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Shang, Yongquan, Huaming Zhong, Gang Liu, Xibao Wang, Xiaoyang Wu, Qinguo Wei, Lupeng Shi i Honghai Zhang. "Characteristics of Microbiota in Different Segments of the Digestive Tract of Lycodon rufozonatus". Animals 13, nr 4 (17.02.2023): 731. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13040731.
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The gastrointestinal tract of animals contains microbiota, forming a complex microecosystem. Gut microbes and their metabolites can regulate the development of host innate and adaptive immune systems. Animal immune systems maintain intestinal symbiotic microbiota homeostasis. However, relatively few studies have been published on reptiles, particularly snakes, and even fewer studies on different parts of the digestive tracts of these animals. Herein, we used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to investigate the microbial community composition and adaptability in the stomach and small and large intestines of Lycodon rufozonatus. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes were most abundant in the stomach; Fusobacteria in the small intestine; and Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria, and Firmicutes in the large intestine. No dominant genus could be identified in the stomach; however, dominant genera were evident in the small and large intestines. The microbial diversity index was significantly higher in the stomach than in the small and large intestines. Moreover, the influence of the microbial community structure on function was clarified through function prediction. Collectively, the gut microbes in the different segments of the digestive tract revealed the unique features of the L. rufozonatus gut microbiome. Our results provide insights into the co-evolutionary relationship between reptile gut microbiota and their hosts.
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Pohl, Judith-Mira, Sebastian Gutweiler, Stephanie Thiebes, Julia K. Volke, Ludger Klein-Hitpass, Denise Zwanziger, Matthias Gunzer i in. "Irf4-dependent CD103+CD11b+dendritic cells and the intestinal microbiome regulate monocyte and macrophage activation and intestinal peristalsis in postoperative ileus". Gut 66, nr 12 (14.06.2017): 2110–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2017-313856.
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ObjectivePostoperative ileus (POI), the most frequent complication after intestinal surgery, depends on dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. Here, we have investigated the mechanism that activates these cells and the contribution of the intestinal microbiota for POI induction.DesignPOI was induced by manipulating the intestine of mice, which selectively lack DCs, monocytes or macrophages. The disease severity in the small and large intestine was analysed by determining the distribution of orally applied fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran and by measuring the excretion time of a retrogradely inserted glass ball. The impact of the microbiota on intestinal peristalsis was evaluated after oral antibiotic treatment.ResultsWe found thatCd11c-Cre+Irf4flox/floxmice lack CD103+CD11b+DCs, a DC subset unique to the intestine whose function is poorly understood. Their absence in the intestinal muscularis reduced pathogenic inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) production by monocytes and macrophages and ameliorated POI. Pathogenic iNOS was produced in the jejunum by resident Ly6C–macrophages and infiltrating chemokine receptor 2-dependent Ly6C+monocytes, but in the colon only by the latter demonstrating differential tolerance mechanisms along the intestinal tract. Consistently, depletion of both cell subsets reduced small intestinal POI, whereas the depletion of Ly6C+monocytes alone was sufficient to prevent large intestinal POI. The differential role of monocytes and macrophages in small and large intestinal POI suggested a potential role of the intestinal microbiota. Indeed, antibiotic treatment reduced iNOS levels and ameliorated POI.ConclusionsOur findings reveal that CD103+CD11b+DCs and the intestinal microbiome are a prerequisite for the activation of intestinal monocytes and macrophages and for dysregulating intestinal motility in POI.
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Yamamoto, Yuri, Yumiko Nakanishi, Shinnosuke Murakami, Wanping Aw, Tomoya Tsukimi, Ryoko Nozu, Masami Ueno i in. "A Metabolomic-Based Evaluation of the Role of Commensal Microbiota throughout the Gastrointestinal Tract in Mice". Microorganisms 6, nr 4 (29.09.2018): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms6040101.
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Commensal microbiota colonize the surface of our bodies. The inside of the gastrointestinal tract is one such surface that provides a habitat for them. The gastrointestinal tract is a long organ system comprising of various parts, and each part possesses various functions. It has been reported that the composition of intestinal luminal metabolites between the small and large intestine are different; however, comprehensive metabolomic and commensal microbiota profiles specific to each part of the gastrointestinal lumen remain obscure. In this study, by using capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry (CE-TOFMS)-based metabolome and 16S rRNA gene-based microbiome analyses of specific pathogen-free (SPF) and germ-free (GF) murine gastrointestinal luminal profiles, we observed the different roles of commensal microbiota in each part of the gastrointestinal tract involved in carbohydrate metabolism and nutrient production. We found that the concentrations of most amino acids in the SPF small intestine were higher than those in the GF small intestine. Furthermore, sugar alcohols such as mannitol and sorbitol accumulated only in the GF large intestine, but not in the SPF large intestine. On the other hand, pentoses, such as arabinose and xylose, gradually accumulated from the cecum to the colon only in SPF mice, but were undetected in GF mice. Correlation network analysis between the gastrointestinal microbes and metabolites showed that niacin metabolism might be correlated to Methylobacteriaceae. Collectively, commensal microbiota partially affects the gastrointestinal luminal metabolite composition based on their metabolic dynamics, in cooperation with host digestion and absorption.
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Malygina, Olga G., Anna A. Usynina i Anna A. Makarova. "Association between Intestinal Microbiota in Infants and their Neurodevelopment: Systematic Literature Review on Scoping Review Methodology". Current Pediatrics 23, nr 1 (25.02.2024): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/vsp.v23i1.2706.
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Background. The long-term effects of large intestine microbiota or its disorders on human health remain largely unexplored. Particularly the issue of an association between the intestinal microbiota in newborns and infants with their further neurodevelopment remains unclear. Objective. The aim of the study is to systematically summarize studies' results on the association of large intestine microbiota (its normal composition and in case of any disorders) in newborns and infants and their neurodevelopment until the age of 1 year. Methods. The search of publications was performed in the following databases: Medline, Web of Science (WoS), Scientific electronic library (eLIBRARY.RU), and CyberLeninka. The publication period was dated from January 2001 to May 2022 (until December 2021 for WoS). The review included studies that examined the an association of large intestine microbiota in newborns and infants with their neurodevelopment until the age of 1 year, the presence of nervous system pathology, behavioral and/or emotional disorders. Languages of analyzed publications were Russian and English. Results. The review includes data from 9 studies. Data on the association of the intestine microbiota (its composition and/or the number of microorganisms) with neurodevelopment at the early age is summarized. Conclusion. Large intestine microbiota of infants is regarded as new non-invasive biomarker of their neurodevelopment. Differences in the design of published original studies included in the systematic literature review do not allow us to assess the role of individual microbiota components in infant’s neurodevelopment.
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Zhi, Wenbo, Kai Tang, Jinsong Yang, Tianshu Yang, Rong Chen, Jiaming Huang, Haisheng Tan, Jianguo Zhao i Zhanwu Sheng. "Research on the Gut Microbiota of Hainan Black Goat". Animals 12, nr 22 (13.11.2022): 3129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12223129.
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The intestine of animals is a complex micro-ecosystem containing a large number of microbiomes, which is essential for the host’s health development. The Hainan black goat with good resistance and adaptability is a unique species in Hainan, China. These unique physiological characteristics are inseparable from their intestinal microbiota. In this study, high-throughput sequencing was used to investigate bacterial communities in different segments of the intestinal tract of Hainan black goat. The results showed that the indices of Chao1 and ACE in the cecum and colon were significantly greater than those in the ileum (p = 0.007, 0.018). According to PCoA, the intestinal flora composition of the cecum and colon is almost equivalent. In contexts of the phylum, Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, and Pseudomonadota were the dominant phyla in the gut of the Hainan black goat. While in context of the genus, the dominant groups in the gut of black goats mainly include Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005, Bacteroides, Paeniclostridium, Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, and Eubacterium coprostanoligenes _group, Prevotella_1, they have different proportions in different intestinal segments. The gut microbiota of Hainan black goat is mainly Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, and Pseudomonadota. Influenced by the intestinal location where they colonize, the large intestine has a more complex intestinal flora than the small intestine. In contrast, there are only minor differences between the caecum and the colon in the large intestine.
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Gardiner, Gillian E., Barbara U. Metzler-Zebeli i Peadar G. Lawlor. "Impact of Intestinal Microbiota on Growth and Feed Efficiency in Pigs: A Review". Microorganisms 8, nr 12 (28.11.2020): 1886. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8121886.
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This review summarises the evidence for a link between the porcine intestinal microbiota and growth and feed efficiency (FE), and suggests microbiota-targeted strategies to improve productivity. However, there are challenges in identifying reliable microbial predictors of host phenotype; environmental factors impact the microbe–host interplay, sequential differences along the intestine result in segment-specific FE- and growth-associated taxa/functionality, and it is often difficult to distinguish cause and effect. However, bacterial taxa involved in nutrient processing and energy harvest, and those with anti-inflammatory effects, are consistently linked with improved productivity. In particular, evidence is emerging for an association of Treponema and methanogens such as Methanobrevibacter in the small and large intestines and Lactobacillus in the large intestine with a leaner phenotype and/or improved FE. Bacterial carbohydrate and/or lipid metabolism pathways are also generally enriched in the large intestine of leaner pigs and/or those with better growth/FE. Possible microbial signalling routes linked to superior growth and FE include increased intestinal propionate production and reduced inflammatory response. In summary, the bacterial taxa and/or metabolic pathways identified here could be used as biomarkers for FE/growth in pigs, the taxa exploited as probiotics or the taxa/functionality manipulated via dietary/breeding strategies in order to improve productivity in pigs.
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Wang, Kai, Hailiang Zhang, Lirong Hu, Guoxing Zhang, Haibo Lu, Hanpeng Luo, Shanjiang Zhao, Huabin Zhu i Yachun Wang. "Characterization of the Microbial Communities along the Gastrointestinal Tract in Crossbred Cattle". Animals 12, nr 7 (24.03.2022): 825. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12070825.
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The gastrointestinal microbiota greatly affects the health status and production performance of bovines. Presently, many studies have used high-throughput sequencing methods to investigate the gastrointestinal microbiome in bovines. However, the microbiome profile of crossbred cattle across the whole gastrointestinal tract (GIT) has not been thoroughly reported. In this study, the digesta at ten regions (including the rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon, and rectum) of the GIT were collected in three Simmental × Holstein crossbred heifers aged 17 months, and microbial DNA was extracted and amplified for sequencing of the V3–V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene. Functional orthologs of the microbiota genome were predicted and analyzed. We found that samples were categorized into three groups (the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine) by principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) based on Bray–Curtis dissimilarity in both the bacterial composition and functional profile. Samples from small intestine had the lowest alpha diversity of bacteria composition and highest alpha diversity of the functional composition. Three groups of GIT regions were characterized by several microbiome features. The stomach was characterized by Bacteroidetes and Fibrobacteres at the phylum level, and KEGG pathways related to the metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, glycan biosynthesis, and metabolism were enriched in the stomach. The small intestine was characterized by Actinobacteria and Patescibacteria at the phylum level, and KEGG pathways related to xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism were enriched in the small intestine. The large intestine featured Ruminococcaceae, Rikenellaceae, and Bacteroidacea at the family level, and KEGG pathways, including steroid hormone biosynthesis, linoleic acid metabolism, and cysteine and methionine metabolism were enriched in the large intestine. The results of the current study revealed the spatial heterogeneity of microbiota across the GIT in Simmental × Holstein crossbreeds and identified microbial biomarkers of different regions. The results can provide useful information for the study of the gastrointestinal microbiome in bovines.
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Singhal, Rashi, i Yatrik M. Shah. "Oxygen battle in the gut: Hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible factors in metabolic and inflammatory responses in the intestine". Journal of Biological Chemistry 295, nr 30 (5.06.2020): 10493–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.rev120.011188.
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The gastrointestinal tract is a highly proliferative and regenerative tissue. The intestine also harbors a large and diverse microbial population collectively called the gut microbiome (microbiota). The microbiome–intestine cross-talk includes a dynamic exchange of gaseous signaling mediators generated by bacterial and intestinal metabolisms. Moreover, the microbiome initiates and maintains the hypoxic environment of the intestine that is critical for nutrient absorption, intestinal barrier function, and innate and adaptive immune responses in the mucosal cells of the intestine. The response to hypoxia is mediated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). In hypoxic conditions, the HIF activation regulates the expression of a cohort of genes that promote adaptation to hypoxia. Physiologically, HIF-dependent genes contribute to the aforementioned maintenance of epithelial barrier function, nutrient absorption, and immune regulation. However, chronic HIF activation exacerbates disease conditions, leading to intestinal injury, inflammation, and colorectal cancer. In this review, we aim to outline the major roles of physiological and pathological hypoxic conditions in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis and in the onset and progression of disease with a major focus on understanding the complex pathophysiology of the intestine
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Li, Songze, Ruina Mu, Yunxi Zhang, Shaoying Wang, André-Denis G. Wright, Huazhe Si i Zhipeng Li. "Dynamics of Intestinal Mucosa Microbiota in Juvenile Sika Deer During Early Growth". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, nr 3 (22.01.2025): 892. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26030892.
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The establishment of gut microbiota in young ruminants has a profound impact on their productive performance in adulthood. The microbial communities of ruminants differ significantly across the different regions of the digestive tract, as well as between the mucosa and lumen. In this study, we analyzed the characteristics of the microbiota of the small intestine (jejunum and ileum) and large intestine (cecum and colon) of sika deer on day 1 (birth), day 42 (transition period) and day 70 (rumination period) using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results showed that the microbial diversity of the mucosa in the jejunum, ileum, cecum and colon of sika deer was higher on day 70 than on day 1, and the diversity of the cecal mucosa was significantly higher than that in the small intestine. Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) showed that the microbial community structures of the small and large intestinal mucosa were significantly different, and the microbial community structure of sika deer on day 1 was significantly different from that on days 42 and 70. The relative abundances of Methylobacterium–Methylorubrum, Pelagibacterium, Acinetobacter and Staphylococcus were higher in the small intestinal mucosa, while Alistipes, Prevotellaceae UCG-004, Eubacterium coprostanoligenes group and Lachnospiraceae unclassified were higher in the large intestinal mucosa. We also observed increased levels of specific microbiota in the small intestinal (Turicibacter and Cellulosilyticum) and large intestinal mucosa (Treponema, Romboutsia, Oscillospirales UCG-005 and Peptostreptococcaceae unclassified) with animal growth. A comparison of the predicted function showed that the microbiota of the small intestinal mucosa was enriched for replication and repair, while carbohydrate metabolism was enriched in the microbiota of the large intestinal mucosa. In addition, the relative abundances of amino acid and energy metabolism were significantly higher on days 42 and 70 than on day 1. Our results revealed that the microbial community composition and the dynamics of the intestinal mucosa from birth to rumination in juvenile sika deer, which may provide insights into similar processes in other juvenile ruminants.
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Wang, Jie, Siqi Xia, Huimei Fan, Jiahao Shao, Tao Tang, Li Yang, Wenqiang Sun, Xianbo Jia, Shiyi Chen i Songjia Lai. "Microbiomics Revealed the Disturbance of Intestinal Balance in Rabbits with Diarrhea Caused by Stopping the Use of an Antibiotic Diet". Microorganisms 10, nr 5 (20.04.2022): 841. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10050841.
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The harmful effects of diarrhea on the growth performance of rabbits have been well documented, but the details of the potential mechanism of intestinal diarrhea when antibiotics are stopped are still unclear. Here, PacBio sequencing technology was used to sequence the full length 16S rRNA gene of the microbiota of intestinal content samples, in order to characterize the bacterial communities in the small intestine (duodenum and jejunum) and large intestine (colon and cecum) in normal Hyplus rabbits and those with diarrhea. The histopathological examination showed that intestinal necrosis occurred in different degrees in the diarrhea group, and that the mucosal epithelium was shed and necrotic, forming erosion, and the clinical manifestation was necrosis. However, the intestinal tissue structure of the normal group was normal. The results revealed that there were significant differences in bacterial communities and structure between the diarrhea and normal groups of four intestinal segments (p < 0.05). In general, 16 bacterial phyla, 144 bacterial genera and 22 metabolic pathways were identified in the two groups. Tax4Fun functional prediction analysis showed that KEGG related to amino acid metabolism and energy metabolism was enriched in the large intestines of rabbits with diarrhea, whereas lipid metabolism was more abundant in the small intestine of rabbits with diarrhea. In conclusion, the change in the relative abundance of the identified dominant microbiota, which could deplete key anti-inflammatory metabolites and lead to bacterial imbalance and diarrhea, resulted in diarrhea in Hyplus rabbits that stopped using antibiotics.
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Wang, J., Y. Han, J. Z. Zhao, Z. J. Zhou i H. Fan. "Pyrosequencing-based analysis of the complex microbiota located in the gastrointestinal tracts of growing-finishing pigs". Animal Production Science 59, nr 5 (2019): 870. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an16799.
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The commensal gut microbial communities play an important role in the health and production efficiency of growing-finishing pigs. This study aimed to analyse the composition and diversity of the microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract sections (stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, colon and rectum) of growing-finishing pigs. This analysis was assessed using 454 pyrosequencing targeting the V3–V6 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Samples were collected from 20, healthy pigs aged 24 weeks and weighing 115.9 ± 5.4 kg. The dominant bacterial phyla in the various gastrointestinal tract sections were Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. At the genus level, Prevotella, unclassified Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcus, unclassified Ruminococcaceae and Oscillospira were more abundant in the large intestine than in the stomach and the small intestine. Unclassified Peptostreptococcaceae and Corynebacterium were more abundant in the small intestine than in the stomach and the large intestine. Shuttleworthia, unclassified Veillonellaceae and Mitsuokella were more abundant in the stomach than in the small and large intestines. At the species level, M. el.s.d.enii and M. multacida were predominant in the stomach. In addition, P. stercorea, P. copri, C. butyricum, R. flavefaciens and R. bromii were significantly more abundant in the large intestine than in the stomach and the small intestine. B. pseudolongum and B. thermacidophilum were significantly more abundant in the small intestine than in the stomach and the large intestine. Principal coordinates analysis showed that the overall composition of the pig gastrointestinal microbiota could be clustered into three groups: stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) and large intestine (caecum, colon and rectum). Venn diagrams illustrated the distribution of shared and specific operational taxonomic units among the various gastrointestinal tract sections.
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Acquarone, Mario, Alejandro Salgado-Flores i Monica Alterskjær Sundset. "The Bacterial Microbiome in the Small Intestine of Hooded Seals (Cystophora cristata)". Microorganisms 8, nr 11 (27.10.2020): 1664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8111664.
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Arctic hooded seals (Cystophora cristata) are monogastric carnivores that go through extreme fasting and re-feeding in early life. They are born isolated on sea ice; suckle high-fat milk for four days and may then fast for up to one month before they start hunting and feeding on small prey (fish and crustaceans). Previous studies of the gut microbiota in pinnipeds have focused on the large intestine, while little data exist on the small intestinal microbiota. In this study, the bacterial microbiome in the proximal and distal small intestine of four captive two-year old seals (two males and two females) fed herring (Clupea harengus) was sampled post-mortem and characterized using 16S rRNA metabarcoding from the V1–V3 hypervariable region of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. The seals were originally born in the wild and taken into human care at the end of the suckling period. Molecular-based analysis using Illumina Hiseq resulted in 569,910 16S rRNA sequences from the four seals (both sampling sites together). Taxonomical classification applying a naive Bayesian algorithm gave 412 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs). Firmicutes was the major phylum across samples (Proximal (P): 90.5% of total sequences, on average; Distal (D): 94.5%), followed by Actinobacteria (P: 7%; D: 0.3%) and Proteobacteria (P: 1.7%; D: 1.9%). Bacterial spp. belonging to the Clostridium (P: 54.1%; D: 41.6%) and SMB53 (P: 15.3%; D: 21.5%) constituted the major genera in both the proximal and distal small intestine. Furthermore, comparison with hindgut and fecal samples from geographically diverse marine mammals highlighted similarities in the microbiome between our seals and those sharing similar aquatic environments. This study has provided a first reliable glimpse of the bacterial microbiota in the small intestine microbiome of hooded seals.
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Song, S. C., Y. M. An, J. H. Shin, M. J. Chung, J. G. Seo i E. Kim. "Beneficial effects of a probiotic blend on gastrointestinal side effects induced by leflunomide and amlodipine in a rat model". Beneficial Microbes 8, nr 5 (13.10.2017): 801–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2016.0231.
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Patients with metabolic disorders frequently suffer from side effects induced by long-term oral medications. The present study using a rat model system indicated that leflunomide (LF) and amlodipine (AMD), the active ingredients contained in the medications for rheumatoid arthritis and hypertension, respectively, appeared to induce various bowel problems including constipation and inflammation. In the small and large intestine, LF increased the expression of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 compared to the null control and AMD increased the expression of both TNF-α and IL-1β, although its effect on IL-6 was only increased in the large intestine. It is noteworthy that the probiotic blend tested was found to alleviate intestinal complications caused by LF and AMD. Analysis of the gut microbiota revealed that AMD induced compositional changes in the gut microbiota. Namely, members of the phylum Bacteroidetes, which constituted only about 0.3% of the microbiota in the null control, made up more than 10% of the total composition in the AMD-administered rats. Interestingly, the probiotic blend was also found to normaliSe the gut microbiota.
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Said, Hamid M. "Recent advances in transport of water-soluble vitamins in organs of the digestive system: a focus on the colon and the pancreas". American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 305, nr 9 (1.11.2013): G601—G610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00231.2013.
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This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms and regulation of water-soluble vitamin (WSV) transport in the large intestine and pancreas, two important organs of the digestive system that have only recently received their fair share of attention. WSV, a group of structurally unrelated compounds, are essential for normal cell function and development and, thus, for overall health and survival of the organism. Humans cannot synthesize WSV endogenously; rather, WSV are obtained from exogenous sources via intestinal absorption. The intestine is exposed to two sources of WSV: a dietary source and a bacterial source (i.e., WSV generated by the large intestinal microbiota). Contribution of the latter source to human nutrition/health has been a subject of debate and doubt, mostly based on the absence of specialized systems for efficient uptake of WSV in the large intestine. However, recent studies utilizing a variety of human and animal colon preparations clearly demonstrate that such systems do exist in the large intestine. This has provided strong support for the idea that the microbiota-generated WSV are of nutritional value to the host, and especially to the nutritional needs of the local colonocytes and their health. In the pancreas, WSV are essential for normal metabolic activities of all its cell types and for its exocrine and endocrine functions. Significant progress has also been made in understanding the mechanisms involved in the uptake of WSV and the effect of chronic alcohol exposure on the uptake processes.
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Skvortsova, Elena, Oksana Filinskaya, Irina Postrash, Anna Bushkareva i Alexandra Mostofina. "Biodiversity of gut microorganisms in aquacultured African catfish". E3S Web of Conferences 463 (2023): 01039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202346301039.
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The article examines the intestinal microbiome of young and adult catfish Clarias gariepinus raised under aquaculture conditions. Genomic DNA was isolated from the large intestine of fish. The study was conducted using the 16S Metagenomics protocol, and the library pool was sequenced on Illumina MiSeq. The microbiota is characterized by a diverse set of both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, the qualitative and quantitative composition of which is strictly individual for each individual. The microbiota of young catfish consisted mainly of opportunistic gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas, as well as gram-negative anaerobic bacteria Cetobacterium somerae. In adult catfish, higher biodiversity and the appearance of opportunistic gram-positive bacteria of the genus Streptococcus in the dominant genera were revealed; the species Propionibacterium acnes was also common. The study results indicate that the diversity of the gut microbiome of the catfish Clarias gariepinus increases over time.
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Pawełek, Klaudia, Patrycja Kinga Marta, Filip Maciej Huzarski, Gabriela Monika Ferfecka, Magdalena Rosa-Bończak, Agata Ossolińska, Weronika Kłosowicz, Oliver Carlton, Lucyna Stolarska i Natalia Morawiecka. "What Do Gases in the Large Intestine Have to Do with Health?" Journal of Education, Health and Sport 78 (10.02.2025): 57693. https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2025.78.57693.
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A healthy human gastrointestinal tract contains approximately 200 ml of gas, with an average daily elimination of 600 ml. Sources of intestinal gases include swallowing air and products of intestinal fermentation, primarily in the large intestine. The gases consist of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and methane, with carbon dioxide and hydrogen being the most abundant. The gut-brain axis, regulated by the nervous system and gut microbiota, influences intestinal motility, hormone secretion, and metabolic processes. Gut microorganisms produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which play a significant role in regulating energy homeostasis and enteroendocrine hormone secretion. Disruptions in gut microbiota, such as in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), lead to changes in gas production, discomfort, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Diagnosis of these conditions relies on breath tests and ruling out other pathologies. Additionally, carbohydrate intolerances, such as fructose or lactose intolerance, result in excessive gas production and malabsorption issues. Celiac disease, an autoimmune condition, causes damage to intestinal villi, impairing digestion and absorption. A comprehensive approach to diagnosing and treating these conditions, including dietary modifications and microbiological interventions, plays a crucial role in improving patients' quality of life.
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Dudun, Andrei A., Dariana V. Chesnokova, Vera V. Voinova, Anton P. Bonartsev i Garina A. Bonartseva. "Changes in the Gut Microbiota Composition during Implantation of Composite Scaffolds Based on Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and Alginate on the Large-Intestine Wall". Polymers 15, nr 17 (4.09.2023): 3649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15173649.
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The development of biopolymer scaffolds for intestine regeneration is one of the most actively developing areas in tissue engineering. However, intestinal regenerative processes after scaffold implantation depend on the activity of the intestinal microbial community that is in close symbiosis with intestinal epithelial cells. In this work, we study the impact of different scaffolds based on biocompatible poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and alginate (ALG) as well as PHB/ALG scaffolds seeded with probiotic bacteria on the composition of gut microbiota of Wistar rats. Implantation of PHB/ALG scaffolds on the large-intestine wall to close its injury showed that alpha diversity of the gut microbiota was not reduced in rats implanted with different PHB/ALG scaffolds except for the PHB/ALG scaffolds with the inclusion of Lactobacillus spheres (PHB/ALG-L). The composition of the gut microbiota of rats implanted with PHB/ALG scaffolds with probiotic bacteria or in simultaneous use of an antimicrobial agent (PHB/ALG-AB) differed significantly from other experimental groups. All rats with implanted scaffolds demonstrated shifts in the composition of the gut microbiota by individual operational taxonomic units. The PHB/ALG-AB construct led to increased abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria: Ileibacterium sp. dominated in rats with implanted PHB/ALG-L and Lactobacillus sp. and Bifidobacterium sp. dominated in the control group. In addition, the PHB/ALG scaffolds had a favourable effect on the growth of commensal bacteria. Thus, the effect of implantation of the PHB/ALG scaffold compared to other scaffolds on the composition of the gut microbiota was closest to the control variant, which may demonstrate the biocompatibility of this device with the microbiota.
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Wang, Wei, Yuyu Wang, Peng Huang, Junjuan Zhou, Guifeng Tan, Jianguo Zeng i Wei Liu. "Mosla Chinensis Extract Enhances Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, and Intestinal Health in Broilers by Modulating Gut Microbiota". Microorganisms 12, nr 12 (20.12.2024): 2647. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12122647.
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This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Mosla chinensis extract (MCE) on broiler intestinal health. A total of 240 1-day-old Arbor Acres (AA) broilers (balanced for sex) were randomly allocated into four treatment groups, each with six replicates of 10 chickens. The study comprised a starter phase (days 1–21) and a grower phase (days 22–42). The control group (C) received a basal diet, while the experimental groups were supplemented with low (S1, 500 mg/kg), medium (S2, 1000 mg/kg), and high doses (S3, 2000 mg/kg) of MCE. The results showed that MCE supplementation significantly improved average daily gain in broilers (p < 0.05) and reduced the feed-to-gain ratio in broilers. Additionally, MCE enhanced the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacity of broilers. In the duodenum and cecum, MCE significantly upregulated the expression of tight junction proteins Claudin-1, and Occludin, with the high-dose group showing the strongest effect on intestinal barrier protection (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in ZO-1 in dudenum (p > 0.05). Microbial analysis indicated that MCE supplementation significantly reduced the Chao and Sobs indices in both the small and large intestines (p < 0.05). At the same time, the Coverage index of the small intestine increased, with the high-dose group demonstrating the most pronounced effect. Beta diversity analysis revealed that MCE had a significant modulatory effect on the microbial composition in the large intestine (p < 0.05), with a comparatively smaller impact on the small intestine. Furthermore, MCE supplementation significantly increased the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae and Alistipes in the large intestine, along with beneficial genera that promote short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, thus optimizing the gut microecological environment. Correlation analysis of SCFAs further confirmed a significant association between the enriched microbiota and the production of acetate, propionate, and butyrate (p < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with MCE promotes healthy growth and feed intake in broilers and exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. By optimizing gut microbiota composition, enhancing intestinal barrier function, and promoting SCFA production, MCE effectively maintains gut microecological balance, supporting broiler intestinal health.
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Stefura, Tomasz, Barbara Zapała, Tomasz Gosiewski, Oksana Skomarovska, Michał Pędziwiatr i Piotr Major. "Changes in the Composition of Oral and Intestinal Microbiota After Sleeve Gastrectomy and Roux-En-Y Gastric Bypass and Their Impact on Outcomes of Bariatric Surgery". Obesity Surgery 32, nr 5 (21.02.2022): 1439–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11695-022-05954-9.
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Abstract Background We aimed to assess the changes in composition of bacterial microbiota at two levels of the digestive tract: oral cavity and large intestine in patients 6 months after bariatric surgery. Methods This was a prospective cohort study including patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Before surgery and 6 months after the procedure, oral swabs were obtained and stool samples were provided. Our endpoint was the analysis of the differences in compositions of oral and fecal microbiota prior and after the surgical treatment of obesity. Results Bacteria from phylum Bacteroidetes seemed to increase in abundance in both the oral cavity and the large intestine 6 months after surgery among patients undergoing bariatric surgery. The subgroup analysis we conducted based on the volume of weight-loss revealed that patients achieving at least 50% of excess weight loss present similar results to the entire study group. Patients with less favorable outcomes presented an increase in the population of bacteria from phylum Fusobacteria and a decrease of phylum Firmicutes in oral cavity. Conclusion Intestinal microbiota among these patients underwent similar changes in composition to the rest of the study group. Bariatric surgery introduces a significant change in composition of oral and intestinal microbiota. Graphical abstract
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Wang, Xiaoqi, Zhichao Zhang, Xiaoping Wang, Qi Bao, Rujing Wang i Ziyuan Duan. "The Impact of Host Genotype, Intestinal Sites and Probiotics Supplementation on the Gut Microbiota Composition and Diversity in Sheep". Biology 10, nr 8 (12.08.2021): 769. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10080769.
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Three sampling strategies with a 16s rRNA high-throughput sequencing and gene expression assay (by RT-PCR) were designed, to better understand the host and probiotics effect on gut microbiota in sheep. Sampling: (1) colon contents and back-fat tissues from small-tailed Han sheep (SHS), big-tailed Hulun Buir sheep (BHBS), and short-tailed Steppe sheep (SHBS) (n = 12, 14, 12); (2) jejunum, cecum and colon contents, and feces from Tan sheep (TS, n = 6); (3) feces from TS at 4 time points (nonfeeding, 30 and 60 feeding days, and stop feeding 30 days) with probiotics supplementation (n = 7). The results indicated SHS had the highest Firmicutes abundance, the thinnest back-fat, and the lowest expression of C/EBPβ, C/EBPδ, ATGL, CFD, and SREBP1. Some bacteria orders and families could be potential biomarkers for sheep breeds with a distinct distribution of bacterial abundance, implying the host genotype is predominant in shaping unique microbiota under a shared environment. The microbiota diversity and Bifidobacterial populations significantly changed after 60 days of feeding but restored to its initial state, with mostly colonies, after 30 days ceased. The microbiota composition was greatly different between the small and large intestines, but somewhat different between the large intestine and feces; feces may be reliable for studying large intestinal microbiota in ruminants.
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Sundaram, Shanmuga, i Alip Borthakur. "Altered intestinal epithelial nutrient transport: an underappreciated factor in obesity modulated by diet and microbiota". Biochemical Journal 478, nr 5 (4.03.2021): 975–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bcj20200902.
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Dietary nutrients absorbed in the proximal small intestine and assimilated in different tissues have a profound effect on overall energy homeostasis, determined by a balance between body's energy intake and expenditure. In obesity, altered intestinal absorption and consequently tissue assimilation of nutrients may disturb the energy balance leading to metabolic abnormalities at the cellular level. The absorption of nutrients such as sugars, amino acids and fatty acids released from food digestion require high-capacity transporter proteins expressed in the intestinal epithelial absorptive cells. Furthermore, nutrient sensing by specific transporters/receptors expressed in the epithelial enteroendocrine cells triggers release of gut hormones involved in regulating energy homeostasis via their effects on appetite and food intake. Therefore, the intestinal epithelial cells play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of obesity and associated complications. Over the past decade, gut microbiota has emerged as a key factor contributing to obesity via its effects on digestion and absorption of nutrients in the small intestine, and energy harvest from dietary fiber, undigested component of food, in the large intestine. Various mechanisms of microbiota effects on obesity have been implicated. However, the impact of obesity-associated microbiota on the intestinal nutrient transporters needs extensive investigation. This review marshals the limited studies addressing the altered structure and function of the gut epithelium in obesity with special emphasis on nutrient transporters and role of diet and microbiota. The review also discusses the thoughts and controversies and research gaps in this field.
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Kryldakova, Dina, Assem Dossanova, Vassiliy Lozovoy, Galymzhan Burayev, Medet Khamitov, Yelena Lozovaya, Assem Shakeeva, Anna Gorobtsova i Dinara Sharipova. "Combined method of colon microbiota correction after colon x-ray in children with chronic colostasis". Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 22, nr 1 (1.01.2023): 180–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v22i1.63077.
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Objective: The problem of chronic colostasis is especially relevant in children. Numerous research studies have been devoted to this type of pathology, but until now, no final solution has been proposed both in traditional therapy and surgical treatment. The research aimed to study the state of intestinal microbiota in children with chronic colostasis in preparation for irrigation and to evaluate the combined method of its correction by oral and rectal probiotic administration. Materials and methods: The study enrolled 100 patients of both genders aged 5-15 years with the diagnosis of chronic colostasis. All patients were divided into main and control groups consisting of 50 people in each one. For the correction of intestine microbiota, the probiotics in the main group were administered orally and using enema with direct irrigation of the large intestine cavity after preparation for X-ray analysis, while patients of the control group received probiotics only orally. Results and Discussion:In the main group, the concentration of all types of useful microorganisms in the intestine increased to normal values after the correction, the number of useful microorganisms is statistically significantly higher, and the number of opportunistic enterobacteria is less in comparison with the those in the control group (p<0.001). Conclusion:The developed method of combined application of probiotics orally and introduction into the lumen of the large intestine with an enema is an effective way to correct the quantitative composition of intestinal microbiota at chronic colostasis in children. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 22 No. 01 January’23 Page : 180-188
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Scupham, Alexandra J., Laura L. Presley, Bo Wei, Elizabeth Bent, Natasha Griffith, Michael McPherson, Feilin Zhu i in. "Abundant and Diverse Fungal Microbiota in the Murine Intestine". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, nr 1 (styczeń 2006): 793–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.72.1.793-801.2006.
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ABSTRACT Enteric microbiota play a variety of roles in intestinal health and disease. While bacteria in the intestine have been broadly characterized, little is known about the abundance or diversity of enteric fungi. This study utilized a culture-independent method termed oligonucleotide fingerprinting of rRNA genes (OFRG) to describe the compositions of fungal and bacterial rRNA genes from small and large intestines (tissue and luminal contents) of restricted-flora and specific-pathogen-free mice. OFRG analysis identified rRNA genes from all four major fungal phyla: Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, and Zygomycota. The largest assemblages of fungal rRNA sequences were related to the genera Acremonium, Monilinia, Fusarium, Cryptococcus/Filobasidium, Scleroderma, Catenomyces, Spizellomyces, Neocallimastix, Powellomyces, Entophlyctis, Mortierella, and Smittium and the order Mucorales. The majority of bacterial rRNA gene clones were affiliated with the taxa Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Acinetobacter, and Lactobacillus. Sequence-selective PCR analyses also detected several of these bacterial and fungal rRNA genes in the mouse chow. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis with a fungal small-subunit rRNA probe revealed morphologically diverse microorganisms resident in the mucus biofilm adjacent to the cecal and proximal colonic epithelium. Hybridizing organisms comprised about 2% of the DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, dihydrochloride)-positive organisms in the mucus biofilm, but their abundance in fecal material may be much lower. These data indicate that diverse fungal taxa are present in the intestinal microbial community. Their abundance suggests that they may play significant roles in enteric microbial functions.
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Reyer, Henry, Per J. R. Sjöberg, Michael Oster, Aisanjiang Wubuli, Eduard Murani, Siriluck Ponsuksili, Petra Wolf i Klaus Wimmers. "Mineral Phosphorus Supply in Piglets Impacts the Microbial Composition and Phytate Utilization in the Large Intestine". Microorganisms 9, nr 6 (1.06.2021): 1197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9061197.
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A sufficient supply of phosphorus (P) to pigs in livestock farming is based on the optimal use of plant-based phytate and mineral P supplements to ensure proper growth processes and bone stability. However, a high P supplementation might bear the risk of higher environmental burden due to the occurrence of excess P and phytate degradation products in manure. In this context, the intestinal microbiota is of central importance to increase P solubility, to employ non-mineral P by the enzymatic degradation of phytate, and to metabolize residual P. A feeding experiment was conducted in which piglets were fed diets with different P levels, resulting in three groups with low, medium (covering requirements), and high concentrations of available P. Samples from caecum and colon digesta were analysed for microbial composition and phytate breakdown to estimate the microbial contribution to metabolize P sources. In terms of identified operational taxonomic units (OTU), caecum and colon digesta under the three feeding schemes mainly overlap in their core microbiome. Nevertheless, different microbial families correlate with increased dietary P supply. Specifically, microbes of Desulfovibrionaceae, Pasteurellaceae, Anaerovoracaceae, and Methanobacteriaceae were found significantly differentially abundant in the large intestine across the dietary treatments. Moreover, members of the families Veillonellaceae, Selenomonadaceae, and Succinivibrionaceae might contribute to the observed phytate degradation in animals fed a low P diet. In this sense, the targeted manipulation of the intestinal microbiota by feeding measures offers possibilities for the optimization of intestinal phytate and P utilization.
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Indeykina, L. Kh, E. A. Sabelnikova, T. N. Kuzmina, S. Yu Silvestrova, A. A. Makarova, M. B. Pavlov i A. I. Parfenov. "Pathogenetic Therapy of Chronic Diarrhea in Patients with Small Bowel Resection". Effective Pharmacotherapy 19, nr 43 (12.12.2023): 82–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33978/2307-3586-2023-19-43-82-85.
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A clinical case of the observation of a patient with chronic diarrhea, occurred after a resection of the small intestine with an ileoileal anastomosis, is described further. The resection of the small intestine, including the ileum, where the conversion and reabsorption of bile acids (BA) usually occur, leads to their excessive influx into the large intestine, causing chologenic diarrhea. The increased amount of BA has a detrimental effect on the activity of the intestinal microbiota in the anatomically altered intestine and can cause the biliary insufficiency. The exclusion of the ileocecal zone, especially the Bauhinia valve, from the passage of chyme, disrupts the motor activity of the large intestine, reduces water and ion absorption, and promotes regurgitation of intestinal contents from the cecum into the small intestine. Difficulties in identifying the chologenic factor in the development of diarrhea are exacerbated by the lack of available diagnostic methods. Identification of individual pathogenetically significant factors contributing to the development of diarrhea syndrome and their adequate therapeutic correction is the key to successful rehabilitation of patients with post-resection short bowel syndrome.
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Seo, Ye Seul, Hye-Bin Lee, Yoonsook Kim i Ho-Young Park. "Dietary Carbohydrate Constituents Related to Gut Dysbiosis and Health". Microorganisms 8, nr 3 (18.03.2020): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8030427.
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Recent studies report that microbiota in the human intestine play an important role in host health and that both long- and short-term diets influence gut microbiota. These findings have fueled interest in the potential of food to promote health by shaping the intestinal microbiota. Despite the fact that large populations in Asia consume high quantities of carbohydrates, such diets have been ignored in comparison to the attention received by Western diets containing high quantities of fat and animal protein. We gathered data that suggest an association between imbalanced high-carbohydrate intake and gut microbiota and host health. In this review, we identify not only the effect of total carbohydrates on the intestinal microbiota specifically and the health of their hosts in general, but also how specific types of carbohydrates influence both factors.
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Xie, Yinyin, Linyang Song, Junhua Yang, Taoqi Tao, Jing Yu, Jingrong Shi i Xiaobao Jin. "Small intestinal flora graft alters fecal flora, stool, cytokines and mood status in healthy mice". Life Science Alliance 4, nr 9 (23.07.2021): e202101039. http://dx.doi.org/10.26508/lsa.202101039.
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Fecal microbiota transplantation is widely used. Large intestinal microbiota (LIM) is more similar to fecal microbiota than small intestinal microbiota (SIM). The SIM communities are very different from those of LIM. Therefore, SIM transplantation (SIMT) and LIM transplantation (LIMT) might exert different influences. Here, healthy adult male C57Bl/6 mice received intragastric SIMT, LIMT, or sterile PBS administration. Microbiota graft samples were collected from small/large intestine of healthy mice of the same age, sex, and strain background. Compared with PBS treatment, SIMT increased pellet number, stool wet weight, and stool water percentage; induced a fecal microbiota profile shift toward the microbial composition of the SIM graft; induced a systemic anti-inflammatory cytokines profile; and ameliorated depressive-like behaviors in recipients. LIMT, however, induced merely a slight alteration in fecal microbial composition and no significant influence on the other aspects. In sum, SIMT, rather than LIMT, affected defecation features, fecal microbial composition, cytokines profile, and depressive-like behaviors in healthy mice. This study reveals the different effects of SIMT and LIMT, providing an interesting clue for further researches involving gut microbial composition change.
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Szewczyk, Aleksandra, Apolonia Witecka i Anna Kiersztan. "The role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases". Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej 73 (31.12.2019): 865–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7326.
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According to current knowledge, the number of microorganisms living in our body slightly exceeds the number of our own cells, and most of them occupy the large intestine. New methods for analyzing microorganisms residing in our intestine (intestinal microbiota) enable a better understanding of their metabolic, protective and structural functions as well as complex interactions with the host. The development of microbiota is dynamic, and its composition may change during our lifetime. Many factors can affect the composition of microbiota, such as diet, stress, age, genetic factors and antibiotic therapy. Microbiota-gut-brain communication is bi-directional and is mediated via neuronal, immunological and humoral pathways. This article focuses on gut-brain axis elements, such as the vagus nerve, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), cytokines, neurotransmitters, hormones and intestinal peptides, allowing microbiota to contact with the central nervous system. Moreover, this article shows the mechanisms by which microbiota affects the brain functions related to our behavior, mood and cognitive processes. In addition, the role of microbiota composition disorders in the pathogenesis of central nervous system diseases (such as depression, autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease) is discussed. This article also focuses on the results from studies in which probiotics have been used as potential therapeutic agents in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders and also alleviating the symptoms of the central nervous system diseases.
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Bi, Sheng, Han Lai, Dingli Guo, Xuange Liu, Gongpei Wang, Xiaoli Chen, Shuang Liu, Huadong Yi, Yuqin Su i Guifeng Li. "The Characteristics of Intestinal Bacterial Community in Three Omnivorous Fishes and Their Interaction with Microbiota from Habitats". Microorganisms 9, nr 10 (9.10.2021): 2125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9102125.
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Artificial fishery habitats have been extensively used for fishery resource protection and water habitat restoration, and they could attract a large number of omnivorous fishes to gather together. This study intended to reveal the relationship between bacterial communities in the habitats (water and sediment) and intestines of omnivorous fishes (Oreochromis mossambicus, Toxabramis houdemeri and Hemiculter leucisculus). Therefore, we investigated the bacterial communities of samples collected from intestines, water, and sediments in artificial fishery habitats via 16S rRNA metabarcoding high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that there were significant differences in the composition, core indicators, diversity and prediction functions in water, sediments, and intestinal microbial communities of the three omnivorous fish. The microbial diversities were significantly higher in habitats than in intestines. The analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) and nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) results indicated that the intestine microbial communities (T. houdemeri and H. leucisculus) were more similar to the water microbiota, but the intestine microbial communities (O. mossambicus) were more similar to the sediments. Source tracking analysis also confirmed that the contribution of habitat characteristics to omnivorous fish intestinal microorganisms was different; the sediment had a greater contribution than water to the intestinal microbiota of O. mossambicus, which was consistent with their benthic habit. Moreover, the functional prediction results showed that there were unique core indicators and functions between the bacterial community of habitats and intestines. Altogether, these results can enhance our understanding of the bacterial composition and functions about omnivorous fish intestines and their living with habitats, which have provided new information for the ecological benefits of artificial fishery habitats from the perspective of bacterial ecology and contributed to apply artificial fishery habitats in more rivers.
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Немченко, Ulyana Nemchenko, Савелькаева, Marina Savelkaeva, Колесникова, Lyubov Kolesnikova, Иванова i in. "microecological and associative structure of intestinal biocenosis in children with functional gastrointestinal disorders". Бюллетень Восточно-Сибирского научного центра Сибирского отделения Российской академии медицинских наук 1, nr 5 (6.12.2016): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/23344.
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The article is devoted to one of actual problems of gastroenterology – study of microbiocenosis of gastrointestinal tract in functional disorders. Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID) or minimal dysfunctions of digestion are frequent in the first months of child’s life and provoke anxiety both in parents and in pediatricians. Aim: to explore the microbial landscape and the associative structure of the microbiota of the large intestine in children with functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract.Subjects and methods: Intestinal microbiota composition of 225 children with functional gastrointestinal disorders and 100 healthy children was studied using bacteriological method.Results. The 88.4 % frequency of detection of intestinal eubiosis disorders is discussed. Information is provided on the species composition of the major opportunistic organisms that inhabit this biotope. According to the results, decrease of bifidobacteria amount in structure of large intestine microbiota increases rate of detection of opportunistic micro-organisms – predominantly, Klebsiella genus bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus. The intestinal microbial community is dominated by multicomponent transient association. The frequency of detection of pathogenic Staphylococcus in children under one year is discussed in detail.Conclusions. A distinctive feature of the intestinal biocenosis microecological status is significantly greater spread of enterococci than in healthy children, which can be a risk for the emergence of strains with the presence of a number of pathogenecity factors that cause infectious processes.
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Kim, Sung Woo, i Marcos E. Duarte. "Understanding intestinal health in nursery pigs and the relevant nutritional strategies". Animal Bioscience 34, nr 3 (1.03.2021): 338–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ab.21.0010.
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In the modern pig production, pigs are weaned at early age with immature intestine. Dietary and environmental factors challenge the intestine, specifically the jejunum, causing inflammation and oxidative stress followed by destruction of epithelial barrier and villus structures in the jejunum. Crypt cell proliferation increases to repair damages in the jejunum. Challenges to maintain the intestinal health have been shown to be related to changes in the profile of mucosa-associated microbiota in the jejunum of nursery pigs. All these processes can be quantified as biomarkers to determine status of intestinal health related to growth potential of nursery pigs. Nursery pigs with impaired intestinal health show reduced ability of nutrient digestion and thus reduced growth. A tremendous amount of research effort has been made to determine nutritional strategies to maintain or improve intestinal health and microbiota in nursery pigs. A large number of feed additives have been evaluated for their effectiveness on improving intestinal health and balancing intestinal microbiota in nursery pigs. Selected prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics, and other bioactive compounds can be used in feeds to handle issues with intestinal health. Selection of these feed additives should aim modulating biomarkers indicating intestinal health. This review aims to define intestinal health and introduce examples of nutritional approaches to handle intestinal health in nursery pigs.
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Lipnitsky, E. M., Yu S. Medkova, E. A. Akhmetgalieva i D. N. Borisova. "The correlation between intestinal microbiota and colorectal cancer". Clinical Medicine (Russian Journal) 99, nr 5-6 (1.12.2021): 339–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.30629/0023-2149-2021-99-5-6-339-341.
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The study of intestinal and oral microflora and their metabolites playing an important role in intestinal homeostasis, has led to the identification of species closely related to the development of colorectal cancer, intracellular correlations of fungi and bacteria compared to control. The correlation between oral microbiota and intestinal microflora, as well as associated with the mucous membrane of the large intestine, was revealed. It was noted that the use of eu- and probiotics improved the immunological indices and the structure of the intestinal microbiota. Thus, studying the oral and intestinal microbiota and its metabolites may prove to be a simple, accessible and informative method for the early diagnosis of colon cancer. However, most studies indicate only changes in the quantitative and qualitative composition of the microbiota, hardly revealing its cause-effect relations with the processes of tumor formation in the colon. Therefore, it is necessary to continue studies of this problem.
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Gorelov, A. V., I. N. Zakharova, A. I. Khavkin, L. I. Kafarskaya, D. V. Usenko, S. V. Belmer, E. A. Kornienko i in. "Resolution of the Council of Experts “Dysbiosis. Immediate and long-term consequences of microbiome disorders and options for their correction with probiotics”". Voprosy praktičeskoj pediatrii 17, nr 1 (2022): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.20953/1817-7646-2022-1-213-221.
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The appearance of new high-tech microbiological research methods has significantly changed the understanding of the human microbiome. The purpose of the meeting of the Council of Experts "Dysbiosis. The immediate and long-term consequences of microbiome disorders and options for their correction with probiotics" was the definition of modern positions about possible methods of studying the intestinal microbiome, the possibilities of correcting dysbiosis, the use of Saccharomyces Boulardii CNCM I-745 to correct microbiome disorders in various clinical situations. The microbiota of the large intestine is represented by more than 1000 species of 7 different phyla of the Bacteriae domain, up to 160 numerically prevailing species are detected in one individual. The criteria of the microbiological "norm" for the intestinal microbiome have not been definitively established. To study the microbiome, a set of methods is used that combine cultural and molecular genetic methods that complement each other. Currently, none of the methods is widely available in clinical practice. To study the functional state of the intestinal microbiota, the most accessible is breath testing. Currently, there are no clinical markers of dysbiosis, and laboratory markers of dysbiosis require modification. There is an insignificant spectrum of diseases with such markers: acute intestinal infections, antibiotic-associated C. difficile-diarrhea, IBD, IBS. Probiotics can provide restoration of the intestinal microbiota. The effectiveness and safety of the use of S. boulardii CNCM I-745 for this purpose has been proven. In the case of acute intestinal infection, antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and the consequences of HP infection eradication, studies have a high level of evidence, and the use of Sb CNCM I-745 for treating IBS and IBD in children is promising.
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Kodentsova, V. M., i D. V. Risnik. "Micronutrients and the gut microbiome: a bidirectional interaction". Medical alphabet, nr 16 (5.09.2024): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33667/2078-5631-2024-16-40-46.
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A review of the literature in recent years was carried out using the RSCI, Google Scholar, Pubmed, and ResearchGate databases.The purpose of the review was characterization of the influence of dietary micronutrients on the intestinal microbiome and assessment of the role of the microbiome in providing the host with micronutrients.Results. Approximately half (40–65 %) of all types of prototrophic bacteria inhabiting the intestine are capable of synthesizing all B vitamins and are donors for auxotrophic bacteria. Only four vitamins (B6, folate, B12, niacin) can be produced in quantities that represent about 25 % of a person’s physiological requirement, but the lack of transporters for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the colon makes it unavailable to the host. Vitamin K (menaquinones) synthesized by intestinal bacteria does not enter the systemic circulation, which does not exclude their local effect on the intestinal epithelium. A lack of micronutrients (vitamin A, iron, zinc, folate) in the host’s diet disrupts the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota; taking vitamins (groups B, C, D, E) improves the composition of the microbiome. Excessive consumption of some vitamins causes them to enter the large intestine, where they have a beneficial effect on the number and diversity of bacteria. Micro- and macroelements are necessary to ensure the viability of representatives of the intestinal microbiota, which is also necessary to maintain optimal elemental homeostasis. Taking prebiotics (soluble dietary fiber) improves the bioavailability of iron, calcium and other minerals.Conclusion. Microorganisms inhabiting the human gastrointestinal tract bidirectionally interact with micronutrients included in the diet, which affects, on the one hand, the species diversity and functions of microorganisms, and on the other hand, the microbiome affects the absorption and bioavailability of micronutrients.
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Nouadi, Badreddine, Yousra Sbaoui, Mariame El Messal, Faiza Bennis i Fatima Chegdani. "Integrative Analysis of the Genes Induced by the Intestine Microbiota of Infant Born to Term and Breastfed". Bioinformatics and Biology Insights 14 (styczeń 2020): 117793222090616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1177932220906168.
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Nowadays, the integration of biological data is a major challenge for bioinformatics. Many studies have examined gene expression in the epithelial tissue in the intestines of infants born to term and breastfed, generating a large amount of data. The integration of these data is important to understand the biological processes involved during bacterial colonization of the newborns intestine, particularly through breast milk. This work aims to exploit the bioinformatics approaches, to provide a new representation and interpretation of the interactions between differentially expressed genes in the host intestine induced by the microbiota.
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Khomenko, M. A., i T. P. Osolodchenko. "EVALUATION OF MICROBIOCENOSIS OF LARGE INTESTINE AND INTESTINAL PERMEABILITY IN OBESE ADOLESCENTS". International Medical Journal, nr 1 (14.02.2021): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37436/2308-5274-2021-1-4.
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Obesity is one of the most common non−infectious diseases worldwide among both adults and children. It is associated with the development of diseases such as metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, non−alcoholic fatty liver disease, cardiovascular disease etc. The mechanisms proposed to explain the development and progression of obesity include chronic low−intensity inflammation, bacterial translocation, and endotoxemia, which may resulted from dysbiosis and increased intestinal permeability. To study anthropometric parameters, levels of zonulin, lipopolysaccharide, interleukin−6 and interleukin−10, indices of the colon microbiota, 74 adolescents with obesity aged 12−17 years were examined. The correlation analysis of anthropometric and laboratory indices, between anthropometric ones and those of microflora of a large intestine depending on sex was performed. It is noted that obesity is accompanied by the formation of intestinal dysbiosis in 78.2 % of patients with a decrease in the obligate microflora and an increase in the conditionally pathogenic microflora. In adolescent patients, a significant rise in interleukin−6 levels and a tendency to increase interleukin−10 levels compared with adolescents with normal weight, which is a sign of low−intensity inflammation. There was a significant increase in zonulin levels in obese adolescents compared with those in the control group, that may be an evidence of increased intestinal permeability. Positive correlations have been reported between the body weight, abdominal fat distribution, and increased intestinal permeability as well as activation of low−intensity inflammation. In obese adolescents, in the presence of dysbiotic disorders, it is advisable to harmonize the diet and style and correct intestinal dysbiosis with the intestinal barrier restoration of. Key words: zonulin, lipopolysaccharide, interleukins, microbiota, adolescents, obesity.
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Cotozzolo, Elisa, Paola Cremonesi, Giulio Curone, Laura Menchetti, Federica Riva, Filippo Biscarini, Maria Laura Marongiu i in. "Characterization of Bacterial Microbiota Composition along the Gastrointestinal Tract in Rabbits". Animals 11, nr 1 (26.12.2020): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11010031.
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The microbiota is extremely important for the animal’s health, but, to date, knowledge on the intestinal microbiota of the rabbit is very limited. This study aimed to describe bacterial populations that inhabit the different gastrointestinal compartments of the rabbit: stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, and colon. Samples of the luminal content from all compartments of 14 healthy New White Zealand rabbits were collected at slaughter and analyzed using next generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing. The findings uncovered considerable differences in the taxonomic levels among the regions of the digestive tract. Firmicutes were the most abundant phylum in all of the sections (45.9%), followed by Bacteroidetes in the large intestine (38.9%) and Euryarchaeota in the foregut (25.9%). Four clusters of bacterial populations were observed along the digestive system: (i) stomach, (ii) duodenum and jejunum, (iii) ileum, and (iv) large intestine. Caecum and colon showed the highest richness and diversity in bacterial species, while the highest variability was found in the upper digestive tract. Knowledge of the physiological microbiota of healthy rabbits could be important for preserving the health and welfare of the host as well as for finding strategies to manipulate the gut microbiota in order to also promote productive performance.
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Solovyev, Mikhail M., Elena N. Kashinskaya, Nickolai A. Bochkarev, Karl B. Andree i Evgeniy Simonov. "The effect of diet on the structure of gut bacterial community of sympatric pair of whitefishes (Coregonus lavaretus): one story more". PeerJ 7 (3.12.2019): e8005. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8005.
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In the Coregonus lavaretus complex may be found lacustrine sympatric pairs, which serves as an intriguing model for studying different aspects of fish evolutionary biology. One such sympatric whitefish pair inhabits Teletskoye Lake (West Siberia, Russia) and includes a “large” form (Coregonus lavaretus pidschian (Gmelin, 1789)) and a “small” form (C. l. pravdinellus (Dulkeit, 1949)). C. l. pravdinellus has a narrow trophic specialization and feeds on zooplankton, whereas the diet of C. l. pidschian is based on benthic prey. In the present study we aimed to address the question of how the gut microbial community reflects the divergence in diet of a sympatric pair of whitefish. Studied samples included the mucosa and content were collected for cardiac and pyloric stomach, anterior, middle, and posterior intestine, but only mucosa was collected for the pyloric caeca. In addition, water, sediment, macrophyte (environmental microbiota) and invertebrate (microbiota of prey) samples were collected in the same location. The V3–V4 region of the 16S rRNA genes was chosen for microbiome analysis and the software PICRUSt used to estimate the difference functional roles of the microbiota. The number of OTUs and Chao1 index in mucosa and content of cardiac and pyloric stomach were significantly different between whitefish. Significant differences were observed between whitefish for content from different parts of the intestine in terms of OTU number and Chao1 indices, whereas for mucosa from the same parts of intestine these differences were absent. No significant differences were found for diversity estimates of mucosa and content of different parts of the gut (there were a few exceptions) between whitefish. The form of whitefish and the segment of the digestive system were factors with a significant determinative effect on the structure of the microbiota from gut mucosa and content. The most dominant phyla in mucosa and content of cardiac and pyloric stomach was Proteobacteria (57.0–84.0%) for both whitefish. Throughout the intestine of C. l. pidschian the dominant phyla in mucosa were Proteobacteria (38.8%) and Firmicutes (15.6%), whereas for C. l. pravdinellus–Tenericutes (49.6%) and Proteobacteria (28.1%). For both forms, the phylum Spirochaetes was found in a significant amount (20.0–25.0%) in the mucosa of the posterior intestine. While for the content obtained from anterior, middle and posterior intestines, the dominant bacterial phyla were the same as those described for mucosa from the same parts of the intestine for both whitefish. The bacterial community of the prey and environment was significantly different from bacterial communities found for all parts of the gut mucosa for both whitefish, with the exception of the mucosa of the cardiac stomach. According to PICRUSt the highest level of differences between whitefish at the L3 level were found for the intestinal mucosa (75.3%), whereas the lowest one was registered for stomach content (38.8%).
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Hamilton, M. Kristina, Gaëlle Boudry, Danielle G. Lemay i Helen E. Raybould. "Changes in intestinal barrier function and gut microbiota in high-fat diet-fed rats are dynamic and region dependent". American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 308, nr 10 (15.05.2015): G840—G851. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00029.2015.
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A causal relationship between the pathophysiological changes in the gut epithelium and altered gut microbiota with the onset of obesity have been suggested but not defined. The aim of this study was to determine the temporal relationship between impaired intestinal barrier function and microbial dysbiosis in the small and large intestine in rodent high-fat (HF) diet-induced obesity. Rats were fed HF diet (45% fat) or normal chow (C, 10% fat) for 1, 3, or 6 wk; food intake, body weight, and adiposity were measured. Barrier function ex vivo using FITC-labeled dextran (4,000 Da, FD-4) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) probes in Ussing chambers, gene expression, and gut microbial communities was assessed. After 1 wk, there was an immediate but reversible increase in paracellular permeability, decrease in IL-10 expression, and decrease in abundance of genera within the class Clostridia in the ileum. In the large intestine, HRP flux and abundance of genera within the order Bacteroidales increased with time on the HF diet and correlated with the onset of increased body weight and adiposity. The data show immediate insults in the ileum in response to ingestion of a HF diet, which were rapidly restored and preceded increased passage of large molecules across the large intestinal epithelium. This study provides an understanding of microbiota dysbiosis and gut pathophysiology in diet-induced obesity and has identified IL-10 and Oscillospira in the ileum and transcellular flux in the large intestine as potential early impairments in the gut that might lead to obesity and metabolic disorders.
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Wang, Xiaofei, Yue Qi i Hao Zheng. "Dietary Polyphenol, Gut Microbiota, and Health Benefits". Antioxidants 11, nr 6 (20.06.2022): 1212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061212.
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Polyphenols, which are probably the most important secondary metabolites produced by plants, have attracted tremendous attention due to their health-promoting effects, including their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-adipogenic, and neuro-protective activities, as well as health properties. However, due to their complicated structures and high molecular weights, a large proportion of dietary polyphenols remain unabsorbed along the gastrointestinal tract, while in the large intestine they are biotransformed into bioactive, low-molecular-weight phenolic metabolites through the residing gut microbiota. Dietary polyphenols can modulate the composition of intestinal microbes, and in turn, gut microbes catabolize polyphenols to release bioactive metabolites. To better investigate the health benefits of dietary polyphenols, this review provides a summary of their modulation through in vitro and in vivo evidence (animal models and humans), as well as their possible actions through intestinal barrier function and gut microbes. This review aims to provide a basis for better understanding the relationship between dietary polyphenols, gut microbiota, and host health.
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Sytkov, Valentin V., T. E. Borovik, I. E. Smirnov i I. V. Poddubnyy. "CHANGES IN MICROBIOTA AND PECULIARITIES OF THE USE OF PROBIOTICS FOR THE PREVENTION OF COMPLICATIONS OF THE SURGICAL TREATMENT OF HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE IN CHILDREN". Russian Pediatric Journal 20, nr 3 (30.04.2019): 172–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1560-9561-2017-20-3-172-179.
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In a review there are presented current data both on the formation of Hirschsprung disease (HD) in children and complications of its surgical treatment. The importance of interrelations of intestinal microbiota, agangliosis of the large intestine and the mechanisms of formation of HD-associated enterocolitis as a leading complication in the postoperative period are described. The value of the intestinal microbiota in its interaction with the immune system as a factor of pathogenesis and prevention of postoperative complications in HD patients is determined. Changes in the intestinal microbiota were shown to play a significant pathogenetic role in the appearance and progression of HD-associated enterocolitis in children. It is indicated that early manipulations with microbial intestinal communities through the use of probiotics can become the basis of a new strategy for the prevention of postoperative complications in HD. Modulation of the intestinal microbiota with antibiotics and probiotics can be a promising method of the management and prevention of complications of surgical treatment of HD in children.
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Zeng, Yilan, Mei Luo, Liwei Pan, Yuan Chen, Siqi Guo, Dongxia Luo, Li Zhu i in. "Vitamin D signaling maintains intestinal innate immunity and gut microbiota: potential intervention for metabolic syndrome and NAFLD". American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 318, nr 3 (1.03.2020): G542—G553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00286.2019.
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A lack of sunlight exposure, residence in the northern latitudes, and dietary vitamin D insufficiency are coprevalent with metabolic syndrome (MetS), Type 2 diabetes (T2D), and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD), implying a potential causality and underlying mechanism. Whether vitamin D supplementation or treatment can improve these disorders is controversial, in part, because of the absence of large-scale trials. Experimental investigations, on the other hand, have uncovered novel biological functions of vitamin D in development, tumor suppression, and immune regulation, far beyond its original role as a vitamin that maintained calcium homeostasis. While the large intestine harbors massive numbers of microbes, the small intestine has a minimal quantity of bacteria, indicating the existence of a gating system located in the distal region of the small intestine that may restrain bacterial translocation to the small intestine. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) was found to be highly expressed at the distal region of small intestine, where the vitamin D signaling promotes innate immunity, including the expression of α-defensins by Paneth cells, and maintains the intestinal tight junctions. Thus, a new hypothesis is emerging, indicating that vitamin D deficiency may impair the intestinal innate immunity, including downregulation of Paneth cell defensins, leading to bacterial translocation, endotoxemia, systemic inflammation, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis. Here, we review the studies for vitamin D for innate immunity and metabolic homeostasis, and we outline the clinical trials of vitamin D for mitigating MetS, T2D, and NAFLD.
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Rajilić-Stojanović, Mirjana, Annet Maathuis, Hans G. H. J. Heilig, Koen Venema, Willem M. de Vos i Hauke Smidt. "Evaluating the microbial diversity of an in vitro model of the human large intestine by phylogenetic microarray analysis". Microbiology 156, nr 11 (1.11.2010): 3270–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.042044-0.
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A high-density phylogenetic microarray targeting small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA) sequences of over 1000 microbial phylotypes of the human gastrointestinal tract, the HITChip, was used to assess the impact of faecal inoculum preparation and operation conditions on an in vitro model of the human large intestine (TIM-2). This revealed that propagation of mixed faecal donations for the production of standardized inocula has only a limited effect on the microbiota composition, with slight changes observed mainly within the Firmicutes. Adversely, significant shifts in several major groups of intestinal microbiota were observed after inoculation of the in vitro model. Hierarchical cluster analysis was able to show that samples taken throughout the inoculum preparation grouped with microbiota profiles observed for faecal samples of healthy adults. In contrast, the TIM-2 microbiota was distinct. While members of the Bacteroidetes and some groups within the Bacilli were increased in TIM-2 microbiota, a strong reduction in the relative abundance of other microbial groups, including Bifidobacterium spp., Streptococcus spp., and Clostridium clusters IV and XIVa, was observed. The changes detected with the HITChip could be confirmed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of SSU rRNA amplicons.
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Koenigsknecht, Mark J., Casey M. Theriot, Ingrid L. Bergin, Cassie A. Schumacher, Patrick D. Schloss i Vincent B. Young. "Dynamics and Establishment of Clostridium difficile Infection in the Murine Gastrointestinal Tract". Infection and Immunity 83, nr 3 (22.12.2014): 934–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.02768-14.
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Clostridium difficileinfection (CDI) following antibiotic therapy is a major public health threat. While antibiotic disruption of the indigenous microbiota underlies the majority of cases of CDI, the early dynamics of infection in the disturbed intestinal ecosystem are poorly characterized. This study defines the dynamics of infection withC. difficilestrain VPI 10463 throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract using a murine model of infection. After inducing susceptibility toC. difficilecolonization via antibiotic administration, we followed the dynamics of spore germination, colonization, sporulation, toxin activity, and disease progression throughout the GI tract.C. difficilespores were able to germinate within 6 h postchallenge, resulting in the establishment of vegetative bacteria in the distal GI tract. Spores and cytotoxin activity were detected by 24 h postchallenge, and histopathologic colitis developed by 30 h. Within 36 h, all infected mice succumbed to infection. We correlated the establishment of infection with changes in the microbiota and bile acid profile of the small and large intestines. Antibiotic administration resulted in significant changes to the microbiota in the small and large intestines, as well as a significant shift in the abundance of primary and secondary bile acids.Ex vivoanalysis suggested the small intestine as the site of spore germination. This study provides an integrated understanding of the timing and location of the events surroundingC. difficilecolonization and identifies potential targets for the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Fava, Francesca, Harri Mäkivuokko, Hilkka Siljander-Rasi, Heli Putaala, Kirsti Tiihonen, Julian Stowell, Kieran Tuohy, Glenn Gibson i Nina Rautonen. "Effect of polydextrose on intestinal microbes and immune functions in pigs". British Journal of Nutrition 98, nr 1 (lipiec 2007): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114507691818.
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Dietary fibre has been proposed to decrease risk for colon cancer by altering the composition of intestinal microbes or their activity. In the present study, the changes in intestinal microbiota and its activity, and immunological characteristics, such as cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 gene expression in mucosa, in pigs fed with a high-energy-density diet, with and without supplementation of a soluble fibre (polydextrose; PDX) (30 g/d) were assessed in different intestinal compartments. PDX was gradually fermented throughout the intestine, and was still present in the distal colon. Irrespective of the diet throughout the intestine, of the four microbial groups determined by fluorescentin situhybridisation, lactobacilli were found to be dominating, followed by clostridia andBacteroides. Bifidobacteria represented a minority of the total intestinal microbiota. The numbers of bacteria increased approximately ten-fold from the distal small intestine to the distal colon. Concomitantly, also concentrations of SCFA and biogenic amines increased in the large intestine. In contrast, concentrations of luminal IgA decreased distally but the expression of mucosal COX-2 had a tendency to increase in the mucosa towards the distal colon. Addition of PDX to the diet significantly changed the fermentation endproducts, especially in the distal colon, whereas effects on bacterial composition were rather minor. There was a reduction in concentrations of SCFA and tryptamine, and an increase in concentrations of spermidine in the colon upon PDX supplementation. Furthermore, PDX tended to decrease the expression of mucosal COX-2, therefore possibly reducing the risk of developing colon cancer-promoting conditions in the distal intestine.
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Miller, Carolyn A., Henry C. Holm, Lara Horstmann, John C. George, Helen F. Fredricks, Benjamin A. S. Van Mooy i Amy Apprill. "Coordinated transformation of the gut microbiome and lipidome of bowhead whales provides novel insights into digestion". ISME Journal 14, nr 3 (2.12.2019): 688–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41396-019-0549-y.
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AbstractWhale digestion plays an integral role in many ocean ecosystems. By digesting enormous quantities of lipid-rich prey, whales support their energy intensive lifestyle, but also excrete nutrients important to ocean biogeochemical cycles. Nevertheless, whale digestion is poorly understood. Gastrointestinal microorganisms play a significant role in vertebrate digestion, but few studies have examined them in whales. To investigate digestion of lipids, and the potential contribution of microbes to lipid digestion in whales, we characterized lipid composition (lipidomes) and bacterial communities (microbiotas) in 126 digesta samples collected throughout the gastrointestinal tracts of 38 bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) harvested by Alaskan Eskimos. Lipidomes and microbiotas were strongly correlated throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Lipidomes and microbiotas were most variable in the small intestine and most similar in the large intestine, where microbiota richness was greatest. Our results suggest digestion of wax esters, the primary lipids in B. mysticetus prey representing more than 80% of total dietary lipids, occurred in the mid- to distal small intestine and was correlated with specific microorganisms. Because wax esters are difficult to digest by other marine vertebrates and constitute a large reservoir of carbon in the ocean, our results further elucidate the essential roles that whales and their gastrointestinal microbiotas play in the biogeochemical cycling of carbon and nutrients in high-latitude seas.
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Kovaleva, O. V., L. A. Lityaeva i O. G. Zhilenkova. "The role of intestinal microbiota in the development of dysfunction of the biliary system in children". CHILDREN INFECTIONS 23, nr 1 (22.03.2024): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22627/2072-8107-2024-23-1-18-24.
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Objective: to study the state of the intestinal and biliary microbiota in children with intestinal and gallbladder dysfunction and to determine the features of the component composition of the biliary microbiota. Methods: We examined 20 children with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The presence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) syndrome was determined (using a hydrogen breath test with lactulose), microbial markers of the intestinal and biliary microbiota (using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). We also performed microscopy of bile (phase-contrast light microscopy) obtained through duodenal intubation. Results: In all children with IBS, SIBO was verified in the small intestine, with insufficiency of the ileocecal valve in half of them, associated with hypomotor dyskinesia of the gallbladder. Microscopy of the bile revealed a large number of crystals and leukocytes. A study of microbial markers of intestinal and biliary microbiota in all children with IBS and SIBO revealed excessive bacterial associative growth of gram-negative opportunistic bacteria in combination with viruses of the Herpes family. An increase in the level of lipopolysaccharides (2 times higher than normal) and a deficiency of microbial markers of the main groups of microorganisms (anaerobic bacteria) responsible for metabolization processes in the enterohepatic circulation (plasmalogen less than 50 μg/ml) were recorded. Excessive growth of 28 species of opportunistic bacteria was detected in bile in diagnostically significant concentrations associated with hypomotor dysfunction of the gallbladder and lithogenicity of bile. Conclusion: A violation of the biliary microbiota was established with an increase in the proportion of gram-negative opportunistic bacteria, the spectrum of which was close to that of the intestine and their association with intestinal and biliary dyskinesia
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TARABUKINA, N. P., A. M. MARKOVA, M. P. NEUSTROEV, S. I. PARNIKOVA i M. P. SCRYABINA. "STUDYING THE INTESTINAL MICROBIOME OF SIBERIAN ROE DEER". Izvestiâ Timirâzevskoj selʹskohozâjstvennoj akademii, nr 3 (2023): 128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/0021-342x-2023-3-128-136.
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The fauna of Yakutia is rich and diverse, but the epizootic situation of the republic with regard to infectious diseases of wild animals remains poorly studied. There are practically no reports in the literature on the study of the microbiota of wild ungulates of the Arctic and Subarctic. The study of the microbiome of wild animals is not only relevant but also informative research, as the microbiota is a sensitive indicator that responds to many factors of the external and internal environment of the body. The aim is to study the microbiome of wild animals in the Arctic and Subarctic zones of Russia. The article presents the results of the study of the intestinal microbiota of Siberian roe deer. The biological material (thin and thick sections of the intestine (lumen and wall microbiota)) was studied. The generally accepted dilution method was used for quantitative counting of microorganisms. Analysis of the results showed that in the studied Siberian roe deer (43 heads), aerobic bacilli of the genus Bacillus dominate in the normal microbiota (wall and lumen) up to 88–100% (respectively), the main representatives of the intestinal normoflora are significantly inferior to them are: bifidobacteria (61.3–68.1%), lactobacilli (36.3–63.6%), enterococci (59–66%), and lactosepositive escherichia (54.5–59%). Quantitatively, the intestinal microbiocenosis of roe deer showed 135 a comparatively high number of bacilli – up to 104 CFU/g, the number of lactobacilli, enterococci and lactose-positive escherichia was much less, and bifidobacteria were registered in a significantly low amount – up to 101 CFU/g. Examination of material taken from the carcasses of dead roe deer revealed the absence of representatives of normal microflora, except for lactose-positive escherichia, which were found in the wall contents. Microbiological examination of the post-mortem material (parenchymal organs and intestines) revealed potential enteropathogens – lactose-negative escherichia, which, were further identified as Salmonella abortus equi, with high virulence to laboratory animals. The conducted studies showed pronounced intestinal dysbiosis in fallen roe deer, which is characterised by the absence of the main representatives of normal microflora along with the predominance of a large number of potential enteropathogens up to 104 CFU/g. The presence of a highly virulent causative agent of salmonellosis in the intestinal microbiota of roe deer indicates their etiological role in the cause of animal deaths. Thus, summarizing the results of the conducted studies, it can be concluded that aerobic bacilli of the genus Bacillus dominate in the intestinal microbiota of the Siberian roe deer and they have the main protective function against pathogenic microorganisms.
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Khavkin, A. I., E. A. Yablokova, N. S. Shapovalova i M. I. Erokhina. "Gut microbiota and prospects for probiotics in paediatric celiac disease". Archives of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery 2, nr 1 (26.03.2024): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31146/2949-4664-apps-2-1-121-132.
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Celiac disease is a chronic disease, with predominant damage to the small intestine and provoked by gluten consumption in genetically predisposed individuals. Previous large-scale studies suggest a possible role of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of this disease. Changes in the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of microbiota of different genesis can lead to impaired regulation of immune response, which, in turn, may contribute to the development of gluten intolerance. In this context, it is relevant to analyse the data on changes in the intestinal microbiota in celiac disease and the possibility of its correction with probiotics as one of the strategies for the treatment of children with celiac disease, suffering from celiac disease.
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Khavkin, A. I., E. A. Yablokova, N. S. Shapovalova i M. I. Erokhina. "Gut microbiota and prospects for probiotics in paediatric celiac disease". Archives of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery 1, nr 2 (7.03.2024): 104–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31146/2949-4664-apps-2-2-104-115.
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Celiac disease is a chronic disease, with predominant damage to the small intestine and provoked by gluten consumption in genetically predisposed individuals. Previous large-scale studies suggest a possible role of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of this disease. Changes in the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of microbiota of different genesis can lead to impaired regulation of immune response, which, in turn, may contribute to the development of gluten intolerance. In this context, it is relevant to analyse the data on changes in the intestinal microbiota in celiac disease and the possibility of its correction with probiotics as one of the strategies for the treatment of children with celiac disease, suffering from celiac disease.