Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Low angle fibre diffraction

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Low angle fibre diffraction”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 2 czerwca 2025
Data aktualizacji: 22 czerwca 2025

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Low angle fibre diffraction"

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James, Veronica. "A Review of Low Angle Fibre Diffraction in the Diagnosis of Disease." British Journal of Medicine and Medical Research 3, no. 2 (2013): 383–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bjmmr/2013/2432.

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Holmes, K. C., and G. Rosenbaum. "How X-ray Diffraction with Synchrotron Radiation Got Started." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 5, no. 3 (1998): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0909049597018578.

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The need to record low-angle-scattering X-ray fibre diagrams from muscle with millisecond time resolution drove the use of synchrotron radiation as an X-ray light source. The first smudgy diffraction patterns were obtained from a slice of insect flight muscle. Out of this grew the EMBL Outstation at DESY.
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Starink, Marco J., Shun Cai Wang, Nong Gao, H. Singh Ubhi, Cheng Xu, and Terence G. Langdon. "An EBSD Study of Texture and Grain Boundary Evolution in a Strongly Textured Aluminium Alloy during ECA Pressing." Materials Science Forum 503-504 (January 2006): 937–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.503-504.937.

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The texture and grain boundary evolution during equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) of a spray-cast Al-7034 (Al-Zn-Mg-Cu) alloy containing intermetallic particles with a range of sizes was studied through electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Up to 8 passes of ECAP using route Bc were employed. The initial ECAP pass leads to the development of low angle grain boundaries and subsequent passes lead to a relatively rapid increase in the fraction of high angle grain boundaries. Before ECAP, the material possessed a strong <111> and <100> fibre texture. On ECAP, the <111> fibre texture component is mostly retained but the <100> fibre develops to a Cube texture after the first ECAP pass. Goss textures form from about 4 passes of ECAP.
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James, Veronica. "The Molecular Architecture for the Intermediate Filaments of Hardα-Keratin Based on the Superlattice Data Obtained from a Study of Mammals Using Synchrotron Fibre Diffraction". Biochemistry Research International 2011 (2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/198325.

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High- and low-angle X-ray diffraction studies of hardα-keratin have been studied, and various models have been proposed over the last 70 years. Most of these studies have been confined to one or two forms of alpha keratin. This high- and low-angle synchrotron fibre diffraction study extends the study to cover all available data for all known forms of hardα-keratin including hairs, fingernails, hooves, horn, and quills from mammals, marsupials, and a monotreme, and it confirms that the model proposed is universally acceptable for all mammals. A complete Bragg analysis of the meridional diffraction patterns, including multiple-time exposures to verify any weak reflections, verified the existence of a superlattice consisting of two infinite lattices and three finite lattices. An analysis of the equatorial patterns establishes the radii of the oligomeric levels of dimers, tetramers, and intermediate filaments (IFs) together with the centre to centre distance for the IFs, thus confirming the proposed helices within helices molecular architecture for hardα-keratin. The results verify that the structure proposed by Feughelman and James meets the criteria for a validα-keratin structure.
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Sahoo, M., B. Mallick, S. Rout, and G. N. Dash. "Structural and Mechanical Strength of Proton Radiation Processed Polyethylene Terephthalate." Journal of Scientific Research 12, no. 1 (2020): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v12i1.43168.

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The change in structural and mechanical behavior of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) due to 2.4 MeV proton has been studied. Radiation processing of PET polymer is carried out using different low doses such as 0.2, 2.0, and 20 kGy. The Physics of microstrain and radiation-induced mesophase formation are analysed. X-ray investigation indicates that proton-induced structural modification takes place in the material. Apart from usual diffraction peaks, a low intensity broad peak is observed at small angle of about 2q =10º, when the fibre axis is mounted parallel to the X-ray direction. Such peak is absent in the diffraction spectrum when the fibre axis is mounted perpendicular to the beam direction. The appearance of the extra peak in a particular orientation confirms that, the phase is 2-dimensionally oriented (mesophase). The Young’s modulus (Y) of this irradiated PET sample is found to be more than that of the virgin sample with the highest value recorded for a dose of 2.0 kGy. The decrease in Y for higher dose (20 kGy) may be due to enhanced ion-induced microstrain in the sample, causing degradation in mechanical strength.
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AL-Khayat, Hind. "Modelling Oriented Macromolecular Assemblies from Low-Angle X-ray Fibre Diffraction Data with the Program MOVIE: Insect Flight Muscle as Example." Fibre Diffraction Review 12, no. 12 (2004): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1382/s20041250.

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Díaz-Fuentes, M., E. Novillo, Amaia Iza-Mendia, and Isabel Gutiérrez. "Cold Rolled Microstructure and Its Evolution during Recovery and First Recrystallisation Stages in Low Carbon Steels." Materials Science Forum 467-470 (October 2004): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.467-470.241.

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During annealing of cold rolled steel sheets, the evolution of the texture, to produce the characteristic texture of a recrystallised material, depends on a series of factors, including the starting deformation texture, composition and processing conditions. In the present work, electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) techniques have been used to investigate the deformation substructures being developed by cold rolling into grains belonging to different texture components. The strain localisation, the deformation banding, the spread in orientation into grains with different orientations are some of the aspects that have been considered. Annealing cycles at different temperatures have also been carried out in order to promote recovery and initial stages of recrystallisation . The obtained substructures have been compared to the as-cold rolled ones. It has been observed that recovery induces the dislocation structures to arrange into subgrains. Associated to the ND fibre, a network of relatively high angle boundaries develop within the subgrain structure. The recrystallisation nuclei have been observed to evolve from such a network.
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Washusen, R., P. Ades, R. Evans, J. Ilic, and P. Vinden. "Relationships between Density, Shrinkage, Extractives Content and Microfibril Angle in Tension Wood from Three Provenances of 10-Year-Old Eucalyptus globulus Labill." Holzforschung 55, no. 2 (2001): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2001.029.

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Summary Density and microfibril angle (MFA) of tension wood and normal wood were assessed in the sapwood and heartwood, from three provenanaces of 10-year-old Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Density was measured using a modified saturation method that also enabled the calculation of the extractives lost during saturation. Microdensity and MFA were determined by SilviScan 2, a rapid X-ray densitometry and X-ray diffraction system developed at CSIRO. Significant differences were found in density and extractives between provenances and also density between the sapwood and adjacent heartwood from each provenance. This result may explain some of the drying differences between provenances found in an earlier study (Washusen and Ilic 2000). Sapwood samples with high percentages of tension wood fibres had high density and a significant positive correlation was found between microdensity and tension wood fibre percentage. MFA was found to be very low in normal wood in the sapwood, where most tension wood was found, so tension wood could not be identified by MFA. The positive association between tension wood and wood density suggests that caution should be taken when selecting trees for high wood density in tree improvement programs.
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Janicki, Jaroslaw. "Time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering and wide-angle X-ray diffraction studies on the nanostructure of melt-processable molecular composites." Journal of Applied Crystallography 36, no. 4 (2003): 986–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889803008495.

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Novel melt-processable molecular composites were obtained from isotactic polypropylene (iPP) and liquid-crystalline oligoester (LCO). The nanostructure and thermal behaviour of molecular composites were examined by real-time synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering and wide-angle X-ray diffraction methods, and differential scanning calorimetry. The synthesized oligoester, with low melting temperature (391 K), exhibits the ability to form a thermotropic mesophase. It was shown that strong rigid rod-like macromolecules of LCO are dispersed at the molecular scale in iPP matrix and act as reinforcing fibres.
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Squire, John M., Carlo Knupp, Hind A. AL-Khayat, and J. Harford. "Millisecond Time-Resolved Low-angle X-ray Fibre Diffraction: A Powerful, High-Sensitivity Technique for Modelling Real-Time Movements in Biological Macromolecular Assemblies." Fibre Diffraction Review 11, no. 11 (2003): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1382/s20031128.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Low angle fibre diffraction"

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Al-Hayalee, Yaseen Ahmed. "Neutron high angle fibre diffraction of biological and synthetic polymers." Thesis, Keele University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357084.

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Morris, Darryl William Seymour. "Low angle protein phasing." Thesis, University of York, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341631.

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Martin, Christopher M. "Studies of structural variation in synthetic organic polymers using X-ray fibre diffraction techniques at high temporal and spatial resolution." Thesis, Keele University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327630.

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Stockford, Chloe Anne. "A structural analysis of H₂O on Cu{110} using a novel low flux Fibre-Optic LEED apparatus." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609230.

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Drakos, I. "Optimisation of illicit drug detection using X-ray diffraction : drug identification using low angle X-ray scatter – DILAX III." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2015. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1468928/.

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This thesis presents the design, optimisation and testing of a novel in-field system for illicit drug identification and its implementation to a fast-parcel environment using Energy Dispersive X-ray Diffraction and multivariate analysis. A major threat in security in recent years has been the transportation of illicit drugs into the United Kingdom through a variety of routes, and most predominantly via the postal system. X-ray diffraction’s low false alarm rate and reduced need for manual inspections had been found to improve screening effectiveness and detection performance, making it a viable alternative for border control applications. A system was primarily designed to determine the optimal configuration of secondary collimators. Two out of six possible scattering cell designs, ‘V’ and ‘VV’, provided the highest counts per minute whilst keeping the peak resolution acceptable, and it was decided that both should be accommodated in the DILAX built. The prototype DILAX system was then manufactured and its mechanical components characterised and subsequently optimised. The inherent filtration present in the DILAX source resulted in significantly more beam-hardening compared to the design. Furthermore, the prototype featured an extrapolation from a single diffraction beam, used in the design, to an array of twenty diffraction beams and equivalent collimator-detector systems, which led to cross-contamination due to multiple scatter recorded. However, the potential of the system was determined by evaluating its diffraction capabilities and associated prediction power under a fast-parcel setting using various material libraries. The diffraction profiles of drugs and typical cutting agents were recorded to cover as many illicit substances and adulterants as possible for a conclusive system, and the possibility of combining diffraction information with transmission images to improve performance has been demonstrated. Multivariate analysis was performed on a library of seventy-five simulated parcels, with the DILAX system scoring relatively high sensitivity and specificity at 83.02% and 77.27% respectively with a total accuracy of 81.33%.
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Liu, Yun 1973. "Studies of structure and dynamics of biological macro-molecular assemblies by low angle neutron diffraction and inelastic X-ray scattering." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/34438.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Nuclear Engineering, 2005.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 141-148).<br>This thesis is organized into two parts which focus on the studies of the dynamic structure factor and static inter-particle structure factor respectively. In the first part, we have measured and analyzed the dynamic structure factors of aligned 40 wt% calfthymus Na-DNA molecules with the inelastic X-ray scattering (IXS). In the second part, we have developed a new efficient method to calculate the inter-particle structure factor in a simple fluid interacting with a two-Yukawa term potential and apply it to study the kinetic phase diagram and analyze the small angle neutron scattering (SANS) intensity distribution of colloidal systems. By analyzing the dynamic structure factor measured with IXS, the phonon dispersion relations of 40 wt% calf-thymus Na-DNA with different counterion atmosphere are constructed. It is found that the addition of extra counterions will increase phonon damping at small scattering wave vector, Q. At the intermediate Q range (12.5 nm- < Q < 22.5 nm-l), it may even overdamp the phonon so that the phonon feature can not be extracted from the IXS spectra. The measured sound speed is 3100m/s, which is much higher than the sound speed, - 1800m/s, obtained by Brillouin light scattering. This difference shows that the atoms of DNA molecules are closely coupled to the surrounding water molecules.<br>(cont.) Therefore, the different dynamic response of water molecules in different Q range affects the overall dynamic response of the hydrated DNA molecules. By analyzing the IXS spectra, the intermediate scattering function is extracted and shows a clear two step relaxation with the fast relaxation time ranging from 0.1 to 4 ps and the slow relaxation time ranging from 2 to 800 ps. In order to understand the phase behavior and the interactive potential of a colloidal system, we have developed a new and efficient method to calculate the inter-particle structure factor of a simple fluid interacting with a two-Yukawa term potential. We have applied this method to study the kinetic phase diagram of a system interacting with a short-range attraction and a long-range repulsion. A new glass phase, cluster glass, is determined through the theoretical analysis by the mode coupling theory (MCT). The SANS intensity distribution of cytochrome C protein molecules in solutions is measured and analyzed with our method. A sharp rising intensity at very low Q value has been consistently observed, which is named zero-Q peak. The existence of the zero-Q peak implies that a weak long-range attraction between protein molecules in solutions exists and has a even longer range than the electrostatic repulsion.<br>by Yun Liu.<br>Ph.D.
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Zhang, Kaikai. "Atomic and Molecular dynamics in intense mid-infrared fields." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1440204616.

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Vasseur, Guillaume. "Étude par ARPES et STS des propriétés éléctroniques de réseaux métalliques et organiques nanostructurés." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0151/document.

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Dans ce travail nous démontrons, au travers de deux études, l'intérêt fondamental du couplage des techniques de photoémission résolue en angle (ARPES) et de spectroscopie tunnel (STS) dans l'analyse des propriétés électroniques d'interfaces nanostructurées. Dans la première partie, nous présentons une méthodologie permettant de déduire le potentiel de surface induit par la reconstruction triangulaire d'une monocouche d'Ag/Cu(111). Cette méthode est basée sur la mesure des gaps caractérisant la structure de bande de l'état de Shockley du système aux points de haute symétrie de la zone de Brillouin. L'évaporation d'adatomes de potassium permet d'augmenter le nombre de gaps accessibles en photoémission en décalant les bandes vers les états occupés. Dans un modèle d'électrons presque libres, leur amplitude nous donne accès aux premières composantes de Fourier du potentiel. La reconstruction de ce dernier dans l'espace direct nous permet ensuite de calculer la densité d'états locale que nous comparons aux mesures de conductance STS. La seconde partie est consacrée à l'étude de la croissance et des propriétés électroniques des molécules de 1,4-dibromobenzène (DBB) et 1,4-diiodobenzène (DIB) évaporées sur Cu(110). Leur dépôt à température ambiante sur la surface entraîne la déshalogénation des molécules et la formation de phases organométalliques. A 200°C, le système polymérise pour former des chaînes unidimensionnelles de poly(p-phénylène) parfaitement alignées. Les mesures ARPES révèlent l'existence d'une bande pi unidimensionnelle d'états HOMOs dispersant sous le niveau de Fermi. En STS, nous observons également, pour des petites chaînes, le confinement des états LUMOs dans la partie inoccupée du spectre. Le déconfinement de ces états pour les grandes chaînes conduit à la formation d'une bande continue croisant le niveau de Fermi, conférant au polymère un caractère métallique 1D. Le gap HOMO-LUMO est alors mesuré à 1.15 eV<br>In this work, through two different studies, we demonstrate the fundamental interest in the coupling of angle resolved photoemission (ARPES) and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) to investigate the electronic properties of nanostructured interfaces. In the first part we present a methodology to determine the surface potential of the triangular reconstructed one monolayer of Ag/Cu(111) interface from ARPES. This method is based on the measurement of the Shockley state band structure’s gaps at the high symmetry points of the Brillouin zone. Deposition of potassium adatoms allows us to shift the surface state towards higher binding energies in order to increase the number of accessible gaps in photoemission. From the magnitude of these gaps we deduce the two first Fourier components of the potential felt by electrons using the nearly free electron model. Then we reconstruct it and calculate the local density of states in order to compare it with the conductance maps probed by STS. In the second part we report the study of the growth and the electronic properties of the two molecules 1,4-dibromobenzene (DBB) and 1,4-diiodobenzene (DIB) evaporated on Cu(110). For room temperature deposition, we first observe their deshalogenation and the formation of an intermediate organometallic phase. Then, above 200°C, the system polymerizes into a long-range ordered array of one dimensional poly(p-phenylene) polymer. ARPES intensity maps allowed us to identify a one dimensional graphene-like strongly dispersive pi-band below the Fermi energy. By STS we also observed LUMOs confined states for small chains over the Fermi level. The loss of confinement for long chains induces the formation of a continuous dispersive band which crosses the Fermi energy, conferring a 1D metallic character to the polymer. The HOMO-LUMO gap is found to be 1.15 eV
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Części książek na temat "Low angle fibre diffraction"

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Blanton, T., T. Huang, H. Toraya, et al. "JCPDS—International Centre for Diffraction Data Low-AngLe Powder Diffraction Study of Silver Behenate." In Advances in X-Ray Analysis. Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1797-9_11.

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Iyengar, S. S., M. W. Santana, H. Windischmann, and P. Engler. "Analysis of Surface Layers and Thin Films by Low Incident Angle X-Ray Diffraction." In Advances in X-Ray Analysis. Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1935-1_55.

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Sugi, Haruo. "Special Talk: The Beginning of Low-Angle X-Ray Diffraction Work on Living Muscles." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9029-7_58.

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Heizmann, J. J., A. Vadon, D. Schlatter, and J. Bessières. "Texture Analysis of Thin Films and Surface Layers by Low Incidence Angle X-Ray Diffraction." In Advances in X-Ray Analysis. Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9110-5_37.

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Sreekantha Reddy, T., K. Mogulanna, P. Prasanna, P. Rama Subba Reddy, and B. Ramakrishna. "Effect of Fibre Volume Fraction and Ply Angle on Performance of Glass Composite Laminates Under Low Velocity Impact." In Springer Proceedings in Materials. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8807-5_20.

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Somashekar, R. "Crystal size and distortion parameters in fibres using Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering (WAXS)." In Defect and Microstructure Analysis by Diffraction. Oxford University PressOxford, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198501893.003.0030.

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Abstract Crystal size and paracrystalline disorder of the lattice, which exist in polymer crystals, contribute to the width of the diffraction peaks. Methods have been proposed for obtaining both quantities from the intensity profile (Hosemann and Bagchi, 1962; Guinier, 1963; Vainshtein, 1966). An excellent review of Fourier methods and integral breadth methods is given by Klug and Alexander (1974). The treatments used to estimate crystal size and distortion parameters are based on the Fourier analysis of line profiles (Warren and Averbach, 1952) or on variance analysis (Wilson, 1962b, 1963, 1968; Langford, 1965, 1968). A comparison of these two methods has been given by Balzar and Ledbetter (1993a). In fact, size-strain analysis in the case of high temperature superconductors has been carried out using these methods (Balzar, 1992; Petersen et al.,1992). Fourier methods that can be used with the profile of a single reflection have been proposed (Gangulee, 1974; Mignot and Rondot, 1975; Zocchi, 1980; Nandi et al.,1984), but these again rely heavily on low order coefficients. The integral breadth methods (Ramarao and Anantharaman, 1965; Nandi and Sen Gupta, 1978; de Keijser et al.,1982) are based on the assumption that the Cauchy function determines size and that the Gaussian function gives strain. The most widely used method of de Keijser et al.(1982) gives size and strain parameters from Cauchy and Gaussian parts of the Voigt function. It has been pointed out by Balzar and Ledbetter (1993b) that the Warren-Averbach method gives surface-weighted domain sizes and a mean square strain averaged over the same distance perpendicular to the diffracting planes, whereas integral breadth gives volume-weighted domain sizes and an upper limit of strain. Several attempts have also been made to estimate crystal size distribution using the statistical approximation method (Benedetti et al.,1988; Bonetto et al.,1990; Nicolae and Emil, 1990; Espinat et al.,1993). The extent of amorphous scattering in polymer fibres has been estimated by Narten et al.(1991) casting doubts on the accuracy of existing methods of crystal size determinations. Murthy and Minor (1990) and Dokter et al.(1994, 1995) have given general procedures for evaluating amorphous scattering from X-ray diffraction scans of semi-crystalline polymers. Recently, Lee et al.(1995) have estabilished the one-to-one relationship between the structure and property of fibres using wide-angle X-ray scattering studies.
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Berman, Helen M., and Bohdan Schneider. "Nucleic acid hydration." In Oxford Handbook of Nucleic Acid Structure. Oxford University PressOxford, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198500384.003.0009.

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Abstract It is perhaps only a small exaggeration to say that the timing of the birth of modern molecular biology was dependent on selecting the DNA sample with the correct water content. Franklin and Gosling (1) first observed that as the humidity of the sample increased, the characteristics of the fibre diffraction pattern changed. The low humidity A-form was apparently more crystalline and was, therefore, the initial focus of their attention. However, the high humidity B-form was more interpretable because it yielded the characteristic helical diffraction pattern. Once attention was given to this form, the double helical structure of DNA was discovered (2).
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Kumar Chourasia, Ritesh, Nitesh K. Chourasia, and Narendra Bihari. "Optical Properties of Hollow-Core Bragg Fiber Waveguides." In Photonic Materials: Recent Advances and Emerging Applications. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815049756123010014.

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The propagation and dispersion properties of hollow-core Bragg fibre waveguides for both high and low refractive index contrasts of cladding materials are explored and compared in this chapter using two design wavelengths: 1550 nm in the near-infrared area and 632.8nm in the visible range. The boundary matching approach was used to build a relationship between the incoming and outgoing light waves employing the transfer matrix method. The observed photonic band gaps are somewhat substantial in high refractive index contrast cladding Bragg fibre waveguides, i.e. HRBFW, and low periodic cladding layers are required to achieve a perfect photonic bandgap. The spectrum range and spectral location of photonic band gaps in both HRBFW and low refractive index contrast cladding Bragg fibre waveguides, i.e. LRBFW, are substantially dependent on the angle of incidence of a light beam, i.e. the optical path of the incident light. The sensitivity of the Bragg fibre waveguide for sensing applications may be determined by measuring the thickness of the photonic bandgap or the spectral shift of the photonic bandgap. HRBFW seems to have a high sensitivity when considering the change in spectral bandwidth of photonic bandgap with core refractive index, which grows with increasing design wavelength. LRBFW has a much higher sensitivity than HRBFW when considering the LBE (Left band edge) and RBE (Right band edge), hence it is suggested for sensing applications. HRBFW directed a greater number of modes than LRBFW, according to the assessment of dispersion characteristics.
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Govindaraj, R. "Application of Powder X-Ray Diffraction Studies for Single Crystals." In CHARACTERIZATION OF SINGLE CRYSTALS. Royal Book Publishing, 2025. https://doi.org/10.26524/225.2.

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Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD) is an analytical technique that employs X-Rays to investigate the molecular and crystallographic structures of substances. This technique identifies phases, determines unit cells, and examines microstructure. When the incident X-Ray beam strikes the sample, it generates intense reflected Xrays via constructive interference, as long as the conditions satisfy Bragg’s Law. This law explains the correlation between the wavelength of the incoming X-rays, the angle at which the beam strikes, and the spacing of the atomic lattice planes. PXRD provides many benefits, such as non-destructive testing, high sensitivity and reliability, easy sample preparation, user-friendly systems, convenient operational processes, quick processing times, excellent resolution, low maintenance expenses, suitable automation features, and simple data interpretation, making it applicable for both qualitative and quantitative analyses in various fields. PXRD is a very useful technique in accessing the preferred orientation of the grown single crystals.
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Kelly, M. J. "Devices Ill: lasers, modulators, and detectors." In Low-Dimensional Semiconductors. Oxford University PressOxford, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198517818.003.0018.

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Abstract In this chapter we discuss the components required to generate, control, and detect optical signals at wavelengths of order 0.8-1.5 µm. The growth of communication systems based on optical fibre as the transmission medium has been spectacular over the last two decades. In 1993 alone, 80 000 route kilometres of undersea cable was programmed for installation. The bandwidth is enormous when the carrier frequency is of order 300 THz, compared with the c.100 GHz in the last chapter, although one trades off propagation in free space there for that within a fixed link here. The optimum wavelengths for transmission in silica fibres are 1.3 µm and 1.55 µm corresponding respectively to a wavelength where two non-linear effects cancel each other and to a minimum in the absorption, both of which permit long-haul communications without significant distortion or weakenipg of the optical signals {Tsang 1985). This has led to the development of high-performance lasers at both wavelengths. With the discovery that erbium-doped fibres can act as lasers operating at 1.5 µm while pumped at 0.98 µm (Barnes et al. 1989), methods are being sought of pumping fibres with semiconductor lasers at a comparable wavelength. In the first part of this chapter, we describe the subsequent generations of lasers with reference to the GaAs-AIGaAs system (bulk GaAs lases at a wavelength of 0.86 µm determined by the bandgap), and then we apply some of the principles behind these lasers to those operating at longer wavelengths. The storage and reading of data by optical means is another major area of application. At present GaAs-based lasers (costing less than £0.1 each!) are used. The optical systems for writing and reading digital information are limited by diffraction effects, and so ever-shorter wavelengths are required for increased data storage density. GaAllnP-based red lasers are available. Most recently the effort to produce semiconductor laser diodes that operate in the visible has paid off with initial reports of (low-temperature) lasers in the blue and green (Haase et al. 1991, Jeon et al. 1992).
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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Low angle fibre diffraction"

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Cho, Kyehyun, Y. J. Park, Young Kuk, and T. Sakurai. "BTA Inhibition Mechanism on Clean Cu(110) Surface by Ultraviolet Photoemission Spectroscopy(UPS) and Scanning Tunneling Microscope(STM)." In CORROSION 1998. NACE International, 1998. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1998-98245.

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Abstract Adsorption and film growth of the Benzotriazole (BTA) on a copper (110) surface were investigated by the angle-resolved ultra-violet photoemission (UPS), and scanning tunneling microscope (STM). Coverage dependence of the BTA adsorbed structure on the Cu (110) surface exhibited well-ordered c(4x2)structure by STM image and sharp low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) pattern. Further deposition of BTA on monolayer film, polymerized BTA images were observed while a sharp LEED pattern changed to a c(4x2). In a good agreement with STM results, UPS spectra of BTA film by coverage dependence showed that BTA adsorbed flat up to 1 monolayer (ML), followed by stand-up polymerization above 1 monolayer. It is also suggested that 3-dimensional polymerization exhibited at least 2 BTA layers on Cu surface. The proposed orientation of the first adsorbed BTA layer on Cu (110) surface is the "flat adsorption position" based on the atomic scale resolution of STM and thickness dependence of UPS spectra. This adsorption structure and polymerized multilayer film of the BTA blocks the surface completely. Adsorption sites on the copper surface for attacking media are unavailable for oxidation reaction.
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Veleva, L. "Phase Transformation of Iron Hydroxide in the Corrosion Products Formed in Humid Tropical Climate." In CORROSION 2003. NACE International, 2003. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2003-03602.

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Abstract The results of a study of corrosion products composition and morphology during the initial stages of rust formation on low carbon steel was carried out in a tropical humid climate (marine-coastal and rural-urban test sites, located in the Gulf of Mexico, in Southeastern Mexico) are presented. Data obtained in this study, by means of SEM and X-ray diffraction, show that the specifics of the Temperature – Relative Humidity daily complex have a significant influence on γ-FeOOH (goethite) and α-FeOOH (lepidocrocite) phases formation. The SEM reveals several steps in rust morphological evolution. Initially nests of γ-FeOOH are formed, characterized by well defined grains, and covered with a membrane, that later breaks and liberates its content. Because of dry and wet daily climatic cycles, the-γ-FeOOH grains lose superficially their crystallinity, and micro crevices and cracks appear in these amorphous zones. The secondary phase α-FeOOH, usually grows in these crevices, simultaneously with newly formed γ-FeOOH grains. Thus, the corrosion product has a multilayer and heterogeneous structure, where crystalline and amorphous films alternate. On the other hand, the rust evolution and its changes are influenced not only by climatic parameters and pollutants, but also by the surface orientation of the metal (angle of exposure and sample site).
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Agrawal, A. K., C. Durr, and G. H. Koch. "Sulfide Films and Corrosion Rates of AISI 1018 Carbon Steel in Saline Solutions in the Presence of H2S and CO2 at Temperatures up to 175° F." In CORROSION 2004. NACE International, 2004. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2004-04383.

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Abstract The protective properties of iron sulfide films formed on carbon steel equipment in gas and oil production fields depend upon several environmental factors, such as concentrations of H2S and CO2, salinity, and temperature. A recent article (Paper No. 02223, Corrosion/2002) has reviewed the applicability of various empirical models that are used for estimating corrosion rates of carbon steels in CO2/H2S environments, and has found that each model has limitation in that it is useful only in very specific ranges of the variables from which the model was developed. Therefore, more definitive corrosion rate data, generated from laboratory investigations, are often required to cover the environmental conditions existing in production fields of interest. The present laboratory investigation, which was performed with AISI 1018 carbon steel in 0.01% NaCl and 10% NaCl solutions with 1% CO2 and 0.03% to 3% H2S, at 27° to 79° C (81° to 175° F), covered virtually three decades of CO2/H2S ratio - 0.0, 0.3, 3.3 and 33. Nitrogen was the balance gas in each gas mixture that was continuously refreshed in the test cell at atmospheric pressure. The corrosion rate of the carbon steel specimens was determined gravimetrically and also by the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique. The sulfide films formed on the specimens were characterized with the low angle X-ray diffraction technique. A strong correlation was found between the corrosion rate and CO2/H2S ratio for each of the two test solutions and the temperatures investigated. However, no systematic effect of temperature was found on the corrosion rate in either of the solutions. In general, the EIS technique yielded corrosion rates that were much higher than that obtained gravimetrically in the same environment. Mackinawite was found to be the predominant species in the iron sulfide films. Only traces of troilite, greigite and pyrite were detected in some of the specimens.
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Garvey, C. J., I. H. Parker, G. P. Simon, A. K. Whittaker, and R. B. Knott. "An Experimental Study by NMR and SANS of the Ambient Hydration of Paper." In The Science of Papermaking, edited by C. F. Baker. Fundamental Research Committee (FRC), Manchester, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/frc.2001.1.359.

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The structural changes in fibre polymers and dispersion of water in the polymer have been studied at length scales less than 400 Å with contrast variation small angle neutron scattering (SANS) and solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The SANS of hydrating paper samples is discussed in different angular regions in terms of a scattering wavenumber vector, q (q = 4π/λ . sin θ/2 where λ is the wavelength of the neutrons and θ is the scattering angle). At low q close to the neutron beam, the Guinier region, voids in the structure are found to disappear as the microfibrils swell with water. The lateral dimensions of the cellulose crystallite are calculated from x-ray diffraction data and there is a good qualitative correlation with relative size of the crystallites and the appearance of short range of order in the SANS in the mid-range of the q studied. The range of the length scale of the SANS feature is slightly larger than the elementary crystallite which is consistent with layers of swollen cellulose and water around the crystallite. In the high q region, the angular region furthermost from the beam, the scattering is discussed in terms of deviation from Porod scattering. According to this interpretation the interface between cellulose and water is not clearly defined and there is an increase in the amount of surface area for water to bind to. These results are consistent with water disrupting the hydrogen bonding in fibre polymers. The NMR spin diffusion experiment monitors the exchange of magnetisation between water and polymer protons. A simplistic model of this transfer process is justified and indicates that water is not uniformly dispersed in the polymer as a function of moisture content.
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Wang, Hairong, Xianni Gao, Guoliang Sun, Yulong Zhao та Zhuangde Jiang. "1.331μm Narrow-Bandwidth Light Source Based on Polymer Micro-Blazed Grating". У 2008 Second International Conference on Integration and Commercialization of Micro and Nanosystems. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/micronano2008-70207.

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In order to detect methane (CH4) accurately and reliably, this paper presents a sensor which consists of infrared diode, fixtures, blazed grating, to realize the extremely narrow-bandwidth light at wavelength of 1.331μm. Based on factors such as compatibility with the transmission characteristics of silica fiber and the cost, a LED (light-emitting diode) with center wavelength of 1.3μm is selected. The LED light is modulated as the parallel light beam. As the light is incident in a micro-blazed grating with certain angle, by diffraction and interference, the light will output the maximum light intensity of its diffraction order at 1.331 μm, which just is an absorption peak of CH4. Micro-blazed grating applied here is low cost and easy replication by various ways, which makes extreme narrow width wavelength possible. Simulation and analysis indicate the designed prototype can output 1.331μm with bandwidth from 1.32907μm to 1.332495μm. With the light source basing on light dividing system, more reliable and higher sensitive measurement of the dangerous gases such as methane and carbon monoxide (CO) can be realized.
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Caleyo, F., V. Venegas, J. M. Hallen, J. E. Araujo, and T. Baudin. "On the Influence of Crystallographic Texture on HIC." In 2006 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2006-10530.

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This work presents the results of ongoing investigations aimed at determining the influence of crystallographic texture, microtexture and mesotexture on hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) in low carbon pipeline steels. HIC samples of two steels were investigated using X-ray diffraction texture measurement and Orientation Imaging Microscopy (OIM™). The first steel is a low strength API 5L X46 retired from service and the second is a low sulfur ASTM A106 steel. The results of this work confirm the feasibility of improving the HIC resistance of pipeline steels through crystallographic texture control and grain boundary engineering. Controlled rolling schedules can be proposed in order to induce a crystallographic texture dominated by the {112}//ND, {111}//ND and {011}//ND fibres. Such a texture is expected to decrease significantly the steel susceptibility to HIC by: (i) reducing the number of available transgranular and intergranular low resistance cleavage paths provided by the {001}//ND oriented grains, (ii) reducing the probability of crack coalescence and stepwise HIC propagation and (iii) increasing the number of high resistance intergranular crack paths provided by coincidence site lattice (CSL) and low angle boundaries with the lowest possible energy.
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Sheng, Yunlong, and Dazeng Feng. "High efficiency fast diffractive lens for beam coupling." In Diffractive Optics and Micro-Optics. Optica Publishing Group, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/domo.1996.jtub.18.

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Diffractive lenses for laser diode beam focusing collimating and coupling have wide applications. Large numerical aperture and high light efficiency are important issues for the coupling lenses. Numerical aperture of a typical laser diode beam can be as large as NA ~ 0.5. To capture the highly divergent beam the lens must have a low F-number of F/1 ~ F/2. Coupling the laser beam into an optic fiber with an acceptance angle of NA ~ 0.1 - 0.2 needs even larger numerical aperture of the lens.
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Chandy, R. P. "Integrated, multi-angle, low turbidity measurement using fluorescent plastic optical fibre." In Fourteenth International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors, edited by A. G. Mignani and H. C. Lefèvre. SPIE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2302329.

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Lee, KyeoReh, Seungwoo Shin, Zahid Yaqoob, Peter T. C. So, and YongKeun Park. "Low-coherent optical diffraction tomography by angle-scanning illumination (Conference Presentation)." In Quantitative Phase Imaging V, edited by Gabriel Popescu and YongKeun Park. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2513188.

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"Residual Stress Measurements Inside a Small Inner Diameter Hole at Low Bragg Angle Using X-Ray Diffraction Technique." In Residual Stresses 10. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781945291173-7.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Low angle fibre diffraction"

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Lane, M., A. Chaiken, and R. P. Michel. Characterization of thin-film multilayers using magnetization curves and modeling of low-angle X-ray diffraction data. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/96639.

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Kung, H., S. Fayeulle, M. Nastasi, and Y. C. Lu. Characterization of TiN/B-C-N multilayers by transmission electron microscopy, ion beam backscattering, and low angle x-ray diffraction. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/541866.

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Pullammanappallil, Pratap, Haim Kalman, and Jennifer Curtis. Investigation of particulate flow behavior in a continuous, high solids, leach-bed biogasification system. United States Department of Agriculture, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600038.bard.

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Recent concerns regarding global warming and energy security have accelerated research and developmental efforts to produce biofuels from agricultural and forestry residues, and energy crops. Anaerobic digestion is a promising process for producing biogas-biofuel from biomass feedstocks. However, there is a need for new reactor designs and operating considerations to process fibrous biomass feedstocks. In this research project, the multiphase flow behavior of biomass particles was investigated. The objective was accomplished through both simulation and experimentation. The simulations included both particle-level and bulk flow simulations. Successful computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of multiphase flow in the digester is dependent on the accuracy of constitutive models which describe (1) the particle phase stress due to particle interactions, (2) the particle phase dissipation due to inelastic interactions between particles and (3) the drag force between the fibres and the digester fluid. Discrete Element Method (DEM) simulations of Homogeneous Cooling Systems (HCS) were used to develop a particle phase dissipation rate model for non-spherical particle systems that was incorporated in a two-fluid CFDmultiphase flow model framework. Two types of frictionless, elongated particle models were compared in the HCS simulations: glued-sphere and true cylinder. A new model for drag for elongated fibres was developed which depends on Reynolds number, solids fraction, and fibre aspect ratio. Schulze shear test results could be used to calibrate particle-particle friction for DEM simulations. Several experimental measurements were taken for biomass particles like olive pulp, orange peels, wheat straw, semolina, and wheat grains. Using a compression tester, the breakage force, breakage energy, yield force, elastic stiffness and Young’s modulus were measured. Measurements were made in a shear tester to determine unconfined yield stress, major principal stress, effective angle of internal friction and internal friction angle. A liquid fludized bed system was used to determine critical velocity of fluidization for these materials. Transport measurements for pneumatic conveying were also assessed. Anaerobic digestion experiments were conducted using orange peel waste, olive pulp and wheat straw. Orange peel waste and olive pulp could be anaerobically digested to produce high methane yields. Wheat straw was not digestible. In a packed bed reactor, anaerobic digestion was not initiated above bulk densities of 100 kg/m³ for peel waste and 75 kg/m³ for olive pulp. Interestingly, after the digestion has been initiated and balanced methanogenesis established, the decomposing biomass could be packed to higher densities and successfully digested. These observations provided useful insights for high throughput reactor designs. Another outcome from this project was the development of low cost devices to measure methane content of biogas for off-line (US$37), field (US$50), and online (US$107) applications.
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