds might be a great interest for cancer treatment in near future
Lin, Xin. "Charaterization of the Phaeodactylum tricornutum epigenome". Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112235/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaDNA methylation is the most extensively studied and widely conserved epigenetic mark. Here the first whole genome methylome from a stramenopile, the marine model diatom P. tricornutum is reported. In P. tricornutum, around 6% of the genome was methylated in a mosaic landscape. Extensive methylation in transposable elements (TEs), especially in recently amplified Copia-like elements was found. Over 320 genes were found methylated occurring in three different genomic contexts: in the proximity of TEs, in clusters of methylated genes, and in single genes. Furthermore, genes extensively and completely methylated correlated strongly with transcriptional silencing and differential expression under specific conditions. Finally, it was found that genes likely acquired by horizontal gene transfer from bacteria were preferentially inserted within TE-rich regions, suggesting a mechanism whereby the expression of foreign genes can be buffered following their insertion in the genome. In general, P. tricornutum has low DNA methylation with relatively extensive DNA methylation on TEs and a few methylated genes. This first Stramenopile methylome adds significantly to our understanding of the evolution of DNA methylation in eukaryotes. As for the histone modifications, genome wide distribution of H3K4me2, H3K9me2 and H3K27me3 were examined in P. tricornutum. H3K4me2 is mainly associated with genes while both H3K9me2 and H3K27me3 marks target mainly transposable elements (TEs). The distribution of H3K27me3 is unusual and different from what have been profiled in model species so far. The genes marked by H3K27me3 tend to be lowly and differentially expressed. H3K27me3 and H3K9me2 tend to co-mark not only methylated TEs but also heavily methylated genes, which appears to be important for maintaining the silencing of differentially expressed genes. The combinatorial analysis of different histone marks and DNA methylation gave us an overview of diatom chromatin landscapes, and will help to define conserved structural and functional features
Beurton, Flore. "Étude de l’interaction physique et fonctionnelle entre le complexe histone méthyltransférase SET-2/SET1 et le complexe histone déacétylase SIN-3S dans l’embryon de C. elegans". Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEN017.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe highly conserved SET1 family complexes are targeted by CFP1/CXXC protein to promoter regions through multivalent interactions to implement methylation of histone H3 Ly4 (H3K4me), a modification that correlates with gene expression depending on the chromatin context. The presence of distinct SET1 complexes in multiple eukaryotic model systems has hampered studies aimed at identifying the complete array of functions of SET1/MLL regulatory networks in a developmental context. Caenorhabditis elegans contains one SET1 protein, SET-2, one MLL-like protein, SET-16, and single homologs of RBBP5, ASH2, WDR5, DPY30 and CFP1. The biochemical composition of the complex however, has not been described. Through the use of co-immunoprecipitation coupled to mass spectrometry-based proteomics, I identified the SET-2/SET1 complex in C. elegans embryos. Most importantly, I showed that the SET-2/SET1 complex also co-immunoprecipitates another conserved chromatin-modifying complex and I highlighted the interactions involved between these two complexes. My genetic analysis revealed that loss of function mutants of the two complex subunits share common phenotypes, consistent with common developmental functions. The laboratory has also undertaken transcriptomic and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments showing that CFP-1 has a role in the binding of this complex at specific chromatin regions
Lhuillier-Akakpo, Maoussi. "Inactivation des centromères et élimination programmée d'ADN chez le cilié Paramecium tetraurelia". Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066160/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn the ciliate Paramecium tetraurelia, differentiation of the somatic genome from the germline genome is characterized by massive and reproducible deletion of transposable elements and of 45,000 short, dispersed, single-copy sequences. A specific class of small RNAs produced by the germline during meiosis, the scnRNAs, are involved in the epigenetic regulation of DNA deletion but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We showed that trimethylation of histone H3 (H3K27me3 and H3K9me3) displays a dynamic nuclear localization that is altered when the endonuclease required for DNA elimination is depleted. We identified the histone methyltransferase Ezl1p responsible for H3 methylations establishment and showed that it is required for correct genome rearrangements. Genome-wide analyses showed that scnRNA-mediated H3 methylation is necessary for the elimination of long, repeated germline DNA, while single copy sequences display differential sensitivity to depletion of the scnRNA pathway or Ezl1p. Our study reveals cis acting determinants such as DNA length that may contribute to define the deleted germline sequences. In a second study, we showed that in Paramecium cells, the centromeric function is restricted to the germline chromosomes. A process of centromere inactivation occurs during the development of the somatic lineage, concomitantly with the events of DNA elimination. Our genetic analyses show that the endonuclease required for DNA elimination and Ezl1p but not the scnRNA are necessary for centromere inactivation. Our data strongly suggest that centromere inactivation relies on the physical elimination of the centromeric sequences from the somatic genome
Djeghloul, Dounia. "Etude du vieillissement des cellules souches hématopoïétiques : rôle de l'axe miR125b/SUV39H1/H3K9me3". Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC072.
Pełny tekst źródłaHematopoietic stem cells (HSC) produce ail blood cell lineages during the life of an indiv idual. With age, there is an increase in the number of HSC, and aged HSC have a reduced ability to generate B lymphoid cells whereas their myeloid lineage potential remains unchanged or even increases. The molecular mechanisms leading to HSC aging remain unclear. The aim of my thesis project was to identify epigenetic mechanisms implicated in the loss of HSC B cell potential with age. This work has allowed us to identify the histone methyltransferase SUV39H1 and regulation of heterochromatin as critical factors in the maintenance of HSC B cell potential. SUV39H1 catalyzes trimethylation of lysine 9 of histone H3 (H3K9me3) and is one of the principal enzymes involved in heterochromatin formation. SUV39H1 is highly expressed in HSC and pharmacological or siRNA-mediated inhibition of SUV39H1 in human HSC results in decreased H3K9me3 and reduced generation of B but not myeloid cells following in vitro differentiation. With age there is a decrease in the expression of SUV39H1 in both human and mouse HSC, leading to a decrease in global levels of H3K9me3. The resulting relaxation of heterochromatin structure leads to transcriptional
Shafiq, Sarfraz. "Molecular and functional characterization of set domain proteins in the epigenetic regulation of Arabidopsis thaliana development". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAJ013.
Pełny tekst źródłaWhile methylations at different lysine residues of histones (e.g. H3K4, H3K27 and H3K36) are well known to exert diverse biological functions, their interactions and/or ensemble-actions remain poorly characterized so far.Using genetic and molecular biology tools, we aim to investigate roles and ‘crosstalks’ of H3K4, H3K27 andH3K36 methylations in transcription and plant growth and development regulation in Arabidopsis thaliana.The first part of my thesis focuses on the roles and crosstalks between H3K4 and K36 methylations.ATX1 and ATX2 are H3K4 methyltransferases while SDG8 is a H3K36 methyltransferase. Double mutant analysis revealed that sdg8 dominates over atx1 and atx2 in flowering time and cell proliferation regulation.H3K36 trimethylation (H3K36me3) is partially dependent on H3K4me3 but not vice versa. SDG25 has a dualH3K4me3 and H3K36me3 activity and the H3K4-demethylases LDL1 and LDL2 antagonize SDG25 activity.The sdg25ldl1ldl2 triple mutants flowered earlier than wild type but later than sdg25 and showed an increased cell size similarly to ldl1ldl2 mutantsThe second part of my thesis focuses on the roles and crosstalks between H3K4/K36 and H3K27methylations. CLF within PRC2 complex catalyzes H3K27me3. The sdg8clf and sdg25clf double mutants flowered earlier than the single mutants and showed a reduced number of cells per leaf. An increased level ofH3K4me3 and to a less extent H3K36me3 was observed upon impaired H3K27me3 deposition, and similarly impaired H3K4me3/H3K36me3 deposition also enhanced H3K27me3 level. Distinct from previously reported antagonistic role between CLF and ATX1, CLF did not show antagonism with SDG25 or SDG8.The last part of my thesis focuses on mechanism of SDG26 in flowering time regulation. My result showed that SDG26 is a H3K4 and/or H3K36 methyltransferase specific at chromatin of SOC1, an activeflowering integrator. Similarly to SDG25 and SDG8, SDG26 did not work antagonistically with CLF. Double mutant analysis revealed that sdg26 dominates over atx2 while sdg25, atx1 and clf dominate over sdg26 inflowering time and cell proliferation regulation. The sdg26ldl1ldl2 triple mutants flowered even later than thesdg26 and ldl1ldl2 mutants and showed that sdg26 dominates over ldl1ldl2 in cell proliferation regulation.Interaction analysis with the other PRC2 components VEL1 and VRN5 revealed that sdg26vel1 and sdg26vrn5flowered even later than the single mutants under short day and vernalization conditions.Together, my study revealed additional layers of complexity of overlap and non-overlap functions between and within methyltransferases and demethylases in transcription, flowering time and cell proliferation regulation in Arabidopsis
Lhuillier-Akakpo, Maoussi. "Inactivation des centromères et élimination programmée d'ADN chez le cilié Paramecium tetraurelia". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2014PA066160.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn the ciliate Paramecium tetraurelia, differentiation of the somatic genome from the germline genome is characterized by massive and reproducible deletion of transposable elements and of 45,000 short, dispersed, single-copy sequences. A specific class of small RNAs produced by the germline during meiosis, the scnRNAs, are involved in the epigenetic regulation of DNA deletion but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We showed that trimethylation of histone H3 (H3K27me3 and H3K9me3) displays a dynamic nuclear localization that is altered when the endonuclease required for DNA elimination is depleted. We identified the histone methyltransferase Ezl1p responsible for H3 methylations establishment and showed that it is required for correct genome rearrangements. Genome-wide analyses showed that scnRNA-mediated H3 methylation is necessary for the elimination of long, repeated germline DNA, while single copy sequences display differential sensitivity to depletion of the scnRNA pathway or Ezl1p. Our study reveals cis acting determinants such as DNA length that may contribute to define the deleted germline sequences. In a second study, we showed that in Paramecium cells, the centromeric function is restricted to the germline chromosomes. A process of centromere inactivation occurs during the development of the somatic lineage, concomitantly with the events of DNA elimination. Our genetic analyses show that the endonuclease required for DNA elimination and Ezl1p but not the scnRNA are necessary for centromere inactivation. Our data strongly suggest that centromere inactivation relies on the physical elimination of the centromeric sequences from the somatic genome
Khanwalkar, Harshal. "In vitro and in vivo analysis of anti-tumour activity of UVI5008, a novel chromatin enzyme inhibitor". Strasbourg, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010STRA6266.
Pełny tekst źródłaIt is becoming increasingly clear that cancer is a consequence not only of genetic but also of epigenetic alterations. Interestingly, this epigenetic deregulation is reversible making the corresponding enzymes promising drug targets. Chromatin modifying enzymes, in particular histone deacetylases (HDACs) and DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), have recently emerged as new promising targets of the so-called “epigenetic drugs” for the treatment of cancer. The aim of this project is to characterize the activities of UVI 5008, a derivative of psammaplin A, a natural product that was originally isolated from the marine sponge Psammaplysilla sp. This compound was synthesized by one of our collaborators, Prof. Angel. R de Lera’s lab (Vigo University, Spain) and we were able to show that it targets several epigenetic effector enzymes and displays anti-tumour activity in vitro and in vivo. We have assessed the tumoricidal activity of UVI5008 both in vitro in a panel of cancer cell lines as well as ex vivo in leukemia patient’s blasts. Our results indicate that UVI5008 reduces cell proliferation by inducing G1-M arrest and apoptosis in established acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells and AML patient’s blasts in ex vivo culture. In vitro enzymatic assays showed that UVI5008 blocks HDAC1, 4 and 6 as well as increases the global and site-specific histone acetylation. Apart from its HDAC inhibitory activity, the novel inhibitor blocks CpG island methylation of the promoters of p16/INK4 and retinoic acid receptors (RAR)-beta tumor suppressors. Moreover, we have observed that UVI5008 has sirtuin inhibitory capacity as it increases the acetylation levels of p53 on lysine 382 residue. We could also show that UVI5008 exerts its antitumor effect in vivo in HCT-116 (human colon cancer) and MCF-7 (human breast cancer) xenografted tumours in nude mice as well as in a mouse breast cancer model MMTV-myc, which was accompanied by increased histone and p53K382 acetylation in tumouri. Importantly, UVI5008 anti-tumoral activity is selective for cancer cells, without significant toxicity to normal cells and is p53-independent which is also promising, as in the majority of cancers p53 is either silenced or mutated. It is well documented that ErbB2 gene plays an important role in human malignancies. It is amplified and /or overexpressed in approximately 30% of human breast carcinomas and in many other types of human malignancies and individuals with ErbB2-overexpressing tumours have significantly poor clinical outcome. Taking into consideration this fact, we have assessed the anti tumour activity of UVI5008 in one more mouse breast cancer model MMTV-ErbB2, which revealed that UVI5008 is equally active in ErbB2 overexpressing breast tumours. To date there is not a single drug that simultaneously targets all these three families of enzymes namely HDACs, DNMTs and SIRTs. Taken together, our data strongly suggest that targeting these enzymes simultaneously by a single drug is a feasible and an attractive paradigm for new cancer therapies
Maestroni, Laetitia. "Recrutement de l'hélicase Pif1 par la protéine de réplication RPA durant la réplication et aux cassures double-brin de l'ADN : Etude fonctionnelle de l'Histone méthyltransférase Set1 dans la régulation de la taille des télomères chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX22124/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaDifferent roles of Pif1 helicase have been described, the best documented being to remove telomerase from telomeres by unwinding the RNA/DNA hybrid between telomerase RNA and telomeric DNA. Recently, it was shown that the DNA damage signaling down-regulates telomerase action at a DNA break via Pif1 phosphorylation. Pif1 phosphorylation is dependent of the checkpoint kinase ATR (Mec1) and prevents the aberrant healing of broken DNA ends by telomerase. In our laboratory, we study RPA (Replication Protein A), a single-strand DNA binding protein which recruits the proteins involved in the DNA damage response and checkpoint regulation, such as the homologous recombination protein Rad52 and Mec1 involved in the DNA damage response. I have identified an allele of RFA1, rfa1-D228Y, that affects the Pif1/RPA interaction and showed using this allele that this interaction is implicated in the Pif1 recruitment at an induced double-strand break. Recently, a new role of Pif1 in the stability of G-quadruplex DNA during the leading strand replication has been described. pif1 cells show an instability about 56% of the human minisatellite CEB1 inserted on the leading strand. During my study of the Pif1/RPA interaction, I showed that the rfa1-D228Y mutant induced a similar instability of CEB1 minisatellite on the leading strand. We suggested that RPA would recruit Pif1 for many cellular processes such as DNA damage response or replication of secondary DNA structures such as G-Quadruplexes.In parallel, I have studied the role of the Set1 Histone methyltransferase which catalyse the methylation of the lysine 4 of histone H3, in the regulation of telomere length. I showed that the telomere shortening observed in set1 mutant is due to the loss of di- and tri-methylation of H3K4 while the loss of monomethylation has no effect. However, the short telomeres in set1∆ cells is not only due to the methylation defect shedding light on a new Set1 activity that remains to be fully characterized.. The SET1 deletion aggravates the telomere shortening of mutants which genes are involved in positive regulation of telomere length and conversely, aggravates the lengthening of mutants which genes are involved in negative regulation of telomere length. We postulated that inactivation of Set1 could affect at once activation of early-replication origins and leads to a telomere shortening, and affect synthesis of complementary strand in a context where this one is affected (mutant rif1) and leads to a telomere lengthening. A second hypothesis propose that Set1 would regulate TERRA transcription in cells with deprotected-telomere (rif mutant) leading to the lengthening of telomeres
Zhao, Xue. "Characterization of Post traslational modifications of histones in the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum". Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASB035.
Pełny tekst źródłaDiatoms are one of the ecologically most successful eukaryotic phytoplankton in the world. They are abundant in a wide range of habitats, their physiology, plasticity and fast adaptation to different environmental conditions help them dominate modern Oceans. Compared to genetic regulation, epigenetic changes can be flexible and reversible and histone modifications are one of the epigenetic mechanisms which can impact gene expression. Phaeodactylum tricornutum (P. tricornutum) is one of the model diatom species, also the first unicellular organism with a full repertoire of post-translational modifications of histones, which makes it an ideal species to study epigenetic regulation in single celled organisms. In this thesis manuscript, I focus on histone modification mechanisms in P. tricornutum, utilize classical reverse genetic method: knockout of candidate genes to identify the catalytic enzyme which is responsible of the deposition of histone modifications. Polycomb group protein (PcG) complexes are evolutionarily conserved epigenetic regulatory components that act antagonistically with Trithorax (TrxG) complexes to regulate genes which are involved in cell differentiation and development. In the first chapter we investigated the diversity of PcG and TrxG genes in marine unicellular species, report the correlation of these epigenetic modifiers and environmental factor for the first time, also emphasise the unique co-occurrence pattern of histone marks in P. tricornutum. Based on those discoveries, further study with chapter two and three focused on two PcG complexes, PRC2 and PRC1. In total, three core components of PcG protein were identified in PRC1 and PRC2 complex respectively, the second part of thesis explored the unique function of PRC2 and its associated mark H3K27me3 which I report related to morphology in P. tricornutum. Chapter three discussed the crosstalk between H3K27me3 and H2AK119Ubi which is deposited by PRC1. The last chapter describes a novel histone modification detected in P. tricornutum was found conserved among eukaryotes. The last chapter reports the characterization of this novel mark and identification of the histone writer
Zhang, Xue. "Implications fonctionnelles de deux histone méthyltransferases dans les réponses aux stress et la régulation de la floraison chez Arabidopsis thaliana". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ074.
Pełny tekst źródłaHistone methylation catalyzed by histone methyltransferase is essential in transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Histone methyltransferases are known to play crucial roles in multiple cellular processes in plants. My PhD work investigated the biological function of two histone methyltransferases in controlling plant responses to various environmental stimuli in Arabidopsis thaliana. In the first part, my results demonstrated that the H3K36-methyltransferase SDG8 transcriptionally regulates NPR1, a central player in salicylic acid-mediated immunity and co-acts with the RNAPII to enable the efficient transcriptional induction of several defense genes upon stimulation. In the second part, my work unraveled that SDG26, another ortholog of the animal H3K36-methyltransferase, plays an important role in plant response to abiotic stresses. By focusing on cold stress, SDG26 was shown to regulate the cold stress response by directly activating the transcription of SOC1 and CBF genes through binding their chromatin and depositing H3K36me3. Interestingly, SDG26 mastered the accumulation of ABA by regulating the expression of ABA homeostasis-related genes, suggesting an involvement of ABA pathway in the cold response. In the last part, using a genetic approach my work established SDG26 as an autonomous flowering pathway component. Accordingly, SDG26 was found in a multiple-protein complex comprising the histone demethylase FLD, the homeobox-domain transcription factor LD, as well as a putative COMPASS component APRF1. This multiple-protein complex was found in controlling the repression of the major flowering repressor FLC as well as the activation of the flowering activator SOC1 to precisely regulate the floral transition
Hanotel, Julie. "Étude du rôle des facteurs de transcription Prdm12 et Prdm13 au cours de la neurogenèse dans la moelle épinière embryonnaire". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/216703.
Pełny tekst źródłaDoctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Rapone, Roberta. "Essential cytoplasmic role(s) of the histone lysine methyltransferase Setdb1 in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression". Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2019. https://theses.md.univ-paris-diderot.fr/RAPONE_Roberta_va.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaSetdb1 is a “histone” lysine methyltransferase (KMT) belonging to the SUV39 family that methylates lysine 9 of histone H3 (H3K9), one of the major epigenetic machineries mainly involved in gene repression. Notably, Setdb1 establishes mono-, di- and tri-methylation of H3K9. Setdb1, or Eset in mice, is essential for the survival, the pluripotency and the self-renewal of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs); Eset knockout is lethal at the peri-implantation stage at 3.5 dpc in mice. Setdb1 is also required for the differentiation of many progenitor cell types: spermatogenesis, neurogenesis, chondrocyte differentiation and skeletal muscle differentiation. Moreover, Setdb1 has been associated with several diseases: it is amplified in melanoma and lung cancer and it is dysregulated in liver, prostate, colorectal and breast cancers, Huntington disease and schizophrenia.Remarkably, beyond histones, Setdb1 methylates many non-histone substrates, such as UBF, p53, AKT, Tat and ING2 proteins. Although Setdb1 has been always associated with its nuclear role, it turns out that Setdb1 is the only H3K9 KMT to have also a cytoplasmic localization, in several cell types, including mESCs, mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and HeLa cells. However, the function of Setdb1 in the cytoplasm remains totally unknown. To investigate Setdb1 cytoplasmic role, we have used mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), in which Setdb1 is essential. Our results show that cytoplasmic Setdb1 is crucial for the survival of mESCs: indeed, the number of apoptotic cells increases after the loss of cytoplasmic Setdb1. We found that cytoplasmic Setdb1 affects newly protein synthesis in mESCs. We further show that cytoplasmic Setdb1 interacts with mESCs-specific protein Trim71 (also called Lin41) and with the initiation translation factor eIF3c in mESCs. Finally, we reported that Setdb1 and Trim71 together co-regulate mRNA stability and translation. Our current data unravel the essential cytoplasmic function of Setdb1, for long time considered exclusively an “histone” lysine methyltransferase, and provide new insights into the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression mediated by a fundamental epigenetic regulator
Frapporti, Andrea. "Programmed genome rearrangements in Paramecium tetraurelia : identification of Ezl1, a dual histone H3 lysine 9 and 27 methyltransferase". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC250.
Pełny tekst źródłaEukaryotic genomes are organized into chromatin, a complex nucleoprotein structureessential for the regulation of gene expression and for maintaining genome stability.Ciliates provide excellent model organisms with which to gain better understandinginto the regulation of genome stability in eukaryotes. In the ciliate Parameciumtetraurelia, differentiation of the somatic genome from the germline genome ischaracterized by massive and reproducible programmed DNA elimination events. Longregions of several kilobases in length, containing repeated sequences and transposableelements are imprecisely eliminated, whereas 45,000 short, dispersed, single-copyInternal Eliminated Sequences (IESs) are precisely excised at the nucleotide level. Aspecific class of small RNAs, called scnRNAs, is involved in the epigenetic regulation ofDNA deletion. How scnRNAs may guide DNA elimination in Paramecium remains tobe discovered. Here, we investigated whether chromatin structure, in particular histonepost-translational modifications known to be associated with repressive chromatin,might control DNA elimination. We showed that trimethylated lysine 9 and 27 onhistone H3 (H3K9me3 and H3K27me3) appear in the developing somaticmacronucleus when DNA elimination occurs. We identified the Polycomb-groupprotein, Ezl1, and showed that it is a dual histone methyltransferase that catalyzes bothH3K9me3 and H3K27me3 in vitro and in vivo. Genome-wide analyses show thatscnRNA-mediated H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 deposition is necessary for theelimination of long, repeated germline DNA. Conversely, single copy IESs displaydifferential sensitivity to depletion of scnRNAs and Ezl1, unveiling the existence ofpartially overlapping pathways in programmed DNA elimination. Our study revealsthat cis-acting determinants, such as DNA length, also contribute to the definition ofgermline sequences to delete. We further showed that Ezl1 is required fortranscriptional repression of transposable elements. We suggest that H3K9me3 andH3K27me3 pathways cooperate and contribute to safeguard the Paramecium somaticgenome against intragenomic parasites
Ajebbar, Samira. "Synthèse de ligands à la proteine CARM1 pour l'étude de son activité enzymatique et la synthèse d'inhibiteurs sélectifs". Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00769956.
Pełny tekst źródłaBattisti, Valentine. "Rôle d'histones methyltransférases spécifiques de H3K9 dans l'équilibre prolifération et différenciation cellulaire". Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA11T092/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn eukaryotes, gene expression partly relies on chromatin compaction degree. Chromatin status is controlled by epigenetic marks, such as histones (chromatin structural proteins) posttranslational modifications. As an example, histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) methylation on gene promoters is mainly associated with transcriptional repression. H3K9 is methylated by several enzymes called lysine methyltransferases (KMTs). The aim of my thesis project was to understand the role of the H3K9 KMTs, G9a, GLP, Suv39h1 and SETDB1 in regulating the balance between proliferation and terminal differentiation. For this purpose, I used skeletal muscle terminal differentiation as model. Upon muscle terminal differentiation, myoblasts exit, in an irreversible way, from the cell cycle and under go differentiation where cells fusion and form myotubes. During this process, cell cycle genes are permanently silenced and muscle specific genes are activated. Thesis introduction is divided into three chapters. The first chapter focuses on chromatin and post-translational modifications. The second chapter describes H3K9 methylation characteristics and the role of the four KMTs that I studied during my thesis project: G9a,GLP, Suv39h1 and SETDB1. In the third chapter, the skeletal muscle terminal differentiation model is described in details. Results section reports my two major studies outcomes and their discussion. The first concerns the antagonistic roles of G9a and GLP regarding the muscle terminal differentiation and the second focuses on the role of SETDB1 during muscle differentiation. Finally, I conclude this manuscript by a plainer discussion followed by long term perspectives and an appendix presents other research articles, in which I collaborated during my PhD
Bernard, Laure. "Regulation of heterochromatin by a pluripotency-associated long non coding RNA in mouse embryonic stem cells and in oocytes : implications for early embryogenesis". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS179.
Pełny tekst źródłaHistone H3 Lysine 9 (H3K9) methylation, a mark of heterochromatin, is progressively implemented during development to contribute to cell fate restriction as differentiation proceeds. For instance, in mouse Embryonic Stem cells (mESCs) the global levels of H3K9 methylation are rather low and increase only upon differentiation. Conversely, H3K9 methylation represents an epigenetic barrier for reprogramming somatic cells back to pluripotency. How global H3K9 methylation levels are coupled with the acquisition and loss of pluripotency remains unknown. Here, we identify SUV39H1, a major H3K9 di- and tri-methylase, as an indirect target of pluripotency Transcription Factors (pTFs). We find that the pTFs OCT4 activates the expression of an antisense long non-coding RNA to Suv39h1, named Suv39h1as. In turn, Suv39h1as downregulates Suv39h1 expression via the modulation of the chromatin status of the locus and a possible alteration of Suv39h1 isoforms. The loss of Suv39h1as expression triggers increased SUV39H1 expression and H3K9me2/3 levels, leading to accelerated commitment into differentiation. We report, therefore, a simple genetic circuitry coupling the global levels of H3K9 methylation to pluripotency in mESCs. We also created a mouse line deleted for Suv39h1as expression and demonstrated that this regulation is also present during mouse oocyte maturation
Saksouk, Nehmé. "Etude des mécanismes épigénétiques impliqués dans la kystogénèse chez le pathogène humain Toxoplasma gondii". Phd thesis, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011144.
Pełny tekst źródłaDrouin, Simon. "Caractérisation de la fonction des complexes histone déacétylases Rpd3S et Set3C". Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/5176.
Pełny tekst źródłaChromatin is essential for the maintenance of genomic integrity but, ironically, is also the main barrier to gene transcription. Many mechanisms, such as histone acetylation, have evolved to overcome this problem. Histone acetylation, catalyzed by histone acetyltransferases (HATs), weakens the internucleosomal and nucleosome-DNA interactions, thus permitting the transcriptional machinery access to its template. However, this permissive chromatin state also allows for opportunistic DNA binding events. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) help restore a compact chromatin structure by catalyzing the removal of acetyl moieties from histones. This thesis focuses on the characterization of the function and of the recruitment mechanism of HDAC complexes Rpd3S and Set3C. The Rpd3S complex is recruited to actively transcribed coding regions through interactions with the hyperphosphorylated C-terminal domain of Rpb1, a subunit of RNA polymerase II, with the DSIF elongation factor playing a role in limiting this recruitment. However, the HDAC activity of Rpd3S depends on H3K36 methylation, which is catalyzed by the Set2 histone methyltransferase. The Set3C complex’ function is still not clearly defined. It is recruited to most of its targets through the interaction between the Set3 PHD domain and di- or trimethylated H3K4. However, Set3C recruitment to genes displaying high RNA polymerase II occupancy is independent of H3K4 methylation. The mechanism by which Set3C is recruited to this gene subset is under investigation. These results have mostly been obtained through chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled to tiling microarrays (ChIP-chip). The protocol and experimental design challenges inherent to this technique will also be discussed in depth.