Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Hydrostatic models”

A theoretical non-hydrostatic model is developed to describe the dynamics of a two-layer shallow water system in the presence of viscous and Coriolis effects. The Navier-Stokes equations are integrated over the water depth in each layer to obtain the layer-mean equations. To close the resulting equation set, perturbation expansions of the vertical momentum equation are used and the dynamic pressures are solved in terms of wave elevations and horizontal velocities. A preliminary analysis is also carried out and a result for the quasigeostrophic problems is given based on an previous study. Our final model is of the Bousinesq class which is nonlinear and dispersive, and includes the effects of surface wind stress, bottom friction, eddy diffusion and earth rotation. It is shown that our new model can be readily reduced to previous inviscid non-hydrostatic models. Our model can be used in numerical simulations to study real ocean problems such as hurricane generated waves, tidal induced current, and interactions among surface waves, internal waves and variable topographies.<br>Thesis (M. S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1995.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 55-59).<br>UHM: Has both book and microform.<br>U.S. Geological Survey; project no. 06; grant agreement no. 14-08-0001-G2015

A hydrostatic drive test stand was constructed to aid in the instruction of the characteristics of hydrostatic transmissions and to develop a time-varying load in a shaft to compare torque transducers. A mathematical model of the device was derived using the bond graph approach and was implemented using the Advanced Continuous Simulation Language (ACSL). The test stand was used to obtain experimental data to try to refine the model parameters. To facilitate the measurement of system flows, a microprocessor-based digital flow indicator was developed. Steady-state tests were performed at various constant pump swashplate angles; for the dynamic tests, the pump swashplate angle was cycled from zero degrees to 6.5 degrees.<br>Master of Science<br>incomplete_metadata

2004/2005<br>Parametrically excited roll motion has become a relevant technical issue, especially in recent years, due the increasing number of accidents related to this phenomenon. For this reason, its study has attracted the interest of researchers, regulatory bodies and classification societies. The objective of this thesis is the developing of nonlinear analytical models able to provide simplified tools for the analysis of parametrically excited roll motion in longitudinal regular and irregular long crested waves. The sought models will take into account the nonlinearities of restoring and of damping, in order to try filling the gap with the analytical modelling in beam sea. In addition, semi-empirical methodologies will be provided to try extending the usual static approach to ship stability based on the analysis of GZ curve, in a probabilistic framework where the propensity of the ship to exhibit restoring variations in waves is rationally accounted for. The thesis addresses three main topics: the modelling of parametric roll in regular sea (Chapter 2 to Chapter 5), the modelling of parametric roll motion in irregular long crested sea (Chapter 6 and Chapter 7) and the extension of deterministic stability criteria based on the analysis of geometrical GZ curve properties to a probabilistic framework (Chapter 8). Chapter 1 gives an introduction, whereas Chapter 9 reports a series of final remarks. For the regular sea case an analytical model is developed and analysed both in time domain and in frequency domain. In this latter case an approximate analytical solution for the nonlinear response curve in the first parametric resonance region is provided by using the approximate method of averaging. Prediction are compared with experimental results for four ships, and the analytical model is investigated with particular attention to the presence of multiple stable steady states and the inception of chaotic motions. The influence of harmonic components higher than the first one in the fluctuation of the restoring is also investigated. In the case of irregular sea, the Grim's effective wave concept is used to develop an analytical model for the long crested longitudinal sea condition, that allows for an approximate analytical determination of the stochastic stability threshold in the first parametric resonance region. Experimental results are compared with Monte Carlo simulations on a single ship, showing the necessity of a tuning factor reducing the hydrostatically predicted magnitude of parametric excitation. The non-Gaussianity of parametrically excited roll motion is also discussed. Finally, on the basis of the analytical modelling of the restoring term in irregular waves, an extension of the classical deterministic approach to ship static stability in calm water is proposed, to take into account, although is a semi-empirical form, restoring variations in waves. Classical calm water GZ curve is then extended from a deterministic quantity to a stochastic process. By limiting the discussion to the instantaneous ensemble properties of this process, it is shown how it is possible to extend any static stability criterion based on the geometrical properties of the GZ curve, in a rational probabilistic framework taking into account the actual operational area of the ship and the propensity of the ship to show restoring variations in waves. General measures of restoring variations are also discussed, such as the coefficient of variation of metacentric height, restoring lever and area under GZ. Both the short-term and long-term point of view are considered, and the method is applied to three different ships in different geographical areas.

This diploma thesis deals with an optimization of hydrostatic slide of the large-portal gantry machine FRU (TOS Kuřim). First part of the thesis concerns with an analysis of the current practice in hydrostatic guides in the field of heavy gantry machines, an usage of alternative materials for a construction of carrying parts of machines, and possibilities of current simulation methods. Aim of the second part of this thesis is a brief clarification of the principle of mathematical optimization, and creation of general methodology of construction optimization by means of system analysis. Optimization calculations were processed by ANSYS Workbench 11.0. There is achieved adjusted and optimized design of the hydrostatic slide as the result of the thesis. Moreover, the comparison of key deformations was added. Created methodology is applicable in both an area of construction of gantry machines, and a wide spectrum of construction fields.

<p>Hydrostatic transmission is used in many applications where high torque at low speed is demanded. For this project a forest vehicle is at focus. Komatsu Forest would like to have a model for the pressure in the hose between the hydraulic pump and the hydraulic motor. Pressure peaks can arise when the vehicle changes speed or hit a bump in the road, but if a good model is achieved some control action can be developed to reduce the pressure peaks.</p><p>For simulation purposes a model has been developed in Matlab-Simulink. The aim has been to get the simulated values to agree as well as possible with the measured values of the pressure and also for the rotations of the pump and the motor.</p><p>The greatest challenge has been due to the fact that the pressure is a sum of two flows, if one of these simulated flows is too big the pressure will tend to plus or minus infinity. Therefore it is necessary to develop models for the rotations of the pump and the motor that stabilize the simulated pressure.</p><p>Different kinds of models and methods have been tested to achieve the present model. Physical modeling together with a black box model are used. The black box model is used to estimate the torque from the diesel engine. The probable torque from the ground has been calculated. With this setup the simulated and measured values for the pressure agrees well, but the fit for the rotations are not as good.</p>

The aim of this dissertation is to evaluate the possibility of using electrically powered systems instead of a centralized hydraulic system composed of set of distribution pipes for aircrafts' primary control surfaces actuation. Focus will be given in the following topics: Description of new actuation technologies; Option chosen to be studied among the new possibilities; Comparison between the traditional system and the new proposal e System engineering evaluation regarding: weight, safety, thermal issue, connection with electric system, maintenance and certification. Besides that, a more electric actuation architecture will be proposed and compared with the conventional option for an airplane design's case study. A simulation model will be developed to describe the more electric actuator behavior and preview its interaction with other systems. This model will be included in a closed loop to command a primary surface. The closed-loop project will be developed based on an algorithmic method. A Genetic Algorithm (GA) will be implemented to define the gains. Finally, the results obtained will be discussed.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.<br>The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (February 28, 2007) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

The work of the laboratory stand as a whole as well as its particular elements is described. The effect of laws of parameters change of hydrostatic transmission fluid machines regulation and the laws of the braking torque change on the basic parameters of hydrostatic mechanical transmissions of different structures (two schemes were discussed: the first one with an inlet differential, the second - with an output differential) at implementation of both acceleration and deceleration processes is determined. The phenomenon of non-simultaneous translation of operating regimes of fluid machines being a part of the hydrostatic mechanical transmission with an “output” differential in the areas of zero speed and power modes is studied.

Táto diplomová práca sa zaoberá vytvorením dynamického modelu mobilného pracovného stroja. Ciežom práce je vytvorenie blokového modelu pohonu štvorkolesového mobilného pracovného stroja. Model hydrostatického prevodu bol dodaný firmou Sauer-Danfoss. Model mobilného pracovného stroja bol vytvorený v programe MATLAB-Simulink. Dalšou časťou práce je výber typu riadenia hydrostatického prevodu a návrh riadiaceho algoritmu hydrostatického prevodu. Výstupom práce je blokový matematicko-fyzikálny model pohonu štvorkolesového mobilného pracovného stroja spolu s riadiacim algoritmom hydrostatického prevodu v prostredí MATLAB-Simulink.

Graphite is used within a reactor as a moderator and a reflector material. During fast neutron irradiation, the physical properties and dimensions of nuclear graphite are changed significantly. Graphite shrinkage could lead to disengagement of individual component and loss of core geometry; differential shrinkage in the graphite component could lead to the generation of internal stresses and component failure by cracking. The latter behaviour is complicated by the irradiation induced changes in Young's modulus and strength. These dimensional and modulus change have been associated with the irradiation-induced closure of many thousands of micro-cracks associated with the graphite crystallites due to crystal dimensional change. Closure of microcracks in nuclear graphite was simulated by external pressure (hydrostatic loading, deviatory stress and dynamic loading) and not by irradiation, whilst Young's modulus was measured to check if there was any correlation between the two mechanisms. A study of the deformation behaviour of polycrystalline graphite hydrostatically loaded up to 200MPa are reported. Gilsocarbon specimens (isotropic) and Pile Grade A (PGA) specimens are (anisotropic in nature) were investigated. Strain measurements were made in the axial and circumferential directions of cylindrical samples by using strain gauges. Dynamic Young's modulus was also investigated from the propagation velocity of an ultrasonic wave. Porosity measurements are made to determine the change in the porosity before and after deformation and also their contribution towards the compression and dilatation of graphite under pressure. Graphite crystal orientation during loading was also investigated by using XRD (X-ray diffraction) pole figures. Effective medium models were also investigated to describe the effect of porosity on graphite elastic modulus. All the graphite specimens investigated exhibited non-linear pressure- volumetric strain behaviour in both direction (axial and circumferencial). In most of the experiments, the deformation was closing porosity despite new porosity being generated. Under hydrostatic loading, PGA graphite initially stiff then it became less stiff after a few percent of volume strain and then after about ~20% volumetric strain they stiffen up again, whist Gilsocarbon showed similar behaviour at lower volumetric strain (~10-13%). Gilsocarbon was stiff than PGA; this behaviour is due to the fact that Gilsocarbon has higher density and lower porosity than PGA. During unloading, a large hysteresis was formed. The stressed grains are relieved; the initial closed pores began to reopen. It is suggested that during this stage, the volume of pore re-opening superseded the volume of pores closing, the graphite sample volume almost fully recovered. In the axial compression test, PGA perpendicular to the extrusion direction (PGA-AG) was less stiff than PGA parallel to the extrusion direction (PGA-WG); in the hydrostatic compaction test, the PGA-WG sample deformed more because it had to undergo a less complicated shape change. This is because the symmetry of their anisotropy is parallel to the symmetry of the sample. The Pole figures showed an evidence of slight crystal reorientation after hydrostatic loaded up to 200MPa. The effective medium model revealed the importance of porosity interaction in graphite during loading.

In vitro tissue engineering is a method for developing living and functional tissues external to the body, often within a device called a bioreactor to control the chemical and mechanical environment. However, the quality of bone tissue engineered products is currently inadequate for clinical use as the implant cannot bear weight. In an effort to improve the quality of the construct, hydrostatic pressure, the pressure in a fluid at equilibrium that is required to balance the force exerted by the weight of the fluid above, has been investigated as a mechanical stimulus for promoting extracellular matrix deposition and mineralisation within bone tissue. Thus far, little research has been performed into understanding the response of bone tissue cells to mechanical stimulation. In this thesis we investigate an in vitro bone tissue engineering experimental setup, whereby human mesenchymal stem cells are seeded within a collagen gel and cultured in a hydrostatic pressure bioreactor. In collaboration with experimentalists a suite of mathematical models of increasing complexity is developed and appropriate numerical methods are used to simulate these models. Each of the models investigates different aspects of the experimental setup, from focusing on global quantities of interest through to investigating their detailed local spatial distribution. The aim of this work is to increase understanding of the underlying physical processes which drive the growth and development of the construct, and identify which factors contribute to the highly heterogeneous spatial distribution of the mineralised extracellular matrix seen experimentally. The first model considered is a purely temporal model, where the evolution of cells, solid substrate, which accounts for the initial collagen scaffold and deposited extracellular matrix along with attendant mineralisation, and fluid in response to the applied pressure are examined. We demonstrate that including the history of the mechanical loading of cells is important in determining the quantity of deposited substrate. The second and third models extend this non-spatial model, and examine biochemically and biomechanically-induced spatial patterning separately. The first of these spatial models demonstrates that nutrient diffusion along with nutrient-dependent mass transfer terms qualitatively reproduces the heterogeneous spatial effects seen experimentally. The second multiphase model is used to investigate whether the magnitude of the shear stresses generated by fluid flow, can qualitatively explain the heterogeneous mineralisation seen in the experiments. Numerical simulations reveal that the spatial distribution of the fluid shear stress magnitude is highly heterogeneous, which could be related to the spatial heterogeneity in the mineralisation seen experimentally.

Els efectes de les altes pressions hidrostàtiques i la capacitat per sobreviure, recuperar-se i créixer de tres microorganismes patògens (Yersinia enterocolitica, Escherichia coli Salmonella enterica) van ser investigats en llet desnatada i en un formatge model elaborat amb i sense estàrter. Les mostres inoculades amb aquests microorganismes, van ser tractades a 300, 400 i 500 MPa (exceptuant les mostres inoculades amb soques de S. enterica) durant 10 minuts a 20ºC o a temperatura ambient i van ser analitzades microbiològicament just després d'aplicar el tractament d'altes pressions i als 1, 2, 7, 10 i 15 dies (en el cas dels experiments fets amb llet desnatada) i 1, 7 i 15 dies después del tractament (en el cas de les mostres de formatge model) per estudiar l'evolució i comportament de la població d'aquests microorganismes durant el període de conservació. Les mostres de llet desnatada i de formatge model elaborades amb estàrter, van mostrar una letalitat màxima després de ser tractades a 400 i 500 MPa i no es van poder detectar diferències estadísticament significatives en el comportament baroresistent d'aquests microorganismes, exceptuant el cas de les soques de Y. enterocolitica<br/>És important mencionar que les mostres de formatges elaborades sense estàrter van necessitar més pressió per obtenir les mateixes reduccions que en mostres de formatge produïdes amb estàrter. De fet, en aquest cas, el tractament més efectiu va ser 500 MPa per les soques d'E. coli i 400 MPa per les soques de S. enterica. Els patògens inoculats en formatge model produït amb estàrter no van tenir capacitat de recuperar-se i créixer: els recomptes de microorganismes en les mostres tractades van anar disminuint durant el període de conservació a 8 o 12ºC. En canvi, en el cas de la llet desnatada i del formatge model elaborat sense estàrter, totes les mostres tractades van mostrar una tendència a incrementar els seu recomptes cel·lulars durant el període de conservació. Aquests resultats suggereixen que la presència de l'estàrter i el baix pH són els principals factors per controlar la capacitat d'aquests microorganismes de recuperar-se i créixer en aquest tipus de formatge tractat per altes pressions hidrostàtiques.<br>The effects of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment, and the ability for survival, repair and growth of three human pathogenic microorganisms (Yersinia enterocolitica, Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica strains) were investigated in skimmed milk and model cheese made with and without starter culture. Inoculated samples were treated at 300, 400 and 500 MPa (except S. enterica) for 10 min at 20ºC or at room temperature and analysed at 1, 2, 4, 7, 10 and 15 days (in the case of skimmed milk samples) and at 0, 1, 7 and 15 days (in the case of model cheese samples) to study the behaviour of bacterial population over time. Skimmed milk and cheese samples produced with starter culture showed the maximum lethality at 400 and 500 MPa and no significant differences in the baroresistant behaviour of microorganisms were detected, except in the case of Y. enterocolitica strains. Nevertheless, it is important to remark that in cheese produced without starter culture, it was necessary to apply more pressure to obtain the same reduction than in cheese produced with starter culture. In fact, the most effective treatment was mainly 500 MPa, for E. coli strains and 400 MPa for S. enterica strains. Ability to repair and grow was not observed in model cheese produced with starter culture and cell counts of treated samples decreased after 15 days of storage at 8 or 12ºC. Whereas, in skimmed milk and cheese produced without starter, all pressurized samples showed the trend to repair and grow during the storage period. These results suggest that the presence of starter and low pH are the main factors to control the ability to recover and grow of Y. enterocolitica, E. coli and S. enterica strains inoculated in this type of cheese and treated by HHP.

<p> The Saint-Venant shallow water equations are commonly used to model river hydraulics. The equations utilize a hydrostatic assumption with a recommendation to limit use to a bed slope less than 1:10, vertical to horizontal. This recommended limit was made in an era when calculations were performed by hand and therefore minimized by performing a one-dimensional analysis with the distance between river stations maximized. Current technology makes a more detailed analysis accessible. </p><p> This study investigates the effects of applying a two-dimensional hydraulic model that utilizes the Saint-Venant shallow water equations without correction for non-hydrostatic conditions to a bed slope of 1:8. By doing so it was hoped to show that there exists an effective and economical method for engineers to analyze hydraulic effects in these conditions. </p><p> A comparative analysis of the results from the 2D model and a 3D non-hydrostatic model was utilized to investigate the theoretical limit of slope on the hydrostatic assumption. The models consisted of an existing 2D model previously developed for an engineering study and a 3D model developed for this study, which employed a novel approach to approximate the effects of surface roughness. The analysis compared model results for depth, velocity, and flow rate at nine cross sections on the study reach. While the findings from the research are not conclusive they do illustrate that a well resolved 2D model is able to push the 1:10 slope limit on the hydrostatic assumption for the shallow water equations. It was found that a uniform flow applied to the 2D model and allowed to come to steady state maintained a relatively consistent flow rate throughout the length of the reach. This demonstrates that the model did not produce any artificial gains or losses. Surprisingly, the 2D model accomplished this while the 3D model did not. </p><p> These findings are important in locations where the accepted methods of 3D non-hydrostatic modeling would be computationally cumbersome and cost prohibitive. The lack of efficient and affordable analysis tools rated for steep slopes leads to the construction of facilities with unknown hydraulic risk to life and property. Fully verifying the methods of this study would provide needed support to hydraulic engineers for these conditions. </p><p> Concurrent to the research for this thesis, was the development of a series of lessons on introductory hydraulic engineering for middle school students. Engineering is characterized by its hands on, real world application of science and math and is rooted in a tradition of disseminating knowledge through mentorship. Many engineering topics provide opportunity to spark the minds of our youth. The final chapter of this paper is a summary of this work. It is included it here to encourage more engineers to share their work with the next generation.</p><p>

Doutoramento em Química<br>During the last years, the use of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) as a non-thermal technology for preservation or aging of wine has increased substantially in the academic community. However, HHP treated wine has been only analysed after the pressure treatment, with no knowledge available on the effects of HHP during subsequent storage. The results presented in this thesis showed that HHP treatments influence the chemical and sensorial properties of wine during storage. The application of high hydrostatic pressure treatments in winemaking for wine preservation, as an alternative to sulphur dioxide, was evaluated studying the effect of HHP in the physicochemical and sensorial properties of red and white wines during bottle storage. High pressure treatments with 5 min of processing time and pressures of 425 and 500 MPa were shown to influence on both red and white wine physicochemical and sensorial characteristics. However, the effects were only perceptible after, at least, 6 months of storage. The alterations that occurred on the pressurized red wine characteristics, such as the more orange-red colour and the lower antioxidant activity (15-27% less), total phenolic content (9% less), and anthocyanins content (45–61% less), were due to an increase of condensation reactions of phenolic compounds. The increase of these condensation reactions lead to the formation of compounds with higher degree of polymerisation that became insoluble along storage, increasing consequently the amount of wine deposits in the pressurized wines. In terms of white wines, pressurized wines showed, after one year of storage, a more brownish colour and a lower antioxidant activity (15% less) and total content of phenolic compounds (10% less) when compared to the unpressurized wines. These results, together with the lower content of free amino acids (15-20% less) and higher content of furans (up to 70% more), present in the pressurized wines after nine months of storage, led to propose an effect of HHP treatments in the acceleration of Maillard reactions that occur during the wine storage period. Therefore, contrary to the pressurized sulphur dioxide-free red wine, the pressurized white wines were not considered suitable for commercialization as table wines due to the higher brownish colour and cooked fruit aroma, characteristics of an aged or thermally treated wine.Additionally, the impact of the pressure treatments on the volatile composition of sulphur dioxide-free red and white wines, during bottle storage, was evaluated. More than 160 volatile compounds, distributed by 12 chemical groups, were identified in both wines. At the end of storage, the pressurized wines presented a higher content of furans, aldehydes, ketones, and acetals when compared to the unpressurized wines. These results indicate that pressure influences the white and red wine long term volatile composition, being this particularly evident for longer storage periods. The changes on the volatile composition of the pressurized wines, indicated that the HHP treatments accelerate the Maillard reactions, and the oxidation of alcohols and fatty acids, leading to wines with a volatile composition network approaching the characteristic of faster aged and/or thermally treated wines. The acceleration of Maillard reactions and phenolic compounds condensation by HHP treatments was also studied in model wine solutions (hydro alcoholic solution at acidic pH). The results showed that the high pressure treatment accelerated the Maillard reaction and this effect was quantifiable, mainly, after 6 months of storage. Pressurized model solutions presented higher concentration of 2-furfural, phenylacetaldehyde and benzaldehyde, when compared to the controls. In terms of phenolic compounds condensation reactions, the pressurized model wine solutions showed no relevant differences, when compared to controls. Therefore, it seems that the pressure treatment had a higher impact in terms of kineticks of reactions and in less extent in terms of different compounds formed. Lastly, the application of HHP treatments in winemaking to improve the properties of young wines was evaluated. For this propose, the effect of HHP treatments in the phenolic composition of a red wine was studied and compared with the effect of different oenological practices. Wines pressurized at 500 MPa for 5 min, and 600 MPa for 20 min, at 20 ºC, showed, after 5 months of storage, a lower monomeric anthocyanins (8-14%), phenolic acids (8-11%) and flavonols (14-22%) content, when compared to the unpressurized ones. The wine pressurized at 500 MPa presented a flavanols content and a degree of polymerization very similar to the wines treated by traditional aging processes. In terms of sensorial properties, the pressure treatments increased the cooked fruit aroma and decreased the floral and fruit odours and, in the case of the 600 MPa treatment, increased the bitterness. Therefore, the HHP treatments seem to promote reactions that are similar to those observed in wines treated with wood aging processes. In conclusion, the results presented in this thesis showed that HHP treatments accelerated the Maillard reaction and the polymerization reactions between phenolic compounds present in the wine, influencing the chemical and sensorial properties of wine. HHP can be potentially used to preserve or accelerate the wine aging process, producing wines with pleasant and distinct characteristics.<br>Durante os últimos anos, o uso de alta pressão hidrostática (APH) como tecnologia não-térmica para a preservação ou envelhecimento de vinho tem aumentado substancialmente na comunidade académica. No entanto, os vinhos tratados por APH têm sido analisados após o tratamento de pressão, não havendo referências sobre as suas propriedades durante o armazenamento. Os resultados apresentados nesta tese mostram que a aplicação de tratamentos de APH altera as propriedades químicas e sensoriais de vinhos ao longo do armazenamento. Os tratamentos de alta pressão hidrostática foram aplicados na vinificação para a preservação de vinho, como alternativa ao dióxido de enxofre, sendo o seu efeito avaliado nas propriedades físico-químicas e sensoriais de vinhos tintos e brancos durante o armazenamento em garrafa. Os tratamentos de alta pressão com 5 min de processamento e pressões de 425 e 500 MPa mostraram influenciar as características físico-químicas e sensoriais de vinhos tintos e brancos. No entanto, o efeito foi apenas percetível após pelo menos 6 meses de armazenamento. As alterações que ocorreram nas características do vinho tinto pressurizado, tais como a cor mais laranja-vermelho, menor atividade antioxidante (menos 15 a 27%), menor conteúdo de compostos fenólicos totais (menos 9%) e menor teor de antocianinas (menos 45-61%), foram devidas a um aumento das reacções de condensação de compostos fenólicos. O aumento destas reações de condensação levou à formação de compostos com maior grau de polimerização que se tornaram insolúveis no vinho ao longo do armazenamento, aumentando consequentemente a quantidade de depósito nos vinhos pressurizados. Em relação ao vinho branco, os vinhos pressurizados mostraram, depois de um ano de armazenamento, uma cor mais acastanhada, menor atividade antioxidante (menos 15%) e menor teor de compostos fenólicos totais (menos 10%) comparando com os vinhos não pressurizados. Estes resultados, juntamente com o baixo teor de aminoácidos livres (menos 15 a 20%) e um maior teor de furanos (até 70% mais) para os vinhos pressurizados após nove meses de armazenamento, levam a propor que os tratamentos de APH aceleraram as reações de Maillard que ocorrem durante o período de armazenamento do vinho. No entanto, ao contrário dos vinhos tintos pressurizados, os vinho brancos pressurizados não foram considerados adequados para comercialização como vinhos de mesa, visto que apresentavam uma cor acastanhada e um elevado aroma a fruta cozida, características estas de vinhos envelhecidos ou tratados termicamente.Adicionalmente, foi avaliado o impacto dos tratamentos de APH sobre a composição volátil dos vinhos tintos e brancos sem dióxido de enxofre durante o armazenamento em garrafas. Mais de 160 compostos voláteis, distribuídos por 12 grupos químicos, foram identificados em ambos os vinhos. No final do armazenamento, os vinhos pressurizados apresentaram um teor mais elevado de furanos, aldeídos, cetonas e acetais quando comparados com os vinhos não pressurizados. Estes resultados indicam que os tratamentos de APH influenciam a composição volátil de vinhos brancos e tintos, , sendo mais evidente em longos períodos de armazenamento. As mudanças na composição volátil dos vinhos indicaram que os tratamentos de APH aceleraram as reações de Maillard e também a oxidação de álcoois e ácidos gordos, originando vinhos com uma composição volátil próxima de vinhos com envelhecimento acelerado ou tratados termicamente. A aceleração das reações de Maillard e de polimerização dos compostos fénolicos causada pelos tratamentos de APH foi também estudada em soluções modelo de vinho (solução hidroalcoólica com pH ácido). Os resultados mostraram que o tratamento de APH acelera a reação de Maillard , sendo este efeito quantificado, apenas, após 6 meses de armazenamento. As soluções modelo de vinho pressurizadas apresentaram concentrações mais elevadas de 2-furfuraldeído, fenilacetaldeído e benzaldeído, em comparação com os controlos. Em termos de polimerização dos compostos fénolicos, as soluções modelo pressurizadas não apresentaram diferenças relevantes, em comparação com os controlos. Por conseguinte, os tratamentos de APH aparentem ter mais impacto em termos de modificações nas cineticas de reação do que na formação de novos compostos. Por último, a aplicação de tratamentos de APH foi estudada para melhorar as propriedades de vinhos jovens. Para este propósito, o efeito de tratamentos de APH na composição fenólica de um vinho tinto foi estudado e comparado com o efeito de diferentes práticas enológicas. Vinhos pressurizados a 500 MPa durante 5 min e a 600 MPa durante 20 min, a 20 ºC, mostraram depois de 5 meses de armazenamento um menor teor de antocianinas monoméricas (8-14%), ácidos fenólicos (8-11%) e flavonóis (14 -22%), quando comparados com os vinhos não-pressurizados. O vinho pressurizado a 500 MPa apresentou um teor de flavonóis e um grau de polimerização de taninos muito semelhante aos vinhos tratados por processos de envelhecimento tradicionais. Em termos de propriedades sensoriais, os tratamentos de pressão aumentaram o aroma de fruta cozida e diminuiram os aromas florais e frutados, tendo no caso do tratamento de 600 MPa sido verificado também um aumento da amargura. Assim sendo, os tratamentos de APH parecem promover reações que são semelhantes às observadas em vinhos tratados com processos de envelhecimento em madeira. Em conclusão, os resultados apresentados nesta tese mostram que a aplicação de tratamentos de APH acelera as reações de Maillard e a polimerização dos compostos fenólicos presentes no vinho, ao longo do armazenamento, alterando assim as propriedades químicas e sensoriais dos vinhos. A APH pode ser potencialmente utilizada para preservar ou acelerar o processo de envelhecimento de vinho tinto produzindo vinhos com características agradáveis e distintas.

Dans cette thèse, nous établissons rigoureusement des ponts entre les écoulements continument stratifiés et les écoulements multi-couches. Dans une première partie, nous considérons le système de Saint-Venant multi-couches avec un terme supplémentaire diffusif qui a un effet régularisant, dont la motivation provient des travaux des océanographes Gent &amp; McWilliams sur le mélange isopycnal et la diffusivité des tourbillons, et qui pourrait être interprété comme un terme de turbulence. En exploitant la structure de ce système, nous obtenons un dictionnaire qui nous permet d'interpréter ce système multi-couches comme une discrétisation de la formulation en coordonnées isopycnales du système hydrostatique continument stratifié avec le terme diffusif de Gent &amp; McWilliams ajouté de manière similaire. Nous montrons la convergence de la solution discrète vers la solution continue à mesure que le nombre de couches tend vers l'infini, et nous fournissons un taux de convergence explicite. Dans une deuxième partie, dans cette thèse, nous abordons la limite "inverse", nous montrons rigoureusement que, sous certaines conditions d'hyperbolicité et dans un cadre topologique bien choisi, la solution du système continument stratifié converge vers le système de Saint-Venant bi-couches dans la limite de stratification nette<br>In this thesis, we rigorously establish bridges between continuously stratified flows and multi-layer flows. In the first part, we consider the multi-layer shallow water system with an additional diffusive term that has a regularizing effect, motivated by the work of oceanographers Gent &amp; McWilliams on isopycnal mixing and eddy diffusivity, which can be interpreted as a turbulence term. By exploiting the structure of this system, we derive a dictionary that allows us to interpret this multi-layer system as a discretization of the formulation in isopycnal coordinates of the continuously stratified hydrostatic system with the Gent &amp; McWilliams diffusive term added in a similar manner. We demonstrate the convergence of the discrete solution to the continuous solution as the number of layers tends to infinity, and we provide an explicit convergence rate. In the second part of this thesis, we address the "inverse" limit. We rigorously show that, under certain hyperbolicity conditions and within a well-chosen topological framework, the solution of the continuously stratified system converges to the bi-layer shallow water system in the limit of sharp stratification

Arpege/aladin est un modele tri-dimensionnel a domaine limite, qui fait partie du systeme integre de prevision numerique arpege/ifs. Comme son equivalent global, la version a domaine limite utilise une representation spectrale des champs horizontaux. Une version non-hydrostatique d'arpege/aladin a ete developpee en utilisant la pression hydrostatique comme variable independante. La dynamique choisie represente la version totalement elastique des equations d'euler, l'orographie etant introduite par le biais d'une coordonnee hybride epousant la surface terrestre a sa base. Le schema semi-implicite a ete adapte pour controler les ondes acoustiques comme les ondes de gravite. Il a fallu modifier l'approximation de l'epaisseur logarithmique des couches du modele, et ce pour respecter la regle de l'integration par parties dans le processus conduisant a l'equation de structure. Le schema classique est complete par une correction implicite supplementaire sur la partie non lineaire de la divergence tri-dimensionnelle: ceci implique d'iterer la solution de l'equation d'helmholtz. Tout ceci a permis de prouver pour la premiere fois la faisabilite de cette nouvelle methode. Les resultats de tests idealises dans une version bi-dimensionnelle plan vertical pour des ecoulements au dessus d'une montagne en cloche sont tres proches des solutions analytiques connues. La capacite du modele a representer les ondes de sillage non-hydrostatiques et l'influence de certains effets convectifs a aussi pu etre verifiee

High pressure applications are alternatives to conventional methods in food processing. They provide interesting modifications in food structures which leads to new product formulations. The aim of this study is to identify the effects of two different treatments, high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and high dynamic pressure (HDP) on stability and rheological properties of model oil-in-water emulsions. Microfluidization was selected among the HDP homogenization techniques. The performance of each process was analyzed in terms of rheological modifications and emulsion stability improvements compared to the coarse emulsions which were prepared with colloid mill homogenization. Stability of emulsions was determined comparatively by using an analytical photo-centrifuge device employing a novel analysis technology. Whey protein isolate (WPI) was used as an emulsifier in combination with a food polysaccharide as a stabilizer. The polysaccharides used were xanthan gum, guar gum and locust bean gum which are widely used stabilizing ingredients in food industry. The effective disruption of oil droplets and the degradation of polysaccharides by the shear forces under high pressure in HDP microfluidization yielded finer emulsions with lower viscosities. The finer emulsions obtained with this homogenization technique led to distinctive improvements in emulsion stability. On the other hand, the improvements in stability by HHP treatment were due to the thickening of the emulsions mainly induced by protein unfolding. The corresponding increases in viscosity were intensified in emulsion formulations with higher oil content. Apart from these, HHP treatment was found to be relatively more contributing to the enhancements in viscoelastic properties.

Predložená doktorandská dizertačná práca (ďalej len práca) sa zaoberá rozsiahlou analýzou valčekového hydrogenerátora s premenlivým geometrickým objemom a predikciou výkonových úspor dosiahnutých aplikáciou navrhnutého valčekového hydrogenerátora s premenlivým geometrickým objemom v hydrostatickom pohone vybraných mobilných pracovných strojov. Teoretický rozbor princípov fungovania valčekového hydrogenerátora a teória jednorozmerného simulačného modelu sú popísané v prvej časti práce. Na základe odvodenej teórie je vytvorený simulačný model, ktorý je vhodný na predikciu priebehu tlaku v komorách valčekového hydrogenerátora, síl pôsobiacich na valček a na predikciu vnútorných únikov vzniknutých skratovaním rozvodovej dosky, ktoré majú priamy vplyv na objemovú účinnosť valčekového hydrogenerátora. Simulačný model bol úspešne použitý pre optimalizáciu rozvodových dosiek valčekového hydrogenerátora a vhodnosť simulačného modelu potvrdili následné merania Práca obsahuje aj analýzu síl pôsobiacich na vodiaci prstenec, ktorej výsledky boli taktiež potvrdené meraním. Analýza týchto síl môže vylepšiť v konečnom dôsledku parametre budúcich tlakových regulácii. Práca ďalej obsahuje základné porovnanie použitých tlakových regulácii. Všetky uskutočnené merania potvrdili, že valčekový hydrogenerátor s premenlivým geometrickým objemom s testovanými tlakovými reguláciami je schopný úspešne pracovať v hydrostatickej prevodovke. Druhá časť práce analyzuje potenciál výkonových úspor valčekového hydrogenerátora s premenlivým geometrickým objemom pre dve mobilné aplikácie - teleskopický nakladač s hmotnosťou 9 ton a kombajn s hmotnosťou 20 ton. Analýza vyžaduje jednorozmerný simulačný model hydrostatického pohonu s teplotnou predikciou hydrostatickej prevodovky. Dva rozdielne koncepty variabilného doplňovacieho systému hydrostatickej prevodovky sú porovnané so štandardným doplňovacím systémom pre pracovný a transportný režim oboch vybraných typov vozidiel. Simulácia pohonu vozidla s valčekovým hydrogenerátorom s premenlivým geometrickým objemom vo funkcii doplňovacieho hydrogenerátora a obtokovou clonou potvrdili vyššie úspory iba v prípadoch, kedy rýchlosť doplňovacieho hydrogenerátora bola výrazne vyššia a prietok cez obtokovú clonu do skrine hlavného hydrogenerátora zabezpečil dostatočné chladenie. Najvyššie výkonové úspory boli dosiahnuté s premenlivým preplachovacím systémom, ktorého prietok sa menil podľa požiadaviek hydrostatickej prevodovky. Záver druhej časti práce sa zaoberá metodikou dimenzovania veľkosti doplňovacieho hydrogenerátora.

The main objective of this study was to determine the pressure induced inactivation mechanism of pressure-resistant Escherichia coli O157:H7 933 and Staphylococcus aureus 485 in a low acid food. Firstly, inactivation curves of pathogens were obtained at 200 to 400 MPa at 40&ordm<br>C in peptone water and carrot juice. First-order and Weibull models were fitted and Weibull model described the inactivation curves of both pathogens more accurately than first-order model, revealing that food systems could exhibit either protective or sensitizing effect on microorganisms. Carrot juice had a protective effect on E. coli O157:H7 whereas it had a sensitizing effect on S. aureus, due to the naturally occurring constituents or phytoalexins in carrot roots that could have a toxic effect. Secondly, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fluorescent microscopy images of studied pathogens were taken. Developed software was used to analyze SEM images to calculate the change in the view area and volume of cells. Membrane integrity of pressurized cells was also examined using fluorescent microscopy images. The increase in average values of the view area and volume of both pathogens was significant for the highest pressure levels studied. The increase in volume and the view area could be explained by the modification of membrane properties, i.e., disruption or increase in permeability, lack of membrane integrity, denaturation of membrane-bound proteins and pressure-induced phase transition of membrane lipid bilayer. The change in volume and the view area of microorganisms added another dimension to the understanding of inactivation mechanisms of microbial cells by HHP.

Presented in this study is a wide-ranging investigation into the use of properties of balance in an operational numerical weather prediction context. Initially, a joint numerical and observational study is undertaken. We used the Unified Model (UM), the suite of atmospheric and oceanic prediction software used at the UK Met Office (UKMO), to locate symmetric instabilities (SIs), an indicator of imbalanced motion. These are areas of negative Ertel potential vorticity (in the Northern hemisphere) calculated on surfaces of constant potential temperature. Once located, the SIs were compared with satellite and aircraft observational data. As a full three-dimensional calculation of Ertel PV proved outwith the scope of this study we calculated the two-dimensional, vertical component of the absolute vorticity, to assess the inertial stability criterion. We found that at the synoptic scale in the atmosphere, if there existed a symmetric instability, it was dominated by an inertial instability. With the appropriate observational data, evidence of inertial instability from the vertical component of the absolute vorticity, predicted by the UM was found at 12km horizontal grid resolution. Varying the horizontal grid resolution allowed the estimation of a grid length scale, above which, the inertial instability was not captured by the observational data, of approximately 20km. Independently, aircraft data was used to estimate that horizontal grid resolutions above 20-25km should not model any features of imbalance providing a real world estimate of the lower bound of the grid resolution that should be employed by a balanced atmospheric prediction model. A further investigation of the UM concluded that the data assimilation scheme and time of initialisation had no effect on the generation of SIs. An investigation was then made into the robustness of balanced models in the shallow water context, employing the contour-advective semi-Lagrangian (CASL) algorithm, Dritschel & Ambaum (1997), a novel numerical algorithm that exploits the underlying balance observed within a geophysical flow at leading order. Initially two algorithms were considered, which differed by the prognostic variables employed. Each algorithm had their three-time-level semi-implicit time integration scheme de-centred to mirror the time integration scheme of the UM. We found that the version with potential vorticity (PV), divergence and acceleration divergence, CA[subscript(δ,γ)], as prognostic variables preserved the Bolin-Charney balance to a much greater degree than the model with PV, divergence and depth anomaly CA[subscript(tilde{h},δ)], as prognostic variables. This demonstrated that CA[subscript(δ,γ)] was better equipped to benefit from de-centring, an essential property of any operational numerical weather prediction (NWP) model. We then investigate the robustness of CA[subscript(δ,γ)] by simulating flows with Rossby and Froude number O(1), to find the operational limits of the algorithm. We also investigated increasing the efficiency of CA[subscript(δ,γ)] by increasing the time-step Δt employed while decreasing specific convergence criteria of the algorithm while preserving accuracy. We find that significant efficiency gains are possible for predominantly mid-latitude flows, a necessary step for the use of CA[subscript(δ,γ)] in an operational NWP context. The study is concluded by employing CASL in the non-hydrostatic context under the Boussinesq approximation, which allows weak stratification to be considered, a step closer to physical reality than the shallow water case. CASL is compared to the primitive equation pseudospectral (PEPS) and vorticity-based pseudospectral (VPS) algorithms, both as the names suggest, spectral-based algorithms, which again differ by the prognostic variables employed. This comparison is drawn to highlight the computational advantages that CASL has over common numerical methods used in many operational forecast centres. We find that CASL requires significantly less artificial numerical diffusion than its pseudospectral counterparts in simulations of Rossby number ~O(1). Consequently, CASL obtains a much less diffuse, more accurate solution, at a lower resolution and therefore lower computational cost. At low Rossby number, where the flow is strongly influence by the Earth's rotation, it is found that CASL is the most cost-effective method. In addition, CASL also preserves a much greater proportion of balance, diagnosed with nonlinear quasigeostrophic balance (NQG), another significant advantage over its pseudospectral counterparts.

L’étude se situe dans le cadre de la recherche de gains de performance de structures d’isolations passives pour l’offshore profond. Le travail proposé a pour support des analyses expérimentales et numériques de tubes revêtus par des matériaux isolants utilisés en eau profonde pour transporter du fluide chaud. Le raboutage des tubes en acier, préalablement revêtus en atelier, nécessite un dégagement du revêtement aux extrémités pour réaliser l'opération d'assemblage (généralement par soudure). La partie dégagée est ensuite recouverte par un nouveau matériau pouvant être appliqué sur site. Ainsi l’isolation de cette partie du tube (Field Joint), qui est soumise à des chargements thermomécaniques en service, doit être optimisée pour assurer une durée de vie compatible avec les contraintes de l’exploitation offshore en eau profonde. Le travail comporte principalement quatre parties : - la modélisation du comportement thermique pour analyser l’évolution en temps et en espace de la température du matériau au cours de la fabrication, de la pose et en service sachant que pour les matériaux d’isolation le comportement mécanique est fortement dépendant de la température,- une partie expérimentale pour l’analyse du comportement des matériaux isolants en fonction de la température et en fonction de la pression hydrostatique qui est le principal chargement mécanique de ces structures en service,- la modélisation du comportement mécanique des isolants,- et une partie modélisation et simulation du comportement en service d'assemblages multi-matériaux de type industriel, avec prise en compte du comportement non-linéaire des constituants<br>Ultra deep offshore oil exploitation presents new challenges to offshore engineering and operating companies. Such applications require the use of pipelines with an efficient thermal protection. Passive insulation materials are commonly used to guarantee the thermal performance of the pipes, and syntactic foams are now the preferred material for this application. The mechanical behaviour of such insulation materials is quite complex, associating time-dependent behaviour of polymers with damage behaviour of glass microspheres. In order to allow an optimisation of such systems, while ensuring in-service durability, accurate numerical models of insulation materials are thus required. During the service life in deep water, hydrostatic pressure is the most important mechanical loading of the pipeline, so this study aims to describe the mechanical behaviour of the material under such loading. Using a hyperbaric chamber, the analysis of the evolution of the volumetric strain with time, with respect to the temperature, under different time-evolutions of the applied hydrostatic pressure is presented in this paper. Such experimental results associated with the mechanical response of the material under uniaxial tensile creep tests, allow the development of a thermo-mechanical model, so that representative loadings can be analysed

Les modèles d'ascendance convective utilisés actuellement dans les paramétrisations de la convection ne prennent pas en compte explicitement le terme de pression non-hydrostatique, bien que son rôle fondamental soit documenté et expliqué depuis les années 70. Pour palier cette limitation, un modèle anélastique pronostique à deux colonnes d'une ascendance convective,prenant en compte explicitement le terme de pression non-hydrostatique, a été développé avec une géométrie 2D et 3D. Des fonctions de forme sont introduites pour réduire l'impact de la basse résolution horizontale. Trois paramètres doivent être prescrits : la hauteur et le rapport d'aspect de l'ascendance ainsi que la taille totale de la cellule convective. Le modèle est évalué en utilisant des profils de flottabilité idéalisés et constants, puis en s'appuyant sur une simulation LES de développement diurne de la convection profonde. Le comportement du modèle est en accord avec notre connaissance de la pression non hydrostatique à l'intérieur des nuages et de son rôle.L'ascendance simulée atteint rapidement un état stationnaire (5 min) en réponse au champ de flottabilité. Ainsi une version diagnostique a été développée, confirmant les résultats de la version pronostique. Sous le cœur de l'ascendance, un gradient de pression dirigé vers le bas est simulé permettant à l'ascendance de franchir la barrière d'inhibition convective. La future implémentation de ce modèle dans un schéma de convection, pour remplacer les formulations des modèles d'ascendance actuelles, devrait permettre d'augmenter la durée des évènements convectifs.

High interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) in tumours is recognized as a barrier to drug delivery resulting in reduced efficacy. High IFP impedes the normal process of convective fluid flow (CFF) from blood vessels into the interstitium. The aim of this study was to develop an in vitro model that could be used to measure CFF and to study its effects on drug delivery. The model consists of a transwell cell culture insert which supports the growth of multicell layers (MCL) on collagen coated membranes. A graduated tube is inserted into the transwell and a pressure gradient is applied across the membrane by raising the volume of medium in the tube above that of the bottom chamber. CFF is determined by measuring the weight of medium in the bottom chamber as a function of time. CFF was inversely proportional to MCL thickness and 41.1±3.6µm thick MCL has completely stopped CFF. Using a physiologically relevant hydrostatic pressure of 28mmHg, a CFF of 21µL/min was recorded using a DLD-1 MCL that was 12.21±3.2µm thick. Under these conditions, the rates of penetration of doxorubicin, imatinib and gefitinib were respectively 42, 26 and 13 folds greater than when no CFF exists. Reversing the CFF so that it opposed the drug diffusion gradient significantly impairs drug penetration. In conclusion, a novel in vitro model for assessing the impact of CFF on drug delivery has been developed. This model could be used to evaluate strategies designed to increase drug delivery to solid tumours by modifying the CFF.

Les ondes internes sont observées partout dans le monde. Elles ont un rôle important dans la mise en place de la chaine trophique, et elles peuvent avoir un impact sur les activités humaines. Ainsi, dans le Golfe de Guinée, des ondes internes solitaires (OIS) ont provoqué des incidents sur des plateformes pétrolières. L’objectif de la thèse est d’identifier leurs zones de génération, leurs directions de propagation, ainsi que les conditions d’environnement susceptibles de les déclencher. La thèse a comporté deux aspects : d’une part des mesures de courant étaient disponibles et d’autre part la mise en place de modèles numériques. Ces mesures ont montré le passage d’OIS. En outre, les zones de génération potentielles sont identifiées en haut du talus continental. Leur répartition mensuelle a montré une variabilité saisonnière, due à la Mousson Ouest Africaine qui modifie les conditions de stratification au cours de l’année.La modélisation a été réalisée avec HYCOM. Une maquette hydrostatique régionale du Golfe de Guinée a été mise en place. Elle a d’abord été validée en configuration barotrope (océan homogène). Une configuration bicouche a ensuite été testée, et la théorie linéaire des ondes internes a été vérifiée sur ses résultats. Des termes non hydrostatiques ont ensuite été ajoutés dans les équations horizontales du courant de HYCOM, pour modéliser des OIS. L’impact des paramètres physiques, en particulier la force de Coriolis et le forçage barotrope, ainsi que l’effet d’un courant moyen, a été étudié sur des configurations bicouches radiales. Enfin, un canyon a été ajouté au milieu du talus pour évaluer qualitativement les effets d’une bathymétrie 2D sur les OIS<br>Internal waves are observed in different locations. They have a key role in the set up of the trophic chain, and they can impact human activities.For instance, in the Gulf of Guinea, internal solitary waves (ISWs) have caused hazards on offshore oil platforms. The aim of the thesis is to identify the generation zones and the directions of propagation of these ISWs, and the environmental conditions (tides, stratification) that can generate them. One the one hand measurements of currents were available, and on the other hand numerical models were used.Measurements of currents were analyzed. Packets of ISWs were identified. Moreover, the potential generation zones of the ISWs, particularly the top of the shelf break, were inferred from their direction of propagation. The monthly repartition of the packets of ISWs revealed a seasonal variability, due to the West African Monsoon, which modified the conditions of the stratification throughout the year.Concerning the modelling, the numerical model HYCOM was used. One regional hydrostatic model of the Gulf of Guinea was built. This regional model was validated for a barotropic configuration (homogeneous ocean) first. Then, a two-layered configuration was set up, and the linear theory of the internal waves was confirmed on the results.Non hydrostatic terms were added to the horizontal velocity equations in HYCOM, to model ISWs. The influence of different physical parameters, such as the Coriolis force, the barotropic forcing, and a mean current was studied on two-layered radial configurations. Finally, a canyon in the middle of the shelf break was set up to assess qualitatively the effect of a 2D bathymetry on the ISWs

L’ingénierie tissulaire est une stratégie médicale qui repose sur la régénération de tissu par les cellules avec ou sans matériaux. Pour maîtriser cette synthèse, il faut comprendre la cellule comme une part intégrante du tissu. Hormis ses interactions biochimiques avec son support, la cellule interagit également mécaniquement avec son environnement. Elle s’accroche à ce dernier et évalue sa dureté pour adapter sa réponse biologique. Dans cette étude, j’ai développé des modèles numériques pour analyser l’influence de la rigidité du substrat sur le comportement mécanique de la cellule, sur sa structure contractile interne et les efforts qu’elle génère. En d’autres termes, j’ai essayé de comprendre comment la cellule ressent la rigidité de son environnement. De plus, au lieu de me focaliser sur les propriétés mécaniques quantitatives, j’ai cherché à développer un modèle conceptuel simplifié plus proche de la structure cellulaire<br>Tissue engineering is a medical strategy based on utilizing cells and materials to regenerate a new tissue. Yet, it involves intertwined interactions that allow cells to act as integrated parts of an organ. In addition to chemical reactions, the cell interacts mechanically with its environment by sensing its rigidity. Here, we used several computational models to understand how substrate rigidity affects a cell’s structure as it adheres and spreads on it. In other words we tried to understand the way a cell feels how soft or hard it surrounding is, how it affects its internal structure and the forces that transit within it. In addition, instead of focusing on mechanical properties, we developed a simplified, yet coherent conceptual understanding of the cellular structure

Вербовецька М.В. Покращення параметрів обробки на токарних верстатах з шпиндельними вузлами на гідростатичних опорах. 8.05050301 «Металорізальні верстати та системи» – Тернопільський національний технічний університет імені Івана Пулюя. – Тернопіль, 2017.<br>В роботі проведено конструювання шпиндельних вузлів токарних верстатів та розрахунок гідростатичних опор з контролем пружних і теплових деформацій на основі розв’язку задач гідродинаміки, теорії пружності й теплового балансу.<br>Робота складається з розрахунково-пояснювальної записки та графічної частини. Розрахунково-пояснювальна записка складається з вступу, 8 розділів, висновків, переліку посилань та додатків. Обсяг роботи: розрахунково-пояснювальна записка – 144 арк. формату А4, графічна частина – 10 аркушів формату А1

Dans plusieurs pays, les technologies d'usinage d'ultra-précision apportent une contribution importante au développement des sciences et des hautes technologies, principalement dans les domaines de l'optique, des microsystèmes et des ordinateurs avec des applications dans l'industrie des semi-conducteurs, du stockage de données, de l'aéronautique et de l'espace. L'usinage d'ultra-précision est entré dans le domaine de la nano-échelle et devient une dé nécessaire au développement des hautes technologies tant civiles que militaires. L'objectif de la recherche était de développer des méthodes de modélisation des axes mobiles d'une machine-outil d'ultra-précision, afin de prédire et identifier les erreurs de la machine et sa précision d'usinage. L'analyse des erreurs a été effectuée par la théorie multi-corps, la méthode des matrices de transfert et la méthode des éléments finis. La broche verticale sur paliers hydrostatiques a été modélisée. La raideur des paliers a été déduite des calculs de la portance par éléments finis et par une approximation analytique, en très bon accord. Le modèle mathématique de l'équilibre statique de la broche a permis d'évaluer la raideur sur tous les degrés de liberté, conduisant à la relation entre l'angle d'erreur de battement et le chargement. Les vibrations forcées de la broche générées par un défaut d'équilibrage pendant l'usinage ont été calculés par un modèle dynamique, dont on peut déduire la raideur dynamique et la réponse en fréquence. Un modèle thermomécanique de la broche intégrée à la machine a été établi, avec estimation des sources et des transferts de chaleur : l’influence des mécanismes de transfert sur l'erreur thermique a été analysée et l'impact sur la précision de la machine a été déduit. Un modèle d'erreur couplée des axes la machine sur guidages à paliers aérostatiques a été établi par la théorie multi-corps. La distribution de pression du film de gaz alimenté par une double rangée d'orifices a été obtenue par la théorie de la lubrification pour la structure complexe composée de guidages verticaux associés à des chariots d'équilibrage. Le modèle dynamique couplé du système de glissière a été établi et la réponse dynamique des guidages en fonction de la hauteur du film d'air a été déduite. Finalement, une méthode d’identification de l'erreur de mouvement de la machine à partir de la mesure d'une pièce usinée a été développée. Les mesures de la surface de la pièce usinée ont été traitées par transformation en ondelettes. L'erreur de rotation de la broche a été modélisée par une fonction de Weierstrass du temps. La corrélation entre les mesures géométriques des guidages, du système de broche et de la pièce permet d'en déduire l'influence de chaque source d'erreur sur la précision d'usinage. En combinant les analyses par ondelettes et densité spectrale, on peut également identifier les différentes erreurs dynamiques de la machine dans le domaine fréquentiel et la relation entre les ondulations de petite amplitude présentes dans la morphologie de la surface sur la précision de la machine<br>Ultra-precision machining technology is an important supporting technology of modern high-technology warfare, which is the development foundation for hightech industries and science and technology, and is the development direction of modern manufacturing science. The semiconductor device supported by ultraprecision machining technology, laid the foundation for the development of electronics and information industry. The development of modern science and technology based on the test, almost all of the test equipment needs the support of ultra-precision machining technology. Now ultra-precision machining has entered the nano-scale, and become an indispensable key means of developing high-tech. Whether the military industry, or civilian industry, all need such advanced machining technology. The research on machining precision of a two-axis large ultra-precision machine tool, analyzing the errors of main components of machine tool by multibody theory, the transfer matrix method, and finite element method. In order to show the comprehensive characterization of workpiece, wavelet method, correlation analysis and power spectral density method are used to analyze the surface topography of workpiece, different from the traditional Fourier transfer method, wavelet method express the comprehensive characterization of the signal in time and frequency domain. Correlation analysis method can estimate the signal in two different processes. Power spectral density method can fully reflect the impact of small-scale waviness of surface morphology on the machined accuracy. For the hydrostatic bearings, the parameters equation of bearings was deduced by the knowledge of fluid mechanics, and the calculated results were compared with other calculations. The mathematical model of spindle system in equilibrium was established according to Newton’s law, based on the the model, the relationship between derivation angle and stiffness of bearing was deduced, and the stiffness in all directions are given. The forced vibration of spindle caused by unbalance during machining process was researched through dynamic model of spindle. Dynamic stiffness and frequency response were deduced according to the axial static stiffness of spindle. Thermal-mechanical model of spindle system was established, the calculation basis of the heat transfer in the spindle system was deuced, and thermal error was analyzed with heat transfer mechanism, the variation of bearing performance at the different conditions under the influence of thermal errors, and the impact on the machining accuracy was analyzed. The coupling error model of guidewaies of machine tool was established with multi-body system theory. For the complex structure of guideway and unloading slide, the pressure distribution of gas film of guideway with double row orifices by gas lubrication theory, and corresponding load capacity and gas stiffness was obtained. The movement frequency with gas film thickness of entire slide system during machining process was showed. The coupling dynamic model of motion and unloading slides was established through corresponding frequency, the dynamic response of slide with the variation of gas film thickness was deduced. Finally, the variation of moving frequency in the whole gas film thickness was obtained. Finally, the measured result of workpiece was processed by wavelet transfer. The rotation error model of spindle was proposed by Weierstrass function, and the correctness and feasibility of this model was verified by comparing with actual test results. The correlation between guideway, spindle system and measured result of workpiece was analyzed, thus the degree of influence of every error on the machining accuracy was deduced. Combained with wavelet method and power spectral density method, the errors of guideway and spindle systems was analyzed in frequency domain, the characteristics of vibration signal of machine tool in frequency domain was extracted, and various error that affect the machining accuracy were identified according to the spectral characteristics

Ce travail de doctorat a pour objet l’étude, dans le diamant, de l'influence de la pression sur les transitions optiques entres l’état fondamental et les états excités du centre « azote-lacune de carbone » NV, sans paramètre ajustable. Le centre neutre NV0 et le centre chargé négativement NV- ont chacun été étudiés. L’étude a nécessité le développement d’un modèle de Hubbard où les valeurs des interactions sont obtenues sans ajustement sur l’expérience, par une méthode de calcul à partir des principes premiers.Le centre NV est un défaut à niveaux profonds, ses propriétés optiques et magnétiques sont liées aux niveaux sans dispersion dans la bande interdite électronique associés à des états électroniques fortement localisés. Ces niveaux proviennent de combinaisons linéaires d’orbitales localisées correspondant aux quatre liaisons pendantes pointant vers le centre de la lacune et issues des corrélations électroniques fortes. C'est pourquoi un traitement rigoureux, à l’échelle quantique, est nécessaire. La DFT est une approche puissante pour les calculs des propriétés de l'état fondamental des défauts ponctuels. Cependant, les états électroniques en DFT ont un caractère mono-déterminantal : un seul déterminant de Slater intervient, auquel il manque les corrélations non dynamiques. La DFT seule ne permet pas de calculer certains états électroniques à N - corps qui caractérisent les défauts profonds. De plus, les fonctionnelles d'échange et corrélation (FXC) utilisées en DFT ont une précision limitée.C'est pourquoi j’ai d’abord développé une approche combinée modèle d'Hubbard + DFT. La transition triplet-triplet entre l’état fondamental et le premier état triplet excité est étudié à la fois avec la FXC standard GGA-PBE, et la FXC hybride HSE06. Il est montré que l'utilisation de cette dernière améliore la description des corrélations au-delà de la DFT-PB, et permet la prédiction des transitions optiques plus précise. De plus, les interactions à longue portée ont un effet crucial dans la modélisation des défauts profonds: premièrement, les déformations élastiques, dues à la présence d’un atome de nature différente (N) de ceux de la matrice (C), sont à longue portée et doivent être prises en compte; ensuite, quand le défaut est chargé, il est important d'éviter l'interaction non-physique charge-charge entre supermailles voisines, causée par l'utilisation des conditions périodiques aux limites. Par conséquent, j’ai étudié la structure atomique d’un défaut dans de grandes supermailles.La diagonalisation exacte soit, en termes de chimie quantique, le calcul d'interaction de configurations, du Hamiltonian de Hubbard dans la base à plusieurs électrons, construite à partir des niveaux localisé dans la bande interdite, permet d’accéder aux états fondamental et excités multi-configurationels. Cette technique a été comparée aux méthodes récentes de l'état de l'art.La méthode développée est appliquée à l’étude de l'effet de la pression hydrostatique sur les niveaux triplets et singulets du centre NV-, et sur les niveaux doublets et quadruplets du centre NV0. Parmi les nombreux résultats, j'ai découvert un effet très intéressant lié à la transition singulet-singulet sous pression hydrostatique dans le centre NV-. Les résultats obtenus dans ce travail n'ont jamais été ni calculé ni mesurés expérimentalement. Pour valider mon modèle théorique, j'ai comparé mes résultats avec des mesures expérimentales disponibles pour les transitions optiques du centre NV- et du centre NV0 obtenus par nos collaborateurs. Enfin, l'effet de couplage électron-phonon a été discuté.En perspective, j'ai développé un nouveau code de calcul qui peut être utilisé pour étudier d'autres défauts d'interêt dans les technologies quantiques<br>The aim of this thesis is to study the influence of the pressure on the optical transitions between multi-determinant ground state and excited states of the NV center from the first-principles.In this work, I study both the neutral NV0 and negatively charged NV- centers.Long-range interactions have a crucial effect in such defects: first, elastic deformations have a long range and need to be accounted for; second, when the defect has a charge, it is important to avoid spurious charge-charge interactions between neighboring supercells caused by the use of periodic boundary conditions. Thus, I study the atomic structure of defect with large supercells by the density functional theory (DFT).The NV center is a deep-center defect, its optical and magnetic properties are related with localized levels in the electronic band-gap. These levels are believed to be built out of the localized orbitals of dangling bonds pointing towards the vacancy, providing strongly correlated electronic states. Thus, an accurate quantum mechanical treatment is needed.DFT is a powerful approach for the calculation of the ground state properties of defects. However, the single Slater determinant nature of the DFT wave function lacks the non-dynamical correlations, that characterize such defects, and does not allow for the calculation of many-body levels. Moreover, exchange and correlation (XC) functionals used in DFT add have a limited accuracy.Therefore, in this PhD work, I first develop a combined DFT + Hubbard model technique. I study the triplet-triplet transition both with the PBE XC functional and the HSE06 one. I confirm that the use of the hybrid XC functional HSE06 improves the description of correlations beyond DFT-PBE and allows for more accurate prediction of optical transitions.An exact diagonalization (or in quantum chemistry language full Configuration Interaction calculations) of the Hubbard Hamiltonian in the many-electron basis constructed of in-gap localized levels, allows to get access to multi-determinant ground and excited states. I benchmark this technique comparing it to the recent state of the art methods.Finally, I apply the developed technique in order to study the effect of the hydrostatic pressure on NV- and NV0 centers. Among many results of my work, I discovered a very interesting effect related to the singlet-singlet transition in the NV-center under hydrostatic pressure. The results I have obtained during my PhD have never been calculated nor observed experimentally. In order to validate the theoretical model, I have compared our results with the measurements that have been obtained by our experimental collaborators for the optical transition in the NV- and NV0. Last but not least, the effect of the electron-phonon interaction was discussed.As a perspective, I developed a new code that can be applied to study other defect systems of interest in the quantum technologies

Les opérations de mise en forme ou de traitement thermique (trempe, recuisson) sont généralement effectuées à des températures intermédiaires (500-650c) et à des niveaux de contraintes modérés pour lesquels le comportement mécanique du verre peut être décrit par une loi viscoélastique linéaire. L'objectif de la thèse est de réaliser une démarche expérimentale complète afin de modéliser le comportement viscoélastique en triaxialité d'un verre silico-sodocalcique. Les modules d'élasticité du verre ont été mesures par diffusion Brillouin dans le domaine de la transition. Des essais statiques de relaxation des contraintes et de fluage-recouvrance en cisaillement et en sollicitation uniaxiale ont été réalisés autour de la transition vitreuse. Ils permettent en particulier de montrer la dualité fluage-relaxation. Des essais dynamiques en cisaillement ont été également réalisés afin de montrer la correspondance statique-dynamique. Un développement de la théorie de la viscoélasticite par l'introduction des moments des spectres de relaxation et de retard ainsi que des constantes viscoélastiques permet d'obtenir des relations fondamentales entre les sollicitations uniaxiale, de cisaillement et de pression hydrostatique. Ainsi, dans le cadre du modèle de Maxwell généralisé, la partie hydrostatique du comportement viscoélastique est déterminée à partir des essais en sollicitation uniaxiale et par la connaisance du comportement en cisaillement. On montre également que la fonction de Kohlraush et le modèle de Perez ne conviennent pas pour décrire d'une manière phénomenologique le comportement viscoélastique du verre silico-sodocalcique. Le modèle de Maxwell généralisé est validé en comparant les résultats d'un calcul de structure avec un essai présentant un état de contraintes triaxiales complexes. Le modèle viscoélastique déterminé peut être étendu à la thermoviscoélasticite pour simuler les procédés de formage, de trempe des vitrages automobiles en verre silico-sodocalcique

Les écoulements en eau peu profonde se rencontrent dans de nombreuses situations d’intérêts : écoulements de rivières et dans les lacs, mais aussi dans les mers et océans (courants de marée, tsunami, etc.). Ils sont modélisés par un système d’équations aux dérivées partielles, où les inconnues sont la vitesse de l’écoulement et la hauteur d’eau. On peut supposer que la composante verticale de la vitesse est petite devant les composantes horizontales et que ces dernières sont indépendantes de la profondeur. Le modèle est alors donné par les équations de shallow water (SWEs). Cette thèse se concentre sur la conception d’une nouvelle technique d’interaction de plusieurs grilles imbriquées pour modèle en eau peu profonde en utilisant des méthodes numériques. La première partie de cette thèse comprend, La dérivation complète de ces équations à partir des équations de Navier- Stokes est expliquée. Etudier le développement et l’évaluation des méthodes numériques en utilisant des méthodes de différences finies et plusieurs exemples numériques sont appliqués utilisant la condition initiale du niveau gaussien pour 2DSWEs. Dans la deuxième partie de la thèse, nous sommes intéressés à proposer une nouvelle technique d’interaction de plusieurs grilles imbriquées pour résoudre les modèles océaniques en utilisant quatre choix des opérateurs de restriction avec des résultats de haute précision. Notre travail s’est concentré sur la résolution numérique de SWE par grilles imbriquées. A chaque niveau de résolution, nous avons utilisé une méthode classique de différences finies sur une grille C d’Arakawa, avec un schéma de leapfrog complété par un filtre d’Asselin. Afin de pouvoir affiner les calculs dans les régions perturbées et de les alléger dans les zones calmes, nous avons considéré plusieurs niveaux de résolution en utilisant des grilles imbriquées. Ceci permet d’augmenter considérablement le rapport performance de la méthode, à condition de régler efficacement les interactions (spatiales et temporelles) entre les grilles. Dans la troisième partie de cette thèse, plusieurs exemples numéériques sont testés pour 2DSWE avec imbriqués 3:1 et 5:1. Finalement, la quatrième partie de ce travail, certaines applications de grilles imbriquées pour le modèle tsunami sont présentées<br>Most flows in the rivers, seas, and ocean are shallow water flow in which the horizontal length andvelocity scales are much larger than the vertical ones. The mathematical formulation of these flows, so called shallow water equations (SWEs). These equations are a system of hyperbolic partial differentialequations and they are effective for many physical phenomena in the oceans, coastal regions, riversand canals. This thesis focuses on the design of a new two-way interaction technique for multiple nested grids 2DSWEs using the numerical methods. The first part of this thesis includes, proposing several ways to develop the derivation of shallow water model. The complete derivation of this system from Navier-Stokes equations is explained. Studying the development and evaluation of numerical methods by suggesting new spatial and temporal discretization techniques in a standard C-grid using an explicit finite difference method in space and leapfrog with Robert-Asselin filter in time which are effective for modeling in oceanic and atmospheric flows. Several numerical examples for this model using Gaussian level initial condition are implemented in order to validate the efficiency of the proposed method. In the second part of our work, we are interested to propose a new two-way interaction technique for multiple nested grids to solve ocean models using four choices of higher restriction operators (update schemes) for the free surface elevation and velocities with high accuracy results. Our work focused on the numerical resolution of SWEs by nested grids. At each level of resolution, we used explicit finite differences methods on Arakawa C-grid. In order to be able to refine the calculations in troubled regions and move them into quiet areas, we have considered several levels of resolution using nested grids. This makes it possible to considerably increase the performance ratio of the method, provided that the interactions (spatial and temporal) between the grids are effectively controlled. In the third part of this thesis, several numerical examples are tested to show and verify twoway interaction technique for multiple nested grids of shallow water models can works efficiently over different periods of time with nesting 3:1 and 5:1 at multiple levels. Some examples for multiple nested grids of the tsunami model with nesting 5:1 using moving boundary conditions are tested in the fourth part of this work

Cette thèse de doctorat porte sur le calcul par la méthode des éléments finis du comportement dynamique de réservoirs élastiques précontraints contenant un liquide interne à surface libre. Nous considérons que la pression hydrostatique exercée par le fluide interne incompressible sur les parois flexibles du réservoir est à l’origine de grands déplacements, conduisant ainsi à un état d’équilibre non-linéaire géométrique. Le changement de raideur lié à cet état précontraint induit un décalage des fréquences de résonances du problème de vibrations linéaires couplées.L’objectif principal du travail est donc d’estimer, par des approches numériques précises et efficaces, l’influence des non-linéarités géométriques sur le comportement hydroélastique du système réservoir/liquide interne autour de différentes configurations d’équilibre. La méthodologie développée s’effectue en deux étapes. La première consiste à calculer l’état statique non-linéaire par une approche éléments finis lagrangienne totale. L’action du fluide sur la structure est ici modélisée par des forces suiveuses hydrostatiques. La deuxième étape porte sur le calcul des vibrations couplées linéarisées. Un modèle d’ordre réduit original est notamment proposé pour limiter les coûts de calcul associés à l’estimation de l’effet de masse ajoutée. Enfin, divers exemples sont proposés et comparés à des résultats de la littérature (issus de simulations numériques ou d’essais expérimentaux) pour montrer l’efficacité et la validité des différentes approches numériques développées dans ce travail<br>This doctoral thesis focuses on the calculation by the finite element method of the dynamic behavior of prestressed elastic tanks containing an internal liquid with a free surface. We consider that the hydrostatic pressure exerted by the incompressible internal fluid on the flexible walls of the tank causes large displacements, thus leading to a geometric non-linear equilibrium state. The change of stiffness related to this prestressed state induces a shift in the resonance frequencies of the coupled linear vibration problem. The main objective of the work is therefore to estimate, through precise and efficient numerical approaches, the influence of geometric nonlinearities on the hydroelastic behavior of the reservoir/internal liquid system around different equilibrium configurations. The methodology developed is carried out in two stages. The first one consists in calculating the non-linear static state by a total Lagrangian finite element approach.The action of the fluid on the structure is modelled here by hydrostatic following forces. The second step is the calculation of linearized coupled vibrations. In particular, an original reduced order model is proposed to limit the calculation costs associated with the estimation of the added mass effect. Finally, various examples are proposed and compared with results from the literature (from numerical simulations or experimental tests) to show the effectiveness and validity of the different numerical approaches developed in this work

Nous avons etudie la magnetoresistance des bronzes oxygenes de metaux de transition, le bronze violet kmo#6o#1#7 et les composes m=4, 6, 7 de la famille (po#2)#4(wo#3)#2#m. Ces composes ont des proprietes quasi-bidimensionnelles. Ils subissent des transitions de peierls a une temperature t#p. La magnetoresistance de kmo#6o#1#7 a ete mesuree a des temperatures comprises entre 1. 8 k et 300 k en champ magnetique jusqu'a 37 t. Des oscillations quantiques ont ete observees. Base sur le concept du nesting cache, nous proposons un modele de la surface de fermi dans l'etat d'onde de densite de charge. Elle serait constituee de petites poches lesquelles seraient a l'origine de la magnetoresistance elevee au-dessous de t#p. La temperature de peierls, observee par des mesures de resistivite electrique sous pression hydrostatique, augmente avec la pression. La compressibilite des parametres du reseau est anisotrope. La resistivite et la magnetoresistivite ont ete etudiees a des temperatures comprises entre 4. 2 k et 300 k en champ magnetique jusqu'a 6 t dans les composes m=4, 6, 7 de la famille (po#2)#4(wo#3)#2#m. La temperature de peierls augmente avec m. La magnetoresistivite diminue, ainsi que l'anisotropie quand m augmente. Nous discutons ce comportement en considerant le caractere de basse dimensionnalite, la densite de porteurs et la densite de defauts cristallins

Nous analysons dans cette thèse différents aspects associés à la modélisation des écoulements à surface libre en eaux peu profondes (Shallow Water). Nous étudions tout d’abord le système d’équations de Saint-Venant à deux dimensions et leur résolution par la méthode numérique des volumes finis, en portant une attention particulière sur les aspects hyperboliques et conservatifs. Ces schémas permettent de traiter les équilibres stationnaires, les interfaces sec/mouillé et aussi de modéliser des écoulements subcritique, transcritique et supercritique. Nous présentons ensuite la théorie de la méthode d’assimilation variationnelle de données adaptée à ce type d’écoulement. Son application au travers des études de sensibilité est longuement discutée dans le cadre de l'hydraulique à surface libre. Après cette partie à caractère théorique, la partie tests commence par une qualification de l’ensemble des méthodes numériques qui sont implémentées dans le code DassFlow, développé à l’Université de Toulouse, principalement à l’IMT mais aussi à l’IMFT. Ce code résout les équations Shallow Water par une méthode de volumes finis et est validé par comparaison avec les solutions analytiques pour des cas tests classiques. Ces mêmes résultats sont comparés avec un autre code d’hydraulique à surface libre aux éléments finis en deux dimensions, Telemac 2D. Une particularité notable du code DassFlow est de permettre l’assimilation variationnelle de données grâce au code adjoint permettant le calcul du gradient de la fonction coût. Ce code adjoint a été obtenu en utilisant l'outil de différentiation automatique Tapenade (Inria). Nous testons ensuite sur un cas réel, hydrauliquement complexe, différentes qualités de Modèles Numériques de Terrain (MNT) et de bathymétrie du lit d’une rivière. Ces informations proviennent soit d’une base de données classique type IGN, soit d’informations LIDAR à très haute résolution. La comparaison des influences respectives de la bathymétrie, du maillage et du type de code utilisé, sur la dynamique d’inondation est menée très finement. Enfin nous réalisons des études cartographiques de sensibilité aux paramètres du modèle sur DassFlow. Ces cartes montrent l’influence respective des différents paramètres ou de la localisation des points de mesure virtuels. Cette localisation optimale de ces points est nécessaire pour une future assimilation de données efficiente<br>We analyze in this thesis various aspects associated with the modeling of free surface flows in shallow water approximation. We first study the system of Saint-Venant equations in two dimensions and its resolution with the numerical finite volumes method, focusing in particular on aspects hyperbolic and conservative. These schemes can process stationary equilibria, wetdry interfaces and model subcritical, transcritical and supercritical flows. After, we present the variational data assimilation method theory fitted to this kind of flow. Its application through sensitivity studies is fully discussed in the context of free surface water. After this theoretical part, we test the qualification of numerical methods implemented in the code Dassflow, developed at the University of Toulouse, mainly at l'IMT, but also at IMFT. This code solves the Shallow Water equations by finite volume method and is validated by comparison with analytical solutions for standard test cases. These results are compared with another hydraulic free surface flow code using finite elements in two dimensions: Telemac2D. A significant feature of the Dassflow code is to allow variational data assimilation using the adjoint method for calculating the cost function gradient. The adjoint code was obtained using the automatic differentiation tool Tapenade (INRIA). Then, the test is carried on a real hydraulically complex case using different qualities of Digital Elevation Models (DEM) and bathymetry of the river bed. This information are provided by either a conventional database types IGN or a very high resolution LIDAR information. The comparison of the respective influences of bathymetry, mesh size, kind of code used on the dynamics of flooding is very finely explored. Finally we perform sensitivity mapping studies on parameters of the Dassflow model. These maps show the respective influence of different parameters and of the location of virtual measurement points. This optimal location of these points is necessary for an efficient data assimilation in the future

Une description quantitative des transferts de protons inter- et intramoleculaires, qui sont parmi les reactions chimiques les plus fondamentales, demande une connaissance de la surface d'energie potentielle. Le present travail contribue a la caracterisation de cette surface pour un systeme modele, le monocristal d'acide benzoique. Proche des positions d'equilibre, la spectroscopie vibrationnelle apporte des informations, tandis que la barriere de potentiel est caracterisee par des mesures d'effet tunnel. Ces mesures, par spectroscopie optique (raman, absorption, emission) et diffusion quasi-elastique de neutrons, sont faites en combinaison avec des substitutions isotopiques (#1#8o) et sous pression hydrostatique. Une nouvelle methode permettant de calculer la dynamique sur la surface d'energie potentielle multidimensionnelle est presentee. Elle repose sur une approche perturbative qui utilise la technique des instantons et evite la reduction habituelle a 2 ou 3 dimensions. Cette theorie peut etre appliquee dans le but d'evaluer l'effet tunnel de facon generale : inversion de l'ammoniac, rotation des groupements methyles, etc. . Pour les transferts de protons dans des dimeres d'acides carboxyliques, on fait une comparaison avec les resultats experimentaux.

The thesis is divided in two main parts. In the first part is presented a model based on a numerical integration of a new conservative form of the Fully Non-linear Boussinesq Equations (FNBE) in a contravariant formulation. As known coastal regions are characterized by a very complex morphology: presence of anthropic structures, river mouth or shoreline with articulated geometry. The use of orthogonal grid, as Cartesian coordinate, requests a huge number of calculus points that may be prohibitive. To solve this issue, a well known strategy is to integrate the motion equations on generalized curvilinear boundary conforming grid. In the second part it is presented an original fully non-hydrostatic three-dimensional model based on the numerical integration of Navier-Stokes Equations in time dependent coordinate system. The use of time dependent coordinate system allows to assign, without any approximations, bottom and free surface kinematic conditions and zero pressure condition at the upper boundary of the domain. Unlike the depth averaged model, this model is able to simulate the three-dimensionality of hydrodynamic phenomena related to the wave motion of unsteady flows. The proposed model belongs to the group of the so-called “free surface fully non-hydrostatic three-dimensional models”. These models are often used to analyze local phenomena, to evaluate flow-structure interaction, for sediment transport analysis and to study turbulences phenomena related with them. In general the free surface fully non-hydrostatic three-dimensional models are used for all engineering problems for which is necessary to know the vertical distribution of hydrodynamic quantities.

Hypertension and salt-sensitivity are independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Although both conditions are idiopathic, they develop due to a complex interplay between susceptibility genes and environmental factors. Given that the kidney plays an important role in regulating blood pressure, in particular, by maintaining sodium and water balance via pressure-natriuresis, it is not surprising that disturbances in the proper functioning of this intrarenal mechanism have been linked to these conditions. Although direct coupling of changes in renal arterial pressure (RAP) to renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure (RIHP) and consequent sodium excretion is well established, few studies have characterized the moment-to-moment aspects of this process. Thus, the main focus of the research presented herein was to characterize the moment-to-moment RAP-RIHP relationship, and assess the functioning of this intrarenal mechanism in various animal models of genetic and environmentally-induced hypertension and/or salt-sensitivity. In adult normotensive rats, the response time of RIHP to acute changes in RAP was rapid (<2 seconds), and the moment-to-moment RAP-RIHP relationship was linear over a wide range of pressures. Additionally, the functioning of this relationship was not affected by inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system and autonomic nervous system. Further, the acute RAP-RIHP relationship was impaired in hypertension and/or salt-sensitivity. Specifically, animals with a hypertensive phenotype (i.e. young spontaneously hypertensive rats [SHR] and pro-atrial natriuretic peptide gene-disrupted mice [ANP -/-]) displayed a rightward shift in the moment-to-moment pressure-natriuresis curve towards higher RAP. This rightward shift was associated with increased structurally-based vascular resistance properties in the hindlimb of young SHR versus their normotensive controls. Salt-sensitive phenotypes were associated with a blunting of this acute mechanism. Specifically, this blunting was evident in both the ANP -/-, a transgenic model of salt-sensitive hypertension, and in adult perinatal iron deficient (PID) rats, a developmentally programmed model of salt-sensitivity. It appears that a blunting in the RAP-RIHP relationship is influenced by an imbalance of key blood pressure modulating factors (e.g. ANP). Further, visceral obesity was associated with salt-sensitivity in PID rats; however the mechanism(s) are yet to be elucidated. Novel methodologies (MRI, abdominal girth) were developed for non-invasive assessment of visceral obesity to aid future research.<br>Thesis (Ph.D, Pharmacology & Toxicology) -- Queen's University, 2010-05-12 10:11:21.197

碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>土木工程系所<br>102<br>A 3D hydrostatic model based on a vertical horizontal splitting (VHS) concept is developed in this study. The standard k-ε model, a two-equation turbulent model, and two kinds of zero-equation models are adopted to calculate eddy viscosity. The orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system and the sigma coordinate system are used to cope with the irregularity of channel geometry. The water elevation and the depth-averaged velocity will be solved by the 2D depth-averaged model, and then the velocity profile along the vertical direction will be solved by the velocity defect model. The implicit numerical schemes are used to discrete all of the equations to preserve the model stability unconditionally. Two experimental cases including the flow in straight channel and sharp bend were simulated by the model. Through the comparison between the experimental data and simulation results, the eddy viscosity computed from two-equation and zero-equation turbulent models were examined and discussed in depth.

博士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>土木工程學研究所<br>97<br>A higher-order 3D non-hydrostatic model in a sigma-coordinate system is developed for simulating free-surface wave propagation from deep to shallow waters. The model using an implicit finite difference scheme on a staggered grid simultaneously solves the unsteady Navier–Stokes equations and the free-surface boundary condition. A higher-order top-layer pressure treatment is proposed to resolve dispersive wave propagation. To capture non-linear waves, a 4th-order spatial discretization is utilized to approximate the large horizontal pressure gradient. Based on a domain decomposition method, the 3D system matrix is decomposed into a series of 2D vertical plane problems. An efficient direct solver is developed to solve the resulting block hepta-diagonal sub-system matrix. Model’s characteristics including linear wave dispersion and non-linearity are critically examined. The model is then applied to examine a range of free-surface wave problems including the co-existence of waves and currents, non-linear deep-water wave group and near-shore wave propagating over irregular bottom. Features of wave-current, wave-wave, and wave-bottom interactions are carefully discussed. Overall, good agreement between the model results and experimental data shows that the newly developed non-hydrostatic model using a few vertical layers (e.g. 2-5) is capable of accurately and efficiently resolving various wave phenomena.