Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / ILO Convention No. 161

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „ILO Convention No. 161”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 1 lutego 2022

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "ILO Convention No. 161"

Venediktov, S. "TOWARDS THE ISSUE ON THE DENUNCIATION OF THE CONVENTIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION". Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Legal Studies, nr 117 (2021): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2195/2021/2.117-3.

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The article analyzes the legal regulation for the denunciation of the conventions of the International Labour Organization. Both automatic and "pure" denunciations of conventions are examined. Ratified ILO conventions have traditionally been one of the key sources of national labour law. However, over time, some of them have lost their relevance and practical importance. The most common way to waive obligations under ratified conventions is to denounce them. Denunciation is provided for in every ILO convention, with the exception of Conventions Nos. 80 and 116, which contain rules relating to the partial revision of previous conventions. In addition, a mechanism for partial denunciation is provided for certain conventions. Such a mechanism is expressed in the possibility of denunciation of: a) certain sections of the Convention, e.g. Invalidity, Old-Age and Survivors' Benefits Convention, 1967 (No. 128); b) certain categories covered by the scope of the convention, e.g. Working Environment (Air Pollution, Noise and Vibration) Convention, 1977 (No. 148). It is determined that most denunciations of ILO conventions occur automatically, due to the country's ratification of more recent conventions. In Ukraine, all denunciation of ILO conventions took place automatically. The "pure" denunciations are more relevant to outdated conventions or conventions that no longer correspond to existing fundamental principles in the world of work. An example is Night Work (Women) Convention (Revised), 1948 (No. 89), which was denounced by Austria, Greece, Italy, Ireland, France, the Czech Republic, etc. The provisions of this Convention are no longer in line with the ILO's existing policy of equal rights and opportunities for men and women in world of work. The practice of denouncing up-to-date ILO conventions should not be called widespread, primarily due to the need for mandatory prior tripartite consultations on this issue, which involves comprehensive consideration of the interests of government, employees and employers. Ratification by the country of the ILO conventions puts national labour legislation in a fairly clear framework, which in some cases may serve as a reason for slowing down specific areas of its further development. After all, certain conventions were adopted at a time when completely different regulatory approaches in the world of work were applied than those that exist today. Resolving this issue is possible through the timely and balanced application of the denunciation procedure. This procedure, provided for in almost all ILO conventions, should be considered as a clear example of the harmonious evolution of international labour standards. Keywords: International Labour Organization, conventions, automatic denunciation, "pure" denunciation, ratification, national legislation.

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Nielsen, Henrik Karl. "The Concept of Discrimination in ilo Convention no.111". International and Comparative Law Quarterly 43, nr 4 (październik 1994): 827–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclqaj/43.4.827.

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Rantanen, Jorma, Franklin Muchiri i Suvi Lehtinen. "Decent Work, ILO’s Response to the Globalization of Working Life: Basic Concepts and Global Implementation with Special Reference to Occupational Health". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, nr 10 (12.05.2020): 3351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103351.

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Twenty years ago, the International Labour Organization (ILO) launched a new strategy, the Decent Work Agenda, to ensure human-oriented development in the globalization of working life and to provide an effective response to the challenges of globalization. We searched for and analysed the origin of the Decent Work concept and identified the key principles in ILO policy documents, survey reports, and relevant United Nations’ (UN) documents. We also analysed the implementation of the Decent Work Country Programmes (DWCPs) and examined the available external evaluation reports. Finally, we examined the objectives of the ILO Decent Work Agenda and the Decent Work targets in the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development in view of occupational health. In two thirds of the ILO’s Member States, the Decent Work Agenda has been successfully introduced and so far fully or partly implemented in their DWCPs. The sustainability of the Decent Work approach was ensured through the UN 2030 Agenda, the ILO Global Commission Report on the Future of Work, and the ILO Centenary Declaration. However, objectives in line with the ILO Convention No. 161 on Occupational Health Services were not found in the DWCPs. Although successful in numerous aspects in terms of the achievement of the Decent Work objectives and the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the Decent Work Agenda and the Decent Work Country Programmes need further development and inclusion of the necessary strategies, objectives, and actions for occupational health services, particularly in view of the high burden of work-related diseases and, for example, the present global pandemic. In many countries, national capabilities for participation and implementation of Decent Work Country Programmes need strengthening.

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Nielsen, Henrik Karl. "Discrimination and Lawful Distinction in Employment – The Approach by the ILO". Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 14, nr 4 (grudzień 1996): 401–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/092405199601400403.

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The Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No. 111) is among the most widely ratified Conventions in the World. Its Article 1(2) stipulating that discrimination does not cover distinctions, exclusions or preferences based on the inherent requirements of a particular job has given rise to a number of problems relating to occupational bans restricting the access to employment of persons supporting certain political parties. Such bans are found in Germany and a number of Eastern European countries. Considering the recent development in national law and in the case law of the ILO supervisory bodies the article analyses the concept of ‘inherent requirements of a Particular job’ in Article 1(2).

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Laci, Amarildo, Armela Maxhelaku i Ilir Rusi. "Equality at Work and Discrimination in Employment and Occupation". Journal of Educational and Social Research 7, nr 2 (24.05.2017): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5901/jesr.2017.v7n2p67.

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Abstract The aim of this paper is to give some general views on international labour standards, regarding equality of opportunity and treatment. It is important to mention that respecting freedom from discrimination, as a fundamental human right, places a great importance in guaranteeing other rights for workers. Equality standards applied by ILO provide methods which aim to fight against discrimination in society and in the workplace of the employers. One part of this paper is focused in analyzing the term “discrimination”, focusing in different forms that can occur at work, the target group which it can affect and measures that can be taken in order to provide equality at work. This paper analyses the scope and the obligations under ILO instruments, such as three fundamental conventions. One of the most important conventions is the convention concerning discrimination regarding occupation and employment, “Discrimination Employment and Occupation” Convention nr. 111. This fundamental convention represents discrimination as every different treatment which has effect on equality of creating same possibilities for everyone in occupation or employment. According to this legal act, it is mandatory the implementation of a national legislation which promotes equality of treatment and opportunity, regarding occupation and employment in general, designed to eliminate all types of different treatment in these fields. This paper is focused especially on analyzing the “Workers with Family Responsibilities” Convention, 1981, which refers to standards on equal treatment and opportunities for both women and men workers. “Workers with Family Responsibilities” Convention, applies to workers with such responsibilities, which restrict their possibilities to involve in an economic activity. The purpose is to provide an effective implementation of standards related to equality of treatment and opportunity for both women and men workers, in order to guarantee free choice of employment to help workers which have family responsibilities and to take into consideration their needs. Furthermore in this paper will be identified the methods that governments should apply, which aim to provide the application of the standard of equal compensation for workers, according to “Equal Remuneration” Convention, 1951 (No. 100).

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MacKay, Fergus. "The ILO Convention No. 111: an alternative means of protecting indigenous peoples’ rights?" International Journal of Human Rights 24, nr 2-3 (21.10.2019): 144–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2019.1677621.

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Bukhtiyarov, I. V., E. I. Denisov, G. N. Lagutina, V. F. Pfaf, P. V. Chesalin i I. V. Stepanyan. "Сriteria and algorithms of work-relatedness assessment of workers’ health disorders." Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology, nr 8 (28.08.2018): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2018-8-4-12.

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An analysis of the literature and an essay on the problem of recognizing the diseases of workers — diagnosis and causation(work-relatedness assessment) are given. A historical reference is made on the etiology of workers’ diseases and the statements of the classics about the causality in medicine. The main categories of occupational medicine and terminology of the WHO and ILO, the principles of evidence in occupational health are considered. The WHO concept of work-related diseases (WRD), occupational disease (OD) recognition systems under ILO Convention No. 121, features of the ILO occupational diseases list (revision 2010), and the criteria for inclusion of diseases in this list are presented.The general provisions of causation, types of causation algorithms in consensus and evidence-based medicine, as well as a generalized algorithm for analyzing periodic medical examinations data are considered. The European experience of recognition of WRD is considered. Based on experience and literature data, we propose a 10-step causation algorithm, including forecasting the probability of OD and WRD, as well as quantifying the degree of work-relatedness with computer support programs from the electronic directory «Occupational Risk» (http://medtrud. com/). It is concluded that legal recognition of WRD is needed for early diagnosis and prophylaxis of workers’ health disorders in conditions of digitalization of the economy and society.

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Shin, Hee-Seok. "Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (ILO Convention No. 29)". Association Of Korean-Japanese National Studies 36 (30.06.2019): 281–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.35647/kjna.2019.36.281.

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Ormaza, Maria Victoria Cabrera, i Martin Oelz. "The State’s Duty to Consult Indigenous Peoples: Where Do We Stand 30 Years after the Adoption of the ilo Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention No. 169?" Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law Online 23, nr 1 (3.12.2020): 71–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757413_023001004.

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ILO Convention No. 169 remains the only treaty open for ratification specifically and exclusively dedicated to the promotion and protection of indigenous peoples’ rights. Its cornerstone is the State’s duty to consult indigenous peoples. This article presents the history of the emergence of the duty to consult indigenous peoples in ILO Convention No. 169, its normative content and related guidance from the ILO supervisory bodies. It further examines developments with regard to this duty in the UN and the Inter-American systems and explores the relationship between such developments and ILO Convention No. 169. The paper revisits State practice of countries that have ratified that Convention, illustrating progress and challenges relating to the implementation of regulatory frameworks for consultation with indigenous peoples.

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Barsh, Russel Lawrence. "Revision Of ILO Convention No. 107". American Journal of International Law 81, nr 3 (lipiec 1987): 756–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2202032.

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Meeting for 10 days in Geneva last September, a group of 15 experts convened by the International Labour Office recommended substantial changes in ILO Convention No. 107, which for nearly 30 years has been the only binding international instrument on the rights of indigenous and tribal peoples. Noting the importance placed on the right to self-determination by indigenous peoples, the experts concluded that the Convention’s original emphasis on integration “no longer reflects current thinking” and should be replaced by the principle of affording these peoples “as much control as possible over their own economic, social and cultural development.” The Organisation’s Board of Governors approved the experts’ report in November, and placed the revision on the agenda for the 1988 General Labour Conference.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "ILO Convention No. 161"

Uzawa, Kanako. "A comparison between Japan and Norway regarding ILO Convention No. 169 /". Tromsø : Faculty of Social Sciences, Universitetet i Tromsø, 2007. http://www.ub.uit.no/munin/bitstream/10037/1261/2/thesis.pdf.

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Keniausytė, Inga. "Darbuotojų saugos ir sveikatos tarnybų veiklos vertinimas Lietuvos energetikos sektoriaus įmonėse". Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20140625_190301-16339.

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Darbo jėgą sudaro apie 45 % pasaulio gyventojų. Profesinės traumos, su darbu susijusios ligos turi didelę reikšmę darbuotojų sveikatai. Ligos, kurios nesusijusios su darbu, gali taip pat turėti įtakos darbo našumui. Darbuotojų saugos ir sveikatos tarnybos plačiai pripažįstamos kaip esminis sveikesnės ir saugesnės darbo aplinkos kūrimo elementas. Darbo tikslas – įvertinti Darbuotojų saugos ir sveikatos tarnybų veiklą Lietuvos energetikos sektoriaus įmonėse. Darbo tikslui pasiekti buvo iškelti šie uždaviniai: įvertinti Lietuvos Darbuotojų saugos ir sveikatos tarnybų funkcijų atitikimą TDO 161 (ILO 161) konvencijai; nustatyti vykdomas Lietuvos energetikos sektoriaus įmonių Darbuotojų saugos ir sveikatos tarnybų funkcijas; įvertinti Lietuvos energetikos sektoriaus įmonių Darbuotojų saugos ir sveikatos žmogiškųjų resursų atitikimą Lietuvos Respublikos teisės aktams. Lietuvos DSS tarnybų funkcijų atitikimas TDO 161 konvencijai buvo vertinamas pagal 11 funkcijų, reglamentuotų konvencijoje. DSS tarnybų funkcijos ir žmogiškieji resursai nustatyti atlikus anketinė apklausą, kuri atlikta 2009 m. lapkričio – gruodžio mėnesiais. Naudota anketa sudaryta remiantis Pasaulinės sveikatos organizacijos rekomendacijomis: „Regioninės rekomendacijos: Sveikos darbo vietos plėtra“ ir „Pagrindinės profesinės sveikatos tarnybos“. Tyrimo metu atlikus anketinę apklausą ištirta 14 (53,8 proc.) energetikos sektoriaus DSS tarnybų. Lietuvos DSS tarnybų funkcijų atitikimas parodė, kad šių tarnybų veiklos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
Labour force is constituted of some 45 per cent of the world population. Occupational injuries, as well as work related diseases have a lot of influence on health of the labour force. Diseases, which are not related to work, may also have an impact on efficiency of work. Occupational health and safety (OHS) services are widely recognized as the essential element of healthier and more secure labour environment. The aim of the work is to evaluate activities of OHS services in energy sector companies in Lithuania. The following tasks were raised in order to achieve the aim: to assess the conformity of functions performed by Lithuanian OHS services with ILO Convention No. 161; to identify functions of OHS services in energy sector companies in Lithuania; to identify and evaluate the conformity of human resources of OHS services in energy sector companies in Lithuania with the legislation of the Republic of Lithuania. Conformity of functions of Lithuanian OHS services with ILO Convention No. 161 was assessed on the basis of 11 functions regulated in the Convention. Functions and human resources of the Occupational health and safety services were detected having performed a questionnaire survey in November – December 2009. Questionnaire was drawn up following the guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO): Regional Guidelines for the Development of Healthy Workplaces and Basic Occupational Health Services. During the research a questionnaire survey was performed, which... [to full text]

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McKinnon, Reyna. "Indigenous Rights Policy and Terrorist Discourse: A Strategy to Stifle Mapuche Self-Determination in Chile". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/886.

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When President Sebastián Piñera entered office in 2010 the Mapuche indigenous people were receiving two contrasting messages from the Chilean State. On the one hand, the government ratified ILO Convention 169, pledging to protect the indigenous right to prior consultation in programs that affect their communities. On the other hand, the government was involved in the oppression of Mapuche communities in the region of the Araucanía through militarisation and the application of the Anti-Terrorist Law to punish radical Mapuche activists that protest corporate encroachment on their land. While Piñera had the opportunity to legitimize the Mapuche demand for self-determination by implementing ILO Convention 169 according to international standards and putting an end to the “Mapuche Conflict,” instead the situation of the Mapuche political movement worsened under his leadership. The Piñera administration used indigenous rights policy and a discourse of terrorism as a strategy to delegitimize the Mapuche demand for self-determination in order to protect corporate profitability, a key factor in the Chilean neoliberal economic project.

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Nguh, Augustin. "Implementing the basic international law principles relating to indigenous peoples’ rights: a case study of Cameroon". University of Western Cape, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3912.

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Magister Legum - LLM
Indigenous peoples constitute at least 5000 distinct peoples with a population of more than 370 million, living in 70 different countries. These peoples are typically subjected to a number of human rights violations (being excluded from decision-making processes and forced to assimilate into dominant groups, among others). The plight of these peoples has recently received worldwide attention. In 1989, the international community adopted the Convention on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples (Convention 169) to protect the rights of these peoples. In 2007 the UN adopted a Declaration on Indigenous peoples’ Rights. Attention is now focused on implementing indigenous peoples’ rights at the domestic level. Cameroon is not yet a party to Convention No.169 and so cannot be bound under the Convention to protect the rights of its indigenous peoples. Cameroon often denies any duty in this regard. However, Cameroon is party to core human rights instruments like the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, International Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Racial Discrimination and the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights and Freedom. Cameroon also voted in favour of the adoption of the UN Declaration on Indigenous Peoples Rights. These international human rights instruments, with the exclusion of the Declaration, are not specifically dedicated to indigenous peoples’ rights. Given this situation, two questions arise: is Cameroon bound by any international legal obligation to protect the rights of its indigenous peoples; and if so, is Cameroon implementing the basic international law principles relating to indigenous peoples’ rights. Using an in-depth study and analysis of various international human rights treaties to which Cameroon is a party, this research will explore the grounds on which Cameroon, though not a party to Convention 169, can be held bound to protect the rights of its indigenous peoples (chapter 2). This research present the situation of the indigenous peoples in Cameroon and provide a brief overview of the legislative and policy measures taken by the government which in some way provide entry points for the protection of the rights of the indigenous people in Cameroon (chapter 3). A critical analysis of these measures highlights some areas of success but also work that remains to be done to ensure that the rights of Cameroon’s indigenous peoples are fully protected (chapter 4). The study concludes with a number of recommendations for further study and legal reform (chapter 5).

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Zia, Farkhanda. "The effectiveness of trade sanctions and ILO convention 182 on the eradication of the worst forms of child labour in the United Kingdom and Pakistan". Thesis, University of Hull, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.550497.

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Child labour is recognised as the most important source of child exploitation and abuse in the developing countries. Endemic in today's poor countries, it seems also to have re-emerged in developed countries. This research explores the present position of child workers in Pakistan and in one of the most developed countries, namely, the UK. The rationale for investigating the situation of working children in a developed country is that the experience of such countries provides important evidence by which to test the assumptions that guide policy in the developing world, with a view to reducing the problem of the worst forms of child labour. It is also the case that some of the problems associated with the child labour still persist in the most developed countries. Workers under 18 contribute to the economy in most developed world, and no country has been able wholly to protect them from physical, economic and social harm. In particular, some of the worst forms of child labour as set out in the International Labour Organisation (ILO) Convention No.182 on Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour 1999, including hazardous work, prostitution, child pornography, child soldiering and child trafficking, continue to attract attention. Recently, concerns about child labour have come to be linked to the issues of trade and trade liberalisation, and the possibility has been raised that international trade regulations may provide a weapon against child labour. The research therefore investigates the role and effectiveness of the ILO, international trade mechanisms and the impact of trade sanctions in combating the problem. In particular, it focuses on the following main issues. Is imposing trade sanctions on developing countries, irrespective of the causes and distribution of the problem, an appropriate approach to the problem? What would be the impact of international trade restrictions on the elimination of the worst forms of child labour? Is the World Trade Organisation (WTO) the appropriate forum to discuss the child labour? Will the imposition of sanctions lead to more protectionism in this era of globalisation, in which the prevailing ideology favours the dismantling of trade barriers rather than their erection? Is the use of the trade sanction as an instrument against child labour justified, and will it work in developing countries? Can the ILO play an effective role in eliminating the worst forms of child labour? Has child labour in the developed countries declined through trade sanctions? The research examines the actual position of child workers and legislation relating to them on international, regional and national levels. At the regional level, it considers the EU laws and directives on the Protection of Young People at Work. At the national levels, it analyses the lacunas in child labour legislation and considers the difficulties in its enforcement in Pakistan and the UK. A comprehensive overview is provided of relevant conventions including the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) 1989, and ILO conventions for combating child labour and its standards for the protection of child. The contribution of various relevant conventions, notably, the Minimum Age Convention No. 138 and Convention No. 182 on strategies to combat child labour is subjected to scrutiny. Discrepancy between law and practice are revealed and the impact of various factors in undermining the impact of legislation and its enforcement is analysed. It is argued that in order to strengthen the legal safeguards for the elimination of worst forms of child labour there is a need for reforms and a comprehensive legal framework, as well as the proper enforcement of existing laws. Moreover, a future plan of action should be developed for the effective promotion and protection of rights in relation to child labour.

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Souamaa, Nadjib. "La France et l’OIT (1890-1953) : vers une « Europe sociale » ?" Thesis, Paris 4, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA040061.

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L’année 1919 a été décisive dans l’histoire sociale. En effet, elle fut marquée par la création de l’Organisation internationale du travail (OIT), issue de la partie XIII du traité de Versailles. Cette institution à vocation universelle se plaçait dans la continuité d'expérimentations et de réflexions menées, depuis le XIXe siècle, sur le Vieux Continent. L’objectif des puissances européennes était de définir un cadre international de règles, communes aux Etats, pour empêcher à la fois les excès de certains patrons, les conflits avec les travailleurs, tout en combattant la pratique du dumping social et en garantissant une concurrence loyale, non seulement entre eux mais aussi à l’échelle internationale. La France joua un rôle majeur dans la rédaction de ces textes et dans la création de l’OIT, chargée de poursuivre ce travail. De ce fait, cette institution dut concilier l’européocentrisme dominant le BIT et sa vocation universelle. La solution apparut, durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, à travers l’interrégionalisme développé par Paul van Zeeland, et que l’institution tenta de mettre en œuvre durant l’après-guerre et la guerre froide. Il s’agissait de créer des regroupements régionaux et de les faire coopérer dans les domaines politique, économique et social pour garantir la paix dans le monde ; l’Europe occidentale devait en être le laboratoire. Cette région, notamment la France, influença donc durablement les réflexions de l’OIT
The year 1919 was decisive in the social history. Indeed, it was marked by the creation of the International Labour Organization (ILO), resulting from part XIII of the treaty of Versailles. This institution with universal vocation placed itself in continuity of experiments and of carried out reflections, since the 19th century, on the Old continent. The objective of the European powers was to define an international framework of common rules for States, to prevent at the same time excesses of some managers, the conflicts with the workers, while fighting the practice of the social dumping and guaranteeing a fair competition, not only between them but also on an international scale. France played a major role in the writing of these texts and the creation of the ILO, charged to continue this work. So this institution had to reconcile the europeocentrism dominating the International Labour Office and its universal vocation. The solution appeared, during the Second World War, through the interregionalism developed by Paul van Zeeland, and that the institution tried to implement during the post-war period and the cold war. It was a question of creating regional regroupings and of making them cooperate in the policy fields, economic and social to guarantee peace in the world; Western Europe had to be the laboratory about it. This region, in particular France, thus influenced durably the reflections of the ILO

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Butierres, Maria Cecília. "O direito à saúde do trabalhador e a Convenção 187 da OIT : elementos para uma transição de paradigmas na prevenção". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/121897.

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A presente dissertação objetiva analisar a definição de prevenção em matéria de segurança e saúde no trabalho proposta pela Convenção 187 da Organização Internacional do Trabalho (OIT), a fim de identificar elementos que possam contribuir para o aprimoramento da tutela à saúde do trabalhador no Brasil. Essa Convenção, aprovada em junho de 2006 durante a 95ª Conferência Internacional do Trabalho, representa a mais recente atuação normativa da OIT para a prevenção de acidentes do trabalho e de doenças ocupacionais. Trata-se de um marco normativo promocional de uma nova estratégia global em prol do meio ambiente do trabalho seguro e saudável. Neste sentido, defende-se a ideia de que a Convenção 187 da OIT constitui-se em um importante campo de juridicidade que poderá colaborar, caso seja ratificada, para a promoção da saúde do trabalhador no Brasil. Depreende-se que o Brasil, por meio da Constituição Federal de 1988 e das normas infraconstitucionais posteriores (especialmente a Lei 8080/90), já iniciou uma normatização em que a prevenção à saúde do trabalhador deve ser realizada levando-se em conta todos os fatores intervenientes no meio ambiente do trabalho. Tal prevenção está em consonância com um novo paradigma de tutela, o qual preconiza a proteção ao meio ambiente do trabalho em sentido integral (paradigma emergente). No entanto, identifica-se que o atual modelo brasileiro apresenta obstáculos, vistos como desafios, para uma plena proteção ao meio ambiente do trabalho. Esses obstáculos são representados, especialmente, pelos limites de tolerância; pela culpabilização da vítima e pela cultura do EPI. Através da pesquisa, identificam-se quatro elementos na Convenção 187 da OIT que poderão contribuir para aperfeiçoar a tutela à saúde do trabalhador no Brasil, e, consequentemente, para uma transição de paradigmas na prevenção. São eles: 1) respeito a um meio ambiente do trabalho seguro e saudável; 2) participação ativa dos trabalhadores; 3) sistema de direitos com responsabilidades e deveres definidos; 4) máxima prioridade ao princípio da prevenção.
This thesis aims to analyze the definition of preventative occupational safety and health proposed by Convention 187 of International Labour Organization (ILO), to identify elements that may contribute to the improvement of tutelage for occupational health in Brazil. This Convention, approved in June 2006 during the 95th International Labor Conference, is the latest normative work of the ILO for the preventative occupational accidents and occupational diseases. This is a promotional normative framework of a new global strategy for the safe and healthy work environment. In this sense, it is defended the idea that the Convention 187 of the ILO is an important legality field that will be able to contribute, if ratified, to promote occupational health in Brazil. This infers that Brazil, through the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil and subsequent infra-constitutional laws (especially Law 8080/90), it has already initiated a standardization in which the prevention of occupational health should be carried out taking into account all the factors involved in the work environment. Such a prevention is in line with a new tutelage paradigm, which advocates the protection of the work environment in its full sense (emerging paradigm). However, it is identified that the current Brazilian model presents obstacles, seen as challenges, to a full protection of the work environment. These obstacles are mainly represented by the threshold limit values, the victim-blaming and the culture of PPE. Through the research, four elements can be identified in the ILO Convention 187 that may contribute to improving the tutelage for occupational health in Brazil, and consequently for a transition of paradigm in prevention. They are: 1) respect to a safe and healthy work environment, 2) active participation of workers, 3) rights system with defined responsibilities and duties, 4) highest priority to the principle of prevention.

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MACHADO, ALETHEIA DE ALMEIDA. "THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF THE INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL NORM IN THE CHEMICAL SAFETY REALM FROM BHOPAL TO THE CONVENTION 174 OF THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION (ILO) CONCERNING THE PREVENTION OF MAJOR INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS". PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2004. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=5210@1.

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Esta dissertação trata do processo de construção social da norma internacional, na área de segurança química. Partiu- se de uma realidade local --- a ocorrência de um acidente industrial ampliado --- e de seus impactos sobre o ambiente internacional. Nesse sentido, foi fundamental perceber aquela realidade local como um fato social, construído por meio de uma conscientização ambiental ou anuência coletiva mais ampla. Daquele processo de construção social, aliás, faz parte a constituição dessa consciência coletiva quanto às ameaças ambientais, fortalecida politicamente pelo aval da comunidade de Nações, quando das Conferências de Estocolmo (1972) e do Rio de Janeiro (1992). Por isso, seguindo parâmetros teóricos construtivistas, optou-se pela análise da forma como se deu o processo de construção ideacional e normativa mais abrangente, em matéria ambiental, nas relações internacionais contemporâneas; para, posteriormente, abordar a construção social do acidente e da norma gerada, parte daquele processo. Quanto à organização e à mobilização da sociedade civil, bem como quanto à influência dessa mobilização sobre os Estados, atribuiu-se destaque especial aos agentes de propagação de idéias, referidas à proteção ambiental e à segurança química, bem como a suas plataformas organizacionais. Para tanto, dada sua relevância social e empírica, escolheu- se, como objeto de estudo, o acidente industrial ampliado, ocorrido em 1984, na cidade de Bhopal, Índia; e a Convenção 174 da Organização Internacional do Trabalho para a prevenção de acidentes industriais ampliados.
This paperwork deals with the social construction process of the international norm in the chemical safety realm. The point of departure was a local reality -- the occurrence of a major industrial accident --- and its impacts on the international environment. The perception of that reality as a social fact, constructed from a wider environmental awareness or collective acquiescence, was essential. The constitution of that collective awareness is part of the referred social construction process and was politically strengthened by the international community when it assembled in the Stockholm Convention (1972) and the Rio Convention (1992). Following certain constructivist theoretical parameters, the wider ideational and normative scenario, related to environmental questions in the contemporary international relations, was first analysed. Afterwards, the focus was directed towards the social construction of the accident and the norm negotiated. In relation to the civil society organisation and mobilisation, as well as to its influence on state behaviour, it was given emphasis on the role of agents of environmental protection and chemical safety ideas and its organisational platforms. As per its social and empirical importance, it was chosen as object of analysis the major industrial accident, occurred in 1984, in Bhopal, India, and the Convention 174 of the International Labour Organization concerning the Prevention of Major Industrial Accidents.

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Loonis-Quélen, Guillaume. "Piraterie et gardes armés : l'articulation du droit français avec la Convention du travail maritime, 2006". Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01D093.

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Ce qui caractérise la présente thèse de doctorat en droit c’est, tout d’abord, son objectif d’utilité sociale. C’est également une recherche tournée vers la technique et l’interdisciplinarité. A travers des prismes du droit international et du droit européen, il convient de s’interroger quant à l’attractivité du droit français face à des usages professionnels contractuels orientés vers le contrôle des armes et des intérêts économiques mondialisés. L’étude fournit des données chiffrées sur l’état de la piraterie maritime ainsi que des informations concrètes sur les activités de sûreté privée maritime. Elle décrit également les institutions et les instruments nationaux et internationaux pertinents. Puis, elle oppose pirates et gardes armés tout en assimilant la profession règlementée de gardes armés à la qualité de gens de mer. Enfin, l’étude traite des plus pertinentes conditions minimales requises pour le travail des gens de mer à bord d’un navire et des conditions d’emploi. Cette recherche inédite a nécessité l’utilisation des « casquettes » de doctorant, de consultant juridique et de président de l’UMMU. L’étude a ainsi été présentée à l’occasion de réunions organisées par la CNUCED, le NMIOTC, l’Assemblée nationale, l’IRSEM et l’Association européenne des avocats. Elle a également nécessité l’accès au port de Galle au Sri Lanka, au BIM en Malaisie, à l’OIT, à l’OMI et à la Représentation de la France auprès de cette organisation ainsi qu’au Palais de justice de Paris, au SGMer, au CNAPS, au ministère de la Transition écologique et solidaire et au MICA Center. Elle a enfin été complétée par l’observation d’une formation professionnelle d’agent proposée par la société Surtymar. Il résulte des travaux notamment les constats suivants : la France est le seul État à reconnaître la qualité de gens de mer aux gardes armés ; l’absence de représentation de ces travailleurs ne permet pas l’émergence du dialogue social ; le contrat type GUARDCON prime sur le droit français pourtant applicable ; les contrôles par l’État du pavillon et l’État du port seraient difficilement réalisables ; en matière de sécurité sociale, les agents devraient être rattachés à la loi française (loi du pavillon) ; en matière de contrats individuels de travail, les règles de conflit de lois et de juridictions trouvent difficilement à s’appliquer ; le dépistage des drogues est réalisable par le biais de la visite médicale et à bord du navire dans le cadre de la jurisprudence du travail ; d’ici la fin 2020, la France devrait avoir intégré la notion de « vol à main armée à l’encontre d’un navire ». Il ressort donc de cette étude l’importance de combler les zones d’insécurité juridique, d’établir le dialogue social entre les travailleurs, les employeurs et leur gouvernement et de respecter le cadre légal et règlementaire encadrant l’activité privée de protection de navires afin qu’elle s’étende efficacement de la lutte antipiraterie à l’antiterrorisme
What characterizes the present Doctoral thesis in Law is, first of all, its purpose of social utility. It is also a research focused on technical aspects along with an interdisciplinary perspective. Through the prisms of International Law and European Law, it is necessary to question the attractiveness of French Law in the face of contractual professional practices oriented towards arms control and globalized economic interests. The study provides accurate data on the incidence of maritime piracy as well as concrete information on private maritime security activities. It also the relevant institutions and relevant national and international regulations. Thereafter, it deals with pirates and armed guards while equating the regulated profession of armed guards with the status of seafarers. Lastly, the study deals with the most relevant minimum requirements for seafarers to work on a ship and the conditions of employment. This unpublished research required the author’s use of various casquettes including that of PhD candidate, legal consultant and UMMU president. The study has been presented at meetings organized by UNCTAD, NMIOTC, the French National Assembly, IRSEM and the European Association of Lawyers. It also required having access to the port of Galle in Sri Lanka, the IMB in Malaysia, the ILO, the IMO and the Representation of France to said organization, as well as to the Paris Court of Justice, the General Secretariat for the Sea, the CNAPS, the Ministry of Ecological and Solidarity Transition and the MICA Center. Lastly, it was supplemented by the observation of a professional training program of agents proposed by the Surtymar company. The results of the study show in particular the following: France is the only State to recognize armed guards as seafarers; the absence of representation of such workers does not allow the emergence of social dialogue; the GUARDCON standard contract takes precedence over French Law, which is nevertheless applicable; Flag State and Port State controls would be difficult to achieve; in the field of social security, agents should be attached to French Law (law of the Flag State); in individual employment contract matters, conflict of laws and jurisdiction rules are difficult to apply; detection of drugs is feasible through the medical check-up and aboard the ship as part of the labor jurisprudence; by the end of 2020, France should have incorporated in its national legislation the concept of “armed robbery against a ship”. This study highlights the importance of eliminating zones of legal uncertainty, establishing a social dialogue among workers, employers and their government and respecting the legal and regulatory framework for the private armed vessel protection activity so that it extends efficiently from the struggle against piracy to that against terrorism

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Arkel, Engeline Grace van. "A just cause for dismissal in the United States and the Netherlands a study on the extent of protection against arbitrary dismissal for private-sector employees under American and Dutch law in light of Article 4 of ILO convention 158 /". [S.l.] : Rotterdam : Boom ; Erasmus University [Host], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1765/9080.

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Książki na temat "ILO Convention No. 161"

Relations, United States Congress Senate Committee on Foreign. ILO Convention no. 160: Report (to accompany Treaty Doc. 101-2). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. ILO Convention no. 160: Report (to accompany Treaty Doc. 101-2). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.

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Canada. Dept. of External Affairs. Labour: Convention concerning Safety in the Use of Asbestos (ILO no. 162). S.l: s.n, 1991.

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Indonesia. Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia nomor 01 tahun 2008 tentang pengesahan ILO Convention 165 concerning revising seafarer's identity documents convention, 1958 (Konvensi ILO 185 mengenai konvensi perubahan dokumen identitas pelaut, 1958). Jakarta: Pusat Hubungan Masyarakat, Sekretariat Jenderal, Departemen Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi RI, 2008.

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International Labour Conference (42nd 1958 Geneva, Switzerland). ILO Convention (no. 111) concerning discrimination (employment and occupation): Message from the President of the United States transmitting ILO Convention (no. 111) concerning discrimination (employment and occupation), adopted by the International Labor Conference at its 42nd session in Geneva on June 25, 1958. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1998.

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International Labour Conference (71st 1985 June 7-27 Geneva). ILO convention (no. 160) concerning labor statistics: Message from the President of the United States transmitting a certified copy of the convention (no. 160) concerning labor statistics, adopted by the International Labor Conference at Geneva on June 25, 1985. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.

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Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs. Convention concerning the Inspection of Seafarers' Working and Living Conditions (ILO Convention no.178). London: Stationery Office, 2004.

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Części książek na temat "ILO Convention No. 161"

Klabbers, Jan. "An Accidental Revolution: The ILO and the Opening Up of International Law". W International Labour Organization and Global Social Governance, 123–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55400-2_6.

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Abstract This article discusses the pioneering role of the ILO not in terms of its contribution to labour law, but in terms of its epistemic relevance: it was the first international organization which cut through the classic borderline between national law and international law. In order to do so, the article sketches pre-ILO legal doctrine, and discusses the creation and particular structure of the ILO at some length: why even create an organization to address labour issues, instead of concluding a convention? This is followed by outlining just how relevant the role of the ILO has been.

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Okia, Opolot. "Controlling “Spivs”: The ILO and Emergency Communal Labor, 1952–1960". W Labor in Colonial Kenya after the Forced Labor Convention, 1930–1963, 171–223. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17608-2_7.

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Routh, Supriya. "Situated Experience as Basis of Legitimate Law-Making: ILO Convention 189 and Domestic Workers in India". W Recognition of the Rights of Domestic Workers in India, 55–70. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5764-0_4.

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Sampson, Helen. "Introduction". W The World of the Seafarer, 1–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49825-2_1.

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AbstractThe shipping industry transported a total volume of 10.3 billion tons of cargo in 2017 (UNCTAD 2017) and is estimated to employ 1.5 million workers (http://www.ilo.org/global/standards/subjects-covered-by-international-labour-standards/seafarers/lang%2D%2Den/index.htm accessed 1/2/18) who are classed as seafarers. Such workers are employed on different vessel types in the cruise and cargo sectors. Sailors working for the military are not classed as seafarers. However, seafarers may be employed on board in a variety of roles which are not directly associated with marine navigation (as croupiers or entertainers on a cruise ship for example) but their ship should be engaged in a voyage which would differentiate them from taking a ‘fishing trip’ for example. Doumbia-Henry describes some of the provisions of ILO Convention No. 185 stating that:

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Ales, Edoardo. "ILO Convention 161 Occupational Health Services Convention, 1985 (No. 161)". W International and European Labour Law, 1413–28. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845266190-1429.

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Thornberry, Patrick. "ILO standards II: Convention 169". W Indigenous Peoples and Human Rights, 339–67. Manchester University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9780719037931.003.0015.

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Hovary, Claire La. "ILO Convention 131 The Minimum Wage Fixing Convention, 1970 (No. 131)". W International and European Labour Law, 1120–24. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845266190-1136.

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Teklè, Tzehainesh. "ILO Convention 111 Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No. 111)". W International and European Labour Law, 612–30. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845266190-628.

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Brino, Vania. "ILO Convention 168 Employment Promotion and Protection against Unemployment Convention, 1988 (No. 168)". W International and European Labour Law, 427–31. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845266190-443.

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Thornberry, Patrick. "2 ILO Convention No. 169 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples". W Indigenous peoples and human rights. Manchester University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.7765/9781847791221.00031.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "ILO Convention No. 161"

Svetlikova, Daniela. "WORKING CONDITIONS OF PERSONS WORKING IN A FOREIGN HOUSEHOLD - ILO CONVENTION". W 4th International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on Social Sciences and Arts SGEM2017. Stef92 Technology, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2017/12/s02.104.

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Naveen S. Singhal, Capt, i Arun Kr. Dev. "ILO MLC-2006 (Maritime Labour Convention): Owners Could Strive to Become the Most Favoured Employer". W 5th International Conference on Technology and Operation of Offshore Support Vessels. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-07-7338-0_osv2013-14.

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Newman, Rachel, Abbie Hewitt, Lucy Hines, Molly Jones i Shauna Green. "138 The influence of combined oncology and palliative care clinics (COPC) on hospital admissions". W The APM’s Supportive & Palliative Care Conference, Accepted Oral and Poster Abstract Submissions, The Harrogate Convention Centre, Harrogate, England, 21–22 March 2019. British Medical Journal Publishing Group, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2019-asp.161.

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Stockley, Amelia, i Karen Forbes. "161 Palliative care for young people with life-limiting illness: what should we be teaching specialist palliative care trainees?" W The APM’s Supportive & Palliative Care Conference, Accepted Oral and Poster Abstract Submissions, The Harrogate Convention Centre, Harrogate, England, 21–22 March 2019. British Medical Journal Publishing Group, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2019-asp.184.

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San Andrés, Luis, i Tingcheng Wu. "Leakage and Dynamic Force Coefficients for Two Labyrinth Gas Seals: Teeth-on-Stator and Interlocking Teeth Configurations — A CFD Approach to Their Performance". W ASME Turbo Expo 2018: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2018-75205.

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Labyrinth gas seals (LS) commonly used in turbomachines reduce secondary flow leakage. Conventional see-through labyrinth seal designs include either all Teeth-On-Stator (TOS) or all Teeth-On-Rotor (TOR). Experience shows that an interlocking labyrinth seal (ILS), with teeth on both stator and rotor, reduces gas leakage by up to 30% compared to the conventional see-through designs. However, field data for ILS rotordynamic characteristics is still vague and scarce in the literature. This work presents flow predictions for an ILS and a TOS LS, both seals share identical design features, namely radial clearance Cr = 0.2 mm, rotor diameter D = 150 mm, tooth pitch Li = 3.75 mm, and tooth height B = 3 mm. Air enters the seal at supply pressure Pin = 3.8, 6.9 bar (absolute) and temperature of 25 °C. The ratio of gas exit pressure to supply pressure ranges from 0.5 to 0.8, and the rotor speed is fixed at 10 krpm (surface speed of 79 m/s). The analysis implements a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method with a multi-frequency-orbit rotor whirl model. The CFD predicted mass flow rate for the ILS is ∼21% lower than that of the TOS LS, thus making the ILS a more efficient choice. Integration of the dynamic pressure fields in the seal cavities, obtained for excitation frequency (ω) ranging from 12% to 168% of rotor speed (sub and super synchronous whirl), allows an accurate estimation of the seal dynamic force coefficients. For all the considered operating conditions, at low frequency range the TOS LS shows a negative direct stiffness (K < 0), frequency independent; whereas the ILS has K > 0 that increases with both frequency and supply pressure. For both seals, the magnitude of K decreases when the exit pressure/inlet pressure ratio increases. On the other hand, the cross-coupled stiffness (k) from both seals is frequency dependent, its magnitude increases with gas supply pressure, and the k for the ILS is more sensitive to a change in the exit/inlet pressure ratio. Notably, k turns negative for subsynchronous frequencies below rotor speed (Ω) for both the TOS LS and ILS. The direct damping (C) for the TOS LS remains constant for ω > ½ Ω and has a larger magnitude than the damping for the ILS over the frequency range up to 1.5Ω. An increase in exit/inlet pressure ratio decreases the direct damping for both seals. The effective damping coefficient, Ceff = (C-k/ω) whenever positive aids to damp vibrations, whereas Ceff < 0 is a potential source for an instability. For frequencies ω /Ω < 1.3, Ceff for the TOS LS is higher in magnitude than that for the ILS. From a rotordynamics point of view, the ILS is not a sound selection albeit it reduces leakage. Comparison of the CFD predicted force coefficients against those from a bulk flow model demonstrate the later simple model delivers poor results, often contradictory and largely indifferent to the type of seal, ILS or TOS LS. In addition, CFD model predictions are benchmarked against experimental dynamic force coefficients for two TOS LSs published by Ertas et al. (2012) and Vannini et al. (2014).

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Adebiyi, Juwon, Adebola Bada, Daniel Maduagwu i Emem Udoh. "Practical Approach for Implementation of the Revised National Policy on Occupational Safety and Health 2020 in the Informal Sector: A Focus on South-South Nigeria". W SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208225-ms.

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Abstract The regulation of Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) in Nigeria, which is currently seeing some progress in the formal sector, has been short of impressive in the informal sector of the economy. Con- sidering it is the role of every government to ensure that all sectors of the economy operate in a manner that guarantees and ensures the safety and well-being of its citizens, Article 4 of International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention No. 155- Occupational Safety and Health Convention was ratified by the Government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (FRN) in 1994, which led to the development of a coherent National Policy on Occupational Safety and Health in 2006. This, inter alia, failed to address the informal sector; hence the Revised National Policy on OSH 2020 was introduced by the Govern- ment, through the office of the Honorable Minister of the Federal Ministry of Labour and Employment, as a framework for bridging the existing gap. In a bid to ensure the success of the Policy document, the Department of Occupational Safety and Health of the Federal Ministry of Labour and Employment was designated the Competent Authority by the Government. This paper takes a look at the stakeholders in the informal sector of the economy, focusing on the south- south part of Nigeria, and identifies some of the challenges hampering the effective implementation of Occupational Safety and Health systems needed for the promotion of safety and health at workplaces. It concludes by providing a practical tool that can be a guide for the policy users, especially in the in- formal sector of the Nigerian economy, in alignment with the second of the three determinants of the future of energy, as captured in the theme for NAICE 2021: "The Future of energy – a trilogy of de- terminants; Climate Change, Public Health, and the Global Oil Market".

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Schachter, Richard David, Nair Maria Maia de Abreu, Valdir Agustinho de Melo i Eliane Maria Loiola. "Development of a Computer Program for the Optimization of Deck Accommodation Arrangements of Ships and Craft Applying GRASP and VNS Meta-Heuristics Methods". W ASME 2011 30th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2011-50135.

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This work presents a computer program developed for the definition of Deck Accommodation Arrangements of ships and craft that allocates spaces in an automated process, in order to help the designer with options and initial ideas for its definition or to optimize arrangements propositions. This optimization process is usually done based on experience, using maritime regulations and practices. It is an evolution of previous works [14] which adopted the Quadratic Assignment Problem (QAP), that allowed the user to select units to be assigned to demarcated spaces and the program provides optimized options of arrangements, which can be transformed, in turn, into drawings. In this work, a hybrid meta-heuristic has been incorporated to the program, namely the Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedures — GRASP [7], and for the local search of solutions, the Variable Neighborhood Search — VNS [8], to improve the results. The program incorporates the mathematical model, containing menus of types of accommodation/compartments or deck units, for the user’s selection. Visualization and manipulation screens for friendly use were created, that allow the designer to quickly assemble deck arrangements in spaces, with an indirect tri-dimensionality feature. The program processes position and flow matrices, being the later ones determined through calibration (being modifiable) as a function of applicable Regulations of ILO 147 Convention, SOLAS and NORMAM (Brazilian Administration), incorporating as well maritime practice and usual ergonomic criteria for requirements of safety and habitability. The results can be used for General Arrangement drawings and can aid in the calculations of light weight and center of gravity, sail area, etc. A small discussion of recommendations for accommodation arrangements of the related regulations, rules of thumb derived from design practice and ergonomic criteria is provided.

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