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1
ʻAbd Allāh ibn ʻAbbār ʻAnazī. Aṣdaq al-dalāʾil fī ansāb Banī Wāʾil: Qabāʾil ʻAnazah. Wyd. 2. [al-Riyaḍ]: ʻA.A.b.ʻA. al-Maʻnī, 1991.
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Wenyu, Wang John, red. Statistical methods for survival data analysis. Wyd. 3. New York: J. Wiley, 2003.
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V, Kabanov Alexander, Felgner Philip L. 1950- i Seymour L. W, red. Self-assembling complexes for gene delivery: From laboratory to clinical trial. Chichester: Wiley, 1998.
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Jordan Triple Systems in Complex and Functional Analysis. American Mathematical Society, 2020.
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Cullen, Christopher. The Triple Concordance system and Liu Xin’s ‘Grand Unified Theory’. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198733119.003.0005.
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In 9 CE, the powerful courtier Wang Mang deposed the infant prince of Han and took power as first emperor of his own dynasty. To help him sustain this claim, Liu Xin created what amounted to a Grand Unified Theory, in which all the important regularities of nature were explained with reference to numbers. We shall look in detail at the Triple Concordance system that resulted from this initiative, and follow through some examples of calculation based on it. Here we shall meet for the first time certain common features of all such systems. Liu Xin also undertook an ambitious project to use his new system to reconstruct the records of astronomical phenomena in a number of historical texts. Liu Xin’s work gives us an in-depth view of how one of the central figures in the early development of Chinese mathematical sciences saw the world.
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Ncube, Caroline B. Three Centuries and Counting. Redaktorzy Rochelle Dreyfuss i Justine Pila. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198758457.013.21.
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This chapter provides a historical account of the development of intellectual property (IP) law on the African continent, and how IP systems and their transposed legislation displaced existing knowledge governance systems. It discusses how the entrenched primarily extractor-biased IP system in the post-TRIPs era led to a compliance confidence crisis in which ill-equipped African states were overwhelmed by the political dynamics that led to a compliance overdrive manifested in developing countries and least-developed countries (LDCs) enacting provisions they were not required to enact under prevailing transitional periods. In this context, it canvasses the continent’s attempt to leverage fully TRIPS flexibilities, and discusses the current continental IP system. It briefly considers the protection of traditional knowledge and plant varieties as exemplars of aspects of IP that are critical to the continent due to the nature of the primacy of a traditional way of life for a significant portion of its population.
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Hafemeister, Thomas. Criminal Trials and Mental Disorders. NYU Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479804856.001.0001.
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The American criminal justice system is based on the bedrock principles of fairness and justice for all. In striving to ensure that all criminal defendants are treated equally under the law, it endeavors to handle like-cases in like-fashion, adhering to the proposition that the same rules and procedures should be employed regardless of a defendant’s wealth or poverty, social status, race, ethnicity, or gender. Yet, exceptions have been recognized when special circumstances are perceived to have driven a defendant’s behavior or are likely to skew the defendant’s trial. Examples include the right to act in self-defense and to be appointed an attorney if you cannot afford one. Another set of exceptions, but ones that are much more controversial, poorly articulated, and inconsistently applied, involves criminal defendants with a mental disorder. Some of these individuals are perceived to be less culpable, as well as less capable of exercising the rights all defendants retain within the justice system, more in need of mental health services than criminal prosecution, and warranting enhanced protections at trial. As a result, special rules and procedures have evolved over the centuries, often without fanfare and even today with little systematic examination, to be applied to cases involving defendants with a mental disorder. This book offers that systematic examination. It identifies the various stages of criminal justice proceedings when the mental status of a criminal defendant may be relevant, associated legal and policy issues, the history and evolution of these issues, how they are currently resolved, and how forensic mental health assessments are conducted and employed during criminal proceedings.
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N. M, Gayathri, i Nidhi R. THE LAW RELATING TO CLINICAL TRIALS IN INDIA: THE PREVAILING DEFICIENCIES AND THE ROAD AHEAD. Jupiter Publications Consortium, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47715/jpc.b.978-93-91303-78-5.
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Clinical trials stand at the crux of medical advancement, serving as the vital link between laboratory research and the availability of new treatments for patients’ ailments. In a world increasingly reliant on evidence-based medicine, the importance of rigorous, ethical, and well-regulated clinical trials cannot be overstated. However, the dynamic and multifaceted nature of clinical trials raises complex legal, ethical, and social issues, particularly in a diverse and populous nation like India. This book, “The Law Relating to Clinical Trials in India: The Prevailing Deficiencies and the Road Ahead,” by Ms. Gayathri N. M. and Ms. Nidhi R, provides a comprehensive analysis of India’s legal framework governing clinical trials. It assesses the current state of the law, identifies the deficiencies therein, and offers a thought-provoking exploration of the path to rectifying these shortcomings. The pages within unfold the historical tapestry of clinical trials, setting the stage with an exploration of their evolution both globally and within the Indian context. The book ventures into the intricate lattice of regulations and guidelines that govern clinical trials in India and juxtaposes them against the global standards set by more developed frameworks in the United States and Canada. Through the chapters, the reader is invited to examine the role of Indian courts in interpreting and applying the laws concerning clinical trials, often acting as bulwarks against unethical practices. The narrative further delves into the comparisons between regulatory systems, thereby drawing lessons from international best practices. Perhaps most critically, this work does not shy away from discussing the challenges and deficiencies that mar the current Indian clinical trial landscape. It ventures into the depths of the 2019 New Drugs and Clinical Trials Rules (NDCTR), unearthing its flaws and potential. The Covid-19 pandemic and the resultant vaccine fast approvals present a case study, highlighting the urgency for reform in the face of unprecedented global health challenges. As we reach the denouement in the concluding chapter, the authors synthesize their findings and articulate a series of well-reasoned suggestions. Their vision for the future of India’s clinical trial legal system is one of pragmatism and hope, guided by the twin stars of participant safety and scientific integrity. The preface serves as an invitation to readers — scholars, practitioners, policymakers, and anyone with an interest in the crossroads of law, medicine, and ethics — to embark on this intellectual journey. The goal is not only to inform but also to inspire action that will shape a more robust, just, and effective framework for clinical trials in India. In closing, this book aims to contribute meaningfully to the discourse on improving the regulatory environment for clinical trials in India, ensuring that the nation’s laws keep pace with scientific progress while safeguarding the rights and welfare of participants.
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Evans, Charlotte, Anne Creaton, Marcus Kennedy i Terry Martin, red. Retrieval coordination. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722168.003.0003.
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Coordination lies at the heart of retrieval systems. A successful retrieval is a well-planned well-coordinated one. Despite this, very little has been written on the subject. Determining a patient’s clinical needs while simultaneously making complex logistical decisions involving multiple cases takes considerable skill and experience. This chapter covers the essentials of retrieval coordination including providing advice to referrers, case triage, and decisions surrounding crew, platform, and destination choice. The retrieval coordinator can feel lonely and overwhelmed at times and requires strategies to combat cognitive overload and manage conflict. Not all patients should be retrieved and a good grasp of end of life care and palliation is required. Retrieval coordination involves making the right decisions for both the individual patient and the system. Who has the most to gain by going first is a complex question requiring careful consideration.
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Groscup, Jennifer L. The Impact of Legally Relevant Media Exposure on Criminal Juror Decision-Making. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190658113.003.0007.
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Exposure to various forms of media can potentially impact decision-making by jurors in criminal trials. Cases like the highly publicized Casey Anthony trial, in which jurors’ media exposure might have affected the verdict, highlight the importance of understanding what messages jurors receive from the media and how those messages might influence their perceptions of trial participants and evidence. This chapter first explores research on the content of legally relevant news media, reality television, and scripted television dramas to better understand the messages the media might be delivering. Next, it reviews research suggesting how various media sources influence the development of legally relevant attitudes and, in turn, juror decision-making. The chapter then investigates the media’s direct influence on juror decision-making, focusing particularly on the CSI Effect. Finally, it discusses recommendations for jury system reform that might decrease media influence as well as future research directions.
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Fagan, Abigail A., J. David Hawkins, Richard F. Catalano i David P. Farrington. Theoretical Perspectives Guiding the Development and Evaluation of CTC. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190299217.003.0002.
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Prevention science recommends that EBIs should be based on theories that describe the causes of behavioral health problems. They should also be evaluated in high-quality research studies that examine implementation and outcomes both under ideal conditions, like scientist-led efficacy trials, and naturalistic conditions, such as effectiveness trials that rely on community agencies and staff. This chapter reviews the theories guiding the development of the CTC system, including life-course developmental theory, the Social Development Model, social disorganization theory, and the Diffusion of Innovations theory. CTC has been created and evaluated using a community-based participatory approach. The benefits and challenges of this approach are also discussed.
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Beattie, R. Mark, Anil Dhawan i John W.L. Puntis. Biliary atresia. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569862.003.0048.
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Definition 350Incidence 350Types 350Pathogenesis 350Clinical presentation 351Diagnosis 351Treatment 351Complications 352Prognosis 352Biliary atresia (BA) is a progressive cholangiopathy of unknown aetiology affecting extra- and intrahepatic biliary system presenting within the first several weeks of life.BA is a sporadic condition with an estimated worldwide incidence of around 1/12 000–15 000 live births. It has been described in isolation in twin and triplet pregnancies, with no seasonal pattern. Children are typically born at term, with no gender predominance....
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Kivelson, Valerie A., i Christine D. Worobec, red. Witchcraft in Russia and Ukraine, 1000-1900. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501750649.001.0001.
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This sourcebook provides the first systematic overview of witchcraft laws and trials in Russia and Ukraine from medieval times to the late nineteenth century. The book weaves scholarly commentary with never-before-published primary source materials translated from Polish, Russian, and Ukrainian. These sources include the earliest references to witchcraft and sorcery, secular and religious laws regarding witchcraft and possession, full trial transcripts, and a wealth of magical spells. The documents present a rich panorama of daily life and reveal the extraordinary power of magical words. The book presents new analyses of the workings and evolution of legal systems, the interplay and tensions between church and state, and the prosaic concerns of the women and men involved in witchcraft proceedings. The extended documentary commentaries also explore the shifting boundaries and fraught political relations between Russia and Ukraine.
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Runhaar, Jos, i Sita M. A. Bierma-Zeinstra. Lifestyle. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0012.
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Modern lifestyles put a great burden on the human musculoskeletal system. Since 1980, the worldwide prevalence of obesity has tripled in many European countries. Obesity is known to affect both weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing joints due to a combination of mechanical overload and systemic inflammation. On the other hand, both to combat the obesity pandemic and to increase or maintain the quality of life, physical activity and sports are encouraged next to a healthy diet. Although both have a positive influence on cardiovascular risk factors, physical activity and especially sporting activities do lead to increased loading of the active joints and increased risk for joint injuries, which might lead to osteoarthritis development. This chapter provides an overview of the current knowledge on lifestyle risk factors for the development and progression of osteoarthritis as published in recent systematic reviews, complemented with several narrative reviews.
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Hilliard, Christopher. The Littlehampton Libels. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799658.001.0001.
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This book reconsiders the workings of literacy and law in everyday life in early twentieth-century Britain. It does so through an analysis of an extraordinary criminal case from the 1920s—a poison-pen mystery that led to a miscarriage of justice and four criminal trials. The case, which unfolded in the coastal Sussex town of Littlehampton, proved as difficult to the police and the lawyers involved as any capital crime. Yet the offence in question was not murder, but libel, a crime involving words. So when a leading Metropolitan Police detective was tasked with solving the case, he questioned the residents of Littlehampton about their neighbours’ vocabularies, how often they wrote letters, what their handwriting was like, whether they swore. He assembled an ethnographic archive of working-class literacy. This book uses the materials generated by the investigation and the legal proceedings to examine, first, the variety of language used in working-class communities, and, second, the ways working-class people engaged with the legal system and vice versa. The four trials illustrate questions of access to justice; the relationship between respectability and credibility as a witness; and the largely forgotten history of criminal libel in modern times.
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Yurdakul, Sebahattin, Emire Seyahi i Hasan Yazici. Behçet’s syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0135.
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Behçet's syndrome is a systemic inflammatory panvasculitis (affecting all sizes of vessels) of unknown aetiology. It is in vogue to include it among the systemic autoinflammatory conditions. Behçet's syndrome is more frequent along the ancient 'Silk Route' across Asia than it is in Western countries. The usual onset is the second or third decade, equally affecting either gender. However, young patients and male patients have more severe disease. Almost all patients have recurrent oral ulceration. Scar-forming genital ulcers, a variety of skin lesions including acneiform, erythema nodosum-like lesions, arthritis, potentially blinding panuveitis, thrombophlebitis, gastrointestinal disease, central nervous system (CNS) involvement, and life-threatening bleeding pulmonary artery aneurysms are seen. The pathergy phenomenon is a heightened tissue inflammatory response. The strongest genetic association is with HLA B51. There are immunological aberrations but not prominent enough to call it an autoimmune disease. Similarly, Behçet's syndrome does not fit easily into the broad concept of autoinflammatory diseases. The histopathology is also non-specific and the diagnosis is mainly clinical. Differentiation from Crohn's disease is very difficult. In more than one-half of the patients the disease burns out in time, thus only symptomatic therapy is indicated in some patients. However, eye involvement, pulmonary vascular disease, thrombophilic complications, CNS involvement, and gastrointestinal disease need prompt recognition and treatment. Brief courses of glucocorticosteroids along with immunosuppressives including the newer biologicals, interferon, and colchicine are commonly used. However, controlled clinical trials are not available for some of these medications especially when thrombophilia, CNS, and gastrointestinal disease are present.
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Fidell, Eugene R. 8. Military lawyering. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199303496.003.0009.
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‘Military lawyering’ shows that increasingly, national military justice systems look much like civilian criminal trials with military or civilian lawyers acting as judges and other lawyers prosecuting and defending. In the United States, most military lawyering is done by lawyers who are commissioned officers, organized in many national systems into a Judge Advocate General’s Corps, department, or branch. In addition, civilian lawyers may play a role, either as military judges in some systems, or as defense counsel retained by the accused. The different judiciary roles are outlined along with potential problem areas. In the United States, each branch of the armed forces maintains a professional responsibility program and has regulations governing the conduct of counsel.
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Banaszak, Ronald. Fair Trial Rights of the Accused. Greenwood, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400649561.
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Use this collection of over 60 primary documents to trace the evolution of trial rights from English and colonial beginnings to our contemporary understanding of their meaning. Court cases and other documents bring to life the controversies that have historically surrounded the rights of those who have been accused in the American legal system. Explanatory introductions to documents aid users in understanding the various arguments put forth and the context in which the document was written, while illuminating the significance of each document. Students will be able to trace how the expansion of trial rights is directly correlated to historical events and social concerns. Documents are arranged chronologically to provide readers with a clear view of the long convoluted history of these rights in our country and to clearly illustrate how trial rights have grown over time to provide more protection for a growing number of individuals. A general introduction to the volume further explores the history of the concept of trial rights to provide a complete reference resource to complicated issues.
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Chermak, Steven, i Frankie Bailey, red. Crimes of the Centuries. ABC-CLIO, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400633829.
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This multivolume resource is the most extensive reference of its kind, offering a comprehensive summary of the misdeeds, perpetrators, and victims involved in the most memorable crime events in American history. This unique reference features the most famous crimes and trials in the United States since colonial times. Three comprehensive volumes focus on the most notorious and historically significant crimes that have influenced America's justice system, including the life and wrongdoing of Lizzie Borden, the bombing of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, the killing spree and execution of Ted Bundy, and the Columbine High School shootings. Organized by case, the work includes a chronology of major unlawful deeds, fascinating primary source documents, dozens of sidebars with case trivia and little-known facts, and an overview of crimes that have shaped criminal justice in the United States over several centuries. Each of the 500 entries provides information about the crime, the perpetrators, and those affected by the misconduct, along with a short bibliography to extend learning opportunities. The set addresses a breadth of famous trials across American history, including the Salem witch trials, the conviction of Sacco and Vanzetti, and the prosecution of O. J. Simpson.
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Bloom, Robert M. Ratting. Praeger, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216004820.
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Showing informants in a variety of contexts provides a broader picture of them, and highlights the potential pitfalls associated with their use within our criminal justice system. Police depend on insiders to prosecute the perpetrators of many of the so-called victimless crimes like drug dealing, money laundering and political corruption. As victimless crimes have grown, so has the use of informants. Providing insights into law enforcement techniques as well as the Court's response to them, Bloom illuminates the pernicious legal ramifications that can result from the justice system's relationship to and use of informers. Law professors, criminologists, and law enforcement scholars will find Bloom's account of this much used and abused but under-reported aspect of America's law enforcement efforts both edifying and sobering. There are different kinds of informants. Some are used to infiltrate and destroy organized crime operations, and others, such as Linda Tripp, are used to investigate government officials. Informants are motivated by a variety of reasons, including financial gain, political power, elimination of competition, and avoiding criminal punishment. Some are even imaginary, fabricated by police to justify their activity. Bloom discusses each type of informer, grounding his commentary in real cases, some well known, others obscure. He then concludes by suggesting how potential and real abuses of the informant system can be curbed.
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Cohen, Daniel A., i Asim Roy. Sleep and Neurological Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778240.003.0010.
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Scientific investigation of the relationships between sleep and neurological disorders is at a relatively early stage. Damage to the nervous system or impaired neural development can cause a wide array of sleep disorders. In turn, sleep disruption may impair neuroplastic processes that are important for functional recovery after nervous system insults. Sleep disorders in patients with neurological disease can negatively affect quality of life for both the patients and the caregivers. Cardiovascular, metabolic, and immune process changes associated with sleep disorders may exacerbate the underlying neuropathological changes in neurological disease. Early intervention for sleep disorders in these patients may substantially improve neurological outcomes. More randomized, controlled treatment trials will ultimately help to determine the optimal timing and treatment modalities for the sleep disorders in these patients and the impact this will have on improving neurological health, enhancing neurological function, and reducing the care burden for this population.
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Bowman, Simon, John Hamburger, Elizabeth Price i Saaeha Rauz. Sjögren’s syndrome—clinical features. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0127.
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Sjögren's syndrome is a chronic, immune-mediated, condition of unknown aetiology characterized by focal lymphocytic infiltration of exocrine glands associated with dry mouth and eyes. It occurs in its own right (primary Sjögren's syndrome, pSS), or as a late feature of other rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus or scleroderma (secondary Sjögren's syndrome). There is a strong female bias. pSS typically affects women in their middle years with an estimated prevalence of 0.1–0.6%. 75% of patients have anti-Ro and/or anti-La antibodies, often with raised immunoglobulin levels (hypergammaglobulinaemia). In patients without these antibodies the diagnosis can be confirmed by salivary gland biopsy. Treatment is generally symptomatic using artificial tears, saliva replacements/stimulants and good dental hygiene. Three-quarters of patients with pSS report significant fatigue with a negative impact on quality of life. This can be the most disabling symptom. Approximately 20% of patients develop systemic features including persistent salivary gland swelling, cutaneous vasculitis, peripheral neuropathy, interstitial lung disease, autoimmune cytopenias or renal tubular acidosis. Hydroxychloroquine and corticosteroids are the most widely used therapies for systemic features. There is a 44fold increased risk of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) B-cell lymphoma in pSS, typically affecting the salivary glands. On account of abnormalities in the B-cell system in pSS there is current interest in the use of anti-B-cell directed monoclonal antibodies to treat pSS and a number of clinical trials are in progress. This approach is already successfully in use for treating MALT lymphoma in pSS.
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Bowman, Simon, John Hamburger, Elizabeth Price i Saaeha Rauz. Sjögren’s syndrome—clinical features. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0127_update_001.
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Sjögren’s syndrome is a chronic, immune-mediated, condition of unknown aetiology characterized by focal lymphocytic infiltration of exocrine glands associated with dry mouth and eyes. It occurs in its own right (primary Sjögren’s syndrome, pSS), or as a late feature of other rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus or scleroderma (secondary Sjögren’s syndrome). There is a strong female bias. pSS typically affects women in their middle years with an estimated prevalence of 0.1–0.6%. 75% of patients have anti-Ro and/or anti-La antibodies, often with raised immunoglobulin levels (hypergammaglobulinaemia). In patients without these antibodies the diagnosis can be confirmed by salivary gland biopsy. Treatment is generally symptomatic using artificial tears, saliva replacements/stimulants and good dental hygiene. Three-quarters of patients with pSS report significant fatigue with a negative impact on quality of life. This can be the most disabling symptom. Approximately 20% of patients develop systemic features including persistent salivary gland swelling, cutaneous vasculitis, peripheral neuropathy, interstitial lung disease, autoimmune cytopenias or renal tubular acidosis. Hydroxychloroquine and corticosteroids are the most widely used therapies for systemic features. There is a 44fold increased risk of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) B-cell lymphoma in pSS, typically affecting the salivary glands. On account of abnormalities in the B-cell system in pSS there is current interest in the use of anti-B-cell directed monoclonal antibodies to treat pSS and a number of clinical trials are in progress. This approach is already successfully in use for treating MALT lymphoma in pSS.
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(Editor), Peter Fayers, i Ron Hays (Editor), red. Assessing Quality of Life in Clinical Trials: Methods and Practice. Oxford University Press, USA, 2005.
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Jones, Charles O. 1. Inventing the presidency. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780190458201.003.0001.
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The creative work involved in writing the Constitution of the United States in Philadelphia in 1787 has been interpreted and invoked in political and policy debate ever since. “Inventing the presidency” considers how the Founders of the United States tried to create unity in a separated system. Why was the title of president selected? What was the role of president going to look like? How long should the single executive serve? Providing a legislative or lawmaking role for the president was the subject of considerable debate at the beginning. Inventors solve problems: they tinker until they have a workable device. The creation of the presidency was a process of trial and error.
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Jones, Charles O. 1. Inventing the Presidency. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780195307016.003.0001.
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The creative work involved in writing the Constitution of the United States in Philadelphia in 1787 has been interpreted and analysed in political and policy debate ever since. ‘Inventing the Presidency’ considers how the Founders of the United States tried to create unity in a separated system. Why was the title of president selected? What was the role of president going to look like? How long should the single executive serve? Should the person be term-limited? Providing a legislative or law-making role for the president was the subject of considerable debate at the beginning. Inventors solve problems: they tinker until they have a workable device. The creation of the presidency was a process of trial and error.
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Gagarin, Michael. Ancient Greek Law. Redaktorzy Heikki Pihlajamäki, Markus D. Dubber i Mark Godfrey. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198785521.013.6.
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This chapter gives an overview of law in ancient Greece. After discussing the unity of Greek law and scholarship on Greek law, it reviews the evidence for law in Gortyn (in Crete), including the Gortyn Law Code, in Sparta, and at greater length in Athens, which is best documented. Athens had a highly democratic legal system. Legislation was enacted by an Assembly open to all citizens, laws were written and publicly displayed, plaintiffs and defendants pleaded their own cases, and trials were judged by juries of 200 or more. Private disputes first went to arbitration. When no individual victim existed (e.g. public embezzlement), anyone could prosecute. There were no professional judges, prosecutors, or advocates, but the rule of law was largely observed. In Hellenistic Greece, law in cities remained relatively unchanged but in newly settled areas like Egypt, law developed very differently. Greek law had little influence on later law.
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Schabas, William A. The Trial of the Kaiser. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198833857.001.0001.
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Today’s elaborate system of international criminal justice originates in proposals at the end of the First World War to try Kaiser Wilhelm II before an international criminal tribunal. In the weeks following 11 November 1918, the British, French, and Italian Governments agreed on a trial. Lloyd George campaigned for re-election on the slogan ‘Hang the Kaiser’. The Kaiser had fled to the Netherlands, possibly after receiving signals from the Dutch Queen that he would be welcome. Renegade US soldiers led by a former Senator failed in a bizarre attempt to take him prisoner and bring him to Paris. During the Peace Conference, the Commission on Responsibilities brought international lawyers together for the first time to debate international criminal justice. They recommended trial of the Kaiser by an international tribunal for war crimes, but not for starting the war or violating Belgian neutrality. The Americans were opposed to any prosecution. However, President Wilson changed his mind and agreed to trial for a ‘supreme offence against international morality’. This became a clause in the Treaty of Versailles, one of the few that the Germans tried to resist. Although the Allies threatened a range of measures if the former Emperor was not surrendered, the Dutch refused and the demands were dropped in March 1920. The Kaiser lived out his life in a castle near Utrecht, dying of natural causes in June 1941. Hitler sent a wreath to the funeral.
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Marsh, Leslie L. Contesting the Boundaries of Belonging in the Films of Ana Carolina Teixeira Soares. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037252.003.0003.
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This chapter focuses on Ana Carolina's Mar de Rosas (Sea of Roses, 1977), Das Tripas Coração (Heart and Guts, 1982), and Sonho de Valsa (Dream Waltz, 1987). At a time when it was untenable to express her feminist views by way of a realist register, all three films develop a surrealist mode of expression. Indeed, Carolina's films adapt a surrealist mode of representation to critique repressive ideological constructions of femininity and seek the emancipation of the female psyche. Ultimately, her trilogy critiques those institutions and established beliefs through which presumably good, moral citizens are manufactured—the family, education, religion, romantic love, honoring the father, and the like—and reflects a desire for a new sociability and a new political system in which women are full, equal members. The gesture toward freedom in these films resonates with the second-wave women's movements and the larger struggle to escape a repressive authoritarian regime in the 1970s and 1980s.
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Zetterberg, Henrik, i Jonathan M. Schott. Fluid Biomarkers Indicative of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190233563.003.0008.
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A major unifying feature of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) is excessive neuronal loss. Depending on when and where this occurs, patients may express distinct neurological and psychiatric symptoms. Neurodegeneration is accompanied by protein aggregation, inflammation, and microglial activation that may be drivers of the disease or in some circumstances may be protective reactions to the neurodegenerative process. A key development over the past decade has been our ability to leverage these accompanying central nervous system changes to develop clinically impactful biomarkers of specific NDDs. This has been crucial in helping us develop an understanding the time line of progression of these diseases, in their early diagnosis and to help target patients appropriately in therapeutic clinical trials, This chapter gives an overview of both established and novel fluid biomarkers for neurodegeneration, protein accumulation, inflammation, and microglial activation across different neurodegenerative diseases. Common as well as disease-specific biomarker changes in cerebrospinal fluid and blood are emphasized.
31
Wong, Han Hsi, Basma Greef i Tim Eisen. Treatment of metastatic renal cancer. Redaktor James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0089.
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Metastatic renal cancer is resistant to standard chemotherapy. Although some patients with indolent disease can be initially managed with observation, the majority of patients will require aggressive treatment soon after diagnosis. Options include cytoreductive nephrectomy, resection of a solitary metastasis in highly selected cases, or systemic therapy options. The TKIs sunitinib and pazopanib are currently the first-line treatments of choice. Whilst axitinib and cabozantinib have important roles in the second line the PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor, nivolumab, is now established as standard second line therapy. Inhibitors of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, everolimus and temsirolimus, interleukin-2 as well as the anti-angiogenic antibody bevacizumab have also been shown to be effective. The treatment paradigm of metastatic renal cancer is constantly changing as evidence from clinical trials continues to emerge. With the development of agents addressing novel targets such as T-cell regulation, the future certainly looks brighter for patients diagnosed with this disease.
32
Roche, Helen. The Third Reich's Elite Schools. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198726128.001.0001.
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Drawing on material from eighty archives in six different countries worldwide, as well as eyewitness testimonies from over one hundred former pupils, this book presents the first comprehensive history of the Third Reich’s most prominent elite schools, the National Political Education Institutes (Napolas/NPEA). The Napolas provided an all-encompassing National Socialist ‘total education’, featuring ideological indoctrination, pre-military training, and a packed programme of extracurricular activities, including school trips and exchanges throughout Europe and beyond. Combining all the most seductive elements of reform-pedagogy, youth-movement traditions, and the militaristic ethos of the Prussian cadet schools, the schools took pupils from the age of 10, aiming to train them for leadership roles in all walks of life. Those who successfully passed the gruelling entrance examination, which tested applicants’ physical prowess, courage, and alleged ‘racial purity’ along with their academic abilities, had to learn to live in a highly militarized and enclosed boarding-school community. Through an in-depth depiction of everyday life at the Napolas, as well as systematic analysis of the ways in which different schools within the NPEA system were shaped by their previous traditions, this study sheds light on the qualities which the Nazi regime desired to instil in its future citizens, whilst also contributing to key debates on the political, social, and cultural history of the Third Reich, demonstrating that the history of education and youth can illuminate the broader history of this era in novel ways. Ultimately, the NPEA can be seen as the Nazi dictatorship’s most effective educational experiment.
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Hammer, Espen, red. Kafka's The Trial. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190461454.001.0001.
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The Trial, written from 1914 to 1915 and published in 1925, is a multifaceted, notoriously difficult manifestation of European literary modernism. Written in a relatively abstract language, it tells the story of Josef K., who is accused of a crime he has no recollection of having committed (and whose nature is never revealed to him). The novel has often been interpreted theologically, expressing a form of radical nihilism in a modern world abandoned by God. However, it has just as often been read as a parable of the cold, inhumane rationality of modern bureaucratization. Like many other novels of this turbulent period, it offers a tragic quest-narrative in which the hero’s search for truth and clarity (about himself, his alleged guilt, and the anonymous system he is facing) progressively leads to greater and greater confusion, ending with his execution. In this volume, the contributors deal with a range of issues arising in this work. Theology is central, and related to that are questions of justice, law, ethics, resistance, and subjectivity. All the contributors view the novel as responding to a context of rapid modernization, and questions of metaphysics intersect with the most mundane challenges of everyday life. There is here a fundamental uncertainty, a context of skepticism, that the contributors approach from a variety of angles.
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McKeon, Andrew, B. Mark Keegan i W. Oliver Tobin. Mayo Clinic Cases in Neuroimmunology. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197583425.001.0001.
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In the past 2 decades, diagnostics and therapeutics in neuroimmunology have rapidly evolved and increased in complexity. Diagnosis is assisted by various laboratory and advanced imaging techniques. Randomized clinical trials in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica, and smaller studies for rarer autoimmune diseases, have led to distinct immune molecule–targeted and mechanism-specific therapies. The fields of cerebrovascular medicine, neurooncology, and neuroinfectious diseases have not remained static either. All of these gains present a challenge, however, in that early and accurate neurologic diagnosis is more important than ever. In our experience, some diagnostic pitfalls lie in the interpretation of test results and images without reference to the nuances of the clinical history and examination. Although some things change (eg, technology), other things never change (eg, clinical common sense). The 83 case-based chapters focus on key components of the history, examination and test findings, and differential diagnosis, although we also reference treatment approaches extensively throughout. To bring some form to this extensive repertoire of cases, the book is divided into 3 sections covering central nervous system demyelinating disease, autoimmune neurologic disorders, and others. Illustrations include imaging and, where relevant, pathologic images and video material. Board review–style questions are also provided.
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Abhishek, Abhishek, Adrian Jones i Michael Doherty. Topical pharmacological treatments. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0028.
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Topical pharmacological agents such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and capsaicin are widely recommended as first-line analgesics in the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee, hand, and potentially other peripheral joints in view of their safety and efficacy. Although initial studies were short in duration (2–4 weeks), recent randomized controlled trials have confirmed the efficacy of topical NSAIDs over longer (12-week) study periods. Systematic reviews demonstrate that their efficacy can be equivalent to oral NSAIDs for OA pain, but they have a significantly better systemic toxicity profile than the corresponding oral formulations. Topical capsaicin is less well studied than topical NSAIDs but has been demonstrated to be effective in several placebo-controlled clinical trials. Local warming and an uncomfortable burning sensation is a common problem with initial applications, but this subsides with continued treatment and can be minimized by using a low-strength preparation (e.g. 0.025%) initially. Several other topical treatments such as drug-free transfersome gel and local lignocaine patches have been shown to be effective in controlling pain due to OA. However, they have been studied in relatively few studies and currently are not recommended for general use.
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Costanzo, Mark. Dismantling the Death Penalty. Oxford University PressNew York, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197515556.001.0001.
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Abstract Dismantling the Death Penalty is a succinct, accessible, and lively overview of research on the costs and consequences of capital punishment. Professor Costanzo uses diverse sources of information, including closing arguments from murder trials; interviews with jurors; statistical analyses of murder rates; survey data; and quotes from defendants, politicians, and the families of victims, to understand the effects and effectiveness of the death penalty. Each chapter answers an essential question: How do juries decide who is sentenced to death? Do executions deter potential murderers? Does the public support the death penalty? Is it “cruel and unusual”? Is it cheaper than life imprisonment? How serious are errors and biases in the system? Is the death penalty morally justified? Although the emphasis is on social scientific research, this comprehensive analysis also places the practice of killing murderers in historical, political, and moral context. The opening chapter chronicles the long, bloody history of executions and changes in how, when, and why we kill criminals. The closing chapter evaluates the politics and future of capital punishment as well as alternatives to executing murderers.
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Behrens, Frank, Michaela Koehm i Michael J. Parnham. Synthetic DMARDs. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737582.003.0028.
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Synthetic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (sDMARDs) are first line systemic treatment options for management of active psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Most of the compounds are used based on evidence from clinical trials in rheumatoid arthritis and from experience in routine care. Methotrexate is often recommended as the first choice within among sDMARDs, despite controversial or missing evidence of efficacy, according to experience over many years. Leflunomide, sulfasalazine, and cyclosporin are additional established options to treat PsA. The recently approved PDE4 inhibitor, apremilast, has broad evidence of efficacy. All these drugs have different strengths and weaknesses and varying levels of evidence for treatment of PsA. Therefore, the best treatment choice must be based on the different individual manifestations of the disease and comorbid conditions. In this chapter, the evidence levels for the different clinical symptoms are listed and suggestions for a hierarchical order of choice are given, adapted to likely clinical scenarios.
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Ourada, Jason D., i Kenneth L. Appelbaum. Intoxication and drugs in facilities. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0024.
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Active abuse of substances by inmates poses a challenge for correctional psychiatrists. Substance use disorders (SUD) are common among inmates, with higher prevalence usually found in those with general psychiatric conditions. Knowledge about substance use in correctional facilities fosters competent clinical intervention and enhances management at all levels. Psychiatrists working in jails and prisons have the challenging task of maintaining therapeutic alliances with patients who have co-occurring SUDs and also may be actively using substances. Patients might not spontaneously report use during incarceration because they fear retribution by correctional staff or not receiving needed treatment for medical and mental health problems. Psychiatrists need to remain aware of this and to screen for SUD and active substance use as part of comprehensive treatment planning. The clinical challenges in jails and prisons differ, and the substances found in facilities vary geographically. Active substance abuse by inmates presents clinical and systemic challenges for correctional psychiatrists. The interplay among mental health, medical, and custody staff regarding screening, detection, triage, management, and treatment lies at the heart of these challenges. Correctional psychiatrists make important contributions by providing direct assessment and treatment to inmates, and by offering educational, clinical, and policy consultations to other staff. These contributions help prevent potentially life-threatening complications of intoxication and withdrawal, ensure integrated and evidence-based care, and avoid misguided or ill-informed disciplinary or other institutional practices. This chapter highlights these differences, outlines clinical management, and describes an interdisciplinary approach to intervention.
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Price, Susanna, i Pascal Vranckx. Portable (short-term) mechanical circulatory support. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0030.
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Mechanical circulatory support can be used to resuscitate patients, as a stabilizing measure for angiography and prompt revascularization, or to buy time until more definite measures can be taken. In addition, there is experimental evidence that ventricular unloading of the left ventricle can significantly reduce the infarct size. Different systems for mechanical circulatory support are available to the medical community. Treatment options for mechanical circulatory support must be tailored to each patient in order to maximize the potential benefits and minimize the risk of detrimental effects. Intra-aortic balloon pumping is still the most widely used mechanical circulatory support therapy. The relative ease and speed with which this device can be applied to patients with a rapidly deteriorating haemodynamic picture have led to its widespread use as a first-line intervention among critically unstable patients. Where intra-aortic balloon pumping is inadequate, an immediate triage to a more advanced percutaneous (short-term) mechanical circulatory support may be warranted. Despite their extensive use, the utility of mechanical circulatory support devices in acute heart failure syndromes and cardiogenic shock remains uncertain. This chapter concentrates on the application of mechanical circulatory support relevant to the interventional cardiologist and cardiac intensive care physician.
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Price, Susanna, i Pascal Vranckx. Portable (short-term) mechanical circulatory support. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0030_update_001.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Mechanical circulatory support can be used to resuscitate patients, as a stabilizing measure for angiography and prompt revascularization, or to buy time until more definite measures can be taken. In addition, there is experimental evidence that ventricular unloading of the left ventricle can significantly reduce the infarct size. Different systems for mechanical circulatory support are available to the medical community. Treatment options for mechanical circulatory support must be tailored to each patient in order to maximize the potential benefits and minimize the risk of detrimental effects. Intra-aortic balloon pumping is still the most widely used mechanical circulatory support therapy. The relative ease and speed with which this device can be applied to patients with a rapidly deteriorating haemodynamic picture have led to its widespread use as a first-line intervention among critically unstable patients. Where intra-aortic balloon pumping is inadequate, an immediate triage to a more advanced percutaneous (short-term) mechanical circulatory support may be warranted. Despite their extensive use, the utility of mechanical circulatory support devices in acute heart failure syndromes and cardiogenic shock remains uncertain. This chapter concentrates on the application of mechanical circulatory support relevant to the interventional cardiologist and cardiac intensive care physician.
41
Price, Susanna, i Pascal Vranckx. Portable (short-term) mechanical circulatory support. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0030_update_002.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Mechanical circulatory support can be used to resuscitate patients, as a stabilizing measure for angiography and prompt revascularization, or to buy time until more definite measures can be taken. In addition, there is experimental evidence that ventricular unloading of the left ventricle can significantly reduce the infarct size. Different systems for mechanical circulatory support are available to the medical community. Treatment options for mechanical circulatory support must be tailored to each patient in order to maximize the potential benefits and minimize the risk of detrimental effects. Intra-aortic balloon pumping is still the most widely used mechanical circulatory support therapy. The relative ease and speed with which this device can be applied to patients with a rapidly deteriorating haemodynamic picture have led to its widespread use as a first-line intervention among critically unstable patients. Where intra-aortic balloon pumping is inadequate, an immediate triage to a more advanced percutaneous (short-term) mechanical circulatory support may be warranted. Despite their extensive use, the utility of mechanical circulatory support devices in acute heart failure syndromes and cardiogenic shock remains uncertain. This chapter concentrates on the application of mechanical circulatory support relevant to the interventional cardiologist and cardiac intensive care physician.
42
Lord Justice, Briggs. Part II United Kingdom, 6 How Has English Law Coped with the Lehman Collapse? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198755371.003.0006.
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The insolvent collapse of the Lehman Brothers group imposed unprecedented strains on the legal and regulatory systems of all the countries where its main business was based. This chapter’s author lived, during a period spanning 2009–2012, in the eye of this storm (in the respect that it has affected England). The author was the judge in charge, at least of the case management, since early on in the litigation following the collapse of the numerous applications for directions made by the administrators of Lehman Brothers International Europe (LBIE), the main hub company for Lehman group business in Europe, and one of the group’s three main trading companies worldwide. He was the first instance trial judge for all those applications, except the first, which was dealt with (to the complete satisfaction of the Court of Appeal) by Mr Justice Blackburne before his retirement. The amounts at stake were, by comparison with anything in which a lawyer is ordinarily involved, on the bench or at the bar, truly astonishing.
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Choon, Francis Chin Kuok, i Phua Dong Haur. Management of radiation poisoning. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0331.
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In radiation poisoning, a distinction between exposure and contamination should be made. Decontamination by removing clothes, washing of skin, and removal of debris can remove up to 90% of external contaminated radiation. Treatment of acute life-threatening injuries takes priority over treatment of radiation poisoning. Triage of severely exposed patients can give an indication of dose and severity of the radiation dose absorbed. Survival is related to dose absorbed. Identification of the radiation source should be made by the radiation characteristics to determine the shielding necessary for protection of hospital staff and the antidote required. Early gastric lavage and specific antidotes for ingested radiation poisoning should be used with caution. Death is mainly due to infection and haemorrhage. Acute radiation syndrome (ARS) is a manifestation of haematopoietic, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, central nervous system, and cutaneous syndromes. Those receiving whole body doses of 1–5 Gy may recover easily with appropriate medical management; those with doses of 6–10 Gy may survive with intensive management; and those with doses of >10 Gy seldom survive. Treatment of ARS is supportive with the use of antibiotics, colony-stimulating factors, blood products, and stem cell transplants. Protection of the staff is by reducing time exposed, increasing distance from source and proper shielding. Psychological counselling should be available to patient or staff if required.
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Flowe, Douglas J. Uncontrollable Blackness. University of North Carolina Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469655734.001.0001.
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Early twentieth-century African American men in northern urban centers like New York faced economic isolation, segregation, a biased criminal justice system, and overt racial attacks by police and citizens. In this book, Douglas J. Flowe interrogates the meaning of crime and violence in the lives of these men, whose lawful conduct itself was often surveilled and criminalized, by focusing on what their actions and behaviors represented to them. He narrates the stories of men who sought profits in underground markets, protected themselves when law enforcement failed to do so, and exerted control over public, commercial, and domestic spaces through force in a city that denied their claims to citizenship and manhood. Flowe furthermore traces how the features of urban Jim Crow and the efforts of civic and progressive leaders to restrict their autonomy ultimately produced the circumstances under which illegality became a form of resistance.Drawing from voluminous prison and arrest records, trial transcripts, personal letters and documents, and investigative reports, Flowe opens up new ways of understanding the black struggle for freedom in the twentieth century. By uncovering the relationship between the fight for civil rights, black constructions of masculinity, and lawlessness, he offers a stirring account of how working-class black men employed extralegal methods to address racial injustice.
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Torbicki, Adam, Marcin Kurzyna i Stavros Konstantinides. Pulmonary embolism. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0066.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Pulmonary embolism is usually a consequence of deep vein thrombosis, and together the two conditions are known as venous thromboembolism. Non-thromboembolic causes of pulmonary embolism are rare. Pulmonary thromboembolism is a potentially life-threatening disease, if left untreated. This is due to a natural tendency towards early recurrence of pulmonary emboli which may lead to fatal right ventricular failure. In more severe cases, secondary right ventricular failure may result from myocardial ischaemia and injury caused by systemic hypotension and adrenergic overstimulation. Clinical presentation of pulmonary embolism is non-specific and may include dyspnoea, chest pain, haemoptysis, syncope, hypotension, and shock. Patients with suggestive history, symptoms, and signs require an immediate triage which determines further management strategy. Computerized tomographic angiography has become the mainstay of diagnosis. However, depending on the clinical presentation, treatment decisions may also be made based on results from other tests. In particular, in high-risk patients with persistent hypotension or shock, bedside echocardiography may be the only available test to identify patients in need of primary thrombolysis, surgical embolectomy, or percutaneous intervention which will stabilize the systemic cardiac output. For most normotensive patients, anticoagulation is sufficient as initial treatment. However, in the presence of signs of right ventricular dysfunction and myocardial injury monitoring is recommended to allow prompt rescue reperfusion therapy in case of haemodynamic decompensation.
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Torbicki, Adam, Marcin Kurzyna i Stavros Konstantinides. Pulmonary embolism. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0066_update_001.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Pulmonary embolism is usually a consequence of deep vein thrombosis, and together the two conditions are known as venous thromboembolism. Non-thromboembolic causes of pulmonary embolism are rare. Pulmonary thromboembolism is a potentially life-threatening disease, if left untreated. This is due to a natural tendency towards early recurrence of pulmonary emboli which may lead to fatal right ventricular failure. In more severe cases, secondary right ventricular failure may result from myocardial ischaemia and injury caused by systemic hypotension and adrenergic overstimulation. Clinical presentation of pulmonary embolism is non-specific and may include dyspnoea, chest pain, haemoptysis, syncope, hypotension, and shock. Patients with suggestive history, symptoms, and signs require an immediate triage which determines further management strategy. Computerized tomographic angiography has become the mainstay of diagnosis. However, depending on the clinical presentation, treatment decisions may also be made based on results from other tests. In particular, in high-risk patients with persistent hypotension or shock, bedside echocardiography may be the only available test to identify patients in need of primary thrombolysis, surgical embolectomy, or percutaneous intervention which will stabilize the systemic cardiac output. For most normotensive patients, anticoagulation is sufficient as initial treatment. However, in the presence of signs of right ventricular dysfunction and myocardial injury monitoring is recommended to allow prompt rescue reperfusion therapy in case of haemodynamic decompensation.
47
Torbicki, Adam, Marcin Kurzyna i Stavros Konstantinides. Pulmonary embolism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0066_update_002.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Pulmonary embolism is usually a consequence of deep vein thrombosis, and together the two conditions are known as venous thromboembolism. Non-thromboembolic causes of pulmonary embolism are rare. Pulmonary thromboembolism is a potentially life-threatening disease, if left untreated. This is due to a natural tendency towards early recurrence of pulmonary emboli which may lead to fatal right ventricular failure. In more severe cases, secondary right ventricular failure may result from myocardial ischaemia and injury caused by systemic hypotension and adrenergic overstimulation. Clinical presentation of pulmonary embolism is non-specific and may include dyspnoea, chest pain, haemoptysis, syncope, hypotension, and shock. Patients with suggestive history, symptoms, and signs require an immediate triage which determines further management strategy. Computerized tomographic angiography has become the mainstay of diagnosis. However, depending on the clinical presentation, treatment decisions may also be made based on results from other tests. In particular, in high-risk patients with persistent hypotension or shock, bedside echocardiography may be the only available test to identify patients in need of primary thrombolysis, surgical embolectomy, or percutaneous intervention which will stabilize the systemic cardiac output. For most normotensive patients, anticoagulation is sufficient as initial treatment. However, in the presence of signs of right ventricular dysfunction and myocardial injury monitoring is recommended to allow prompt rescue reperfusion therapy in case of haemodynamic decompensation.
48
Torbicki, Adam, Marcin Kurzyna i Stavros Konstantinides. Pulmonary embolism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0066_update_003.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Pulmonary embolism is usually a consequence of deep vein thrombosis, and together the two conditions are known as venous thromboembolism. Non-thromboembolic causes of pulmonary embolism are rare. Pulmonary thromboembolism is a potentially life-threatening disease, if left untreated. This is due to a natural tendency towards early recurrence of pulmonary emboli which may lead to fatal right ventricular failure. In more severe cases, secondary right ventricular failure may result from myocardial ischaemia and injury caused by systemic hypotension and adrenergic overstimulation. Clinical presentation of pulmonary embolism is non-specific and may include dyspnoea, chest pain, haemoptysis, syncope, hypotension, and shock. Patients with suggestive history, symptoms, and signs require an immediate triage which determines further management strategy. Computerized tomographic angiography has become the mainstay of diagnosis. However, depending on the clinical presentation, treatment decisions may also be made based on results from other tests. In particular, in high-risk patients with persistent hypotension or shock, bedside echocardiography may be the only available test to identify patients in need of primary thrombolysis, surgical embolectomy, or percutaneous intervention which will stabilize the systemic cardiac output. For most normotensive patients, anticoagulation is sufficient as initial treatment. However, in the presence of signs of right ventricular dysfunction and myocardial injury monitoring is recommended to allow prompt rescue reperfusion therapy in case of haemodynamic decompensation.
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Field, John. Therapeutic strategies in managing cardiac arrest. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0064.
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Emergency and critical care specialists are important interdisciplinary physicians who often impact on the long-term survival of patients sustaining cardiac arrest, as well as immediate outcomes. These specialists are often at the crossroads of survival for patients achieving return of spontaneous circulation, and it is important to appreciate that out-of-hospital and in-hospital cardiac arrest patients represent different pathophysiological subgroups with respect to aetiology and pathophysiology. Important time-dependent triage and therapy are crucial, and efforts to identify and treat pathophysiological triggers share priority with the initiation of hypothermia protocols and other targeted interventions, such as coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention. Updated basic life support (BLS) and advanced life support (ACLS) protocols emphasize the importance of high quality chest compressions as central to achieving return of spontaneous circulation and emphasize that airway interventions should not detract from this objective. No specific ACLS intervention including intubation, vasopressor therapy or use of anti-arrhythmic agents has been found to improve outcome. The goal of both BLS and ACLS protocols is the achievement of return of spontaneous circulation, the prevention of re-arrest and the initiation of immediate post-resuscitation interventions associated with improved outcome. These include targeted temperature management (induced hypothermia) and coronary angiography for appropriate patients and ‘bundled’ critical care for all recognizing that the post-arrest state is a systemic inflammatory condition requiring multidisciplinary care beyond hypothermia and cardiovascular support.
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Smith, Rhona K. M. International Human Rights Law. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198843672.001.0001.
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International Human Rights Law provides a concise introduction for students new to the subject. Clearly written and broad in scope, this popular text gives a concise introduction to international human rights, including regional systems of protection and the key substantive rights. The author skillfully guides you through the complexities of the subject, making it accessible to those with little or no prior legal and/or international knowledge. Key cases and areas of debate are highlighted throughout, and a wealth of references to cases and further readings are provided at the end of each chapter. The book continues to be relied upon by students worldwide as the first book to turn to for clear and accurate coverage. It discusses the United Nations; the United Nations’ organizational structure; regional protection of human rights; Europe; the Americas; Africa; key treaties and mechanisms for monitoring, implementing, and enforcing human rights; substantive rights; equality and non-discrimination; the right to life; freedom from torture; cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment or punishment; the rights to liberty of person; equality before the law; the right to a fair trial; the right to self-determination; freedom of expression; the right to work; the right to education and human rights education; minority rights; and group rights.