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1

Lee, Olive H. K., Gray A. Williams, and Kevin D. Hyde. "The diets of Littoraria ardouiniana and L. melanostoma in Hong Kong mangroves." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 81, no. 6 (2001): 967–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002531540100491x.

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Littoraria ardouiniana and Littoraria melanostoma are common snails in Hong Kong, living and feeding on mangrove trees. Gut content and stable isotopic analyses were conducted to investigate the littorinid's diets. Gut content analyses revealed these snails ingested bark, epidermal plant cells, fungi, and microalgae, but that broken plant cells were the most abundant food items in the stomach and faecal contents. The gut contents of the two littorinid species, either from the mangrove trees Kandelia candel or Aegiceras corniculatum, were similar and showed little temporal variation throughout
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Reid, David G., Neelavara Ananthram Aravind, and Neelavara Ananthram Madhyastha. "A unique radiation of marine littorinid snails in the freshwater streams of the Western Ghats of India: the genus Cremnoconchus W.T. Blanford, 1869 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae)." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 167, no. 1 (2013): 93–135. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00875.x.

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Reid, David G., Aravind, Neelavara Ananthram, Madhyastha, Neelavara Ananthram (2013): A unique radiation of marine littorinid snails in the freshwater streams of the Western Ghats of India: the genus Cremnoconchus W.T. Blanford, 1869 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 167 (1): 93-135, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00875.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00875.x
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Maltseva, Arina L., Marina A. Varfolomeeva, Arseniy A. Lobov, et al. "Proteomic similarity of the Littorinid snails in the evolutionary context." PeerJ 8 (February 13, 2020): e8546. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8546.

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Background The introduction of DNA-based molecular markers made a revolution in biological systematics. However, in cases of very recent divergence events, the neutral divergence may be too slow, and the analysis of adaptive part of the genome is more informative to reconstruct the recent evolutionary history of young species. The advantage of proteomics is its ability to reflect the biochemical machinery of life. It may help both to identify rapidly evolving genes and to interpret their functions. Methods Here we applied a comparative gel-based proteomic analysis to several species from the g
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Chapman, MG. "Small-scale patterns of distribution and size-structure of the intertidal littorinid Littorina unifasciata (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in New South Wales." Marine and Freshwater Research 45, no. 4 (1994): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9940635.

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Within-shore and among-shore patterns of distribution, abundance and size structure of Littorina unifasciata Gray were identified on a number of shores in New South Wales. There was significant patchiness in distribution, abundance and size of L. unifasciata among patches of shore only a few metres apart, at different heights on the shore and from shore to shore. On a particular shore, the sizes of snails were strongly correlated with densities. In contrast, differences in densities at different heights from one shore to another were not correlated with mean size of snails. Density and size we
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Marshall, David J., and Terence P. T. Ng. "Shell standing in littorinid snails: a multifunctional behaviour associated with mating?" Journal of Molluscan Studies 79, no. 1 (2012): 74–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eys026.

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Ng, Terence P. T., Mark S. Davies, Richard Stafford, and Gray A. Williams. "Mucus trail following as a mate-searching strategy in mangrove littorinid snails." Animal Behaviour 82, no. 3 (2011): 459–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.05.017.

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Ng, Terence P. T., Sarah L. Y. Lau, Laurent Seuront, et al. "Linking behaviour and climate change in intertidal ectotherms: insights from littorinid snails." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 492 (July 2017): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2017.01.023.

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Wells, Christopher D., Kaitlin S. Van Volkom, Sara Edquist, Sinead Marovelli, and John Marovelli. "Investigating the impact of introduced crabs on the distribution and morphology of littorinid snails: Implications for the survival of the snail Littorina saxatilis." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 569 (December 2023): 151958. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2023.151958.

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9

Miller, Luke P., and Mark W. Denny. "Importance of Behavior and Morphological Traits for Controlling Body Temperature in Littorinid Snails." Biological Bulletin 220, no. 3 (2011): 209–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/bblv220n3p209.

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Ng, Terence P. T., Sarah L. Y. Lau, Mark S. Davies, et al. "Behavioral repertoire of high‐shore littorinid snails reveals novel adaptations to an extreme environment." Ecology and Evolution 11, no. 12 (2021): 7114–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7578.

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Cartwright, Stephen R., and Gray A. Williams. "Seasonal variation in utilization of biogenic microhabitats by littorinid snails on tropical rocky shores." Marine Biology 159, no. 10 (2012): 2323–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-012-2017-3.

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Ng, Terence P. T., and Gray A. Williams. "Contrasting reproductive traits in two species of mangrove-dwelling littorinid snails in a seasonal tropical habitat." Invertebrate Biology 131, no. 3 (2012): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7410.2012.00269.x.

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Reid, David G., Neelavara Ananthram Aravind, and Neelavara Ananthram Madhyastha. "A unique radiation of marine littorinid snails in the freshwater streams of the Western Ghats of India: the genusCremnoconchusW.T. Blanford, 1869 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae)." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 167, no. 1 (2013): 93–135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00875.x.

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Parker, Terry, Craig Johnson, and Anthony R. O. Chapman. "Gammarid amphipods and littorinid snails have significant but different effects on algal succession in littoral fringe tidepools." Ophelia 38, no. 2 (1993): 69–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00785326.1993.10429889.

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CHAPMAN, M. G. "SPATIAL PATTERNS OF SHELL SHAPE OF THREE SPECIES OF CO-EXISTING LITTORINID SNAILS IN NEW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA." Journal of Molluscan Studies 61, no. 2 (1995): 141–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/61.2.141.

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MCKILLUP, STEPHEN C., and RUTH V. MCKILLUP. "THE EASTERN AUSTRALIAN DISTRIBUTIONS OF SARCOPHAGA MEGAFILOSIA AND S. MEIOFILOSIA, TWO FLIES THAT ARE PARASITOIDS OF LITTORINID SNAILS." Journal of Molluscan Studies 70, no. 2 (2004): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/70.2.103.

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17

Seuront, Laurent, and Terence P. T. Ng. "Standing in the sun: infrared thermography reveals distinct thermal regulatory behaviours in two tropical high-shore littorinid snails." Journal of Molluscan Studies 82, no. 2 (2016): 336–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eyv058.

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18

Gorbushin, A. M., and I. A. Levakin. "The effect of trematode parthenitae on the growth of Onoba aculeus, Littorina saxatilis and L. obtusata (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 79, no. 2 (1999): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315498000307.

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To determine whether modern theories predict snail growth responses to trematode infestation a field growth study of Onoba aculeus, Littorina saxatilis and L. obtusata infected with two closely related Microphallidae trematodes was conducted in the White Sea. In each of the three host–parasite combinations studied trematode infection causes inhibition of snail reproduction. However, contrary to the classical interpretation of the gigantic growth of infected snails as a side effect of parasitic castration, the presented study failed to demonstrate that Microphallus piriformes causes gigantism i
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19

Rosenfeld, Sebastián, Claudia S. Maturana, Hamish G. Spencer, et al. "Complete distribution of the genus Laevilitorina (Littorinimorpha, Littorinidae) in the Southern Hemisphere: remarks and natural history." ZooKeys 1127 (November 2, 2022): 61–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1127.91310.

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Littorinid snails are present in most coastal areas globally, playing a significant role in the ecology of intertidal communities. Laevilitorina is a marine gastropod genus distributed exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere, with 21 species reported from South America, the sub-Antarctic islands, Antarctica, New Zealand, Australia and Tasmania. Here, an updated database of 21 species generated from a combination of sources is presented: 1) new field sampling data; 2) published records; 3) the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and The Atlas of Living Australia (ALA), to provide a c
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Rosenfeld, Sebastián, Claudia S. Maturana, Hamish G. Spencer, et al. "Complete distribution of the genus Laevilitorina (Littorinimorpha, Littorinidae) in the Southern Hemisphere: remarks and natural history." ZooKeys 1127 (November 2, 2022): 61–77. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1127.91310.

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Littorinid snails are present in most coastal areas globally, playing a significant role in the ecology of intertidal communities. Laevilitorina is a marine gastropod genus distributed exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere, with 21 species reported from South America, the sub-Antarctic islands, Antarctica, New Zealand, Australia and Tasmania. Here, an updated database of 21 species generated from a combination of sources is presented: 1) new field sampling data; 2) published records; 3) the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and The Atlas of Living Australia (ALA), to provide a c
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21

Buckland-Nicks, John, Sarah Ann Chisholm, and Glenys Gibson. "The living community inside the common periwinkle, Littorina littorea." Canadian Journal of Zoology 91, no. 5 (2013): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2012-0285.

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An extensive community of organisms inhabits the common periwinkle, Littorina littorea (L., 1758), along the wave-swept rocky shores of Canada’s East coast. This community, which includes both facultative and obligate endosymbionts, comprises a diverse array of species from seven animal phyla, including Annelida, Arthropoda, Gnathostomulida, Nematoda, Nemertea, and Platyhelminthes, as well as ciliates and algae. The presence of larger numbers of endosymbionts was found to correlate with specific shell characteristics of the snail host, including a wider aperture and columella, suggesting that
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Chapman, MG. "Aggregation of the littorinid snail Littorina unifasciata in New South Wales, Australia." Marine Ecology Progress Series 126 (1995): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps126191.

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Auta, Timothy, and Sani Alhaji Tukur. "Influence of Physicochemical Parameters on Abundance, Distribution and Diversity of Freshwater Snails in Bakolori Reservoir." Sahel Journal of Life Sciences FUDMA 2, no. 1 (2024): 252–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/sajols-2024-0201-031.

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Freshwater snails are part of the larger class of animals with shells known as mollusks. Freshwater, marine, and terrestrial snails make up the biggest group of mollusks, with well over 50,000 different species. The diversity, number, and distribution of freshwater snail species have been the subject of numerous study reports. This study was conducted over four months, from August to November, at three sample stations (I, II, and III) and in the Bakolori Reservoir. During the duration of the study, the sampling procedures were conducted every two weeks. Using the Shanon-Weiner and Simpson's si
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Davies, Mark S., and Janine Blackwell. "Energy saving through trail following in a marine snail." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1614 (2007): 1233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.0046.

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Most snails and slugs locomote over a layer of mucus and although the resultant mucus trail is expensive to produce, we show that this expense can be reduced by trail following. When tracking over fresh conspecific trails, the marine intertidal snail Littorina littorea (L.) produced only approximately 27% of the mucus laid by marker snails. When tracking over weathered trails, snails adjusted their mucus production to recreate a convex trail profile of similar shape and thickness to the trail as originally laid. Maximum energy saving occurs when following recently laid trails which are little
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Clausen, Karin T., Martin H. Larsen, Nina K. Iversen, and Kim N. Mouritsen. "The influence of trematodes on the macroalgae consumption by the common periwinkle Littorina littorea." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88, no. 7 (2008): 1481–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315408001744.

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Trematodes are ubiquitous elements of coastal ecosystems that commonly modify the phenotype of their invertebrate hosts, often with ramifications to higher levels of ecological organization. In this context, trematode infections have been suggested to reduce the consumption of the herbivorous gastropod Littorina littorea (L.) (Mollusca: Gastropoda), in turn affecting the composition of the macroalgal community on which the snail grazes. Here, we examine the effect of two species of trematodes, Renicola roscovita and Himasthla elongata, on L. littorea's consumption in two outdoor microcosm expe
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HUGHES, JANE M., and MICHAEL P. JONES. "Shell colour polymorphism in a mangrove snail Littorina sp. (Prosobranchia: Littorinidae)." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 25, no. 4 (1985): 365–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1985.tb00402.x.

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Kozminsky, E. V. "Inheritance of the background shell color in the snails Littorina obtusata (Gastropoda, Littorinidae)." Russian Journal of Genetics 50, no. 10 (2014): 1038–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1022795414100044.

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Tyrrell, Megan C., Michele Dionne, and Jessica A. Edgerly. "Physical factors mediate effects of grazing by a non-indigenous snail species on saltmarsh cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) in New England marshes." ICES Journal of Marine Science 65, no. 5 (2008): 746–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsn009.

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Abstract Tyrrell, M. C., Dionne, M., and Edgerly, J. A. 2008. Physical factors mediate effects of grazing by a non-indigenous snail species on saltmarsh cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) in New England marshes. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 746–752. In the southeastern US, grazing by a common indigenous littorinid snail has caused large declines in the biomass of saltmarsh cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora). In northeastern marshes, a closely related but non-indigenous snail may also negatively affect production of this key marsh-building plant. We manipulated densities of the gastropod
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Tukur, Sani Alhaji, Timothy Auta, and Tolulope Ebenezer Atalabi. "Ecological observations of freshwater snails in the vicinity of an artificial lake." Science World Journal 19, no. 1 (2024): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/swj.v19i1.18.

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This investigation delves into the ecological dimensions of freshwater snails in the vicinity of an artificially created lake. The aim of this research was to comprehend the distribution, prevalence, and variety of freshwater snail species within the ecosystem surrounding the manmade lake. The study spanned from August to November 2023, conducted at three distinct sample stations (I, II, and III), with bi-weekly sample collections. Standard keys were employed for the identification of snails, and the Shanon-Weiner and Simpson's similarity indices were used to explore the diversity of snail spe
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Trussell, Geoffrey C., Catherine M. Matassa, and Patrick J. Ewanchuk. "Moving beyond linear food chains: trait-mediated indirect interactions in a rocky intertidal food web." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1851 (2017): 20162590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.2590.

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In simple, linear food chains, top predators can have positive indirect effects on basal resources by causing changes in the traits (e.g. behaviour, feeding rates) of intermediate consumers. Although less is known about trait-mediated indirect interactions (TMIIs) in more complex food webs, it has been suggested that such complexity dampens trophic cascades. We examined TMIIs between a predatory crab ( Carcinus maenas ) and two ecologically important basal resources, fucoid algae ( Ascophyllum nodosum ) and barnacles ( Semibalanus balanoides ), which are consumed by herbivorous ( Littorina lit
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Kozminsky, E. V. "Infection with Trematodes in Littorina obtusata Snails (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) with Different Shell Color Genotypes." Doklady Biological Sciences 511, no. 1 (2023): 196–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0012496623700448.

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Matthews, P. M., W. I. Montgomery, and R. E. B. Hanna. "Infestation of littorinids by larval Digenea around a small fishing port." Parasitology 90, no. 2 (1985): 277–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000050988.

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Larval Digenea infecting Littorina rudis, L. littorea and L. obtusata around Portavogie harbour, Co. Down, were examined. High levels of infection were found among the littorinids collected from sites on the harbour shore, though levels of infection varied somewhat with position on the shore. There was a direct relationship between size of the snail host and likelihood of infection. There was a negative association between certain pairs of helminth species in the same host, particularly where the rediae of Cryptocotyle lingua or Himasthla sp. were involved. Infection rates in gastropods declin
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CURTIS, L. A. "Ecology of larval trematodes in three marine gastropods." Parasitology 124, no. 7 (2002): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182002001452.

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To comprehend natural host–parasite systems, ecological knowledge of both hosts and parasites is critical. Here I present a view of marine systems based on the snail Ilyanassa obsoleta and its trematodes. This system is reviewed and two others, those of the snails Cerithidea californica and Littorina littorea, are then summarized and compared. Trematodes can profoundly affect the physiology, behaviour and spatial distribution of hosts. Studying these systems is challenging because trematodes are often embedded in host populations in unappreciated ways. Trematode prevalence is variable, but can
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Kozminsky, E. V. "Erratum to: Infection with Trematodes in Littorina obtusata Snails (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) with Different Shell Color Genotypes." Doklady Biological Sciences 513, no. 1 (2023): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0012496623050046.

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Stankowski, Sean, Anja M. Westram, Zuzanna B. Zagrodzka, et al. "The evolution of strong reproductive isolation between sympatric intertidal snails." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1806 (2020): 20190545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0545.

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The evolution of strong reproductive isolation (RI) is fundamental to the origins and maintenance of biological diversity, especially in situations where geographical distributions of taxa broadly overlap. But what is the history behind strong barriers currently acting in sympatry? Using whole-genome sequencing and single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping, we inferred (i) the evolutionary relationships, (ii) the strength of RI, and (iii) the demographic history of divergence between two broadly sympatric taxa of intertidal snail. Despite being cryptic, based on external morphology, Littorina
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Kozminsky, Eugene V., Elena A. Serbina, and Alexey O. Smurov. "Mate Choice in Molluscs of the Genus Littorina (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) from White Sea." Diversity 15, no. 2 (2023): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15020297.

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We studied the reproductive behaviour associated with mate choice by size in three species of White Sea molluscs of the genus Littorina—L. saxatilis, L. obtusata and L. fabalis. Three behavioural patterns were revealed after a comparative analysis of the behaviour of the male snails. The males of L. obtusata, regardless of their size, could mate with all females but preferred to mate with larger ones. The males of L. fabalis chose females of their own size or larger. The males of L. saxatilis mated with females of approximately their own size. In the first case (L. obtusata), there is a free e
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BYERS, BRUCE A. "Shell colour polymorphism associated with substrate colour in the intertidal snail Littorina saxatilis Olivi (Prosobranchia: Littorinidae)." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 40, no. 1 (1990): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1990.tb00530.x.

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Boneka, Farnis B., Lumingas L.J.L., and Pratasik S.E. "Littoraria scabra (Linnaeus, 1758) (Littorinidae: Prosobranchia) in The Mangrove of Bunaken Island, North Sulawesi." Jurnal Moluska Indonesia 3, no. 2 (2019): 35–38. https://doi.org/10.54115/jmi.v3i2.25.

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Bark of mangrove trees harbor populations of Littoraria scabra. The snails are preyed upon by aquatic and terrestrial predators. To investigate the main direction of predation, foui· Avicennia trees were seeded with 30 marked snails each. The snails were placed on trees variously protected by net cages: one tree with a fully closed cage to prevent access of all predators, one with a cage open above to allow entry of terrestrial predators, one with a cage open at the bottom to allow entry of aquatic predators. The fourth tree, without net, served as control. Snails were counted every 2 weeks. I
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Mouritsen, Kim N., A. Gorbushin, and K. Thomas Jensen. "Influence of trematode infections on in situ growth rates of Littorina littorea." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 79, no. 3 (1999): 425–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002531549800054x.

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The influence of various species of digenean trematodes on the in situ growth rate of Littorina littorea (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia) from different habitats was investigated. The main results showed: (1) that infections either reduced or had no significant effect on growth in comparison with uninfected snails; (2) that the same type of infection could have a differential effect on growth depending on the habitat/population from which the snails originated. These findings are consistent with the life history hypothesis expecting no or a stunting effect of trematode infections on the growth of l
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Wahl, M. "Fouled snails in flow:potential of epibionts on Littorina littorea to increase drag and reduce snail growth rates." Marine Ecology Progress Series 138 (1996): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps138157.

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Ravinet, Mark. "Notes from a snail island: Littorinid evolution and adaptation." Molecular Ecology 27, no. 13 (2018): 2781–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mec.14730.

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Huxham, M., D. Maitland, and M. Mocogni. "Respiration rates in Littorina littorea infected with three species of digenean parasite." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 81, no. 2 (2001): 351–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315401003885.

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The gastropod Littorina littorea shows increased mortality in the summer months when infected with digenean parasites. One possible cause of this mortality is impaired respiration in infected hosts. Respiration rates of L. littorea infected with three species of digenea of varying pathogenicity were measured: Cryptocotyle lingua, Himasthla elongata and Renicola roscovita. No evidence of altered respiration rates in infected snails was found.
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Hughes, Jane M., and Peter B. Mather. "Evidence for Predation as a Factor in Determining Shell Color Frequencies in a Mangrove Snail Littorina Sp. (Prosobranchia: Littorinidae)." Evolution 40, no. 1 (1986): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2408604.

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Hughes, Jane M., and Peter B. Mather. "EVIDENCE FOR PREDATION AS A FACTOR IN DETERMINING SHELL COLOR FREQUENCIES IN A MANGROVE SNAIL LITTORINA SP. (PROSOBRANCHIA: LITTORINIDAE)." Evolution 40, no. 1 (1986): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1986.tb05718.x.

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Carroll, John M., Morgan B. Church, and Christopher M. Finelli. "Periwinkle climbing response to water- and airbone predator chemical cues may depend on home-marsh geography." PeerJ 6 (October 1, 2018): e5744. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5744.

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The salt marsh periwinkle, Littorina irrorata, exhibits a spatial refuge from predation by climbing the stems of Spartina alterniflora in order to avoid benthic predators. Salt marsh periwinkles have a broad geographic distribution, and for many species, responses to predators also varies with biogeography. This study sought to determine if the geographical location of the home marsh influenced the response of periwinkles (climbing height) to blue crab predator cues both via air and water. Snails from Louisiana (LA) climbed higher in general than those from North Carolina (NC), regardless of c
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JOHANNESSON, KERSTIN, and ANETTE EKENDAHL. "Selective predation favouring cryptic individuals of marine snails (Littorina)." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 76, no. 1 (2002): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2002.tb01720.x.

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Miller, Luke P., Michael J. O'Donnell, and Katharine J. Mach. "Dislodged but not dead: survivorship of a high intertidal snail following wave dislodgement." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87, no. 3 (2007): 735–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315407055221.

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Waves breaking on rocky shorelines impart large forces on intertidal organisms, sometimes dislodging individuals. Dislodged individuals may be deposited in habitats that have a greater risk of predation or that prevent return to preferred regions on the shore. Thus, dislodgement is often assumed to be lethal. We experimentally dislodged Littorina keenae snails from high in the intertidal zone to test the likelihood of survival. Under a variety of wave conditions, we measured return rates to the high shore of 54–90%, so in this species, dislodgement is not equal to death. Snails showed a strong
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Johannesson, K., and B. Johannesson. "The Taxonomic Status of Littorina Neglecta: A Comment to Grahame, Mill, Double and Hull." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 73, no. 1 (1993): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002531540003280x.

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In a short communication Grahame et al. (1992) argue against our finding that Littorina neglecta Bean is an ecotype of Littorina saxatilis (Olivi) rather than a separate species (Johannesson & Johannesson, 1990b). Unfortunately, Grahame et al. (1992) have miss-represented our earlier paper, and we feel the need to refute their arguments.In populations from north-western Europe we studied morphological characters used to separate Littorina neglecta from L. saxatilis. We found that intermediate shapes were common and, furthermore, we found no close coupling among characters used to define L.
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Arakelova, E. S. "Rates of energy and phosphorus metabolism in Littorina snails (gastropoda)." Russian Journal of Ecology 43, no. 3 (2012): 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1067413612030034.

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Ng, Terence P. T., and Gray A. Williams. "Penis-rejection in a mangrove littorinid snail: why do females reject males?" Journal of Molluscan Studies 81, no. 1 (2014): 164–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eyu074.

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