Książki: „Individuals opinions”

1

Popkin, William D. Evolution of the judicial opinion: Institutional and individual styles. New York: New York University Press, 2007.

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Paternostro, Stefano. Individual attitudes toward corruption: Do social effects matter? Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2003.

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Facchini, Giovanni. Individual attitudes towards immigrants: Welfare-state determinants across countries. Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2006.

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Inter-American Court of Human Rights i International Court of Justice, red. The construction of a humanized international law: A collection of individual opinions (1991-2013). Leiden: Brill Nijhoff, 2015.

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Marcie, Pitt-Catsouphes, i Educational Resources Information Center (U.S.), red. Different perspectives: Workplace experience with the employment of individuals with disabilities. [Boston, MA]: Center on Work & Family, Boston University, 1995.

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H, Karash Karla, National Research Council (U.S.). Transportation Research Board., Transit Cooperative Research Program, United States. Federal Transit Administration. i Transit Development Corporation, red. Understanding how individuals make travel and location decisions: Implications for public transportation. Washington, D.C: Transportation Research Board, 2008.

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Lochner, Lance. Individual perceptions of the criminal justice system. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2003.

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Atkin, Jonathan. A war of individuals: Bloomsbury attitudes to the Great War. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002.

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Ziółkowski, Marek. Jednostka wobec władzy. Poznań: NAKOM, 1994.

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Romashkina, Al'bina. Virtual communication space: interaction between government and society. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2032495.

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The monograph is devoted to the Internet communication space as one of the key resources of the political sphere of activity. The article describes the emergence of new, previously non-existent forms and ways of interaction between different social groups, individuals and strata of society; the formation of interactive platforms for public discussions, where subjects of communication can accumulate and articulate their opinions, design and change public and individual consciousness. The article highlights the need for government institutions to maintain the ability to manage society, and for the political system to respond to the changes taking place; the possibility of personalized user management based on their psychological characteristics in the interests of the initiators of communication. The article reveals the mobilization potential of the Internet space, used by various actors to attract various groups of the population and civil society institutions to political participation and increasing the importance of communication processes in the political governance of modern states; the expansion of the political segment of the Internet, allowing the use of modern digital technologies to implement various tasks, including ensuring the stability of the political system. The digital communication space is considered as a competitive environment, where the struggle between different political actors for the possession, interpretation and transmission of information as one of the key resources of power increases, which can contribute to the formation of new totalitarian and authoritarian regimes based on new communication technologies. It is characterized by the possibility of changing the consciousness of individuals with the help of information they receive in the online space to achieve the goals of various actors in real life, which gives new meaning and significance to the problem of freedom of information and communication in connection with the development of digital communication technologies. For students, postgraduates and teachers of political science universities and faculties, as well as a wide range of readers interested in issues of interaction between government and society in the virtual communication space.

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Maria, Mayda Anna, i Centro Studi Luca d'Agliano, red. From individual attitudes towards migrants to migration policy outcomes: Theory and evidence. Torino: Centro Studi Luca d'Agliano, 2008.

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Scheve, Kenneth F. Labor-market competition and individual preferences over immigration policy. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1999.

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Maria, Mayda Anna, i Centro Studi Luca d'Agliano, red. Does the welfare state affect individual attitudes towards immigrants?: Evidence across countries. Torino: Centro Studi Luca d'Agliano, 2007.

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Scheffs, Łukasz. Kolektywizm i indywidualizm: Zachowania wyborcze w Polsce w latach 2001-2011. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe WNPiD UAM, 2016.

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15

Ladd, Everett Carll. The American ideology: An exploration of the origins, meaning, and role of American political ideas. Storrs, CT: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 1994.

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Sampson, Robert J. Attitudes toward crime, police, and the law: Individual and neighborhood differences : summary of a research. [Washington, DC]: U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Program, National Institute of Justice, 1999.

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Organization for Security and Co-Operation in Europe. Secretariat. Press and Public Information Section. 30 years, 30 opinions: Individual perspectives on the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe and its successor, the Organization for Security and Co-Operation in Europe. Vienna, Austria: OSCE, Press and Public Information Section, OSCE Secretariat, 2006.

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18

The Bible in the public schools: Opinions of individuals and of the press, and judicial decisions. New York: J.W. Schermerhorn, 1986.

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Ottati, Victor, i Chase Wilson. Open-Minded Cognition and Political Thought. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.143.

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Dogmatic or closed-minded cognition is directionally biased; a tendency to select, interpret, and elaborate upon information in a manner that reinforces the individual’s prior opinion or expectation. Open-minded cognition is directionally unbiased; a tendency to process information in a manner that is not biased in the direction of the individual’s prior opinion or expectation. It is marked by a tendency to consider a variety of intellectual perspectives, values, attitudes, opinions, or beliefs—even those that contradict the individual’s prior opinion. Open-Minded Cognition is assessed using measures that specifically focus on the degree to which individuals process information in a directionally biased manner. Open-Minded Cognition can function as an individual difference characteristic that predicts a variety of social attitudes and political opinions. These include attitudes toward marginalized social groups (e.g., racial and ethnic minorities), support for democratic values, political ideology, and partisan identification. Open-Minded Cognition also possesses a malleable component that varies across domains and specific situations. For example, Open-Minded Cognition is higher in the political domain than religious domain. In addition, Open-Minded Cognition is prevalent in situations where individuals encounter plausible arguments that are compatible with conventional values, but is less evident when individuals encounter arguments that are extremely implausible or that contradict conventional values. Within a situation, Open-Minded Cognition also varies across social roles involving expertise. Because political novices possess limited political knowledge, social norms dictate that they should listen and learn in an open-minded fashion. In contrast, because political experts possess extensive knowledge, social norms dictate that they are entitled to adopt a more dogmatic cognitive orientation when listening to a political communication.

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20

Armistead, Wilson 1819?-1868. Cloud of Witnesses' Against Slavery and Oppression: Containing the Acts, Opinions, and Sentiments of Individuals and Societies in All Ages. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2021.

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21

The impact of a court mandated educational course on the knowledge, attitudes, opinions, and behavioral intentions of individuals arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol. 1985.

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Bonnay, Denis. A Clustering-Based Approach to Collective Beliefs. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190680534.003.0008.

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In this chapter, I argue in favor of a new approach to collective beliefs in unorganized groups, in terms of doxastic clustering. When a group does not have dedicated mechanisms for production of collective beliefs, and when individual beliefs of members of the group are diverse, it does not make much sense to attribute to the group some average beliefs or any other kind of collective beliefs produced by aggregating individual beliefs. Rather, beliefs are meaningfully attributed to coherent subgroups of individuals who share similar opinions. In this case, attribution of collective beliefs involves both clustering, that is partitioning the group into coherent doxastic units, and aggregation, that is aggregating individual opinions within coherent clusters. Adapting standard judgment aggregation theory, I propose a formal framework for doxastic clustering and provide an axiomatic characterization of majoritarian intra-cluster aggregation.

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23

Martini, Carlo, i Jan Sprenger. Opinion Aggregation and Individual Expertise. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190680534.003.0009.

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Group judgments are often influenced by their members’ individual expertise. It is less clear, though, how individual expertise should affect the group judgments. This chapter surveys a wide range of models of opinion aggregation and group judgment: models where all group members have the same impact on the group judgment, models that take into account differences in individual accuracy, and models where group members revise their beliefs as a function of their mutual respect. The scope of these models covers the aggregation of propositional attitudes, probability functions, and numerical estimates. By comparing these different kinds of models and contrasting them with findings in psychology, management science, and the expert judgment literature, the chapter provides a better understanding of the role of expertise in group agency, both from a theoretical and from an empirical perspective.

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Dietrich, Franz, i Christian List. Probabilistic Opinion Pooling. Redaktorzy Alan Hájek i Christopher Hitchcock. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199607617.013.37.

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Suppose several individuals (e.g., experts on a panel) each assign probabilities to some events. How can these individual probability assignments be aggregated into a single collective probability assignment? This chapter is a review of several proposed solutions to this problem, focusing on three salient proposals: linear pooling (the weighted or unweighted linear averaging of probabilities), geometric pooling (the weighted or unweighted geometric averaging of probabilities), and multiplicative pooling (where probabilities are multiplied rather than averaged). Axiomatic characterizations of each class of pooling functions are presented (most characterizations are classic results, but one is new), with the argument that linear pooling can be justified “procedurally” but not “epistemically”, while the other two pooling methods can be justified “epistemically”. The choice between them, in turn, depends on whether the individuals' probability assignments are based on shared information or on private information. In conclusion a number of other pooling methods are mentioned.

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Guisinger, Alexandra. Could Positive Information Shift National-Level Beliefs? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190651824.003.0008.

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Chapter 8 asks whether changing the types of information provided to voters would sufficiently move public opinion to make such a strategy viable for political actors. Three original survey experiments explore the role of positive factual information, partisan factual information, and simple altruistic framing in shaping opinions. In the first case, a randomly selected half of respondents watched a trade supportive political campaign ad narrated by John McCain. In the second case, respondents received positive messages from experts about the benefits for the United States of the World Trade Organization and the costs to the United States of responding to Chinese currency manipulation, but the partisan attribution of the expert cited in these messages varied. In the final case, respondents identified in random order their preference for U.S. trade policy and their preference for Chinese trade policy. Although all three affected individuals’ beliefs, those effects were not strong enough to overcome most participants’ support for trade protection. Positive messages also increased, rather than decreased, gender and race gaps in preferences for trade protection. The chapter concludes by arguing that these findings support the decision of most individuals seeking reelection not to embrace pro-trade messages.

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Dinwiddie, Stephen H. Communication with Mass Media. Redaktorzy John Z. Sadler, K. W. M. Fulford i Werdie (C W. ). van Staden. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732372.013.4.

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In 1964, well over 2000 US psychiatrists responded to a magazine poll questioning Barry Goldwater’s psychological fitness to serve as president of the USA. The embarrassment this poll caused the field subsequently led to the American Psychiatric Association’s adoption of the “Goldwater Rule,” prohibiting psychiatrists from offering a professional opinion about an individual in the absence of an examination and the proper authorization to release such information. Is this sweeping ban proper, or are there situations in which psychiatric commentary on the behavior and motivations of a public figure can be justified? In this chapter, it is argued that under some circumstances, opining from afar—in the absence of direct examination or permission to disclose one’s opinions—can be justified.

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Goldman, Cristin S. Able-bodied individuals' perceptions of individuals with disabilities. 1998.

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Bayoneting with opinions. Gurgaon, India: Zorba Books Pvt. Ltd., 2017.

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Walker, Teri. Today’s Environmental Issues. ABC-CLIO, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216026266.

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An accessible and impartial survey of the positions of the Republican and Democratic parties on the most pressing environmental issues of our time, from climate change and wilderness preservation to air and water pollution. Today's Environmental Issues: Democrats and Republicans presents a unique perspective on party politics—one that impartially identifies similarities and differences regarding an array of topics ranging from fracking, sustainability, and pesticides to logging and noise pollution. Essays provide both historical information and up-to-date coverage of partisan opinions on today's environmental concerns. Written for upper level high school students, undergraduates, and general audiences interested in environmental issues and partisan viewpoints, this book enables readers to better understand the origins, details, differences, and commonalities of partisan opinions surrounding today's environmental concerns. Each environmental issue is unique with its own set of concerns and impacts, particularly when viewed from a party perspective. By examining a breadth of issues from the party viewpoint, readers can understand how the parties could work together or in opposition, depending on the environmental issue—and that the parties may not always be polar opposites on every issue, a characterization that is often portrayed in the media. Each essay includes a sidebar that presents a quick look at the party line, individuals who have shaped opinion or policy, or key court decisions.

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Richardson, Glenn, red. Social Media and Politics. Praeger, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216986782.

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This two-volume set explores the various ways social media are profoundly changing politics in America. The last decade has seen dramatic changes in the U.S. political process. The advent of social media and other new forms of expression have enabled an unprecedented number of citizens to enter the political arena by expressing their opinions about issues and candidates in ways that can influence untold numbers of voters and officials. But the vast majority of politicians have not fully grasped how social media has fundamentally changed the process of communication or adjusted to the dramatic shift in political power that is taking place. Written by experts on the intersections of politics, public opinion, and popular culture, this book examines how new media have brought political "power to the people" like never before, provided new channels through which politicians communicate and attempt to influence public opinion, and caused a game-changing shift in political power. Volume one focuses on how savvy politicians are learning to communicate in new ways via new media in order to enhance their political appeal. The second volume examines the various ways in which individuals or groups who use new/social media are affecting voters' decisions, applying pressure to elected or appointed officials, and influencing the direction of the country.

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Richardson, Glenn, red. Social Media and Politics. Praeger, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216986799.

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This two-volume set explores the various ways social media are profoundly changing politics in America. The last decade has seen dramatic changes in the U.S. political process. The advent of social media and other new forms of expression have enabled an unprecedented number of citizens to enter the political arena by expressing their opinions about issues and candidates in ways that can influence untold numbers of voters and officials. But the vast majority of politicians have not fully grasped how social media has fundamentally changed the process of communication or adjusted to the dramatic shift in political power that is taking place. Written by experts on the intersections of politics, public opinion, and popular culture, this book examines how new media have brought political "power to the people" like never before, provided new channels through which politicians communicate and attempt to influence public opinion, and caused a game-changing shift in political power. Volume one focuses on how savvy politicians are learning to communicate in new ways via new media in order to enhance their political appeal. The second volume examines the various ways in which individuals or groups who use new/social media are affecting voters' decisions, applying pressure to elected or appointed officials, and influencing the direction of the country.

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McDermott, Barbara E. Developmental disabilities. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0052.

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While the purpose of the correctional system is multi-faceted, including punishment and removal of the offender from society, one component is rehabilitation. With no offender does this seem more relevant than those with developmental disabilities. Although the research is inconsistent, most studies suggest that offenders with developmental delays commit less serious offenses, yet serve more time in prison than offenders without such delays. Opinions are mixed on whether appropriate services for such individuals should be provided on specialized units. Proponents of this approach cite the vulnerabilities of these offenders. However, all agree that specialized services must include appropriate assessment that takes into account culture and individualized approaches to habilitation. It cannot be presumed that services designed for the individual with mental illness will be appropriate for inmates with developmental disabilities. Little research has been conducted on the efficacy of specialized services for offenders with developmental disabilities. As such, correctional facilities must necessarily take guidance from research based on non-offender samples. An active collaboration between departments of corrections and agencies providing services for individuals with developmental disabilities can enhance service delivery and improve the integration of the offender into the community. This chapter outlines the progress that has been made in the identification and habilitation of individuals with developmental disabilities in the criminal justice system. Definitions, legal issues, and prevalence rates will be discussed, as well as the vulnerabilities individuals with developmental delays present to the criminal justice system. Finally, screening, management, and habilitation in corrections arising directly from these vulnerabilities are discussed.

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Popkin, William. Evolution of the Judicial Opinion: Institutional and Individual Styles. NYU Press, 2007.

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Popkin, William D. Evolution of the Judicial Opinion: Institutional and Individual Styles. New York University Press, 2007.

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Evolution of the Judicial Opinion: Institutional and Individual Styles. New York University Press, 2007.

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Warren, Scott. Emerging Adult Essay. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190260637.003.0014.

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Originally hailing from San Diego, California, my political consciousness came to light as I began moving around the world, living throughout Latin America and Africa as the son of a Foreign Service Officer. The opportunity to see emerging democracies grappling with the thorny realities of individuals expressing their opinions to make a collective difference made an impact on me as a young person that has inspired me to continue to promote the importance of youth political participation....

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Xenos, Michael A. Citizens Making Sense of Science Issues. Redaktorzy Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Dan M. Kahan i Dietram A. Scheufele. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190497620.013.31.

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Dramatic increases in media choice over the past few decades have had profound effects on virtually all processes of communication involving issues of public concern. For science issues in particular, exposure to information about a particular topic is typically driven by specific motivations, often in the highly fragmented world of online communication. Existing research on information seeking in a polarized media environment can guide thinking about how individuals make sense of contemporary science issues. However, the unique features of science topics, particularly those related to emerging science and technology fields, complicate simple applications of existing theories. Although a small number of existing studies attend to these issues, developing solid, evidence-based prescriptions for improving how individuals seek information and form opinions will require significant new research.

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Marshik, Celia. At the Mercy of Their Clothes. Columbia University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7312/columbia/9780231175043.001.0001.

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In much of modern fiction, it is the clothes that make the character. Garments embody personal and national histories. They convey wealth, status, aspiration, and morality (or a lack thereof). They suggest where characters have been and where they might be headed, as well as whether or not they are aware of their fate. This study explores the agency of fashion in modern literature. Celia Marshik’s study combines close readings of modernist and middlebrow works, a history of Britain in the early twentieth century, and the insights of thing theory. She focuses on four distinct categories of modern clothing: the evening gown, the mackintosh, the fancy dress costume, and secondhand attire. In their use of these clothes, we see authors negotiate shifting gender roles, weigh the value of individuality during national conflict, work through mortality, and depict changing class structures. Marshik’s dynamic comparisons put Ulysses in conversation with Rebecca, Punch cartoons, articles in Vogue, and letters from consumers, illuminating opinions about specific garments and a widespread anxiety that people were no more than what they wore. Throughout her readings, Marshik emphasizes the persistent animation of clothing—and objectification of individuals—in early-twentieth-century literature and society. She argues that while artists and intellectuals celebrated the ability of modern individuals to remake themselves, a range of literary works and popular publications points to a lingering anxiety about how political, social, and economic conditions continued to constrain the individual.

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Trindade, Antônio Augusto Cançado. Judge Antônio A. Cançado Trindade. the Construction of a Humanized International Law: A Collection of Individual Opinions , Volume 1 and 2 and a Collection of Individual Opinions , Volume 3. BRILL, 2018.

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Warshaw, Christopher. Latent Constructs in Public Opinion. Redaktorzy Lonna Rae Atkeson i R. Michael Alvarez. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190213299.013.30.

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Many of the most important constructs in public opinion research are abstract, latent quantities that cannot be directly observed from individual questions on surveys. Examples include ideology, political knowledge, racial prejudice, and consumer confidence. In each of these examples, individual survey questions are merely noisy indicators of the theoretical quantities that scholars are interested in measuring. This chapter describes a number of approaches for measuring latent constructs such as these at both the individual and group levels. It also discusses a number of substantive applications of latent constructs in public opinion research. Finally, it discusses methodological frontiers in the measurement of latent constructs.

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Dalton, Russell J. The Special Case of Online Activism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198733607.003.0007.

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Previous scholarship has offered mixed opinions on how online activism will change patterns of political participation. Surveys of Americans in 2008 and 2012 provide empirical evidence on how people use the internet as a method of political participation. In some instances, internet activism substitutes for traditional offline forms of participation. But the opportunity for online participation also increases the active share of the public. As with other participation modes, the better educated are more likely to use online activity, which can further widen the participation gap. Social media are further changing how citizens participate in the political process by connecting individuals with shared political interests into communities of action.

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Champeau, Donna A. Factors influencing individuals attitudes toward voluntary active euthanasia and physician assisted suicide. 1994.

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Benaron, Lisa D. Autism. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400615870.

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Few issues cause as much strife in contemporary society as does the cause and treatment of autism. Stories about the autism epidemic abound on talk shows and make headlines in newspapers and magazines. Celebrities and politicians express their personal opinions on the cause (or causes) of the increase in autism spectrum disorders (or ASDs), opinions often not shared by the conventional scientific community. Parents, family members, schools and government-funded agencies struggle to do the right thing for individuals with ASDs, This volume in the Biographies of Disease series provides an understandable, non-biased guide to the quagmire of information about ASDs. This foundation will enable readers to better understand the statements made by various authorities on ASDs. Autism covers all aspects of our historical and current understanding of autism spectrum disorders. The text starts with the recognition of autism in the forties and traces the development of ways to diagnose autism, explains why autism has been expanded to the autistic spectrum disorders. The author covers what is known and not known about the autism epidemic and the causes of ASDs. The critical importance of screening and early intervention is emphasized with respect to outcome for individuals with ASDs. Promising areas of research are highlighted. After reading this book, the reader will be able to place the latest breaking news about ASDs into perspective. While it is not yet possible to answer all of the questions about autism, this book allows the reader to follow along as the mystery is unraveled. Autism covers all aspects of our historical and current understanding of autism spectrum disorders: The recognition of autism in the forties and the development of ways to diagnose autism; why autism has been expanded to the autistic spectrum disorders; what is known and not known about the autism epidemic and the causes of ASDs; the importance of screening and early intervention as well as information about outcome for individuals with ASDs; and promising areas of research. After reading this book, the reader will be able to place the latest breaking news about ASDs into perspective. While it is not yet possible to answer all of the questions about autism, this book allows the reader to follow along as the mystery is unraveled.

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Atkin, Jonathan. War of Individuals: Bloomsbury Attitudes to the Great War. Manchester University Press, 2013.

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Atkin, Jonathan. War of Individuals: Bloomsbury Attitudes to the Great War. Manchester University Press, 2013.

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Atkin, Jonathan. War of Individuals: Bloomsbury Attitudes to the Great War. Manchester University Press, 2018.

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Rosenberg, Kenneth A., red. Wilderness Preservation. ABC-CLIO, Inc, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216035831.

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This fact-filled resource helps readers understand the issues surrounding wilderness, preservation, and conservation. Here, in a single, unbiased volume, can be found the views and opinions that will shape America's landscape for future generations. Government management of the public domain is detailed, as is federal legislation pertaining to the environment and wilderness areas. Biographical sketches of individuals who have influenced modern attitudes toward preservation and a detailed chronology of the events that have brought us to the present are also provided. In addition, annotated listings of organizations and resources are included to assist readers in further study. Wilderness Preservationdelivers solid, useful information that will serve as a foundation for decision-making, research, or simply enhanced understanding of this critical subject.

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The voice of: Public opinion-forming as citizenship? The word is the individual's! Eindhoven, The Netherlands: Onomatopee, 2013.

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Atkin, Jonathan. A war of individuals: Bloomsbury attitudes to the Great War. Manchester University Press, 2002.

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Islamophobia in the West: Measuring and explaining individual attitudes. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2012.

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