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1
South, David B. "Fomesafen: A Herbicide for Pine Seedbeds". Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 21, nr 3 (1.08.1997): 143–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/21.3.143.
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Abstract Tolerance of southern pines to preemergence applications of fomesafen was examined at eight nursery experiments in 1984. When sown on coarse textured soils, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var elliottii), longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.), and shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) were tolerant to 0.5 kg ai/ha applied after sowing. However, a reduction in loblolly pine seedling production was observed with one test on a silt loam soil in Louisiana. The risk of injury from a preemergence application may be related to soil texture. Pine tolerance to a single postemergence treatment was tested at seven nurseries in 1985. No significant injury was observed when 0.5 kg ai/ha was applied 3 to 8 weeks after sowing loblolly pine or shortleaf pine, and no injury was observed on fall-sown eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.). When applied 1 or 2 months after sowing, loblolly pine appears tolerant to fomesafen even on silt loam soils. Injury has been observed from postemergence applications when a surfactant was used in combination with fomesafen. Preemergence applications of fomesafen are now an operational practice at several southern pine nurseries. South. J. Appl. For. 21(3):143-145.
2
Jokela, Eric J., Duncan S. Wilson i James E. Allen. "Early Growth Responses of Slash and Loblolly Pine Following Fertilization and Herbaceous Weed Control Treatments at Establishment". Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 24, nr 1 (1.02.2000): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/24.1.23.
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Abstract Data from 21 regional experiments, established using a common study design, were analyzed to examine 5 and 8 yr growth responses and interactions between fertilizer and herbaceous competition control treatments applied to newly established plantations of slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) and loblolly pine (P. taeda L.) in the southeastern lower Coastal Plain. Eleven experiments were with slash pine and the remaining 10 with loblolly pine. The study sites were predominantly found on CRIFF (Cooperative Research in Forest Fertilization, Univ. of Florida)A, B, C, D, and E group soils. The four treatments examined were (1) Control, no treatment; (2) Fertilizer (Fert) only, 250 lb/ac diammonium phosphate; (3) Herbaceous weed control (Herb) only, 1 quart/ac Velpar® (hexazinone) + 4 oz/ac Oust® (sulfometuron methyl); and (4) Fertilizer + Herbaceous weed control. Fifth-year survival rates for slash pine averaged 91% among all sites and were not significantly affected by silvicultural treatments or CRIFF soil groups. Loblolly pine survival rates were similarly unaffected by the Fert and Herb treatments; however, loblolly pine survival was lowest on CRIFF C group soils and most likely attributable to establishment practices rather than soil differences. The percentages of loblolly pine sites exhibiting significant volume responses at age 5 yr were 60% for Fert only, 40% for Herb only, and 100% for the Fert + Herb treatment; corresponding treatment responses for slash pine were 36%, 45%, and 64%, respectively. In the majority of tests (76%, both species), the Fert and Herb treatments were additive in nature, suggesting that each treatment was independent relative to its effects on volume growth. After 8 yr, loblolly pine volume responses for the Fert + Herb treatment over the control averaged 100% on CRIFF A group soils (1430 ft3/ac vs. 713 ft3/ac) and 52% on CRIFF C and D group soils (688 ft3/ac vs. 452 ft3/ac); corresponding treatment responses for slash pine on similar soils averaged 29% (645 ft3/ac vs. 499 ft3/ac) and 10% (805 ft3/ac vs. 733 ft3/ac), respectively. The early growth responses due to treatment declined between ages 5 and 8 yr, especially for the Herb only treatment with loblolly pine. Results from these studies suggest that growth responses were generally commensurate with management intensity, except for slash pine on sites with good inherent growth potential. Additional silvicultural inputs, in the form of midrotation fertilizer applications, would be necessary to sustain the early growth benefits afforded by the time of planting fertilizer and herbaceous weed control treatments, especially with loblolly pine on comparable sites. South. J. Appl. For. 24(1):23-30.
3
Cram, Michelle M., Kenneth W. Outcalt i Stanley J. Zarnoch. "Growth of Longleaf and Loblolly Pine Planted on South Carolina Sandhill Sites". Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 34, nr 2 (1.05.2010): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/34.2.79.
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Abstract Performance of longleaf (Pinus palustris Mill.) and loblolly pine (P. taeda L.) were compared 15–19 years after outplanting on 10 different sites in the sandhills of South Carolina. The study was established from 1988 to 1992 with bareroot seedlings artificially inoculated with Pisolithus tinctorius (Pt) or naturally inoculated with mycorrhizae in the nursery. A containerized longleaf pine treatment with and without Pt inoculation was added to two sites in 1992. Effects of the Pt nursery treatment were mixed, with a decrease in survival of bareroot longleaf pine on two sites and an increase in survival on another site. The containerized longleaf pine treatment substantially increased survival, which led to greater volume compared with bareroot longleaf pine. Loblolly pine yielded more volume than longleaf pine on all sites but one, where survival was negatively affected by fire. Depth of sandy surface horizon affected mean annual height growth of both loblolly and longleaf pine. Height growth per year decreased with an increase in sand depth for both species. Multiple regression analysis of volume growth (ft3/ac per year) for both species indicated a strong relationship to depth of sandy soil and survival. After 15–19 years, loblolly pine has been more productive than longleaf pine, although longleaf pine productivity may be equal to or greater than that of loblolly pine on the soils with the deepest sandy surface layers over longer rotations.
4
Moss, S. A., J. A. Burger i W. L. Daniels. "Pitch × Loblolly Pine Growth in Organically Amended Mine Soils". Journal of Environmental Quality 18, nr 1 (styczeń 1989): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1989.00472425001800010020x.
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Jain, R. K., B. G. Lockaby i J. P. Caulfield. "Nutrition of loblolly pine on calcareous soils in Western Alabama". Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 20, nr 3-4 (luty 1989): 421–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103628909368091.
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Haywood, James D., i James D. Burton. "Phosphorus fertilizer, soils, and site preparation influence loblolly pine productivity". New Forests 3, nr 4 (1990): 275–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00030037.
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Minogue, Patrick J., Bruce R. Zutter i Dean H. Gjerstad. "Soil Factors and Efficacy of Hexazinone Formulations for Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda) Release". Weed Science 36, nr 3 (maj 1988): 399–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500075081.
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Broadcast applications of hexazinone [3-cyclohexyl-6-(dimethylamino)-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione] pellets and foliar sprays were tested at four rates for hardwood control and safety to loblolly pine (Pinus taedaL.) at each of eight study locations differing in soil characteristics. Reduction in the number of hardwoods in the stand (hardwood density reduction) was greater with the pellet on soils with more than 60% sand, while the liquid formulation was most efficacious for finely textured soils. Hardwood density reduction with the pellet was negatively correlated with percent silt, clay, soil organic matter, and cation exchange capacity, and positively correlated with percent sand. With foliar sprays, hardwood density reduction was positively correlated with hexazinone rate and negatively correlated with soil pH. Pine mortality was positively correlated to percent sand with the pellet and negatively correlated to soil pH with broadcast sprays. Regression models incorporating pine height, herbicide rate, soil texture, cation exchange capacity, soil organic matter, and acidity could explain up to 78% of the variation in hardwood density change and 77% of the variation in pine mortality. Selective control of hardwoods in young loblolly pine stands is a function of hexazinone rate, formulation, and various soil factors.
8
Hansen, Robert S., i M. Victor Bilan. "Height Growth of Loblolly and Slash Pine Plantations in the Northern Post-Oak belt of Texas". Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 13, nr 1 (1.02.1989): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/13.1.5.
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Abstract Age accounted for over 70% of the variation in tree height of 10- to 44-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) plantations established on deep sands, moderate sands, and nonsandy soils in the Northern Post-Oak Belt of Texas. Climatic and edaphicfactors, relating either directly or indirectly to the amount of moisture available for tree use, explained up to 17% of height growth variation. Height growth of the plantations was comparable to that of plantations growing in the pine-mixed hardwood forest cover type of East Texas. The NorthernPost-Oak Belt of Texas is an area approximately 50 to 100 miles wide located between the pine-mixed hard-wood forest type to the east and the black-land prairie to the west. Soils within the belt belong primarily to the Alfisol or Ultisol soil orders. The western-most areas of the belt receiveup to 20% less annual rain fall than the pine-mixed hardwood type of East Texas (U.S. Environmental Data and Information Service 1949-1982). The present forest of this area is dominated by post oak (Quercus stellata Wang.), black-jack oak (Quercus Marilandica Muench.), bluejack oak (Quercusincana Bartr.), and black hickory (Carya texana Buckl.) (Ward 1984). Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) occur naturally only in scattered locations (Wilson and Hacker 1986). South. j. Appl. For. 13(1):5-8.
9
Lockaby, B. G., i J. P. Caulifield. "Geographic Gradients in Loblolly Pine Site Productivity and Related Environmental Factors". Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 13, nr 2 (1.05.1989): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/13.2.72.
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Abstract Loblolly pine site index patterns were examined along latitudinal and longitudinal ranges in Alabama. While no patterns were discernible for site index vs. longitude, parabolic relationships for site index were observed in relation to latitude. These parabolic paterns appear to be relatedto selected monthly precipitation totals that also show latitude trends. The site index vs. latitude patterns were best defined for Typic Hapludult soils with siliceous mineralogy. This productivity gradient is discussed in relation to possible mechanisms and significance for forest management.South. J. Appl. For. 13(2):72-76.
10
Yeiser, J. L., i J. L. Paschke. "Regenerating Wet Sites with Bare-Root and Containerized Loblolly Pine Seedlings¹". Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 11, nr 1 (1.02.1987): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/11.1.52.
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Abstract Seedling survival on a 1983 planted test site with a perched water table was 99% for both containerized and bare-root seedlings planted in May after the perched water table receded and 15% for seedlings planted in February while soils were saturated. Also, differences in survival forMay 1984 plantings on an upland flatwoods site, a terrace along an ephemeral stream, and a river floodplain site, indicate that each site possesses inherent properties uniquely influencing seedling survival. After the perched water table had receded, first-year mean survival of containerized seedlings was 19% higher than for bare-root seedlings. Some families showed tolerance to excessive soil moisture and are probably well suited for general planting on wet sites. The higher cost of containerized seedlings can be justified if a replant or marginal survival can be avoided. SouthJ. Appl. For. 11(1): 52-56.
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Wilhite, L. P., i W. H. McKee. "Site Preparation and Phosphorus Application Alter Early Growth of Loblolly Pine". Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 9, nr 2 (1.05.1985): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/9.2.103.
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Abstract Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) was grown on three sites with a series of site preparation treatments and differential applications of herbicide to determine the impact of site preparation on early growth and nutrition of trees without the interaction of woody competition. The study sites were poorly, somewhat poorly, and moderately well-drained soils of the lower Atlantic Coastal Plain in South Carolina. One year after planting, treatments of no fertilizer, phosphorus, potassium, and phosphorus plus potassium were applied to each site preparation plot. Five years after planting, the tallest pines (12 to 15 feet) were on plots that had received the most expensive and most intensive treatment (bedding, phosphorus fertilizer, and a small amount of herbicide), but growth was good (10 to 13 feet) on plots that had received the least expensive and least intensive treatment as well (preparation with hand tools, no fertilizer, and a larger amount of herbicide). Growth was poorest (7 to 10 feet) on plots that had been rootraked and had received a medium amount of herbicide. Foliar nutrient data also indicated that rootraking was site degrading.
12
Parker, M. M., i D. H. Van Lear. "Soil Heterogeneity and Root Distribution of Mature Loblolly Pine Stands in Piedmont Soils". Soil Science Society of America Journal 60, nr 6 (listopad 1996): 1920–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1996.03615995006000060043x.
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Ludovici, Kim H. "Compacting Coastal Plain soils changes midrotation loblolly pine allometry by reducing root biomass". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, nr 8 (sierpień 2008): 2169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x08-060.
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Factorial combinations of soil compaction and organic matter removal were replicated at the Long Term Site Productivity study in the Croatan National Forest, near New Bern, North Carolina, USA. Ten years after planting, 18 preselected loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) trees were destructively harvested to quantify treatment effects on total above- and below-ground tree biomass and to detect any changes in the absolute and relative allocation patterns. Stem volume at year 10 was not affected by compaction treatments, even though the ultisols on these sites continued to have higher bulk densities than noncompacted plots. However, even when site preparation treatments were undetectable aboveground, the treatments significantly altered absolute root growth and tree biomass allocation patterns. Soil compaction decreased taproot production and significantly increased the ratio of aboveground to belowground biomass. Decreased root production will decrease carbon and nutrient stores belowground, which may impact future site productivity.
14
Glover, Glenn R., Bruce R. Zutter, Patrick J. Minogue i Dean H. Gjerstad. "Effect of Hexazinone Rate and Formulation on Loblolly Pine in Broadcast Release Applications". Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 15, nr 1 (1.02.1991): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/15.1.54.
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Abstract Growth response and mortality of loblolly pine were examined 5 or 6 years after broadcast applications of four rates of pellet and liquid (applied as a foliar spray) hexazinone formulations for pine release at seven locations across the South varying in soil characteristics. Adjusted hardwood rootstock density 2 years following treatment was significantly affected by treatment and rate at all locations, and by formulation at five of the seven locations. Pine mortality was positively related to hexazinone rate at four of the study locations. Mortality was significantly higher for the pellet formulation compared to the liquid at the two locations with loamy sand surface soils. Mortality averaged less than 10% for the prescribed rate of both formulations at five of the seven locations, and at a sixth location for the pellet formulation. Mean pine height and dbh responses across hexazinone rates were greater than no treatment (check) at three and five locations, respectively. Response in dbh was positively related to hexazinone rate at three locations, and inversely related to rootstock density 2 years after treatment at six of seven locations. Mean treatment response for pine basal area and total volume (outside bark) per acre were significantly greater than the check at only two locations due to high pine mortality at some locations for 1.4X and 2.0X the prescribed rate. Mean increases in volume of the prescribed rate over the check were 9 and 7% for the pellet and liquid formulations, respectively. Maximum volume production increases across locations were 13% for the pellet formulation and 15% for the liquid formulation. South J. Appl. For. 15(1):54-61.
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Yeiser, Jimmie L., i Richard A. Williams. "Planted Loblolly Pine Survival and Growth Responses to Herbaceous Vegetation Control". Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 20, nr 1 (1.02.1996): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/20.1.53.
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Abstract Plots in 13 loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations established on sandy or sandy-loam soils in SE Oklahoma and SW Arkansas received herbaceous vegetation control using hexazinone and sulfometuron methyl. Treatments consisted of a one-time herbicide application over-the-top of loblolly pine seedlings by one of three methods: spot, band, or broadcast. At the end of 1 and 5 growing seasons, data were collected for survival, height, and diameter growth and compared for seedlings in areas untreated and treated for herbaceous vegetation control. Only data corresponding to herbicide rates and application methods labeled for use today are included in data analysis. When compared with untreated checks, seedlings treated for herbaceous vegetation control exhibited significant increases in first-year survival at 11 sites and in height and groundline diameter (GLD) at 12 of the 13 test sites. At the end of 1 growing season, herbaceous vegetation control provided mean seedling increases of 16.7%, 0.4 ft, and 0.1 in. for survival, height, and GLD, respectively. After 5 growing seasons, advantages from herbaceous vegetation control had increased with significant differences existing in survival, height, and diameter at breast height (dbh) on 10 of 11 test sites, as 2 sites were lost to wildfire. Numerically, treatment differences had increased to 18.4%, 2.4 ft, and 0.6 in. for survival, height, and dbh, respectively. South. J. Appl. For. 20(1):53-57.
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Williams, Thomas M., i Donald J. Lipscomb. "Pine Regeneration Success of a Private Nonindustrial Land Owner on the South Caroline Coast". Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 13, nr 1 (1.02.1989): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/13.1.25.
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Abstract Between 1940 and 1964 Bernard M. and Belle W. Baruch did regeneration cuts (residuals of less than 50 ft²/ac) on 3,700 acres of pine forest on Hobcaw Barony. By 1975 pine regeneration was adequate on only 1,400 acres. Loblolly pine was successfully established only on well-drainedsites along the edges of the peninsula. Pines were not regenerated by seed tree cutting and periodic burning on the poorly drained soils characteristic of the center of interstream divides. Proper understory control was more important as drainage decreased. Land owners on the lower coastalplain should be aware that understory control is vital to success of natural regeneration on poorly drained lands. South. J. Appl. For. 13(1):25-28.
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Ludovici, Kim H., Stanley J. Zarnoch i Daniel D. Richter. "Modeling in-situ pine root decomposition using data from a 60-year chronosequence". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32, nr 9 (1.09.2002): 1675–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x02-073.
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Because the root system of a mature pine tree typically accounts for 2030% of the total tree biomass, decomposition of large lateral roots and taproots following forest harvest and re-establishment potentially impact nutrient supply and carbon sequestration in pine systems over several decades. If the relationship between stump diameter and decomposition of taproot and lateral root material, i.e., wood and bark, can be quantified, a better understanding of rates and patterns of sequestration and nutrient release can also be developed. This study estimated decomposition rates from in-situ root systems using a chronosequence approach. Nine stands of 55- to 70-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) that had been clear-cut 0, 5, 10, 20, 25, 35, 45, 55, and 60 years ago were identified on well-drained Piedmont soils. Taproot and lateral root systems were excavated, measured, and weighed. Although more than 50% of the total root mass decomposed during the first 10 years after harvest, field excavations recovered portions of large lateral roots (>5 cm diameter) and taproots that persisted for more than 35 and 60 years, respectively. Results indicate that decomposition of total root biomass, and its component parts, from mature, clear-cut loblolly pine stands, can be modeled with good precision as a function of groundline stump diameter and years since harvest.
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McKeand, Steven E., Eric J. Jokela, Dudley A. Huber, Thomas D. Byram, H. Lee Allen, Bailian Li i Timothy J. Mullin. "Performance of improved genotypes of loblolly pine across different soils, climates, and silvicultural inputs". Forest Ecology and Management 227, nr 1-2 (maj 2006): 178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.02.016.
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Peduzzi, Alicia, H. Lee Allen i Randolph H. Wynne. "Leaf Area of Overstory and Understory in Pine Plantations in the Flatwoods". Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 34, nr 4 (1.11.2010): 154–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/34.4.154.
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Abstract Leaf area index (LAI) was measured in summer and winter for the overstory and understory in 7- and 10-year-old loblolly and slash pine plantations on poorly drained, somewhat poorly drained, and moderately well-drained soils. LAI and vegetation indices (simple ratio [SR], normalized difference vegetation index [NDVI], vegetation index, and enhanced vegetation index) were also calculated using Landsat imagery. LAI values observed for the overstory were low in most of the plots (around 2 m2 m−2 in slash pine and around 3 m2 m−2 in loblolly pine), whereas the understory LAI was very high (around 2 m2 m−2), which can be attributed to the lack of canopy closure observed in all plots. No significant differences were found in the understory LAI values across soil drainage classes. Total LAI (overstory LAI plus understory LAI) values were weakly correlated with the vegetation indices. The LAI values estimated using Landsat data were typically half of the values estimated on the ground. Significant correlations were observed between the vegetation indices (SR and NDVI) and stand and site factors, suggesting that the satellite-derived indices were more related to the stand biophysical parameters than to in situ LAI estimates.
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Belanger, Roger P., Roy L. Hedden i Michael R. Lennartz. "Potential Impact of the Southern Pine Beetle on Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Colonies in the Georgia Piedmont". Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 12, nr 3 (1.08.1988): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/12.3.194.
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Abstract Thirty-four red-cockaded woodpecker colonies were studied in the Georgia Piedmont to (1) determine the stand, site, and tree characteristics associated with active colonies, (2) rate the susceptibility of colony stands to southern pine beetle attack, and (3) estimate the probability of beetle attack (risk) and potential for spot spread (hazard) over a projected 30-year period. The colony stands contain mature and overmature trees of predominately loblolly pine sawtimber on soils and sites favorable for tree growth. The susceptibility of these stands to beetle attack is generally low. Estimated timber losses resulting from the probability of attack and potential spot spread are also low. Predicted number of trees killed is strongly influenced by combinations of risk, hazard, and size of southern pine beetle populations. Mature stands can be managed to reduce southern pine beetle damage and establish forest conditions favorable to the red-cockaded woodpecker. South. J. Appl. For. 12(3): 194-199.
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Haywood, James D., i James D. Burton. "Loblolly Pine Plantation Development is Influenced by Site Preparation and Soils in the West Gulf Coastal Plain". Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 13, nr 1 (1.02.1989): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/13.1.17.
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Abstract Productivity of upland loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations was studied under seven site preparation treatments and five soil classes, with and without fertilizer, in the West Gulf Coastal Plain. Generally, the chop-burn-harrow and shear-windrow-harrow treatments resulted in themost basal area (ave. 112 ft²/ac), but the chop-burn-harrow treatment produced the most fiber (2,109 ft³/ac) after 12 growing seasons. Harrowing as an additional treatment after chopping-and-burning increased productivity by 394 ft³/ac over the chop-burn treatment. The leastproductive treatments were underplant-inject and shear-windrow. Generally, basal area per acre was comparatively high on the silty, slowly permeable clay, and very slowly permeable clay soils (ave. 105 ft ²/ac). Two of the soils, silty and slowly permeable clay, had comparatively highvolume production (ave. 1,878 ft³/ac). The least productive sites had gravelly subsoils. Generally, phosphorus fertilization did not influence pine productivity. South. J. Appl. For. 13(1):17-21.
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Miller, James H., H. Lee Allen, Bruce R. Zutter, Shepard M. Zedaker i Ray A. Newbold. "Soil and pine foliage nutrient responses 15 years after competing-vegetation control and their correlation with growth for 13 loblolly pine plantations in the southern United States". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, nr 10 (1.10.2006): 2412–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-164.
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Influences of competition-control treatments on long-term soil and foliar nutrition were examined using a regional data set (the Competition Omission Monitoring Project) that documents loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation development for 15 years after early intensive woody and (or) herbaceous control. Examined were trends for macro nutrients in soils sampled at years 0 and 15 and in pine foliage at years 2, 6, and 15 and their correlations with one another and with pine growth. Early control treatments resulted in distinct plantation successional patterns with contrasting herbaceous and woody components, all under pine-dominated canopies. There was an overall decrease in soil nutrient concentrations after 15 years of pine-plantation management, while C, N, and Ca decreased most after vegetation control. Early herbaceous treatments resulted in significantly less foliar N and K at year 15 as well. Foliar nutrient contents and fascicle mass at year 2 tended to be better correlated with year-15 pine volume than values at year 6 or year 15. Year-15 P concentrations had the strongest correlations between soil and foliar nutrient levels (r = 0.71–0.77). By year 15, intensive pine culture and vegetation control had placed demands on soil nutrient supplies to support enhanced growth that have not yet been replaced.
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Aust, W. Michael, Masato Miwa, James A. Burger, Steve C. Patterson i Emily A. Carter. "Wet-Weather Timber Harvesting and Site Preparation Effects on Coastal Plain Sites: A Review". Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 28, nr 3 (1.08.2004): 137–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/28.3.137.
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Abstract Increased interest in sustainable forestry has intensified the need for information on the interactions of forest soils, harvesting methods, site disturbances, and the efficacy of methods for ameliorating disturbances. On wet pine flats, such as those commonly found in the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains, conditions such as frequent rainfall, low relief, and poor internal soil drainage often predispose forest soils to harvest disturbances and potential damage. Typical forest operations use heavy logging equipment, such as rubber-tired feller-bunchers and skidders. During dry soil conditions, these machines cause little soil disturbance, but under moist to saturated conditions, such operations may compact soils and interfere with normal soil drainage. Many studies have been conducted to characterize soil disturbance and site preparation effects on tree seedling survival and growth and to evaluate the amelioration effect of site preparation on disturbed soils. However, results are sometimes contradictory due to site specificity, and results have not been summarized in the context of pine plantation management. This article summarizes previous research results of the wet-weather harvesting and bedding effects on soil properties as related to loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) productivity for a variety of Coastal Plain region sites types. South. J. Appl. For. 28(3):137–151.
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Gardiner, E. S., i J. L. Yeiser. "Converting Stands of Low-Grade Hardwoods to Loblolly Pine: Stimulating Growth and Reducing Costs Through Litter Retention". Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 22, nr 3 (1.08.1998): 148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/22.3.148.
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Abstract Conversion of upland, low-grade hardwood stands to pine commonly includes hardwood competition control followed by burning of the site prior to planting. These practices risk erosion of sloped, thin soils. Litter retention provides mulch for newly planted seedlings, potentially increasing soil retention, moisture, and nutrient availability and reducing herbaceous competition without herbicides. This study assessed: (1) litter development, (2) levels of herbaceous biomass and soil moisture, and (3) pine seedling survival and growth resulting from litter retention incorporated into two approaches to stand conversion—inject and plant or underplant and release. A conventional preplant injection and burn prescription was the standard for comparison. When compared with conventional methods, conversion methods with litter retention significantly (1) reduced first- and second-year herbaceous biomass, (2) improved first-year soil moisture, (3) enhanced seedling growth and (4) eliminated the need for burning and first-year chemical reduction of herbs, thereby improving the economics of investment in these poor sites. South. J. Appl. For. 22(3):148-155.
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Friend, Alexander L., John L. Jifon, Paul C. Berrang, John R. Seiler i Juanita A. Mobley. "Elevated atmospheric CO2 and species mixture alter N acquisition of trees in stand microcosms". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, nr 5 (1.05.2000): 827–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x00-019.
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The potential for elevated atmospheric CO2 to increase forest growth depends on how it affects plant acquisition of soil nitrogen (N) in realistic competitive settings. We grew seedling microcosms in large (0.6-m2) boxes of forest soil placed outdoors in CO2-controlled open-top chambers. Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) were grown as single-species stands (monocultures) and as 50:50 pine:sweetgum mixtures, with a factorial combination of CO2 (ambient, twice ambient) and soil water (dry, moist) for two growing seasons. We added N, enriched with 15N, 2 months after planting and used N and 15N content of microcosm components to evaluate treatment effects. Under ambient CO2, species mixture decreased biomass and N accumulation of pine compared with pine in monoculture. Elevated CO2 partially to fully ameliorated this negative effect of species mixture for pine by increasing its biomass and N accumulation irrespective of competitive setting. Sweetgum biomass and N accumulation were improved in mixed culture (compared with monoculture) under moist conditions. However, only sweetgum biomass (not N) responded positively to increasing CO2. Our study suggests that increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration may provide a competitive advantage to pine growing in mixture with sweetgum in low fertility forest soils.
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Schilling, Erik B., B. Graeme Lockaby i Robert Rummer. "Biomass Partitioning and Root Architecture Responses of Loblolly Pine Seedlings to Tillage in Piedmont and Coastal Plain Soils". Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 28, nr 2 (1.05.2004): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/28.2.76.
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Abstract In the southeastern United States, site preparation methods often involve surface and subsurface tillage used singly or in combination. However, growth responses to these treatments are often inconsistent across sites and physiographic regions. In an effort to gain insight into how pine growth is affected by tillage, the effects of two treatments, machine planting and combination tillage (i.e., disking, subsoiling, and bedding), were examined in terms of biomass partitioning and root system architecture of loblolly pine seedlings (Pinus taeda L.) on Piedmont and Upper Coastal Plain sites in Alabama and Georgia. Our objectives were to evaluate the effects of combination tillage on root system development and examine whether potential effects were related to aboveground measures. Seedling allometry indicated that for all sites and both physiographic regions, machine planting and combination tillage treatments resulted in similar biomass partitioning above- and belowground. Furthermore, on both Piedmont and Coastal Plain sites, root architecture was primarily influenced by the presence of the subsoil “rip” regardless of treatment. These conclusions suggest that compared to machine planting, combination tillage did not affect biomass partitioning on the functional rooting zone of these young pines to a degree that was biologically significant. South. J. Appl. For. 28(2):76–82.
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Eisenbies, Mark H., James A. Burger, W. Michael Aust i Steven C. Patterson. "Changes in site productivity and the recovery of soil properties following wet- and dry-weather harvesting disturbances in the Atlantic Coastal Plain for a stand of age 10 years". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, nr 8 (sierpień 2007): 1336–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-038.
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Wet-weather logging can cause severe soil physical disturbances and redistribute residues. Although some research indicates negative effects of such disturbances on individual tree growth, the long-term resilience and resistance of soils and the ameliorative effects of site preparation are not fully understood. Three 20 ha loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) plantations located on fertile wet pine flats on the coastal plain of South Carolina were subjected to five treatment combinations of harvest (wet and dry) and site preparation. Mean tree heights were 10.2–11.5 m, and stand biomass ranged between 95 and 143 Mg/ha. A rank diagnostic indicates that wet-weather harvesting did not significantly change site productivity between rotations, and bedding improved site productivity. At the polypedon scale (0.04 ha), there were no significant differences in tree height, biomass, or the rank diagnostic among classes of soil physical disturbances or harvesting residues when bedding was employed. On nonbedded sites, some levels of disturbance appeared to be superior to minimally disturbed sites. Based on 10 year results, wet pine flats are apparently resistant and resilient to the effects of wet-weather harvesting.
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Gaffar, Shagufta, Sanku Dattamudi, Amin Rabiei Baboukani, Saoli Chanda, Jeffrey M. Novak, Donald W. Watts, Chunlei Wang i Krishnaswamy Jayachandran. "Physiochemical Characterization of Biochars from Six Feedstocks and Their Effects on the Sorption of Atrazine in an Organic Soil". Agronomy 11, nr 4 (9.04.2021): 716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040716.
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Application of biochars in agricultural soils has the potential to reduce groundwater contamination of atrazine, a widely used herbicide in the US, therefore sustaining environmental quality and reducing human health issues. This study was conducted to characterize biochars produced from six feedstocks and investigate their ability to remove and retain atrazine in an organic-rich soil. Australian pine (AP), Brazilian pepper (BP), coconut husk (CH), cypress (Cy), loblolly pine (L), and pecan shell (P) feedstocks were pyrolyzed at 350 °C and 500 °C. Adsorption and desorption behaviors of atrazine were explained using Freundlich isotherms. Higher pyrolysis temperature increased specific surface area (5 times), total pore volume (2.5 times), and aromaticity (1.4 times) of the biochars. CH feedstock produced the most effective biochars (CH350 and CH500), which adsorb 8–12% more atrazine than unamended soils. CH350 biochar performed the best (Kd ads = 13.80, KOC = 153.63, Kd des = 16.98) and had significantly higher (p < 0.05) adsorption than unamended soil, possibly resulting from its highest cation exchange capacity (16.32 cmol kg−1). The Kd des values for atrazine desorption were greater than the Kd ads for adsorption, indicating retention of a considerable amount of atrazine by the biochar-amended soils following desorption.
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McCarthy, E. J., i R. W. Skaggs. "Simulation and Evaluation of Water Management Systems for a Pine Plantation Watershed". Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 16, nr 1 (1.02.1992): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/16.1.48.
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Abstract Water management on forest watersheds can have off-site impacts on the environment as well as on-site impacts on soil water conditions for plant growth. This study was conducted to evaluate the hydrologic impacts and soil water implications for plant growth of alternative water management practices. The forest watershed system modeled was a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantation in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina. The site is characterized by flat, poorly drained soils (thermic typic umbraquults) which are drained with open ditches 100 m apart. No drainage, free (conventional) drainage, alternative forms of controlled drainage and stocking control were modeled to determine effects on water table position and drainage outflow. Silvicultural systems, including an unthinned and a commercially thinned regime, were modeled. The water management systems were evaluated by criteria quantifying both off-site implications and on-site plant-water relationships. Controlled drainage systems were found to be successful in reducing drainage outflow rates and volumes and improving soil water conditions for tree growth. In addition, hydrologic components were examined over the life of the unthinned and thinned forest stands, from planting to harvest. Stand development and silviculture were shown to have significant effects on the hydrology of the forest. South. J. Appl. For. 16(1):48-56.
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(Bennett) Phelan, Jennifer, i H. Lee Allen. "Have repeated applications of nitrogen and phosphorus to a loblolly pine plantation changed stand productivity and soil nutrient supply?" Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, nr 3 (marzec 2008): 637–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-131.
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To develop a nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilization regime that produces long-term increases in stand productivity and soil nutrient supply in loblolly pine plantations, a series of N + P fertilizer studies were established in the Southeastern United States. One of these installations was examined partway through the study to determine if changes to stand productivity and soil nutrient supply had already been achieved. Stand growth and foliar nutrient concentrations were measured for 6 years, and during the third year, a seedling bioassay was conducted with soil collected from the highest fertilization and nonfertilized treatments. Annual stand growth was increased by 14%–27% in the fertilized plots suggesting that the fertilizer regime improved stand productivity. However, results from the seedling bioassay showed that only P fertilization had caused changes in soil nutrient supply. Seedling P contents in the fertilized treatments were 3.6 times larger than those in the nonfertilized treatments. In contrast, total system N contents were equivalent in the fertilized and nonfertilized systems, and extractable nitrate (NO3–), ammonium (NH4+), and biologically active N were higher in the nonfertilized soils. Future measurements and seedlings bioassay assessments should be conducted to determine when and if long-term changes in soil quality and stand productivity are achieved.
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Wang, Xiping, Deborah Page-Dumroese, Martin F. Jurgensen i Robert J. Ross. "Field assessment of wood stake decomposition in forest soil". Holzforschung 61, nr 5 (1.08.2007): 605–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2007.072.
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Abstract A pulse-echo acoustic method was investigated for evaluating wood stake decomposition in the field. A total of 58 wood stakes (29 loblolly pine, Pinus taeda, and 29 aspen, Populus tremuloides) that were vertically installed (full length) in forest soils were non-destructively tested by means of a laboratory-type acoustic measurement system. The same acoustic measurements were also conducted on the wood stakes after they were removed from the soil. Compression (parallel to grain) tests were then performed on the stakes in the laboratory to obtain residual elastic and strength properties. The results indicate that the pulse-echo acoustic method is a good approach to characterize wood stakes that are fully inserted into mineral soils. Statistical analysis showed good relationships between acoustic parameters (number of pulse echoes and in-ground acoustic velocity) and percentage weight loss, modulus of elasticity in compression, and residual compressive strength. The pulse-echo acoustic method could be used as a monitoring tool to assess progressive levels of wood stake decomposition in forest soil.
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Weber, Carolyn F., Monica Moya Balasch, Zachary Gossage, Andrea Porras-Alfaro i Cheryl R. Kuske. "Soil Fungal Cellobiohydrolase I Gene (cbhI) Composition and Expression in a Loblolly Pine Plantation under Conditions of Elevated Atmospheric CO2and Nitrogen Fertilization". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, nr 11 (30.03.2012): 3950–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.08018-11.
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ABSTRACTThe simultaneous increase of atmospheric CO2and nitrogen (N) deposition to terrestrial ecosystems is predicted to alter plant productivity and, consequently, to change the amount and quality of above- and belowground carbon entering forest soils. It is not known how such changes will impact the composition and function of soil fungal communities that play a key role in degrading complex carbon. We sequenced the fungal cellobiohydrolase I gene (cbhI) from soil DNA and cDNA to compare the richness and composition of resident and expressedcbhIgenes at a U.S. Department of Energy free air-carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) site (NC), which had been exposed to elevated atmospheric CO2and/or N fertilization treatment for several years. Our results provide evidence that the richness and composition of the cellulolytic fungi surveyed in this study were distinct in the DNA- and cDNA-based gene surveys and were dominated by Basidiomycota that have low or no representation in public databases. The surveys did not detect differences in richness or phylum-level composition ofcbhI-containing, cellulolytic fungi that correlated with elevated CO2or N fertilization at the time of sampling.
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Fox, Thomas R., H. Lee Allen, Timothy J. Albaugh, Rafael Rubilar i Colleen A. Carlson. "Tree Nutrition and Forest Fertilization of Pine Plantations in the Southern United States". Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 31, nr 1 (1.02.2007): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/31.1.5.
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Abstract The growth of many pine plantations in the southern United States is limited by soil nutrient availability. Therefore, forest fertilization is a common silvicultural practice throughout the South. Approximately 1.2 million ac of pine plantations were fertilized in 2004. In the last 10 years, considerable advances have been made in identifying the ecophysiological basis for stand growth and the response to fertilizer additions. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are the nutrients that most commonly limit growth of southern pine. On wet clay soils in the lower Coastal Plain and on some well-drained soil in the upper Coastal Plain, severe P deficiencies exist. On these soils, P fertilization with 25–50 lb of P per acre at the time of planting produces a large and sustained growth response, on the order of 50 ft3 ac−1 yr−1 (1.5 tn ac−1 yr−1) throughout the rotation. On most other soils in the South, chronic deficiencies of both N and P exist. On these sites, soil nutrient availability often is adequate early in the rotation when tree demand is small. However, around the time of crown closure, N and P frequently become limiting. Fertilization with both N and P in these intermediate aged stands typically increases growth for 8–10 years. The growth response to a combination of 25 lb of P per acre plus 200 lb of N per acre averages around 55 ft3 ac−1 yr−1 (1.6 tn ac−1 yr−1) for an 8-year period. The amount of leaf area in the stand is the main factor determining the current growth rate of the stand and the potential growth response after fertilization. When stand leaf area index is less than 3.5, light capture by the stand is restricted and growth is negatively affected. In many of these stands, fertilization will increase leaf area because of increased soil nutrient availability and thus increase growth. The financial return after fertilization depends on the growth response that occurs, the cost of the fertilizer treatment, and the stumpage value of the timber produced. Using a growth response of 55 ft3 ac−1 yr−1 over 8 years, a fertilizer cost of $90 ac−1, and stumpage values from the first quarter of 2006, the internal rate of return from midrotation fertilization of a loblolly pine plantation with N and P would be approximately 16%.
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Schiffman, Paula M., i W. Carter Johnson. "Phytomass and detrital carbon storage during forest regrowth in the southeastern United States Piedmont". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19, nr 1 (1.01.1989): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x89-010.
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Carbon in soil, forest floor, and phytomass was estimated for two chronosequences of loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) plantations, as well as agricultural fields and natural Virginia pine (P. virginiana Mill.) forests. One plantation chronosequence was initiated on postagricultural fields and the other following clearing of natural second-growth pine forests and site preparation. Natural reforestation of old fields over 50–70 years increased carbon storage by about 235%, from about 55 000 to 185 000 kg/ha. Carbon in phytomass accounted for the greatest proportion of the increase (76%), followed by forest floor (13%) and surface soil (10%). Old field plantations stored more carbon than natural forests by approximately 42 000 kg/ha (22%). Virtually all of the gain was in phytomass. The contemporary practice of converting natural forests to plantations yielded only a modest gain in carbon (24%), and this in phytomass scheduled for harvest, not in detritus. The results showed negligible oxidative losses of carbon from soils after harvest and site preparation. Site preparation which includes burning may actually cause slow but long-term increases in detrital carbon as charcoal. Forest floor losses during conversion are largely regained by rotation end. Global carbon models need to be amended to incorporate these findings. Stabilization of the forest land base in the Piedmont foretells a rapidly declining capacity to store carbon at past rates. In terms of carbon gained, the current practice of converting natural forests to plantations is no substitute for the farm to forest conversions of past decades. Whether the southeastern United States Piedmont will continue to act as a net carbon sink depends largely on the balance between gains in detrital carbon, principally from charcoal produced by repeated site preparation, and the extent to which forest products from highly productive plantations are placed in long-term versus short-term storage.
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Schultz, Emily B., i Walter M. DeLoach. "Site Suitability and Economic Aspects of Black Walnut (Juglans nigra L.) in Mississippi". Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 28, nr 3 (1.08.2004): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/28.3.123.
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Abstract A site suitability study and economic analysis were conducted for naturally occurring black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) in Mississippi using 60 fifth-acre plots established during 2000. Soil, site, and tree measurements were used to: (1) construct site index (SI) curves and a nondestructive method for predicting walnut age; (2) classify diameter growth potential; (3) characterize suitable planting sites; and (4) project monetary returns. Bottomland fronts, flats, and ridges and upland toe slopes were the most frequently occurring natural black walnut sites and produced average diameter growth of 0.5 in./year. Growth was not significantly (P > 0.1) influenced by soil nutrients, pH, or site factors; however, a small portion of variation was positively correlated to silt percentage (P = 0.01–0.09;R2 = 0.05–0.12) and negatively correlated to sand percentage (P = 0.01– 0.09;R2 = 0.05–0.11). Clay textured soils were absent at all sampling depths. Land dedicated to black walnut management yielded up to 5.4 times the land expectation values of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) where SIs for both species were 100. Favorable growth rates and monetary returns demonstrated that black walnut production has substantial economic potential for forest landowners in Mississippi. South. J. Appl. For. 28(3):123–131.
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Coates, Thomas, Donald Hagan, Wallace Aust, Andrew Johnson, John Keen, Alex Chow i James Dozier. "Mineral Soil Chemical Properties as Influenced by Long-Term Use of Prescribed Fire with Differing Frequencies in a Southeastern Coastal Plain Pine Forest". Forests 9, nr 12 (27.11.2018): 739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9120739.
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Recent studies suggest increased fire frequency may impair soil chemistry, but few studies have examined long-term effects of repeated, frequent prescribed fires on forest soil properties in the southeastern Coastal Plain, USA. In this study, forest soil chemistry at the 0–10 and 10–20 cm mineral soil depths of sandy surface horizons (Entisols and Spodosols) were compared among units burned 0, 4, 6, and 8 times between 2004 and 2015 and 0 and 20 times between 1978 and 2015 in a longleaf (Pinus palustris Mill.)–loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) pine savanna at the Tom Yawkey Wildlife Center (Georgetown, SC, USA). At the 0–10 cm soil depth, soil pH (p = 0.00), sulfur (p = 0.01), calcium (p = 0.01), iron (p < 0.01), manganese (p < 0.01), and aluminum (p = 0.02) treatment means differed (2004–2015). Calcium and manganese displayed positive, significant relationships and sulfur displayed a negative, significant relationship with increasing fire frequency (p < 0.05). However, correlation of these relationships was low (r2 ≤ 0.23). Using linear contrasts to compare the mean of all fire treatments (20 fires from 1978 to 2015) to the mean of the unburned compartment, sulfur (p = 0.01) and iron (p < 0.01) were less in soils from the burned compartments. At the 10–20 cm soil depth, soil pH (p = 0.01), manganese (p = 0.04), phosphorus (p = 0.01), potassium (p = 0.02), and iron (p < 0.01) treatment means differed (2004–2015). Potassium displayed a negative, significant relationship and soil pH displayed a positive, significant relationship with increasing fire frequency (p < 0.05). Correlation of these relationships was low (r2 ≤ 0.16), however. Using linear contrasts to compare the mean of all fire treatments (20 fires from 1978 to 2015) to the unburned compartment, potassium (p = 0.00) and iron (p < 0.01) were less in soils from burned compartments. These results are inconsistent with studies suggesting that forest soil chemistry is substantially altered by increased fire frequency and support other studies from this region that have documented minimal or temporary soil chemical changes associated with frequent prescribed fires.
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Will, R. E., M. J. Wheeler, D. Markewitz, M. A. Jacobson i A. M. Shirley. "I. Early Loblolly Pine Stand Response to Tillage on the Piedmont and Upper Coastal Plain of Georgia: Mortality, Stand Uniformity, and Second and Third Year Growth". Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 26, nr 4 (1.11.2002): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/26.4.181.
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Abstract The effects of machine planting, disking, bedding, and bedding + subsoiling on growth of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were assessed after two and three growing seasons for seven contrasting sites on the Piedmont and Upper Coastal Plain of Georgia. Heights and groundline diameters of half the trees (50 trees) per plot, percent mortality, individual tree volume index (D2H), stand uniformity, and per hectare volume index were compared across sites and treatments. Average tree size of the treatments were ranked (from largest to smallest) bed, bed + subsoil, disk, machine, and no-till. At the end of the third growing season, the trees in the bed only treatment had a mean height, groundline diameter, and volume index of 2.3 m ± 0.06 SE, 59 mm ± 1.7 SE, and 0.0094 m3 ± 0.00066 SE, respectively. The trees of the no-till treatment had a mean height, groundline diameter, and volume index of 2.1 m ± 0.07 SE, 50 mm ± 1.6 SE, and 0.0063 3 ± 0.00056 SE, respectively. Overall, the disk, bed, and bed + subsoil treatment plots had significantly greater absolute volume growth during the third growing season than the no-till and machine plots. Most of the tree mortality within all treatments occurred during the first growing season with the disk treatment having the least mortality (13.6%) and the no-till treatment the most (24.9%). Stand height and diameter uniformity, examined using the within plot coefficient of variation, was not significantly different among treatments. Per hectare volume index was significantly greater for the bed (7.0 m3/ha) and bed + subsoil treatments (7.1 m3/ha) than for the no-till (4.5 m3/ha) and machine (5.2 m3/ha) treatments. Significant differences occurred between sites for tree size parameters, ranging between 2.7 m mean height and 64 mm mean groundline diameter for a site on a Cowarts soil series to 1.8 m mean height and 45 mm mean groundline diameter for trees growing on a Pacolet soil series. Significant interactions between tillage treatments and sites occurred for some tree size parameters at age 2, but not age 3, and for average plot mortality rate. The results of this study indicate that some early gains in tree growth can be achieved through soil tillage on upland sites. Bedding provided the most consistent, positive response, but adding subsoiling to bedding provided no benefit. Overall, the gains were relatively small and site dependent. Tillage on these Piedmont and Upper Coastal Plain soils should best be considered as part of a complete management program that includes to weed control and fertilization. South. J. Appl. For. 26(4):181–189.
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Li, Xuefeng, Kevan J. Minick, Tonghua Li, James C. Williamson, Michael Gavazzi, Steven McNulty i John S. King. "An improved method for quantifying total fine root decomposition in plantation forests combining measurements of soil coring and minirhizotrons with a mass balance model". Tree Physiology 40, nr 10 (5.06.2020): 1466–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpaa074.
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Abstract Accurate measurement of total fine root decomposition (the amount of dead fine roots decomposed per unit soil volume) is essential for constructing a soil carbon budget. However, the ingrowth/soil core-based models are dependent on the assumptions that fine roots in litterbags/intact cores have the same relative decomposition rate as those in intact soils and that fine root growth and death rates remain constant over time, while minirhizotrons cannot quantify the total fine root decomposition. To improve the accuracy of estimates for total fine root decomposition, we propose a new method (balanced hybrid) with two models that integrate measurements of soil coring and minirhizotrons into a mass balance model. Model input parameters were fine root biomass, necromass and turnover rate for Model 1, and fine root biomass, necromass and death rate for Model 2. We tested the balanced hybrid method in a loblolly pine plantation forest in coastal North Carolina, USA. The total decomposition rate of absorptive fine roots (ARs) (a combination of first- and second-order fine roots) using Models 1 and 2 was 107 ± 13 g m−2 year−1 and 129 ± 12 g m−2 year−1, respectively. Monthly total AR decomposition was highest from August to November, which corresponded with the highest monthly total ARs mortality. The ARs imaged by minirhizotrons well represent those growing in intact soils, evident by a significant and positive relationship between the standing biomass and the standing length. The total decomposition estimate in both models was sensitive to changes in fine root biomass, turnover rate and death rate but not to change in necromass. Compared with Model 2, Model 1 can avoid the technical difficulty of deciding dead time of individual fine roots but requires greater time and effort to accurately measure fine root biomass dynamics. The balanced hybrid method is an improved technique for measuring total fine root decomposition in plantation forests in which the estimates are based on empirical data from soil coring and minirhizotrons, moving beyond assumptions of traditional approaches.
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Townsend, John F., i J. Christopher Ludwig. "Floristics of Difficult Creek Natural Area Preserve: a Piedmont mafic woodland complex in Halifax County, Virginia, U.S.A." Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 14, nr 2 (7.12.2020): 481–519. http://dx.doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v14.i2.1024.
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The 331-hectare (819-acre) Difficult Creek Natural Area Preserve (DCNAP) was established in Halifax County, Virginia to protect and manage habitat for rare vascu-lar plant species and animals, and to restore plant communities. Mafic metavolcanic rocks of the Virgilina Formation and felsic metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks of the Aaron Formation comprise the geologic units on the preserve. The Virgilina-derived soils have high shrink-swell potential, a dense hardpan layer, relatively high base status, and a significant gravelly or stony component; these soil conditions support the highest density of rare plant species known on the preserve. The first noteworthy vascular plant species were documented from the property in 1972 by botanist Alton Harvill of Longwood University, but detailed investigations of the flora did not begin until the site was revisited by the second author in 1993. Rare plant inventory has been the primary focus of botanists since that time. In 2001, the property was acquired by the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage (DCR) and dedicated as a state Natural Area Preserve, at which point active management for natural communities and associated rare species was initiated. Since the rare plants on site thrive in open woodland or savanna-like conditions, prescribed burns and timber harvests have been used by DCR stewards to restore habitat after decades of fire suppression and conversion of hardwood stands to loblolly pine plantations. In 2018, a thorough floristic study was initiated to highlight the significance of this flora beyond the documentation of rare plants. The two-year inventory documented 653 plant taxa, comprising 326 genera in 106 families. Fourteen of these species are of conservation concern at the global or state level; an additional 12 taxa are considered uncommon and of potential conservation concern (Townsend 2019). These rare or uncommon species are components of two globally rare plant communities. In addition, the globally rare lepidopteran, Erynnis martialis (Mottled Duskywing), occurs on the preserve, the only extant population known in Virginia. Due to agricultural impacts and widespread fire exclusion, few analogs to this flora exist within the southern Piedmont of Virginia.
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Wang, Awaya, Zhu, Motooka, Nelson i Li. "Tests of Hexazinone and Tebuthiuron for Control of Exotic Plants in Kauai, Hawaii". Forests 10, nr 7 (10.07.2019): 576. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10070576.
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Non-native plant species have become serious pests in Hawaii’s delicate island ecosystems. It is necessary to control invasive plants. The herbicides hexazinone and tebuthiuron were evaluated for defoliation efficacy to control several major invasive plants and for non-target effects on native plants at Site I in a rainforest at 1200 m elevation and Site II in a mesic area at 640 m elevation on the island of Kauai, Hawaii. The invasive weed species in the sites included daisy fleabane (Erigeron karvinskianus DC.), faya tree (Myrica faya Ait.), strawberry guava (Psidium cattleyanum Sabine), banana passion fruit (Passiflora mollissima Bailey), vaseygrass (Paspalum urvillei Steud.), and highbush blackberry (Rubus argutus Link. 1822). Native plants included ohia lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha Gaudich.), naupaka (Scaevola cerasifolia Labill.), pilo (Hedyotis mannii), hona (Urera glabra (Hook. & Arn.)), aalii (Dodonaea viscosa Jacq.), and amau (Sadleria sp.). The results showed that broadcast applications of hexazinone granules and tebuthiuron pellets were effective on some of those invasive species. Herbicidal tolerance varied among the native species. For example, D. viscosa showed high tolerance to hexazinone. S. cerasifolia was susceptible to hexazinone, but not to tebuthiuron. The inconsistent defoliation of Sadleria sp. occurred among different applications rates of the two herbicides. M. polymorpha, particularly when it was small, could tolerate hexazinone and tebuthiuron. U. glabra was severely injured by the two herbicides. H. mannii was moderately tolerant to hexazinone, but fairly sensitive to tebuthiuron. The invasive loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) was highly tolerant to hexazinone, but was very sensitive to tebuthiuron. M. faya was very sensitive to hexazinone, but very tolerant to tebuthiuron. P. cattleyanum was sensitive to both herbicides. Six and nine months after hexazinone and tebuthiuron treatment, respectively, native plants were transplanted into the Sites to observe injury from residual herbicides. Approximately less than 10% mortality was observed for the out-planted native species three months after planting (MAP), indicating that the native species showed less injury in the early period of transplant. The mortality of the three endangered species Kauai hau kuahiwi (Hibiscadelphis distans), Kauai delissea (Delissea rhytidosperma H.Mann) and kawawaenohu (Alsinidendron lynchnoides), however, increased as the MAP increased. Overall, broadcast treatments of hexazinone and tebuthiuron at rates higher than 1 kg active ingredient per hectare would be problematic. The dissipation half-life values of hexazinone and tebuthiuron in the 1-15 cm layer of soils at the two sites were approximately 7 days and greater than 180 days, respectively.
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Phillips, Cassie, Jeremy Stovall, Hans Williams i Kenneth Farrish. "Using the Forestry Reclamation Approach for Reclaimed Surface Mineland in the Western Gulf: Effects on Pinus taeda Seedling Growth and Survival". Forests 12, nr 7 (26.06.2021): 845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12070845.
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While land reclamation efforts of surface mines have considerably increased soil stability since the implementation of SMCRA (Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act), research suggests that resulting soil compaction hinders the productivity of forests post-mining. The Forestry Reclamation Approach (FRA) was developed to improve forest health in the Appalachian region through a five-step process that minimizes soil compaction and establishes a productive forest. The FRA has not yet been tested in the western Gulf Coastal Plain (GCP). The higher clay content of some GCP soils and the dearth of coarse fragments (e.g., cobbles, stones and boulders) may affect reclamation practices and the ability of these methods to create productive forests. Compaction caused by conventional reclamation methods in the GCP has not been studied in great detail. Thus, this study attempts to provide a comparison of two reclamation methods, FRA low-compaction method used in the Appalachian region with that of conventional scraper-pan (scraper) methods in the GCP. This study used the FRA with common silvicultural practices of the western Gulf. The two hectare study site was installed with a randomized complete block design with three replicates comparing conventional scraper reclamation used in the region with that of an unmined control and the FRA-style low compaction treatment. Following soil reclamation, containerized loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings of a western Gulf provenance were hand-planted. Soil chemical and physical parameters were assessed on each treatment to determine the effect the FRA and scraper method had on resulting tree seedling growth and survival. After three growing seasons, seedlings in the FRA plots had significantly greater tree volumes than both the scraper (p = 0.0139) and the control (p = 0.0247) treatments. The FRA plots also had a 97% survival rate, while scraper plots had a survival of 86%. The FRA plots had significantly lower soil bulk densities than scraper (p = 0.0353) and control (p < 0.0001) plots which likely influenced growth and survival trends. Soil nutrients were increasingly available on the FRA and scraper plots, likely due to mixing of the soil profile when compared to the unmined control. Leaf-level water potential and gas exchange were not correlated to growth and survival and did not differ among treatments. These results suggest reclamation practices modeled after FRA methods may benefit tree growth and survival in the Western Gulf.
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Burseth, James E. "Hudnall-Pirtle Site: An Early Caddoan Mound Complex in Northeast Texas". Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.1991.1.15.
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The Hudnall-Pirtle (41RK4) site is situated on a large T-1 alluvial terrace of the Sabine River in northern Rusk County of Texas. This part of Texas, comm.only referred to as Northeast Texas, is part of the Southern Gulf Coastal Plain, a relatively level, sloping plain formed by pre-Pleistocene embayments of the Gulf of Mexico. From a biogeographical perspective, the site is located in the Oak-Hickory-Pine Forest. This area represents the western extension of the Southern coniferous forests, and is dominated by shortleaf, longleaf, slash, and loblolly pine trees. In the floodplains of rivers and major creeks of Northeast Texas, the dominant vegetation is hardwood trees, including oak, hickory, elm, and gum. Soils consist of light colored to dark colored sands and sandy loams, with denser clays in the floodplains of major rivers and creek. The soils have been heavily leached by relatively high rainfall that ranges between 40 and 50 inches per year. Soils are generally acid, causing poor preservation of faunal remains in archeological deposits.