Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Human Ethiopia Addis Ababa”

The issues that children in Ethiopia face are some of the most challenging in the World. The situation for millions of Ethiopian children can only be described as a crisis. As a result many thousands of Ethiopian children have been placed into institutions because their parents are either no longer living or are unable to care for them. The study sought to focus on children’s institutions. Specifically, the study aimed at discovers how children’s institutions were built up and organized. How the institutions are making a home for children, and what limitations and opportunities children get by staying in the children’s homes. The study was conducted in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Primary- data was collected through interviews and observation, and secondary-data from various sources were used. Results show there is a great difference in how children’s homes in Addis Ababa are built-up and organized. To distinguish between the different children’s homes theory of total institution were used differences are in what kind of fences, guards and how the children’s homes were looking. The study shows that there are numerous sad stories from the children’s homes, but there are also stories of attachment and belonging. For the children growing up in institutional care in Ethiopia there will be limitations for moving around on their own. However, there are also opportunities for children in institutions compared to other children in Ethiopia. Children in institutions have a better chance of getting an education than children growing up in a low-income family. This study recommends that further emphasis be given children in institutions and their needs. In the Ethiopian context there is a great need of improving and focusing on the alternative solutions since children in institutions will never be a recommended solution. However, for children in institutions there is a need of improving their stay to be as good as possible. The focus of improving children with the basic needs should also provide them with emotional needs, of love, care and emotional support. Since many of the children are suffering from a harsh background there is a need of improving the emotional support given to those children suffering from their background.

The present study focuses on the analysis of physico-chemical parameters: electrical conductivity, nitrate and phosphate in the Akaki River basin of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. These secondary water quality parameters were obtained from two different sources: the surface water quality data both for Little and Great Akaki were retrieved from Addis Ababa Environmental Protection Agency (AAEPA). Whereas, the groundwater quality data for four water wells were obtained from Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority (AAWSA). These water quality parameters have been determined in order to assess the pollution levels of Akaki River basin. The values of the parameters have been evaluated with respect to the maximum acceptable standard level of WHO (World Health Organization) for surface and drinking water. The outcome of the study observed absence of spatial and temporal pattern both on surface and groundwater but displayed a huge variation. The result also showed increasing concentration and variation of all parameters inside and outside the city of Addis Ababa with increasing industrialization and urbanization. Comparison also showed that the little Akaki is highly polluted as compared to Great Akaki River. The ground water chemistry also showed a high phosphate load in all of the productive wells. On the contrary, all the wells displayed nitrate level below WHO standard and they are free from Nitrate. KEY WORDS: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Physico-chemical, Little and Great Akaki, AAEPA, AAWSA, Spatial, temporal.

Surface water is globally becoming more and more a scarce resource, and in Addis Ababa the capital of Ethiopia, river water quality has been degraded due to anthropological forcing for many years. Therefore, the study objective was to investigate causes and impact of surface water pollution in Kebena and Great Akaki rivers. The technical aspect of the study focused on analysing the parameters E. coli, phosphate, nitrate and total ammonia nitrogen in 34 different sampling sites in the western part of the Great Akaki catchment. The other aspect was to evaluate authorities’ and companies’ perspective on the water quality, usage and future plans to mitigate further pollution of rivers. Another perspective was to interview households and farmers regarding their view on usage, water quality and health risks. The main finding was a high surface water contamination in both Kebena and Akaki river, throughout the city, mostly from domestic, municipality and industrial wastewater and solid waste. E. coli concentrations exceeded thresholds given by WHO. Concentrations of phosphate and total ammonia nitrogen strongly indicated eutrophication. Nitrate values were lower than expected with no perceived healthrisk. The interview study with authorities, households and farmers indicated irrigation as the main usage. Little to moderate health risks perceived by farm users and high health risks perceived by authorities for farmers were found. Therefore, addressing a stronger collaboration between authorities and the local community is important. In addition, the implementation of mitigation strategies should be strengthened and the stakeholders need to be accountable for their actions. A continued monitoring of pollutants as well as a multi-sectoral approach to solidwaste and wastewater management will help improve the river water quality.<br>Ytvatten blir globalt allt mer en knapp resurs och i Addis Abeba, huvudstaden i Etiopien, har flodernas vattenkvalitet under många år försämrats på grund av antropogen påverkan. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka orsaker och påverkan på ytvattenföroreningar i floderna Kebena och Akaki. Den tekniska aspekten av studien inkluderar vattenanalyser av parametrarna E.coli, fosfat, nitrat och totalt ammonium kväve som utfördes på 34 olika provtagningsplatser i västra delen av Great Akakis avrinningsområde. Den andra aspekten var att utvärdera myndigheters och företags perspektiv på vattenkvalité, flodvattnets användningsområden och framtida planer för förbättring av föroreningsgraden i floderna. Ett annat perspektiv var att intervjua hushåll och lantbrukare angående deras bild av ytvattenanvändning, om vattenkvaliteten och hälsorisker. Studiens huvudsakliga upptäckt är en genomgående hög föroreningsgrad i stadens flodvatten. Föroreningen består till största del av avlopp och avfall från hushåll, kommuner och industrier. Koncentrationerna av E.coli överskred WHO:s gränsvärden. Halterna av fosfat och totalt ammoniumkväve indikerade övergödning. Nitratvärdena visade lägre halter än förväntat och därmed ingen påvisad hälsorisk. Intervjustudien med myndigheter, hushåll och lantbrukare påvisade att ytvattnet mest används för bevattning av åkermark. Lantbrukarna uppfattade en liten till medelhög hälsorisk med denna användning, medan myndigheter ansåg att lantbrukarna utsattes för en hög risk. Därför är ett starkare samarbete mellan myndigheter och samhället viktigt. Dessutom behöver implementationen av förbättringsåtgärder förbättras och alla aktörer måste göras ansvariga för sina handlingar. En fortsatt övervakning av föroreningar och ett multi-disciplinärt arbetssätt vid avfall- och avloppshantering kommer att vara till hjälp vid förbättring av vattenkvaliteten i floden.

Cette thèse porte sur les contraintes auxquelles est confronté le système de transport urbain de passagers à Addis-Abeba (Éthiopie) dans un contexte d'urbanisation rapide et de croissance économique marquée par des effets locaux de la mondialisation qui contribuent à la fabrique urbaine. Elle analyse la combinaison complexe de facteurs qui déterminent la mobilité urbaine à Addis-Abeba, capitale aujourd’hui en pleine expansion de l’un des pays les moins développés, qui doit faire face aux diverses manifestations de la pauvreté de masse. La thèse est basée sur des méthodes de recherche quantitatives et qualitatives combinées, ainsi que sur la mobilisation de corpus théoriques relatifs à la planification urbaine et aux modèles de transports. Après avoir rappelé que l’étalement dans la dispersion, lié à l’histoire de la nappe urbaine, a été exacerbé par l'urbanisation rapide contemporaine, non ou mal contrôlée par les pouvoirs publics, la thèse analyse les goulots d'étranglement institutionnels, en particulier le manque de coordination, d'intégration et de synergie au sein de la sphère publique en charge de la gestion urbaine. Elle met l’accent sur l’importance cruciale de l’exclusion sociale (50% de la population sous seuil de pauvreté absolue), 70% des habitants d’Addis-Abeba pouvant se déplacer uniquement à pied et sur les graves déficiences des infrastructures comme de l’actuelle gestion des transports de passagers. Elle propose des pistes de réflexion et d’action pour tenter de résoudre la question des transports<br>This thesis deals with the constraints facing the system of urban passenger transport in Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) in a context of rapid urbanization and economic growth marked by the local effects of globalization. It analyzes the complex combination of factors which determine the urban mobility in Addis-Ababa: a burgeoning city of the least developed country struggling with various symptoms and manifestations of mass poverty. The thesis is based on mixed method research with its concurrent triangulation variant as well as social concepts, theories, essential ideas related to urban planning and transport issues. The study revealed that the rapid urbanization that is either not; or poorly controlled by the public authorities has impacted transport service provision. The thesis analyzes the institutional bottlenecks, in particular the lack of coordination, integration and synergy within the public sphere in charge of urban transport service delivery. It puts emphasis on the crucial importance of social exclusion (50% of the population in absolute poverty threshold), 70% of the inhabitants of Addis-Ababa that can move only on foot and in a situation of serious deficiencies of the requisite of the passenger transport infrastructure. It offers avenues of reflection and action to try to resolve the issue of transport in the capital

This thesis is an investigation into the Ethiopian Civil Society, with a focus on Muslims’participation and activities. This research is the result of a series of interviews carried on in AddisAbaba during my staying there thank to a scholarship from Pavia University.Chapter One is a general introduction of the study, presenting the object, the methodology anduse of sources as well as the state of the current research of the topics covered by this research.Chapter Two is a framework chapter about Islām in Ethiopia offering an historical perspective aswell as focusing on its characteristics and current developments. Chapter Three deals withEthiopian Civil Society characteristics and with its legal framework. Chapter Four constitutes thecore of this research: in it, I collected the findings of my research describing the presence ofMuslims into Ethiopian Civil Society. I analyzed the activities and characteristics of the differentorganizations and associations that I met in Addis Ababa, their self-representation concerningtheir being related with Islām and their opinions on Muslims’ marginalization and lack of nonpoliticizationin Ethiopia. A set of conclusions constitutes the last section of the thesis.

This paper investigates different stakeholder groups’ perceptions on how Chinese investments contribute to the development of Ethiopia in the capital city Addis Ababa. To delimit the thesis, one recently completed infrastructural project was analyzed, namely the Light Railway Transit (LRT) in Addis. This project was a collaboration between the Ethiopian and the Chinese governments and to 85% funded by Chinese loans. By conducting twenty-six semi-structured interviews with interviewees from six strategically selected stakeholder groups, varying perceptions on Ethio-China relations and the LRT project were encountered. The main findings of the study include that the Ethio-China relations have been beneficial for the two governments and that Chinese investments have affected Ethiopia’s economic growth positively. However, in the case of the LRT project, the main observable was that it contributed to developmental image-building and failed to meet some of the other objectives pursued by it, such as providing reliable transportation service to the citizens. Moreover, experts and representatives from international organizations, the Ethiopian private sector and trade unions as well as citizens brought up problems with respect to skill transfer and working conditions related to Chinese investments, among other things. Further, they claimed that Ethio-China relations might negatively affect Ethiopia’s potential for democratization.

Magister Public Health - MPH<br>Introduction The Human Resource Strategic Plan of the Ethiopian Ministry of Health lists current health workforce problems as a high attrition rate among public service physicians, poor human resource management, non-conducive working conditions and high workloads. In Addis Ababa's public hospitals, the turnover of physicians is high and - as repeatedly and informally reported by hospital managers - the presence of the contributory factors listed above are also anecdotally thought to be present. These factors present a serious challenge to the delivery of high quality health care services and their presence indicates that the job satisfaction of physicians is likely to be low. However, factors responsible for job dissatisfaction among physicians and their implications for staff turnover have not been studied or documented in the context of Ethiopia's health system. It was this scenario that motivated the researcher to conduct this study in order to assist policy makers in taking appropriate actions, if and as required. Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the level of job satisfaction, the factors influencing job satisfaction and the consequences of job satisfaction among physicians in public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Objectives: • To describe the job satisfaction levels of physicians in public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia • To identify factors affecting the job satisfaction levels of physicians • To assess possible consequences linked to physicians' job satisfaction levels. A self-administered questionnaire was used to measure job satisfaction, composed of 65 individual variables grouped within 13 dimensions and adapted to the Ethiopian context from the Job Descriptive Index and the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire. An additional questionnaire was used to assess socio-demographic variables and the possible consequences of low job satisfaction. Analysis: A composite job satisfaction score was obtained by summing the individual answers for each of the variables to assess overall job satisfaction. Bivariate analysis was undertaken, using 2X2 tables (with 95% confidence intervals) to calculate the prevalence ratio for each of the potential causes and consequences of low job satisfaction, using the composite score cut-off levels of job satisfaction. Multivariate analysis was undertaken to obtain the adjusted prevalence odds ratios for both the potential causes and consequences of low job satisfaction, using multiple logistic regression analysis.

The early 1990s saw a major change in the Ethiopian history in so far as Ethiopian media consumption practices was concerned. With the change of government in 1991, the ‘Iron Curtail’ prohibiting the dissemination of Western symbolic products within the country was lifted which in turn led to a surge in demand for Western predominantly American media texts. In order to supply this new demand, informal video houses showing primarily American action movies were opened in Addis Ababa. There was a significant shift in Ethiopians’ films consumption practices which were previously limited to watching films produced by socialist countries mainly the former Soviet Union. This study set out to probe reasons for the attraction of American action movies shown in video-viewing houses in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia amongst the urban unemployed male youth. Particularly, it examines how the meanings produced by and embedded in the cultural industries of the West are appropriated in the day-to-day lives of the youth. The importance of video houses as a shared male cultural space for Ethiopian unemployed youth and the watching of American action movies in this space are the main entry and focus of this study. Using qualitative methods such as observation, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions, the study explores what happens in this cultural space and how one makes sense of the impact of American media on local audiences. The findings of the study point to the embeddedness of viewing practice in everyday life and the importance of local contexts in understanding text-reader interaction. This is shown by the male youth’s tendency to use media messages as a mode of escape and a symbolic distancing from their lived impoverished reality. The study also seeks to highlight that the video houses as cultural space have contributed to the creation of marginal male youth identities in the Ethiopian patriarchal society. As such, these and other findings, the study argues, highlight the deficiencies of the media imperialism thesis with its definitive claims for cultural homogenisation as effect of globalisation of media. As such, this study should be read as emphasising the capability of local audience groups in Third World country like Ethiopia to construct their own meanings and thus their own local cultures and identities, even in the face of their virtually complete dependence on the image flows distributed by the transnational culture industries.

Background One central task within nursing is health promotion, which can be done at different levels. Primary prevention aims to promote health and protect against illness by preventing problems before they occur. HIV is still a worldwide issue, yet Ethiopia is one country where efforts at preventing the spread of the virus have had positive results. Aim This study aimed to describe how nurses in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, work with primary prevention to minimise the spread of HIV. Method The study was conducted as a qualitative field study at a hospital in Addis Ababa. Semi-structured interviews were held with seven nurses at four different units. Content analysis was used to analyse the data. Result The nurses mentioned various efforts of preventing HIV, where the main findings describe the different hands-on methods at their unit as well as the nurses’ frequent work with health education and information. An additional finding outlines the setting in which the nurses carry out their preventive work. Conclusion In conclusion, the nurses worked in a variety of ways to prevent the spread of the virus to themselves and to their patients. Screening was an important effort to minimise the exposure to other non-infected individuals. Health education and information were quoted by the majority of the nurses, but it was impacted by the awareness that the patients already exhibited. The findings show the multitude of efforts attempted at all units, which highlight the significant presence and value of health promotion within nursing.

This thesis is about kinship, neighbourliness, sainthood, fasting and exorcism among Orthodox Christians in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The uncertainties of providing for oneself and one’s family in the city make people deeply reliant on neighbours, kin, and religious networks in order to survive. But these dependencies are also sources of vulnerability—to the demands of close others and the harm they can inflict, but also, increasingly, to demonic possession. A recent surge in public exorcisms testifies to a broad sense of spiritual threat, as well as a perceived need to re-entrench the power and authority of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church (EOC) at a time when the effects of religious pluralism and modernization policies pose a particular challenge. In this thesis, I document the ways in which Orthodox Christians are working to re-situate and reframe their relationships with the EOC in their daily lives. I argue that these efforts are inherently relational, based on the sharing of blessing through substances such as holy water, and on various labours of devotion performed for others or on their behalf. Through fine-grained ethnography, this study finds kinship and other local networks, rather than institutional practices or large-scale rituals, to be the basis of religious action in the city. I show how ordinary people, faced with the contradictions between religious imperatives and the material necessities of life, seek blessing for themselves, their neighbours, and their kin, from powerful human and non-human intercessors and, in turn, how they become intercessors for others. I pay particular attention to the bodily and affective dimensions of these practices: how people fast together and for one another; how they circulate and consume holy water; and how they subject themselves to violent exorcistic interventions. For Orthodox Christians in Addis Ababa, these bodily practices constitute key methods for acting on the flesh, and thereby engaging with the basic problem of the fallen nature of humanity—which is felt to be particularly pressing in contemporary urban conditions. By taking such perspectives, my thesis aims to contribute to discussions of Christian embodiment, personhood, and subject-formation with a detailed study of the networks and relationships by which people build an intersubjective and interdependent ethics of daily life—an ethics, that is, which contrasts with the discourses of individual self-fashioning that have informed many recent studies of Christianity and piety in other world religions.

<p>About eighty percent of Addis Ababa’s settlements are considered “slum”. The study examines the phenomenon of urban upgrading in tenant-dominated non-planned inner-city settlements of the city. It focuses on tenants’ responses and spatial transformations. The phenomenon is investigated through the analysis of case studies located in three localities. The data are primarily collected through qualitative techniques supplemented by a quantitative technique. The investigation is carried out from the perspective in which upgrading is viewed as a process embedded in a dynamic context, rather than a decontextualised static project. Based on the case studies analytical generalizations are made. The study found neither the theories that assert the non-responsiveness of tenants nor the ones that emphasize the sole role of tenure security explain the reality and the needs of tenant-dominated settlements. The relationship among improved property rights, legal frameworks and grassroots organizations are rather found to be central in both stimulating tenants’ responses and curbing uncontrolled spatial transformations. The advantages of social network, connected to indigenous voluntary associations, are also found to be very instrumental in motivating and mobilising tenants. The study also found exclusion-right, in addition to the often emphasized use- and transaction rights of housing, as an important element, not only in unleashing the resources of low-income dwellers, but also in engaging them in upgrading processes. Equally important finding is the way the housing rights/values are manipulated to both avoid gentrification and sustain upgrading processes. Upgrading paradoxes, related to both uncontrolled spatial transformations and the need of the individual and the collective, are revealed and their possible remedy is indicated. The substantive findings are abstracted into generative themes, namely, triggers of change, trigger-based grassroots organizations and actors’ relationships. A trigger-based upgrading process is suggested and recommendations are put forward that lead to a differentiated and flexible policy.</p>

Introduktion: 1,2 miljoner människor lever med HIV/AIDS i Etiopien, men med rätt åtgärder kan en gravid, HIV-positiv kvinna minska risken för att smitta sitt barn till under 5 %. Trots detta upplever en majoritet av HIV-positiva patienter stigma från sjukvårdspersonal som kan leda till en minskad livskvalitet. Vårdpersonalens förståelse av stigma och kunskap om HIV är nödvändig för att utveckla strategier för att minska denna stigmatisering. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka HIV-positiva kvinnors upplevelser av stigmatisering från vårdpersonal under graviditet och förlossning i Addis Ababa, Etiopien. Metod: En deskriptiv studie med kvalitativ ansats användes. Sju HIV-positiva kvinnor som har mottagit mödravård i Addis Ababa, Etiopien, deltog med hjälp av bekvämlighet urval. Travelbees omvårdnadteori och en kognitiv modell av AIDS-relaterad stigma användes som teoretisk ram. Strukturerade intervjufrågor användes och data analyserades med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Studien har tre kategorier; Negativa reaktioner från vårdpersonal, Ingen känsla av stigma och Utbildning från vårdpersonal till kvinnorna. Majoriteten av deltagarna hade upplevt en händelse av HIV-relaterat stigma från vårdpersonal. Detta genom att bland annat känna sig annorlunda bemött på grund av sin diagnos eller genom att ha upplevt hur vårdpersonalen var överdrivet rädda för att bli smittade. Resultatet visar också att det finns vårdpersonal som utövar en vård utan stigmatisering samt att utbildning gavs till samtliga kvinnor från vårdpersonalen angående hur HIV smittas och dess medicinering. Slutsats: Stigmatisering från vårdpersonal förekommer bland HIV-positiva kvinnor. Sjuksköterskan har ett ansvar för att minska stigmatisering genom att utöva en omvårdnad där kvinnorna känner sig lika behandlad och respekterad. Förbättring behövs där vårdpersonal utvecklar sin förståelse av stigmatisering och av hur ett stigmatiserande beteende inom vården kan undvikas.<br>Introduction: 1.2 million people live with HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia, but with correct interventions a HIV positive pregnant woman can reduce the risk of infecting her baby to below 5 %. Nevertheless, a majority of HIV positive patients experience stigma from healthcare professionals, which can lead to a reduced life quality. Healthcare professionals’ understanding of stigma and knowledge about HIV is necessary in order to develop strategies to reduce this stigma. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate HIV positive women's experience of stigma from healthcare professionals during pregnancy and childbirth in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Method: A descriptive study with a qualitative method was used. Seven HIV positive women who had received maternity care in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia participated and were chosen through a convenience sample. Structured interview questions were used and data were analyzed by using qualitative content analysis. Travelbeés theory of care and cognitive model of AIDS-related stigmatization were used as theoretical framework. Results: Three categories were identified in this study: Negative reactions from health care professionals, Non-presence of stigma and Education from healthcare professionals. The majority of the participants had experienced an event of HIV- related stigma from healthcare professionals. These HIV positive women felt as if they were treated differently because of their diagnosis and they experienced the professionals’ fear of becoming infected. However some of the HIV positive women who were interviewed felt they had also experienced situations where no stigmatization was shown by healthcare professionals. All the woman who were interviewed had received information about the HIV virus, how it´s spread and what medication is used as treatment. Conclusion: Stigma from healthcare professionals among HIV positive woman exists. Health care professionals have a responsibility to reduce stigma by providing care that gives women the sense of being equally treated and respected. Improvements are needed in the education of healthcare professionals so that they can develop an understanding of stigma as well as an understanding of how their own stigmatizing behavior can be reduced when caring for HIV positive women.

Kyoto University (京都大学)<br>0048<br>新制・課程博士<br>博士(地域研究)<br>甲第13970号<br>地博第63号<br>新制||地||21(附属図書館)<br>UT51-2008-C886<br>京都大学大学院アジア・アフリカ地域研究研究科アフリカ地域研究専攻<br>(主査)准教授 重田 眞義, 教授 市川 光雄, 教授 太田 至<br>学位規則第4条第1項該当

Purpose and rationale: In 2012, an estimated 9,500 infants in Ethiopia were born with HIV. Mortality for these infants is high, and preventing infection offers the best hope for reducing the childhood death rates. Effective measures exist which can reduce the likelihood of a child acquiring HIV from its mother to less than 2%, and the necessary anti-retroviral medications are free and accessible to Ethiopian women. However, Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT) efforts in the country have not kept pace with the global reduction in infant infections over the last decade, and the Ethiopian MTCT rate was still 20% in 2012. Although a large number of women are getting tested for HIV during pregnancy, only 41% of eligible women in the country complete PMTCT therapy. The purpose of this exploratory study was to elicit the perspectives of HIV+ mothers on the unique socio-contextual factors which affect them during pregnancy, both positively and negatively, including the beliefs, attitudes, cultural norms and individuals who have influence over their reproductive health decisions. Methods: The mixed-methods study was done at a community level in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. With the assistance of several large networks of people living with HIV (PLHIV), PLHIV mothers who have a child at least one year of age were recruited by mixed purposeful sampling; various socio-economic demographics were represented. In-depth interviews, focus groups and surveys were then completed in Amharic with a research assistant translating to English. Results: 98 women in total took part in the study: 23 completed interviews, 28 participated in focus groups, and 49 completed additional surveys. The greatest barriers to PMTCT completion identified were: feelings of hopelessness and carelessness, a general lack of understanding of the efficacy of ARVs, negative religious influences, stigma and poverty. The strongest facilitators to PMTCT use expressed by the women were: PLHIV peer support, faith, and gaining hope. It was recommended that PLHIV mothers be utilized in all PMTCT planning and interventions in the future. Implications: Program managers and health officials can build on these findings to modify existing PMTCT programs and to develop innovative and effective new PMTCT interventions. This will ultimately result in increased PMTCT uptake and adherence amongst HIV + pregnant women and a reduction in infant HIV transmission.

This study used qualitative research method to examine the values and experiences of parents raising adolescent children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It aimed to understand their perspectives, priorities, practices and concerns. Such contextual knowledge can inform practitioners to help parents achieve their parenting goals. Ethiopia is also undergoing numerous cultural, economic and social changes that call for examining existing approaches to raising adolescent children. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) guided the process of this study. This qualitative method is useful to study daily experiences that have significance to participants (Brocki & Wearden, 2006). Eight Ethiopian parents from Addis Ababa who raised at least one adolescent child during the period of this study were interviewed. Semi-structured interviews were used to ask parents about their perspectives on an array of topics including the meaning of adolescence, parental aspirations, parental expectations, discipline, parent-child communication and parenting concerns. Nvivo, a Computer Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software (CAQAS) was used to manage all data and theme development process. Data analysis generated obedience and marriage, dating and sexuality as superordinate themes. The following subthemes were developed under obedience: culture and family; respect and Relationships; educational and career success; approaches to raising obedient children and challenges against raising obedient children. Findings showed that parents aspire to raise obedient children. The second theme, marriage dating and sexuality showed the emphasis participants gave to delaying dating and intimacy experiences of their children until after their children were closer to getting married or became economically independent. Most parents described the period of adolescence as a time when children show more defiance toward parental expectations and thereby a call for more parental control and monitoring. Participants often used advice giving, supervision, limiting their children’s exposures and punishment to achieve their parenting goals. Few parents advocated for the use of high control on adolescent children while most parents stated that coercive measures do not help to raise obedient children. The results of this study showed that most participants expressed authoritarian perspectives and approaches that impose high expectations on children while providing low parental support that help children achieve parental goals. Recommendations and implications for future research, teaching and practice called for the importance of developing and using contextual knowledge to help parents in Ethiopia raise healthy and successful children.

One of the most significant urban transport problems is traffic congestion. All major cities both in developed and developing countries are facing the problem due to increasing travel demand caused by increasing urbanization and the attendant economic and population growth. Recognizing the growing burden of traffic congestion, community leaders and transportation planners in Addis Ababa are still actively promoting large-scale road constructions to alleviate traffic congestion. Although Intelligent Transportation Systems(ITS) applications seem to have the potential to improve signalization performance, highly congested intersections in Addis Ababa are still controlled by a timed signal and manual operation. Moreover, these pre-timed signal controls are functioning sub-optimally as they are not being regularly monitored and updated to cope with varying traffic demands. Even though the benefits are well known theoretically, at the time of writing of this thesis, Adaptive Traffic Signal Controllers (ATSC) haven’t been deployed in Ethiopia and no research has been conducted to demonstrate and quantify their effectiveness. This master’s research thesis, therefore, intends to fill the identified gap, by undertaking a microscopic traffic simulation investigation, to evaluate the benefits of adopting a Traffic-responsive Urban Control (TUC) strategy and optimizing traffic signal timings. For the purpose of this study, an oversaturated three-intersection test corridor located in the heart of Addis Ababa city is modeled in VISSIM using real-world traffic data. After validating the calibrated model, the corridor was evaluated with the existing pre-timed, TRANSYT optimized pre-timed plan and TUC strategy. Multiple simulation runs were then made for each scenario alternatives and various measures of effectiveness were considered in the evaluation process. Simulation evaluation has demonstrated an average delay reduction of 24.17% when the existing pre-timed alternative is compared to TRANSYT optimized plan and 35% when compared to the TUC strategy. Overall evaluation results indicate that deploying the TUC strategy and optimizing the aging pre-timed signal plans exhibits a significant flow improvement. It is expected that the result of the thesis work will be an input for future comprehensive policy development processes.

Lack of genuine concern for solid waste management practices and inefficiency of sol-id waste management system is one of the greatest environmental issues in Addis Ab-aba, Ethiopia. The Current Municipal Solid Waste Management System is extremely inefficient and ineffective. An illegal waste dumping, inefficient waste collection, and informal recycling are some of the issues that need to be immediately rectified. There-fore, this study was conducted in order to get a knowledge transfer from a developed country, Sweden, Östersund Municipality. The practical waste management and recy-cling activities undertaking in the city of Östersund have been assessed, evaluated and discussed in the study. Physical site visits, surveys, informal interviews, and group dis-cussions have also been conducted to be able to draw an immensely useful and tangi-ble recommendation for the improvement of Solid Waste Management and Recycling Scheme in Addis Ababa. Based on the experience acquired from Östersund the entire Solid Waste Management system in Addis Ababa has been evaluated and useful dis-cussions, recommendations, and conclusions have been drawn. Besides as recycling is one of the most significant waste management hierarchy components, it should have been given top priority in reducing the amount of waste generation in developing countries like Ethiopia. However, the recycling activities taking place in the country are highly limited and informal. Moreover, evaluation of the potential of recyclable wastes in Addis Ababa, discussion on how and why recycling needs to be given prece-dence and later comparison is made with Östersund Municipality in order to be able to gain knowledge from the Swedish experience. Besides, discussions were made in order to address decisive measures that need to be taken to implement the Swedish experience in the Solid Waste Management and Recycling sector in Addis Ababa Ethiopia in an environmentally friendly and economical way.

Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS)<br>Clarifying the nexus between leadership and organisational effectiveness across the world remains a significant challenge that has raised robust scholarly debate. A wide range of conceptual models have been provided on effective leadership. But, at the global level few empirical studies have been done to examine transformational leadership in the context of Non-Government Organisations (NGOs). In line with the leadership theory and conceptual framework, this study sought to analyse members' perception of their leaders, using a case study NGO in Addis Ababa. The researcher employed both quantitative and qualitative research methods. Quantitative methodology used questionnaire surveys based on the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire to assess the dominant leadership style within ANOPA+. Qualitative methodology was applied through semi-structured interviews, in order to deepen the understanding of the existing leadership style based on the members' perception of the organisation. The results of the study indicated that transformational leadership motivated followers to attain more than they thought possible, by appealing to followers self-esteem and inspiring them to go beyond self-centered interests. In addition, the research process identified five important gaps that impede the successful implementation of ANOPA+'s programme. First, this study revealed that ANOPA+ leaders failed to use, or lacked a proper understanding of, transformational leadership skills. Second, this empirical research, discovered that the dominant leadership style within ANOPA+ was transactional leadership. Third, this research confirmed that there was no statistically significant difference between the perception of staff and volunteers regarding the leadership style within ANOPA+. Fourth, the field data assessment showed that HIV/AIDS status is the crucial criterion for appointment as a leader in ANOPA+. However, ANOPA+ members believed that effective leaders should have a combination of the knowledge, skills and competencies that followers can use to perform their day-to-day work. Fifth, the study identified that the appointment of women in leadership positions within ANOPA+ is very low. Within the context of the above mentioned analysis, the study finally brings into focus general observations gained from the investigation and provides recommendations to policy makers and other stakeholders.

<p>This study deals with the informal plastic recovery system in Addis Ababa. The purpose of this thesis is to explore the organization and the actors involved in the system. Further, the thesis attempts to estimate the size of the informal sector, the amount of materials collected, the quality of the materials, and the economic aspects of the activities. This is followed by a discussion on the strengths and the barriers that the system faces today. In order to gain a holistic overview of the plastic recovery system, the formal solid waste management system and the private sector involvement in solid waste are described since they form an integral part of the system.</p><p>Structuration theory and an actor-oriented approach have been used, based on the interaction between the structures and the actors within the system, in order to explain why actors within the system act in the way that they do and why the system has developed in the way it has. Since this thesis is the first study on the informal plastic recovery system in Addis Ababa, the data used is mainly primary data collected during the fieldwork. Both qualitative and quantitative methodologies were used to gain a broader understanding of the system and the activities involved, and to increase the validity of the data.</p><p>This study has shown that thousands of individuals in Addis Ababa are dependent on the recovery of plastic materials in order to make a living. Moreover, the activities have showed to be economically profitable and to play an important role in solid waste management. It is argued that a lack of a formal system for the recovery of plastic materials has made it possible for the informal sector to fill the gap that the government does not fill. Further, the government’s lack of awareness of the informal sector has made it possible for the recovery system to develop without interference. The governmental ignorance of the informal plastic recovery system as well as civil society’s lack of trust and creditability in the government has proven to be one of the main difficulties confronting the plastic recovery system. Because of this, every attempt from the governmental side to implement new strategies within the system seems to fail, since they do not consider or consult the decisions with actors involved at the local level. The thesis highlights that it is essential that the government starts to recognize the informal sector and tries to gain their trust and credibility in order to improve the overall solid waste management system in Addis Ababa.</p>

Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2018.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 53-55).<br>Although we are now well into the twenty first century, the possibility of achieving equitable, universal access to water and sanitation is still out of reach for most cities. According to a progress report by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program, in 2015, 844 million people lacked even the most basic access to safe drinking water (WHO/UNICEF, 2017). The case for sanitation is even more dire, as about 2.3 billion people have no access to the most basic sanitation service (WHO/UNICEF, 2017). Moreover, an estimated 1.5 million children under the age of five die each year as a result of water and sanitation related diseases. This harsh reality is consistently reflected in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, where much like many other cities in the global south, water shutoffs are a norm and access to safe sanitation services is unfortunately minimal. Caught between the influences of the normative recognition of water and sanitation as a right and a national development agenda that sees Addis Ababa as the driver for economic progress, the city's utility is struggling to provide adequate access to its inhabitants. This thesis uses the Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority's recent, ambitious plan to transition Addis on to the country's first sewage grid as a sight for investigating how these influences play out on the ground and understand how residents are being serviced or excluded from accessing safe sanitation services. Drawing on multiple interviews, close readings of policy documents, and physical analysis of the distribution of services, I conclude that both normative and growth-centric approaches fail to reach their goals of achieving equitable, universal access to safe sanitation services for the city's residents. This is in large part because these approaches are not adequately responding to the realities of Addis Ababa, which is as much a city of informality and poverty as it is the capital of Africa's fastest growing economy.<br>by Fitsum Anley Gelaye.<br>M.C.P.

Rural-urban differentials in fertility behaviour are neither new nor surprising, but a difference of over four children per woman as observed between rural Ethiopia and the country's national capital, Addis Ababa, in 1990 is rare, possibly unique. Reported fertility in Addis Ababa in 1990 was about 2.6 children per woman. By the mid-1990s, it declined further to 1.8 children per woman. This study investigates the dimensions, components and causes of this remarkable reproductive change. ¶ The study specifically asks and seeks to answer the following questions. Is the decline real, or is it merely an illusion created by faulty reporting? If it is real, how has it come about? Did it result from a change in the onset of reproduction or a decline in the proportion of women reaching high parities or both? And in what context has such a fundamental, even revolutionary, change taken place in a country and a continent that are mostly yet to join the global transition to a small family-size norm. ¶ Data for the study were drawn from two national population censuses, undertaken in 1984 and 1994, two fertility surveys, conducted in 1990 and 1995, and a number of supplementary sources, including a qualitative study conducted by the investigator. Results from the study confirm that the trend of declining fertility and the recent fall to below-replacement-level are indeed real. As the analysis shows the decline was largely driven by changes in the marriage pattern, and supplemented by the increased propensity of fertility control observed across all birth orders and age groups. All socio-economic groups in the city have had a decline in cohort fertility and this was brought about both by shifts in population composition (a composition effect) and increased intensity of fertility control within each group (a rate effect). The institutional and cultural factors that are believed to have prompted these changes are discussed in the thesis in some detail.

This thesis examines marginality as a regime of interconnectedness. Drawing on the ethnographic material from a 16-month-fieldwork between October 2009 and December 2010 on the street economy and streetlife in Arada, the old city centre of Addis Ababa’s inner city, I argue that marginalized subjects are not to be seen as social actors that inhabit and create alternative and parallel social, political and economic realities away from the mainstream society. Rather, the way the urban poor are connected and integrated in the broader political economy of the Ethiopian urban society frames and defines modalities, forms and experiences of marginality. From this perspective, this thesis focuses on the on-going reconfiguration of the street economy in Addis Ababa’s inner city. Since the early 2000s, the increasing concern with poverty reduction and good governance in the development agenda has concurred with the attempts of the ruling party to expand its machinery of political control and mobilization at the grassroots of urban society. In this context, under the impact of development programs promoting the establishment of small-scale enterprises, the street economy has undergone a pervasive process of formalization and politicization that has come to advance the realization of an authoritarian form of developmental state, while imposing a regime of unskilled and badly paid labour on the street. This thesis examines this process by looking at the history of streetlife in Arada, as a terrain of social, economic and political practice, and it recounts the everyday life and life trajectories of those involved in the street economy. In particular, I look at how the political reconfiguration of the street economy has come to intertwine with the way living through marginality and dealing with forms of social inequality on the street have been historically conceptualized and experienced in Addis Ababa’s inner city.

Syfte: Att identifiera behovet för arbetsterapi i Nehemiah Autism Center genom att utföra en behovsanalys. Metod: Mixad-metod användas för att utveckla en passande behovsanalys för att identifiera behovet för arbetsterapi. Resultat: Alla områden där en arbetsterapeut kan bidrag till valdes. Kommunikation och sociala färdigheter rapporterades mest frekvent och beteende förvaltning rankades som viktigast bland vårdnadshavare. Bland anställda, fritid och lek rapporterades mest frekvent och stresshantering rankades som viktigast. Utbildningsmöjligheter, kommunikation mellan anställda och medarbetare relation identifierades som stödjande faktorer för att uppnå målet på Nehemiah Autism Center. Stigma, religion och kulturell mångfald rapporterades som icke-stödjande faktorer för att uppnå målet på Nehemiah Autism Center. Slutsats: Det finns ett behov för arbetsterapi för att möta behovet hos barn med autism på Nehemiah Autism Center i Addis Ababa, Etiopien.<br>Aim: To identify the occupational therapy needs at the Nehemiah Autism Center by completing a needs assessment. Method: A mixed-methods design was adopted to construct a comprehensive needs assessment to identify the occupational therapy needs. Result: All areas of what an occupational therapist could assist with were selected as an area of need. Communication and social skills were most frequently reported and behavior management was ranked as most important among caregivers. Among staff members, leisure and play was reported most frequently and stress management was ranked as most important. Training opportunities, communication among staff members, and co-worker relationship were identified to be supporting factors in achieving the goal at Nehemiah Autism Center. Stigma, religion, and cultural diversity were reported to be unsupportive factors in achieving the goal at Nehemiah Autism Center. Conclusion: There is a great need for occupational therapy services to attend to children with autism spectrum disorder at Nehemiah Autism Center in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Despite the increasing policy and academic attention given to child poverty in recent years, little is known about children’s perspectives and their experiences of risk, coping and resilience in the context of poverty. The existing child poverty literature is dominated by studies from economics and developmental psychology, which for the most part overlook not only the perspectives of children in poverty but also their use of coping strategies and experiences of resilience. Much can be inferred, however, from studies of the lives of children in developing countries in terms of the active role poor children play in their lives and their families’ lives. Additionally, a small but growing number of qualitative child poverty studies in Europe and North America (e.g. Ridge, 2002) have highlighted the resourcefulness and optimism of many children living in poverty. They have shown the merit of prioritizing children’s perspectives and experiences or minimally setting them alongside the perspectives of adults in order to understand their lives and concerns fully. This thesis builds on these studies by exploring the lives of children living in poverty that go beyond their material disadvantage or survival. It highlights the priorities, concerns and responses of children living in a context different from the one covered by most of these studies. It also explores the theoretical concepts of coping and resilience to establish whether these constructs can be reliably applied in a society that is very different from the one in which they were developed. The study focuses on Ethiopia, one of the poorest countries in the world. It addresses the perspectives and experiences of twenty-six children (11 girls and 15 boys) between the ages of 11 and 14 in Kolfe area, one of the poorest neighbourhoods in Addis Ababa. It employs qualitative research methods such as semi-structured individual interviews, daily diaries, drawings and timelines with the children. The key finding of the study is that the majority of these children perceive that relationships that are characterized by conflict are more damaging than material poverty. This suggests that research and interventions focusing on poverty not only undermine children’s positive experiences and agency but also obscure their real priorities and concerns. The children’s accounts further suggest that the theoretical concepts of “coping” and “resilience” are applicable to Ethiopian children, although as in other contexts how the children understand and experience them is influenced by the culture and environment in which they live.

This study explores the fate of academic freedom and institutional autonomy in higher education of Ethiopia by taking the case of the Addis Ababa University and seeks to understand how these were influenced by different political process (feudalism, socialism and democracy), which the country experienced over a period of half a century (1950-2005). To explore the degree of expression or erosion of academic freedom and institutional autonomy, the focus is on three critical points: (i) the exploration of state-university relationships and how the state viewed the university vis-a.-vis the university's claim for academic freedom and institutional autonomy; (ii) how political regimes affected the erosion or expression of academic freedom in the university (iii) the examination of the impact of political militancy and engagement of university staff and students on the relationship between the university and the state. The study is grounded in my understanding (from philosophical and theoretical analysis) that academic freedom and institutional autonomy are necessary conditions for the proper functioning of the university's teaching, learning, research and public service. I have used a multi-method research approach, which draws on philosophical analysis, historical and ethnographic methods. The entire historical period (1950- 2005) is divided into three distinct cases of political regimes, i.e., feudalism (1950- 1974), socialism (1974-1991) and democratic federalism (1991-2005). The method of analysis combines both historical narratives (for showing the continuities of the historical process) and inter-case comparisons--to compare and contrast the different cases (discontinuities of the historical process). The research suggests that: (1) the relationship between the university and the state has been tangled with conflicting views of the state and the university regarding academic freedom and the idea of a university. Whereas the state viewed the university as part and parcel of its bureaucracy, fully accountable to national goals and ideology, what Ronald Barnett (1997b) called a university of society, the academic community viewed the university as an independent academic institution with a duty that includes a critical role of the state, albeit with accountability not only for knowledge but also for service to society. The latter includes standing for the poor and national development not withstanding the position of the state. In this way, the academic community believed in the idea of a university for society-as distinct from the state's belief, which stressed the accountability role of the university. These divergent views led to hostile state-university relationships. (2) The tangled nature of state-university relationship was more or less true across all regimes-feudalism, socialism and democratic federalism-albeit with some differences in intensity and type of threat to academic freedom. The embryonic VIll cooperative relationship that appeared in the early life history of the university (when expatriate faculty dominated teaching and administration) fractured towards the crisis years of the feudal system when the academic community, especially students, violently turned against the state. The vestiges of academic freedom and institutional autonomy vanished under the Marxist regime that placed the university under complete silence and mere ideological compliance after 1974, the year of the Ethiopian Socialist Revolution. Red terror was used as an instrument for controlling freethinking and dissent. Professors were forced to teach prescribed courses, use Marxist research methods and serve as laborers in seasonal crop harvesting periods and in construction work of resettlement areas. In 1991, civil liberties (academic freedom in the sense of the 'general theory') were guaranteed by the federal democratic state that replaced the socialist regime. Yet, state university relationship remained the same due to ideological differences (the state ideology of ethnic autonomy versus faculty ideology of nation state), mistrust and lack of tolerance. Class disruptions, closure of the university, dismissal of professors, students and administrators characterized the state-university relationship, during this period. This new relationship generated a very unstable and weak university administration, which was often sandwiched between the state's requirement to account to it and the faculty's expectation of self-accountability. Not even elected presidents were able to play mediatory roles in this conflict. Following the higher education reform of 2002, professors and lecturers claimed they had lost many of their freedoms, mainly: (i) the freedom to select their future colleagues; (ii) the freedom to select their students; (iii) the freedom to participate in university legislative process; (iv) the freedom to decide the norms of student evaluation; (v) the freedom to decide the contents of their curricula. (3) Political militancy of the faculty and students weakened the possibility of a cooperative state-university relationship in all political histories of the university. The militant actions of students and faculty against the state during the feudal regime facilitated state intervention in the affairs of the university, which in tum, brought about collegial disintegration and self-inflicted threat to the academic freedom of the students, faculty and administration. The Marxist ideology had the effect of dividing the academic community into classes of revolutionaries and counter-revolutionaries, which, in tum, generated an environment where everybody became a threat to the academic freedom of every other. During the reign of the federal democratic state that came to power after 1991, the ideological position of the academic community extended to rejecting the new constitution--which was premised on ethnic autonomy. The dominant faculty (including a section of the students) subscribed to the idea of a nation-state with a centrist unitary government. The latter seriously believed that ethnic autonomy leads to national disintegration contrary to the state's belief of the idea of 'unity in diversity'. This ideological difference divided the academic community itself (which was diverse in ethnic composition) into different camps and generated a campus environment where every person qualified to be a threat to the academic freedom of every other. IX This research has implications about the critical need for cooperative and deliberative state-university relations by adopting a stance of mutual accommodation and tolerance if the university is to contribute to national development by maintaining its cardinal values, academic freedom and its precondition, institutional autonomy. I have noted that during the early periods of Haile Selassie I University (the old name of Addis Ababa University), the idea of a university for society operated productively due to the context of mutual trust and understanding between the state and the university. One learns from the Ethiopian case study that a critical stance of the university could not be tolerated by the state if its criticisms affect the legitimacy of state-power. It is not, however, clear to what extent a university could be critical of the state and still maintain trust and support form it. But, a moral stance of moderation in one's criticisms could be tolerated more than an extremist position of critique, which might deter negotiations and deliberations. In this connection, Mazrui said, "What a university owes to government is neither defiance nor subservience. It is intelligent cooperation, respecting the academic's right to be skeptical without being subversive; sympathetic without being subservient" (Mazrui, 1978:275). A kind of partial autonomy or what Enslin and Kissak (2005) called conditional autonomy in the context of deliberative democracy would help Ethiopia to address the different needs and requirements of change and social transformation. The faculty has the added responsibility of promoting a deliberative culture and abandoning its old culture of engagement in violent political actions. It can contribute immensely if its main commitment is switched to promoting intellectual culture by sustaining a community of philosophers who engage in teaching students; and disseminating knowledge to serve the broader society. This demands a commitment to believe in the values of professional collegiality and self-criticality in addition to its traditional values of critiquing knowledge and society (mainly the state).

Access to clean and safe drinking water is a fundamental human requirement. However, in many areas of the world natural water sources have been impacted by a variety of biological and chemical contaminants. The ingestion of these contaminants may cause acute or chronic health problems. To prevent such illnesses, many technologies have been developed to treat, disinfect and supply safe drinking water quality. However, despite these advancements, water supply distribution systems can adversely affect the drinking water quality before it is delivered to consumers. The primary aim of this research was to investigate the effect that water distribution systems may have on household drinking water quality in Christchurch, New Zealand and Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Water samples were collected from the source water and household taps in both cities. The samples were then tested for various physical, chemical and biological water quality parameters. The data collected was also used to determine if water samples complied with national drinking water quality standards in both countries. Independent samples t-test statistical analyses were also performed to determine if water quality measured in the samples collected from the source and household taps was significantly different. Water quality did not vary considerably between the source and tap water samples collected in Christchurch City. No bacteria were detected in any sample. However, the pH and total iron concentrations measured in source and tap water samples were found to be significantly different. The lower pH values measured in tap water samples suggests that corrosion may be taking place in the distribution system. No water samples transgressed the Drinking Water Standards for New Zealand (DWSNZ) MAVs. Monitoring data collected by the Christchurch City Council (CCC) was also used for comparison. A number of pH, turbidity and total iron concentration measurements collected by the CCC in 2011 were found to exceed the guideline values. This is likely due to structural damage to the source wells and pump-stations that occurred during the 2011 earthquake events. Overall, it was concluded that the distribution system does not adversely affect the quality of Christchurch City’s household drinking water. The water quality measured in samples collected from the source (LTP) and household taps in Addis Ababa was found to vary considerably. The water collected from the source complied with the Ethiopian (WHO) drinking water quality standards. However, tap water samples were often found to have degraded water quality for the physical and chemical parameters tested. This was especially the case after supply interruption and reinstatement events. Bacteria were also often detected in household tap water samples. The results from this study indicate that water supply disruptions may result in degraded water quality. This may be due to a drop in pipeline pressure and the intrusion of contaminants through the leaky and cross-connected pipes in the distribution network. This adversely affects the drinking water quality in Addis Ababa.

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</meta> </meta> </meta> </meta> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt<br>line-height: 115%<br>font-family: &quot<br>Times New Roman&quot<br>,&quot<br>serif&quot<br>">This study has reveled the levels of knowledge and compliance towards Universal Precautions and examined the factors that are influential in having a positive and negative effect on their adoption by healthcare practitioners in practice. Despite acceptable knowledge regarding the potential for infection and mechanisms to prevent these infections, this study has found out that health care workers are not as compliant with universal precautions as they need to be. The findings that compliance correlated directly with knowledge, with in-service training and with availability of protective equipment, provide important indications for future interventions. Therefore a regular on job refreshing training program on Universal Precautions, a written guideline and reminder poster on Universal Precautions and personal protective equipment need to be made available for all health care providers in every department of the hospital for better compliance. <span style="">&nbsp<br></span><span style="">&nbsp<br></span><span style="">&nbsp<br></span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p>&nbsp<br></p>

Ethiopia, one of the poorest countries in the developing world, has limited resources for those with advanced cancer requiring end of life care. This thesis explores the care of the dying situation in Addis Ababa, as families access palliative care services. A critical review examined palliative care set-up in sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East and explored models of care used and the multiple factors affecting palliative care delivery. The review revealed a dearth of knowledge about care of the dying in Addis Ababa. A further review provided insight into cultural aspects of good death. A focused ethnography, carried out over a 6-month period at a hospice facility, involved participant observation, interviews and home visits with staff, patients and family. Following thematic analysis a number of significant themes were revealed. The importance of emotional support by family and hospice staff was found to be the essence of care provision. The awareness of a terminal diagnosis is often kept from the ill person so as ‘not to upset’, thus protecting them emotionally from distress. Various communication strategies were used by staff to create openness, though ultimately they deferred to the dying person’s family; also family and hospice staff talked ambiguously about dying. Emotional care was expressed by family members ‘stopping everything’ to care for their dying relative. Through physical care, the dying person’s emotional equilibrium and comfort were maintained. Hospice staff provided a ‘family-style service’. This study offers unique understanding into non-disclosure of terminal diagnosis and how the family emotionally protects the dying person. It gives valuable insight into how families and the emerging Ethiopian palliative care service together provide care for the dying. The study has implications for international relief workers and professional carers. This study points to further research into care of the dying in rural communities in Ethiopia.

In any society the police are organized with the responsibility of keeping peace and order, ensuring the rule of law, justice, prevention of crime as well as protection of human rights. Regardless of the circumstances in which the police find them, they should act towards every human being with a sense of duty and care for human rights; it is the responsibility of the police to conduct the process of arrest, search and seizure according to the law with no neglect of duties. The police are expected to comply with the arrest, search and seizure procedures designed to ensure the protection of human rights. Nevertheless, usually, the task of investigation is vulnerable to human right violation. This is particularly true in the case of the developing countries where the process of democratization is so infant that most of them not only lack the required level of awareness/understanding pertaining to the human right principles but also the necessary institutional mechanisms that contribute to the proper application of human right principles are missing. The report of the Ethiopian Federal Police Inspection Service conducted in the year 2003 indicated that there were some suspects arrested without court warrant and with the existence of reasonable doubt for their guiltiness. Moreover, findings of a research conducted in the same year on certain Addis Ababa sub-city police stations also clearly indicate this fact. The objective of the this research is to evaluate the extent to which crime investigator, who are duty bearers in the Addis Ababa city police, adhere to the human right principles pertaining to the rights of suspected, accused and arrested person that are recognized in pertinent international instruments and enshrined in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) constitution and other related laws of the country while fulfilling their duties and responsibilities throughout the crime investigation process. Specifically the study is also aimed at exploring the form and type of commonly violated human right, if any and the determinant factors behind the respective types of human right violation by crime investigation belong to the Addis Ababa police .Methodologically the study followed and is mainly relied on the qualitative empirical approach to social science research.<br>Police Practice<br>M. Tech. (Policing (Investigation))

This study assessed implementation status of collaborative TB/HIV services in Addis Ababa City Administration aiming to promote better implementation strategies. The study employed mixed research methods and was descriptive. The study design used both quantitative and qualitative data using structured questionnaires and semi-structured interview guides, respectively. The study population for the quantitative design included 1,683 TB/HIV patients from 10 conveniently selected health facilities: Zewditu and Menelik Hospitals, health centres of Lideta, Yeka, Kazanchis, NifaSilk-Lafto-No1, Woreda-7, Kality, Bole and Gulele. All the patients who were on their follow-up cares during the data collection period were interviewed. Participants for qualitative design were 1,650 TB/HIV patients for short answered questions; 8 FGDs among patients; interview of 10 TB/HIV care facility coordinators/health workers and one regional TB/HIV care coordinator, all purposively selected. Quantitative data was analysed using SPSS 15.0, while qualitative data were thematically analysed manually. Majority of HIV patients (92.8%) self-reported that they had been screened for TB; of which, 11.2% were diagnosed for active TB during their follow-up cares. Whereas, 87.1% of TB patients had been offered for HIV test; 79.8% tested; 20.2% tested positive. Knowledge on TB and HIV diseases, transmission and prevention was found to be low. However, participants appreciated the support of the healthcare delivery system in improving their health. Collaborative TB/HIV activities brought additional on-the-job training for healthcare workers; improved flow of logistics and re-arrangement of infrastructures of facilities. The study revealed that, implementation of collaborative TB/HIV activities in Addis Ababa need boosting. The study recommends the need for coordinated efforts of all stakeholders for improving implementation of collaborative TB/HIV care services, as identified by this study. The contribution of this study developed pocket-guide for healthcare workers on collaborative TB/HIV care services, which provides guidance in promoting better TB/HIV care<br>Health Studies<br>D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

This study aimed at assessing factors related to male participation in PMTCT in three public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A quantitative, descriptive correlational design was used to assess correlation between male participation and socio-demographics, knowledge and awareness in HIV/PMTCT, socio-cultural belief, programmatic factors and reported risk. Male partners (n=216) were interviewed and reviews of HIV counselling and testing (HCT) acceptance formats were made. The major findings were 54.5% (n=156) males reported receiving HCT during their visit to partner’s antenatal care. Some 71.5 % (n=677) of women were accompanied to labour wards by male partners; 86.5% (n=208) of males accepted intra-partum HCT; 55.1% (n=216) scored above the mean score (10) on a 15-point scale for male participation. Male participation in PMTCT was found to have a statistically significant but weak correlation with educational level (r=0.193), income (r=0.167), PMTCT knowledge and awareness (r=0.172), socio-cultural belief (r=-0.164) and reported risk (r=-0.23).<br>Health Studies<br>M.A. (Public Health)

Despite the availability of services, parents on antiretroviral treatment do not routinely get their children HIV tested and treated. The study aimed to document knowledge, attitudes and practices of parents towards HIV testing and treatment among children aged 0-14 years. A quantitative cross-sectional analytic study design was applied and a structured questionnaire used to collect data from 192 respondents. Findings show that 71.4% of respondents had correct knowledge of HIV transmission in children. Negative attitudes towards HIV testing of children were expressed by 42.2% of respondents while practices were reported by 16.7%. Practices were associated with self-efficacy, stigma, number of children and marital status. Knowledge and attitudes did not affect parental practices of HIV testing of children. Parents with low self-efficacy felt stigmatised, had negative attitudes, poor perception of availability of services and were unlikely to get children HIV tested. Recommendations to increase HIV testing among children included provision of skills and support to parents for HIV disclosure; localized care models to reduce stigma and identify children in need; and improving quality of services.<br>Health Studies<br>M.A. (Public Health)

This research report assesses the affordability of private residential developments in Addis Ababa and delineates factors that contribute to their affordability. Literatures related to concepts of housing affordability; household income levels; housing prices and mortgage financing, etc are reviewed. The research studies examined revealed that the combination of high population and high urban growth rates coupled with a high prevalence of urban poverty have placed massive strain on Ethiopian cites. Accordingly, the critical urban issue is: lack of healthy, affordable housing for all sectors of the urban population. This is especially true in Addis Ababa as it has a share of 23% of the country’s urban population. In Addis Ababa, there is strong housing demand as supply lags behind demand; conditions of existing houses worsen and the population is increasing. To date, the government housing program has only managed to build only about half of the demanded units. It has, therefore, became increasingly imperative that the government should concentrate on reforming and managing the policy and legal framework in such a way as to create an environment for the private sector to provide housing.

Background - Khat is a mild stimulant plant chewed by a limited segment of the population mainly in the eastern parts of Ethiopia for social facilitation and religious purposes. In recent decades, the use of khat has spread to all parts of the country and its social, economic and political impact has increased significantly at national level. In cities like Addis Ababa, the traditional purposes are superseded and it is now chewed mainly for recreational purposes. Following this development, many people have raised concerns on the potentially adverse socioeconomic and psychological effects of khat on the current generation, particularly the youth. The main issues raised are the misuse of income, the waste of productive time on chewing khat, and the adverse consequences on family cohesion and health. Those who argue in favor of khat cite its positive impact on increasing productivity, high economic returns and traditional values. These arguments on khat are not based on substantiated evidence and this research attempted to answer this question by assessing the ‘positive’ and ‘negative’ socioeconomic and psychological effects of khat on the chewers living in Addis Ababa. Drug control policies intersect with much of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and Ethiopia has not yet developed a policy on khat. This research intends to make its contribution to the development of the policy by highlighting the socioeconomic and psychological effects on the chewers. Objective –To assess the effects of khat on the income; use of time/time management/; productivity, and psychological well-being of chewers in the city of Addis Ababa. The study is related to policies of Ethiopia in relation to the production, marketing and consumption of khat. It makes policy recommendations based on the assessed costs and benefits. Methodology - The study, using snowball sampling, was conducted in 2018 with 84 khat users. The data collection methods employed were structured questionnaire focus group discussions, narrations of life stories and interviews with key informants. An extensive literature review was also conducted. Result – Respondents reported the diversion of financial resources to purchase khat compromising other personal and family needs and a waste of working hours on chewing khat. There were mixed results found on its effects on productivity. Users also reported that khat made them vulnerable to other addictions such as alcohol, cigarettes and hard drugs and to a number of social and psychological problems. Conclusion - Khat has a significant adverse impact on income and the efficient use of time of chewers. The findings on the effect on productivity are inconclusive. The reported physical and psychological effects on productivity need to be scientifically proven. Chronic use of khat is detrimental to mental health and leads to other serious health consequences. It distorts social and family relationships and inhibits the ability of the chewer to significantly execute his/her social responsibilities. It hurts the self-esteem of the chewers and makes them lose a sense of purpose in their lives. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop a national policy on khat. However, a comprehensive study should be conducted to exploit the potential benefits of khat (mood lifting and medicinal values) by using khat in a modest and controlled way. The social and economic interest of the suppliers; its religious and cultural significance, and environmental impacts should also be considered.<br>Development Studies<br>M.A. (Development Studies)

This quantitative, descriptive study investigated risk factors for MDR-TB in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A total of 439 medical records belonging to MDR-TB and non MDR-TB patients managed in public health centres from January 2008 to December 2011 were analysed. Data were transcribed from each TB patient‟s medical records using a specifically designed checklist. The findings revealed that male gender, previous history of TB treatment, poor treatment adherence, an outcome of failure after TB re-treatment, previous category of failure, pulmonary involvement of TB infection and HIV infection were associated with MDR-TB. The findings illustrate that efforts should be made to prioritise the development and implementation of effective MDR TB screening and treatment protocols for these high risk groups to improve treatment outcome and minimize the emergence of XDR TB.<br>Health Studies<br>M. Public Health

Ethiopia faces large and growing numbers of child household heads, mainly due to AIDS-related parental deaths. Many of them are vulnerable to abuse and are forced to look after themselves and their siblings, drop out of school and find work. This exploratory study employed qualitative research methods using purposive sampling. The aim was to ascertain how child household heads affected by AIDS adapted to changed life circumstances. The study entailed fieldwork for five weeks in Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, where evidence was gathered from 10 selected households headed by children (aged 12 to18), their siblings and key informants. It was found that all the children in the study are in dismal living conditions although some reported feelings of satisfaction and happiness. The need to provide special recognition and support to child household heads and their siblings by policy makers and service providers in Ethiopia is highlighted.<br>M.A. (Social Behaviour Studies in HIV/AIDS)<br>Social Work

Background: IPT is an effective, safe and feasible disease prevention scheme that should be administered for all PLHIV living in areas with high latent TB prevalence. Objective: To assess the impact of isoniazid in the incidence of tuberculosis among HIV infected individuals in Addis Ababa. Methods: A case control study design was undertaken among 489 HIV and TB infected patients in Addis Ababa from January 2008 to December 2010. Results: Tuberculosis incidence rate among those who developed TB after completing 6-9 month isoniazid preventative therapy was17.14 PYO compared to 10.28 PYO among those who were not. Isonizide reduced the chance of developing tuberculosis among HIV infected patients (OR= 0.072; 95% CI 0.044, 0.12). Age (AOR= 0.14; 95% CI 0.03, 0.97) and sex (AOR= 1.86; 95% CI 1.02, 2.23) of the patient, CD4 count at HIV diagnosis (AOR= 0.21; 95% CI 0.13, 0.31), clinical stage of HIV illness (AOR= 1.22; 95% CI 1.09, 1.84) and past tuberculosis history (AOR = 1.97; 95% CI 1.24, 3.67) were major factors associated with tuberculosis incidence. Conclusions: INH prophylaxis was associated with lower incidence of tuberculosis among PLHIV.<br>Health Studies<br>M. Public Health

The provision of an improved water supply service to the poor urban areas of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia is essential, given that large numbers of people living in the city have problems of access to a reliable and adequate potable water supply. Only 62% of residents receive an adequate water supply in the City. Clearly, much still needs to be done in this regard. Additionally, water resources need to be managed far more efficiently. This study examines water resource management in Ethiopia using the political ecology framework focusing on issues of equity with regard to access to safe and clean water in the poor areas of the city of Addis Ababa. The key objectives of this study are: to evaluate existing water resource management practices in Ethiopia; assess access to drinking water and; propose sustainable and social justice based management strategies to water resources in Addis Ababa. Qualitative and quantitative research techniques within a purposive sampling methodology are used in this study. The study covers water use and consumption patterns; availability and reliability of water; gender; income; monthly water expenditure and time taken to fetch water from existing sources. The results indicated that more than 37% of the sample households use less than 20 litres per person per day. Most households pay a relatively high price for drinking water with the average cost of ETB 12.87/m3, or 9.19/m3 Rands for water. The majority of households are willing to pay for a new improved water supply. However, the initial connection fee has to be in small instalments linked to their level of income. An innovative financing and cost recovery mechanism is required to increase the coverage of a reliable and safe water supply at an affordable price.<br>Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2009.

Background: The health benefits and economic gains of exclusive breastfeeding for the mothers and the new-born are well-documented in the literature as discussed in the background and the rationale for this study. The effectiveness of the social cognitive based interventions in promoting breastfeeding among women in general is also documented. However, there is lack of evidence regarding social-cognitive strategies that could be used to promote exclusive breastfeeding practices among primiparous mothers in Ethiopia means that current exclusive breastfeeding promotion interventions or strategies may not produce the expected outcomes. This assumption seems to be supported by low rate of early initiation of breastfeeding in country (52.1% instead of at least 75% as recommended by WHO) and shorter period of breastfeeding (one month) among mothers in Addis Ababa (CSA and ICF 2012) despite various strategies and interventions that have been implemented. Aims: The study was conducted with the aim of determining the social-cognitive predictors of exclusive breastfeeding among primiparous mothers during the first six months post-delivery with the view of developing social-cognitive strategies to promote exclusive breastfeeding practices among primiparous mothers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Research design and method: The study was carried out within the quantitative positivist paradigm. The study was divided into two phases. The researcher used quantitative longitudinal, descriptive, exploratory and correlational designs to determine the social cognitive predictors of exclusive breastfeeding among primiparous mothers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia within the first six months post-delivery. The results of the first phase assisted the researcher to design social-cognitive strategies to promote exclusive breastfeeding among primiparous mothers using a Delphi survey. A Delphi survey design was used to assist the researcher to develop the social-cognitive strategies to promote exclusive breastfeeding among primiparous mothers. It consisted of three rounds of mailed self-completion questionnaires. The Delphi was supported with critical review and synthesis of literature throughout the strategies’ development process. Descriptive summary statistics were used to analyse the prenatal breastfeeding behaviour of 141 primiparous mothers followed from the last antenatal care visits up to six months after delivery. Bivariate correlational and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to identify the social cognitive determinants and predictors of exclusive breastfeeding within the first hour post-delivery and six months thereafter. Findings: Positive breastfeeding outcome expectancy and high breastfeeding self-efficacy were identified as the independent social cognitive predictors of exclusive breastfeeding among primiparous mothers in Ethiopia. These predictors were used to develop social cognitive strategies to promote exclusive breastfeeding, which comprise six main components: (1) scientific evidence for the strategies, (2) the rationale for the strategies, (3) the aim of the strategies, (4) the scope of the strategies, (5) the guiding principles, and (6) the key results areas. These strategies were developed and validated with the inputs from 37 experts on breastfeeding and social cognitive theory. Two key results areas (build individual capacity for exclusive breastfeeding and create an enabling environment) and five strategic objectives were formulated and validated. Conclusions: The successful implementation of the social cognitive strategies to promote exclusive breastfeeding among primiparous mothers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia as described above will require among others (1) in-service training on social cognitive skills for healthcare providers with focus on how to build self-efficacy and outcome expectancy, (2) the development of self-efficacy and outcome expectance assessments tools relevant to the Ethiopian context, and (3) additional support and resources from the healthcare managers. Recommendations: To the researcher recommend that programs aimed at promoting exclusive breastfeeding practices among primiparous mothers should be based on the combined attributes of positive social cognitive outcome expectance and high breastfeeding self-efficacy. Further research is needed to develop assessment tools for breastfeeding self-efficacy and outcome expectancy before the implementation of the proposed strategies.<br>Health Studies<br>D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)