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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Legal regulation of unsanctioned building work"
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Šostak, Olga Regina, and Vladislavas Kutut. "Investigation into Expansion of Illegal Construction in the National Park of Curonian Spit." Business: Theory and Practice 10, no. (3) (2009): 223–32. https://doi.org/10.3846/1648-0627.2009.10.223-232.
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The World Heritage List includes the Curonian Spit as a valuable cultural landscape – a unique harmony between the nature and human activities, a harmony that emerged through centuries. The Curonian Spit retains its cultural landscape, which is still evolving and keeps an active social part in the modern society through its traditions. it was ecological wisdom, enormous physical efforts and financial input of people that enabled, in the 19th century, creation of a cultural landscape which later was managed and maintained with care. The problem of preservation and continuation of landscaping traditions, of their transfer to future generations, gained the momentum recently, after the notorious boom of unsanctioned building work in the National Park of the Curonian Spit and other territories marked as cultural landscape. in order to protect the public interest in the National Park of the Curonian Spit, Klaipėda County and the Prosecutor's office of Klaipėda brought over 30 civil lawsuits and claims on alleged infringements related to expanding constructions in the National Park of the Curonian Spit. The current situation in the area of unauthorised building is not satisfactory. Unauthorised building is quite frequent in Lithuania. Builders commence building work which violates laws for various reasons: the complex procedures related to issuing of building permits, assumptions leading to hopes that it will be possible to legalise their unauthorised buildings and/or constructions, as well as the national mentality—attempts to "drive through" laws instead of following them, etc. As illustrated by practical examples, the process of unauthorised building does not pose difficulties (control of this process is underdeveloped and includes numerous "compromises"). Generally, persons involved in unauthorised building work encounter real problems only during the last stage, which is related to execution of their rights to the built object. The legislation which currently regulates procedures related to detection, stopping and relief of the effects of unauthorised building foresees demolition of any unauthorised building and construction; but builders search for possibilities to legalise such buildings and constructions nevertheless. This article analyses the concept of illegal building work and the liabilities for illegal building.
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Stotko, Sybilla. "Legalizacja samowoli budowlanych w polskim systemie prawnym." Zarządzanie Publiczne, no. 3 (51) (2020): 103–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20843968zp.20.008.13396.
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Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia regulację prawną dotyczącą instytucji legalizacji samowoli budowlanej w Polsce w ujęciu historycznym oraz jej ewaluację. Zaprezentowano złożoność zagadnienia oraz trudność właściwego uregulowania prawnego tej materii. Od 19 września 2020 roku w Polsce obowiązują znowelizowane przepisy w zakresie procedury legalizacji samowoli budowlanych. Po zmianie prawa to w dalszym ciągu do organów nadzoru budowlanego należy ostateczna decyzja co do możliwości legalizacji samowolnej budowy. Jednakże odmiennie niż w poprzednim stanie prawnym wszczęcie procedury legalizacyjnej jest możliwe jedynie na wniosek inwestora. Ponadto ustawodawca wprowadził możliwość legalizacji samowoli budowlanych zrealizowanych ponad 20 lat temu w uproszczonym postępowaniu legalizacyjnym. W końcowej części opracowania przedstawiono wszystkie procedury legalizacji samowoli obowiązujące od 19 września 2020 roku oraz zawarto ogólne wnioski w zakresie opisywanej instytucji. Legalisation of unlawful building work in the Polish legal system This paper presents a legal regulation regarding the institution of unlawful building work legalisation in Poland combining its historical review and evaluation. The paper shows the complexity of the problem and the difficulty of providing a legal regulation of the matter. The updated regulations on the procedure of unlawful building work legalisation came into force in Poland on 19 September 2020. After changing the legal regulations, the final decision on the legalisation of unlawful building work still remains in the hands of construction supervision authorities. However, in contrast to the previous legal status, a legalisation procedure can be initiated only upon developer’s request. In addition, the lawmaker has introduced an option to legalise unlawful building work completed over 20 years ago in a simplified legalisation procedure. The final part of the paper presents all procedures for unlawful building work legalisation effective from 19 September 2020 as well as general conclusions regarding the institution under scrutiny.
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Chimrov, D. "Issues to Legal Regulation of Apartment Buildings Operation." Bulletin of Science and Practice 5, no. 8 (2019): 144–48. https://doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/45/18.
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The article reveals the existing problems of the management of apartment buildings. In connection with the development of the real estate market and the possibility of choosing the form of management by the owners of residential buildings — this issue is important. The article shows all the advantages and disadvantages of the main ways to manage an apartment building. This article discusses some problems of legal regulation of the management of apartment buildings. The first problem is the dissatisfaction of the decisions taken between the current President of the homeowner’s association and homeowners. The second problem — the lack of regulation of the law management of apartment building housing cooperatives. To solve the above problems, the author suggests: residents to closely communicate with management companies; management companies should actively work with the house council for subscribers who have debts; monitor residents without registration, etc. the author concludes that one of the solutions to the above problems will be the management of apartment buildings — management organization. This will reduce the negative on the part of residents, solve problems, as well as acquire — control by the administration and housing inspection, which will allow feeling the support ‘from above’. Apartment buildings operation — management organization has proven effective in the housing sector. There is positive feedback from homeowners, reducing the amount of debt, constant control over the apartment building.
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Lapshin, K. V. "Jurisprudence: remote work." Voprosy trudovogo prava (Labor law issues), no. 10 (October 27, 2023): 613–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/pol-2-2310-05.
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In this article, in a comparative aspect, some issues related to the peculiarities of the legal regulation of labor relations of remote workers in the Russian Federation and in the Republic of Belarus are considered. Using international documents, the concept of remote workers and their difference from homeworkers is analyzed. The historical aspect of the legal regulation of the work of such persons, referred to in the past as tenants, is pointed out. The modern legal status of remote workers in Russia and Belarus is revealed, changes in the legislation of both states aimed at improving the legal regulation of labor relations of remote workers are shown.
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Wibowo, Tulus Yudi Widodo, and Syofyan Hadi. "LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY OF GOODS/SERVICES PROVIDER FOR BUILDING FAILURE." POLICY, LAW, NOTARY AND REGULATORY ISSUES (POLRI) 2, no. 3 (2023): 288–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.55047/polri.v2i3.727.
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Construction failure can be caused by a failure in the process of procuring goods or services, or it may occur during the construction process itself. Construction work failure refers to a condition where the results of construction work do not comply with the agreed work specifications in the construction work contract, either partially or entirely, due to the fault of the service user or service provider. The purpose of this study is to analyze the responsibility of goods/services providers in the event of a building failure and to examine the form of their responsibility in such cases. This study adopts a descriptive normative approach to answer questions regarding the responsibilities of goods/services providers in cases of building failures, as outlined in Legislation Number 18 of 1999 concerning Construction Services, which was renewed as Number 2 of 2017 Construction Services, Government Regulation Number 29 of 2000 concerning construction service providers, and regulations pertaining to the responsibilities of goods/services providers in the event of building failures, which include meeting the Standards for Security, Safety, Health, and Sustainability, undergoing inspection by a team of experts appointed directly by the Minister, and complying within a maximum period of 10 (ten) years from the final delivery of Construction Services. The responsibility of goods/services providers for building failures is based on the principle of Liability based on Fault and is administered through written warnings, administrative fines, temporary suspension of construction service activities, inclusion in the black list, and even suspension or revocation of permits.
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Gobel, Rahmat Teguh Santoso, Mohamad Hidayat Muhtar, and Viorizza Suciani Putri. "Regulation And Institutional Arrangement Of Village-Owned Enterprises After The Work Creation Era Applied." Jurnal Pamator : Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Trunojoyo 16, no. 1 (2023): 15–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/pamator.v16i1.19135.
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The management of BUMDesa is not yet optimal because many BUMDesa administrators still need to understand BUMDesa regulations and institutions. Seeing these problems, there needs to be capacity building preceded by legal reasons as a guideline for regulating BUMDesa management signs. Increasing the capacity of Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDesa) as an organ driving the village economy can be carried out through the Job Creation Era, which has become a momentum for structuring BUMDesa regulations and institutions. The era of work creation referred to is the birth of Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation which is now declared invalid with the presence of Government Regulation (Perpu) Number 2 of 2022 concerning Job Creation. This study uses normative legal research methods(normative legal research). The author uses this legal research because the focus is on studying literature and laws and regulations related to the object of research. The results of the research show that the Job Creation Perpu needs to be pushed into law so that it can become a legal umbrella for the establishment and management of BUMDesa institutions because, in fact, the spirit that is carried out in the Job Creation Era, namely improving the investment ecosystem and business activities, one of them through the institutional arrangement of BUM Desa.
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Vasiliev, Anton A., and Yulia V. Pechatnova. "The Position of the Artificial Intelligence Among the Elements of the Legal Relationship." Digital Law Journal 1, no. 4 (2020): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.38044/2686-9136-2020-1-4-74-83.
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The development of artificial intelligence necessitates the legal regulation of social relations associated with the use of new technologies. Today, fragmented regulatory regulation is noted in Russian law, expressed, as the rule, in strategic documents in which artificial intelligence technologies are reflected as cross-cutting technologies that contribute to the development of the digital economy. The purpose of this work is to determine the place of artificial intelligence among the elements of legal relations, which is seen as necessary for building the model of legal regulation of artificial intelligence. The research methodology is based on the set of methods of scientific knowledge, including abstract logical, formal legal and the method of correlation analysis. The article analyzes approaches to determining the place of artificial intelligence in the structure of legal relations. The scientific discussion is that some authors attribute artificial intelligence to the variety of objects of legal regulation; other authors admit that it is possible to consider artificial intelligence as the specific subject of law. As the result of research, the authors come to the conclusion that today artificial intelligence should be classified as the type of objects of legal regulation. In conclusion, the work also evaluates the possibilities and measures of the participation of artificial intelligence in legal activities. The authors come to the conclusion that today the cognitive potential of artificial intelligence has not yet reached the level of development that allowed it to repeat the thought processes of the lawyer in resolving the legal dispute. At the same time, artificial intelligence has tremendous potential to become the irreplaceable technological “assistant” for the lawyer, contributing to the improvement of the quality and efficiency of legal services.
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Sensu, La Sensu, Oheo K. Haris, and Muhammad Nazar. "The Principle of Regulation of Mining Business License." Yuridika 36, no. 1 (2021): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v36i1.23124.
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The purpose of this study is to see and analyze the substance of a mining business permit regulation for the government to communities around mining and to find out and analyze the basic principles of a government policy to give birth to the welfare of communities around mining. This research used socio-legal research, which is a type of research whose orientation is focused on legal and non-legal aspects, namely the work of law in society and government. This revealed is that (1) the nature of Mining Business Permit Arrangements in regional autonomy has created euphoria among local governments, one of which is the assumption that mining belongs to the region and the local community; (2). Whereas the basic principle of the birth of a policy that does not pay attention to the welfare and interests of the local community will result in environmental damage, disharmony between residents, and the absence of commitment to building from mining entrepreneurs from the community around the mine.
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Manko, Denys, Antonina Zghama, Natalia Atamanova, Natalia Arabadzhy, and Dmytro Ustinov. "Legal regulation of the digital environment: digitization of the state-legal and law enforcement sphere." Revista Amazonia Investiga 12, no. 70 (2023): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2023.70.10.11.
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The rapid development of society and the impact of information technology have significantly changed the legal field and contributed to the creation of a legal framework for the digital environment. Successful development of digital relations in Ukraine requires effective legislative regulation. The favorable appearance of this process is determined by effective strategic planning, active participation of the government and an appropriate legal framework. From this point of view, it is considered important to consider issues of legal regulation of the digital environment in the context of the activities of state and law enforcement agencies. The purpose of the work is to research the regulatory and legal provision of the digital environment with an emphasis on the regulation of digitalization of state legal and law enforcement activities. Research methodology includes such methods as: historical, systematization, analysis and synthesis, structural-functional and comparative analysis. The result of the scientific analysis of scientific research and regulatory and legal regulation of the relevant relations was the study of the legal plane of digital transformations in Ukraine. Internal legislative norms were studied, relevant laws aimed at digitization were analyzed, their purpose was determined; the existing legislative basis for building a digital society and economy in Ukraine is highlighted. The analysis of strategic documents on digitalization in the spheres of public administration and law enforcement was carried out. The internal concepts of the development of e-government have been studied. The experience of foreign countries in the regulation of the digital environment and electronic management was studied, progressive means of regulation of the studied issues abroad were determined.
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Janizar, Syapril, and An An Anisarida. "The Study of Legal Aspects of Construction In Civil Building." Greenation International Journal of Law and Social Sciences 1, no. 2 (2023): 56–61. https://doi.org/10.38035/gijlss.v1i2.95.
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Development is very beneficial for human life, but it does not escape losses both material losses and casualties if it is not built properly. One of them is the collapse of the Kutai Kartanegara Bridge which caused people to die and be injured. Building failure is one of the consequences that can endanger public safety and state losses. The failure of this building is explicitly regulated in Law Number 2 of 2017 concerning Construction Services starting from Article 60 to Article 67. In addition, building failure is regulated in Government Regulation Number 29 of 2000 concerning the Implementation of Construction Services, namely in Chapter V Articles 34 to Article 48. Criminal liability under the Construction Services Law can only be imposed on individuals who directly carry out construction work and not on construction service providers in the form of corporations because to fund the corporation requires clarity to whom sanctions will be imposed. Based on the results of the analysis that based on the theory of criminal liability, with the shift of legal subjects from fysieke dader to functionale dader, corporations can be held accountable. This is also supported by theories and doctrines about corporate responsibility. With the birth of Supreme Court Regulation Number 13 of 2016 concerning Procedures for Handling Criminal Cases by Corporations, where this is intended as an effort to provide legal certainty and encourage the effectiveness and optimization of procedural law in handling criminal cases with corporate actors and / or corporate administrators.
Książki na temat "Legal regulation of unsanctioned building work"
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Mulroy, Quinn. Agents of Justice. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/9780190942618.001.0001.
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Abstract Agents of Justice: How the American Bureaucracy Mobilizes Private Lawsuits to Make Policy Work chronicles the key role played by agency officials in shaping the development of what has come to be known as the “litigation state.” The book explores how constrained civil rights and environmental agencies established during the rights revolution developed creative strategies for mobilizing private litigation on the statutes they administered—thus acting as agents of justice. While leading accounts of the origins of the litigation state suggest it developed separately from, and even in opposition to, our most traditional “state” institution—the bureaucracy—studying agents of justice brings the state qua state back into our conceptions of how regulation takes place in the United States. To examine this phenomenon, Agents of Justice uses structured comparisons, both over time and across agencies, to uncover the pivotal, but quite hidden, efforts of agency officials in building, sustaining, and, at times, even weakening private legal activity in three federal policy areas: employment discrimination, environmental protection, and housing discrimination. Through analyses of archival materials that center the discussions and reasoning of agency administrators, the book provides historical accounts that reveal how (the tools by which) and when (the conditions under which) agencies are likely to develop strategies for mobilizing private litigation. By integrating the efforts of agents of justice into our conceptions of the litigation state, this book offers major contributions to our understanding of American politics, regulation, and state building from the mid-twentieth century to the present.
Części książek na temat "Legal regulation of unsanctioned building work"
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Rönnmar, Mia. "Fixed-Term and Zero-Hours Contracts." In The Oxford Handbook of the Law of Work. Oxford University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192870360.013.25.
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Abstract The aim of this chapter is to explore the regulation of fixed-term contracts and zero-hours contracts. Fixed-term and zero-hours contracts are contextualized through a discussion on perspectives of employment protection, flexible work and flexicurity, and fundamental rights. The chapter includes a case study of the European Union and an analysis of the evolution and content of EU labour law, and its interplay with national labour law, here represented by Swedish labour law and industrial relations. The analysis reflects scholarly and policy debates, indicates potential for legal innovation, and points to a complex set of ‘building blocks’ in the regulation of fixed-term contracts and zero-hours contracts at international, EU/European, and national level. The case study illustrates the often difficult situation of fixed-term and zero-hours workers, and the complexities of effectively addressing flexible work and precariousness and advancing legal protection for these workers in a multi-level labour law and industrial relations framework.
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Hagen, Karoline. "Overvannshåndtering i byggesak – tiltakshavers ansvar og plikter." In Vann, juss og samfunn – RETTIGHETER OG REGULERING I UTVIKLING. Cappelen Damm Akademisk/NOASP, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23865/noasp.176.ch3.
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Increasing urbanization, densification of areas across the country, and more frequent episodes of extreme rainfall pose major challenges to handling stormwater. Property developers must ensure that stormwater does not cause damage as a result of their construction work. When constructing new buildings, the Norwegian Planning and Building Act is an important tool for municipalities to use to set conditions for controlling stormwater. As the legal regulation relating to stormwater management imposes duties which developers must fulfill, they may face practical challenges. Also, changes to some of the rules in the Planning and Building Act have been suggested. Some of the new rules will lead to new solutions for handling stormwater – and new discussions as well.
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El Ghosh, Mirna, and Habib Abdulrab. "Capturing the Basics of the GDPR in a Well-Founded Legal Domain Modular Ontology." In Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications. IOS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/faia210378.
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The primary goal of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is to regulate the rights and duties of citizens and organizations over personal data protection. Implementing the GDPR is recently gaining much importance for legal reasoning and compliance checking purposes. In this work, we aim to capture the basics of GDPR in a well-founded legal domain modular ontology named OPPD (Ontology for the Protection of Personal Data). Ontology-Driven Conceptual Modeling (ODCM), ontology layering, modularization, and reuse processes are applied. These processes aim to support the ontology engineer in overcoming the complexity of the legal knowledge and developing an ontology model faithful to reality. ODCM is used for grounding OPPD in the Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO). Ontology modularization and layering aim to simplify the ontology building process. Ontology reuse focuses on selecting and reusing Conceptual Ontology Patterns (COPs) from UFO and the legal core ontology UFO-L. OPPD intends to overcome the lack of a representation of legal procedures that most ontologies encountered. The potential use of OPPD is proposed to formalize the GDPR rules by combining ontological reasoning and Logic Programming.
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Divan, Shyam, and Armin Rosencranz. "Introduction." In Environmental Law and Policy in India, 3rd ed. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192865458.003.0001.
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Abstract This introductory chapter provides an overview of environmental regulation in India. On the surface, India’s extensive environmental regulations comprise statutes that adopt command and control strategies backed by penal sanctions. What sets apart this legal regime from others is the distinctive and indeed, disproportionate role of judges and citizens in making the law work. By 2000, India had in place the basic building blocks for environmental regulation. On the statutory front, the pollution control framework comprised the Water Act of 1974, the Air Act of 1981, and the umbrella Environment (Protection) Act of 1986 (EPA). Meanwhile, with the National Green Tribunal Act of 2010, India entered a select band of nations that have established judicial fora for environmental adjudications. The chapter then presents readings on the space that a democracy offers to officials and citizens keen on promoting development while protecting the environment, before looking at the special features of environmental law and the roles of courts and tribunals.
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Gyevnar, Balint, Nick Ferguson, and Burkhard Schafer. "Bridging the Transparency Gap: What Can Explainable AI Learn from the AI Act?" In Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications. IOS Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/faia230367.
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The European Union has proposed the Artificial Intelligence Act which introduces detailed requirements of transparency for AI systems. Many of these requirements can be addressed by the field of explainable AI (XAI), however, there is a fundamental difference between XAI and the Act regarding what transparency is. The Act views transparency as a means that supports wider values, such as accountability, human rights, and sustainable innovation. In contrast, XAI views transparency narrowly as an end in itself, focusing on explaining complex algorithmic properties without considering the socio-technical context. We call this difference the “transparency gap”. Failing to address the transparency gap, XAI risks leaving a range of transparency issues unaddressed. To begin to bridge this gap, we overview and clarify the terminology of how XAI and European regulation – the Act and the related General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) – view basic definitions of transparency. By comparing the disparate views of XAI and regulation, we arrive at four axes where practical work could bridge the transparency gap: defining the scope of transparency, clarifying the legal status of XAI, addressing issues with conformity assessment, and building explainability for datasets.
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Malgieri, Gianclaudio. "Who is the vulnerable individual?" In Vulnerability and Data Protection Law. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192870339.003.0003.
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Abstract The discussion about vulnerability emerged in various fields including political philosophy, gender studies, law, ethics, and sociology. Scholars from those different fields often engaged with each other and adapted an understanding of vulnerability developed in other areas (for example, from political theory to bioethics). This chapter refers to the legal literature on vulnerability. However, legal scholars have not yet fully developed an original approach to the notion of vulnerability. Most base their ideas on the work of theoreticians of other fields, such as Martha Fineman, who writes extensively about the relations between law, the state, and individual vulnerability. Presenting those different theoretical approaches helps place the origins of the notion of vulnerability and understand how it changes the perception of institutions, rules, and the individual’s place in society. This chapter argues that the layered vulnerability theory (from Luna) is one of the most suitable approaches to address those issues and the best response to several criticisms. Building on those theoretical definitions of the vulnerable individual, it considers how EU law has employed the notion of vulnerable persons in different sectors. The chapter gives also special attention to two sectors that seem particularly relevant compared to data protection law: research regulation and consumer protection.
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Taubøll, Steinar, Kim H. Paus, and Ann-Janette Hansen. "Etablering av trygge flomveier – hvilke regler gjelder?" In Flom, skred og juss. Cappelen Damm Akademisk/NOASP, 2024. https://doi.org/10.23865/cdf.241.ch1.
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This article addresses responsibility for safety, including damage preven- tion, and for compensation if damage occurs due to extreme rainfall. As an import- ant starting point, we give an overview of the conceptual division of floodways in the stormwater management field, with particular emphasis on what we understand as the so-called secondary floodways. The secondary floodways form a crucial infra- structure network, enabling the safe transport of runoff from internal to primary floodways. We present the main features of the liability systems that currently apply to the handling of running water, and it is pointed out why these are less suitable for regulating liability in floodways. The article also discusses the relationship between the general liability rules and recently amended rules in the Planning and Building Act, especially § 28-10 with regulations and § 27-2. These new rules are partially based on other legal definitions and the assumption that municipalities have estab- lished plans and infrastructure for primary floodways. Much of the floodway net- work, especially secondary floodways, remains under unclear legal regulation, as existing rules on drainage systems and waterways do not apply. Additionally, the current regulations are oriented towards addressing issues at the individual prop- erty level, which, while reducing overall risk, may increase risk for specific proper- ties and critical infrastructure.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Legal regulation of unsanctioned building work"
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Wasik, Izabela. "Legal aspects of the struggle against infectious illnesses in Austria-Hungary." In Naděje právní vědy 2022. University of West Bohemia, Czech Republic, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24132/zcu.nadeje.2022.808-816.
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The article gives an overview of the main legal regulations in Austria-Hungary applicable to the struggle against infectious illnesses. Various legal acts were given out both by the central authorities, e.g. by the Ministry of the Interior, and at the level of the regional authorities, here in particular the circulars of the c.k. governorate should be mentioned. Of the various measures implemented, those aimed at putting an end to the epidemic as quickly as possible should be singled out in the first place. These included the information obligations of local authorities, especially municipal authorities, concerning the occurrence of individual disease entities and the need for regular cooperation in this area, e.g. with higher authorities, e.g. the county governor’s office, or also with military authorities. In addition, the aim was to create a separate place (building) in each municipality for isolating the patients. The procedure for carrying out disinfection, e.g. by means of instructions issued for this purpose, was worked out in details. Local authorities were obliged to work together closely with the district doctors. Reporting and information duties were also imposed on the district doctors. Remarkably meritorious in the struggle against epidemics was the Austrian Red Cross Society. The measures taken tried to respond to the real needs of the local population and sought to rectify any irregularities that occurred in practice, e.g. by drawing the attention of hospital authorities to the premature discharge of patients home. The possibility of testing objects that could potentially contain germs was also regulated in some details. It should also be emphasised that these aspects were not only used in medical law, but also in other areas of public law, e.g. the regulation of railway traffic or the operation of schools or prisons during epidemics. In addition, some obligations in the field of prevention of epidemics also applied to entrepreneurs, which were then verified when doctors made inspections.
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Held, Mateja, and Kristina Perkov. "SPATIAL PLANNING IN THE EU AND CROATIA UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC." In The recovery of the EU and strengthening the ability to respond to new challenges – legal and economic aspects. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/22445.
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Spatial planning is an interdisciplinary process dealing with practices of regulating and transforming the space, including experts from various fields such as lawyers, spatial and urban planners, geographers, civil engineers, economists, sociologists, etc. Spatial plans are general acts that arise due to the complex spatial planning process in which public participation is a necessary tool for transparent and legal procedure. They impact human rights due to their influence on a healthy environment, organization of life, quality of public services, green areas in the cities, etc. Spatial plans also deal with the economic aspect of investments, urban planning, and development of a particular territory. Cities are rapidly evolving and are characterized by density and overcrowded population, so the EU has a special interest in the adequate organization of the space. Consequences of the COVID- 19 pandemic have produced a need for a different land use regulation from the established one. New challenges for the Member State’s governments include regulation for the organization of life and everyday needs in 15 minutes’ walk areas (work, market, health care, school, kindergartens, public services, parks, etc.). Although the European Union does not have direct competence in spatial planning of each Member State, it has a strong influence on the Member States through regulations (for example, European Spatial Development Perspective, The New Leipzig Charter, etc. which provide a strong framework for good and sustainable urban governance) and practice, as well as through the financial support to the Member States. This paper has two main goals. The first aim of this paper is to analyse how the EU tries to overcome the consequences of the pandemic in the physical planning system (recommendations, guidelines, financial support, consulting, or others). We also aim to discover how the pandemic affected the process of adopting the spatial plans in the Member States on the example of Croatia in one case study. The paper is divided into several parts. After the introduction, the first part of the paper brings an overview of the spatial planning process in the EU and Croatia based on the analyses of the relevant EU and domestic regulations. Next part of the paper deals with the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the spatial planning at the EU level, and on the development and adoption of spatial plans in Croatia. This includes the duration of the process, restrictions, and new ways of public participation in the process of the development and adoption of spatial plans (for example online public presentations), the influence on economic development (investments in a building), social distancing, etc. Last part of the paper will contain a research of development and adoption of spatial plans under the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic. The paper concludes with particular suggestions for improving the Croatian situation based on the good practices of the EU.
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Pérez, Cristina Toca, and Lucas Yui Thi Fernandes da Cunha Cheng. "Análise da produtividade na adequação das instalações do sistema de combate a incêndio." In XI SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE GESTÃO E ECONOMIA DA CONSTRUÇÃO. Antac, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46421/sibragec.v11i00.45.
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The Military Firefighters Corps of Bahia in 2015 established the Technical Instruction n°43 which regulates standards and measures of security against fire and panic in buildings, structures and risk areas. According to this Technical Instruction is mandatory to build, adapt and reform buildings according to the legal requirements of the Decree Law of 16.302/2015. Due to the fact that is a new regulation, there are a few studies that have focused on studying the adequacy of the Fire Protection Systems in the existing buildings. Hence, this paper aims to identify performance indicators for the execution of services of adaptation of Fire Safety and Protection System of existing buildings. For that, a Case Study was performed in a shopping center in the city of Salvador, Bahia. The present study comprised four stages: (a) selection of the building and the processes to be studied; (b) data collection; (c) productivity analysis; (d) and identification of events that affected workforce productivity. The main practical contribution of this work is the presentation of workforce productivity metrics, which can be used by construction companies as a tool for planning future construction projects. Moreover, events that generated low productivity during the study are presented and classified according its causes.
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Bataveljić, Dragan, and Mitar Lutovac. "STRANPUTICE JUGOSLOVENSKE USTAVNOSTI U XX VEKU." In International scientific conference „The constitution of the SFRY of 1974 - 50 years later. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of law, 2025. https://doi.org/10.46793/ustav74.111b.
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In the paper, the authors point out that during the entire 20th century in the Serbian and Yugoslav constitutionalism, there was a lot of "wandering" in search of the right solutions. That's why they gave an overview and a brief analysis of all constitutions, starting from 1901 until 1992 and indicated the paths that were taken. The most important part of the work is dedicated to the Constitution of SFRY from 1974. This constitutional act will be recorded in history with a number of its features and the introduction of "original" institutions. All of this, unfortunately, was the result of unrealistic conceptions that did not correspond to the specific needs of the federation at that time. Certainly, a significant remark concerns the very scope of this Constitution, which was one of the longest in the world. The task of the constitution is not to regulate a matter to the end, in great detail, but only to determine the basis of regulation. He should, in other words, lay the foundations of the building, which will be built on them, to ensure a principled and synthetic approach. Laws and other regulations regulate the details and shape the country's legal system. Their task is to elaborate constitutional norms and exhaustively regulate details. The authors also point to the style and language in which this Constitution was written, because it is unclear in many places, full of phrases and incomprehensible to the common man. Constitutional norms must be clear, concise and unambiguous. Also, the paper states that this constitutional act led to the weakening of Serbia and the disintegration of Yugoslavia.