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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Medium access controls (MAC) protocols”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 12 lutego 2022

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Harikrishnan, Harshini, Aarjish Sarkar, Shams Al Ajrawi, Albena Mihovska, and Christopher Paolini. "Medium Access Control Protocols for Brain Computer Interface Applications." International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking 13, no. 2 (April 2021): 24–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitn.2021040103.

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Noteworthy advancements have occurred in the field of brain computer interfaces (BCI) in the last decade. The transmission of the collected signals to the corresponding organ through a wireless link is still in a nascent stage. This paper investigates the feasibility of having multiple UHF-RFID transmitters inside the skull which communicate to the receiver outside. The purpose of this paper is to design a wireless communication channel and enhance the communication using a MAC protocol. The existing MAC protocols were analyzed to be used in a BCI application. Though the combination of existing protocols seems like a possibility to use in a BCI system, the complexity of such a protocol is high. This drawback is overcome by proposing a novel MAC protocol. The performance of the proposed MAC algorithm is related with the widely used Q algorithm for anti-collision in the RFID tags. Parameters like delay and collisions are analyzed in detail which are essential to build a consistent, energy efficient, and a low power BCI system.

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Amin, Md Ruhul, Md Shohrab Hossain, and Mohammed Atiquzzaman. "In-Band Full Duplex Wireless LANs: Medium Access Control Protocols, Design Issues and Their Challenges." Information 11, no. 4 (April 16, 2020): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info11040216.

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In-band full duplex wireless medium access control (MAC) protocol is essential in order to enable higher layers of the protocol stack to exploit the maximum benefits from physical layer full duplex technology. Unlike half duplex wireless local area network, a full duplex MAC protocol has to deal with several unique issues and challenges that arise because of the dynamic nature of the wireless environment. In this paper, we have discussed several existing full duplex MAC protocols and have shown qualitative comparisons among these full duplex MAC protocols. Full duplex in-band wireless communication has the potential to double the capacity of wireless network. Inter-client Interference (ICI) is a hindrance in achieving double spectral efficiency of the in-band full-duplex wireless medium. In this paper, we have classified existing solutions to the ICI problem and compared the solutions with respect to the proposed approaches, their advantages and disadvantages.We have also identified and discussed several issues and challenges of designing a full duplex MAC protocol. Results of qualitative comparisons of various wireless full duplex MAC protocols may be applied to design new protocols as well as researchers may find the identified issues and challenges helpful to solve various problems of a full duplex MAC protocol.

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Ray, Asok. "Performance Evaluation of Medium Access Control Protocols for Distributed Digital Avionics." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 109, no. 4 (December 1, 1987): 370–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3143869.

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The paper presents the results of an ongoing research project where the objectives are to evaluate medium access control (MAC) protocols in view of the requirements for distributed digital flight control systems (DDFCS) of advanced aircraft and to recommend a specific protocol for their prototype development. The selection of an appropriate MAC protocol is critical for the dynamic performance of an aircraft because the DDFCS, in addition to the sampling time delay, is subject to time-varying transport delays due to data latency of messages at different terminals of the control loop. The SAE linear token bus, SAE token ring and the conventional MIL-STD-1553B protocols have been analyzed using combined discrete-event and continuous-time simulation techniques. The impact of data latency on the dynamic performance of an advanced aircraft is illustrated by simulation of the closed loop DDFCS.

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Khisa, Shreya, and Sangman Moh. "Medium Access Control Protocols for the Internet of Things Based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: A Comparative Survey." Sensors 20, no. 19 (September 29, 2020): 5586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20195586.

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The Internet of Things (IoT), which consists of a large number of small low-cost devices, has become a leading solution for smart cities, smart agriculture, smart buildings, smart grids, e-healthcare, etc. Integrating unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with IoT can result in an airborne UAV-based IoT (UIoT) system and facilitate various value-added services from sky to ground. In addition to wireless sensors, various kinds of IoT devices are connected in UIoT, making the network more heterogeneous. In a UIoT system, for achieving high throughput in an energy-efficient manner, it is crucial to design an efficient medium access control (MAC) protocol because the MAC layer is responsible for coordinating access among the IoT devices in the shared wireless medium. Thus, various MAC protocols with different objectives have been reported for UIoT. However, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, no survey had been performed so far that dedicatedly covers MAC protocols for UIoT. Hence, in this study, state-of-the-art MAC protocols for UIoT are investigated. First, the communication architecture and important design considerations of MAC protocols for UIoT are examined. Subsequently, different MAC protocols for UIoT are classified, reviewed, and discussed with regard to the main ideas, innovative features, advantages, limitations, application domains, and potential future improvements. The reviewed MAC protocols are qualitatively compared with regard to various operational characteristics and system parameters. Additionally, important open research issues and challenges with recommended solutions are summarized and discussed.

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Bouani, Aisha, Yann Ben Maissa, Rachid Saadane, Ahmed Hammouch, and Ahmed Tamtaoui. "A Comprehensive Survey of Medium Access Control Protocols for Wireless Body Area Networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (August 4, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5561580.

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Wireless body area networks (WBANs) have emerged as a promising technology for health monitoring due to their high utility and important role in improving human health. WBANs consist of a number of small battery-operated biomedical sensor nodes placed on the body or implanted, which are used to monitor and transmit important parameters such as blood pressure, electrocardiogram (ECG), and electroencephalogram (EEG). WBANs have strict requirements on energy efficiency and reliability during data collection and transmission. The most appropriate layer to address these requirements is the MAC layer. Medium access control protocols play an essential role in controlling the operation of radio transceivers and significantly affect the power consumption of the whole network. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of the most relevant and recent MAC protocols developed for WBANs. We discuss design requirements of a good MAC protocol for WBANs. We further review the different channel access mechanisms for WBANs. Then, we investigate the existing designed MAC protocols for WBANs with a focus on their features along with their strengths and weaknesses. Finally, we summarize the results of this work and draw conclusions.

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Petrosky, Eric E., Alan J. Michaels, and Joseph M. Ernst. "A Low Power IoT Medium Access Control for Receiver-Assigned CDMA." International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking 11, no. 2 (April 2019): 24–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitn.2019040103.

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Low power, low cost, and security-conscious wireless sensor networks are becoming increasingly pervasive in the internet of things (IoT). In these networks, receiver-assigned code division multiple access (RA-CDMA) offers benefits over existing multiple access techniques. RA-CDMA networks are asynchronous, robust against multipath interference, and offer resilience against collision. A lightweight medium access control (MAC) protocol is needed to facilitate communication in RA-CDMA networks between low power sensor nodes and access points. This article provides an overview of RA-CDMA and proposes elements of a new MAC protocol that could improve performance of certain wireless sensor networks. Key features of the proposed MAC design are introduced and compared to those of existing protocols, highlighting its simple and lightweight design. Through its compatibility with RA-CDMA, the MAC design eliminates significant overhead and complexity while meeting requirements for low power networks, which enables the implementation of dense IoT sensor networks.

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Chau, Arnold, John Dawson, Paul Mitchell, and Tian Hong Loh. "Virtual Sensing Directional Hub MAC (VSDH-MAC) Protocol with Power Control." Electronics 9, no. 8 (July 29, 2020): 1219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9081219.

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Medium access control (MAC) protocols play a vital role in making effective use of a multiple access channel as it governs the achievable performance such as channel utilization and corresponding quality of service of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In this paper, a virtual carrier sensing directional hub (VSDH) MAC protocol incorporating realistic directional antenna patterns is proposed for directional single hub centralized WSNs. While in most instances, MAC protocols assume idealized directional antenna patterns, the proposed VSDH-MAC protocol incorporates realistic directional antenna patterns to deliver enhanced link performance. We demonstrate that the use of directional antennas with a suitable MAC protocol can provide enhanced communication range and increased throughput with reduced energy consumption at each node, compared to the case when only omnidirectional antennas are used. For the scenarios considered in this study, results show that the average transmit power of the sensor nodes can be reduced by a factor of two, and at the same time offer significantly extended lifetime.

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Yang, Jianmin, Gang Qiao, Qing Hu, Jiarong Zhang, and Guangbin Du. "A Dual Channel Medium Access Control (MAC) Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks Based on Directional Antenna." Symmetry 12, no. 6 (May 27, 2020): 878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12060878.

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Medium access control (MAC) protocol is an important link for achieving networks function in any wireless networks; an efficient and reliable MAC protocol is crucial for an effective underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs). Significant differences between UASNs and terrestrial sensor networks (TSNs) render the traditional MAC protocols applied on land inapplicable underwater. Existing MAC protocols for UASNs use the omnidirectional antenna, which wastes energy, restricts the network’s coverage range, and brings about unnecessary interferences in neighbor nodes. This paper proposes a dual channel MAC protocol for UASNs based on directional antenna (DADC-MAC), which increases the network coverage range, efficiently utilizes space, and reduces node interference compared to the omnidirectional antenna. The DADC-MAC protocol divides the channel into a data transmission channel and busy prompt message channel; the node uses the former to transmit the control frame and DATA package while the sending node and receiving node use the latter channel to inform the neighbor nodes of on-going communications to prevent DATA package collision. A neighbor discovery mechanism and directional network allocation vector are applied to resolve hidden terminal and deafness problems. Simulation results show that the DADC-MAC protocol could improve network throughput and reduce end-to-end delay, is efficient, performs well, and is well suited to both symmetrical and asymmetrical UASNs topology.

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Luitel, Subash, and Sangman Moh. "Energy-Efficient Medium Access Control Protocols for Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks: A Comparative Survey." Sensors 18, no. 11 (November 5, 2018): 3781. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18113781.

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The increase of application areas in wireless sensor networks demands novel solutions in terms of energy consumption and radio frequency management. Cognitive radio sensor networks (CRSNs) are key for ensuring efficient spectrum management, by making it possible to use the unused licensed frequency spectrum together with the unlicensed frequency spectrum. Sensor nodes powered by energy-constrained batteries necessarily require energy-efficient protocols at the routing and medium access control (MAC) layers. In CRSNs, energy efficiency is more important because the sensor nodes consume additional energy for spectrum sensing and management. To the best of authors’ knowledge, there is no survey on “energy-efficient” MAC protocols for CRSNs in the literature, even though a conceptual review on MAC protocols for CRSNs was presented at a conference recently. In this paper, energy-efficient MAC protocols for CRSNs are extensively surveyed and qualitatively compared. Open issues, and research challenges in the design of MAC protocols for CRSNs, are also discussed.

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Liu, Yang, Lei Liu, Jiacheng Liang, Jin Chai, Xuemei Lei, and Hui Zhang. "High-Performance Long Range-Based Medium Access Control Layer Protocol." Electronics 9, no. 8 (August 7, 2020): 1273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9081273.

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Long Range (LoRa) has become one of the most promising physical layer technologies for the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem. Although it manifests low-power consumption and long-distance communication, LoRa encounters a large number of collisions in the IoT environment, which severely affects the system’s throughput and delay performance. In this paper, a code division carrier sense multiple access (CD/CSMA) protocol that resolves the traditional channel collision problem and implements multi-channel transmission is proposed for the LoRa medium access control (MAC) layer. To reduce data transmission delay and maximize the throughput of the system, the adaptive p-persistent CSMA protocol divides the channel load into four states and dynamically adjusts the data transmission probability. Then, to reduce channel collisions significantly, the code division multiple access (CDMA) protocol is performed on different channel states. Moreover, the combination of the proposed adaptive p-persistent CSMA protocol and the CDMA successfully reduces the number of data retransmissions and makes LoRa more stable. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed adaptive p-persistent CD/CSMA protocol can achieve near-optimal and occasionally even better performance than some conventional MAC protocols, especially in a heavy load channel.

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Shim, Kyuwook, and Hyung-Kun Park. "Priority-Based Pipelined-Forwarding MAC Protocol for EH-WSNs." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2019 (May 14, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5418516.

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To reduce the end-to-end delay in EH-WSNs (energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks), medium access control protocols using pipelined-forwarding have been introduced and studied. In real-life applications, there are several situations where it is difficult to harvest more energy than the energy consumed. Therefore, it is crucial to design a MAC protocol that allows nodes to efficiently relay data without exhausting the power in pipelined-forwarding multihop transmission. In this paper, we propose a PP-MAC (priority-based pipelined-forwarding MAC) protocol that determines the priority of relay nodes based on the residual power and energy-harvesting rate. The proposed protocol determines the probability of a node becoming a relay node based on the priority of the node and attempts to access the channel in a distributed manner. Furthermore, the PP-MAC protocol controls the sleep interval based on the power conditions of the nodes. It also minimizes the power exhaustion problem by controlling the sleep interval based on the priority of the nodes. The performance of the proposed PP-MAC was evaluated via computer simulation, and the results indicated that PP-MAC could improve the network lifetime by mitigating the power imbalance of nodes.

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Babu, Anand. "Adaptive Duty Cycle Medium Access Control Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks." International Journal of Informatics and Communication Technology (IJ-ICT) 5, no. 2 (August 1, 2016): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijict.v5i2.pp79-85.

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<p>To increase the network lifetime of WSNs is a major concern. Network lifetime can be increased by reducing energy consumptions through MAC protocols periodic and a- periodic sleep mode mechanisms. The short duty cycle makes sensors have low energy consumption rate but increases the transmission delay and long duty cycle makes the sensor to increase the energy consumption and reduce the delay. Duty cycle need to be adaptively varied to reduce the idle listening. In the proposed Adaptive Duty cycle MAC (ADMAC) protocol, duty cycle is varied by taking nodes rate of energy consumption and filled queue length in account. It reduces the delay and energy spent by reducing the idle listening. ADMAC is realized in NS2 and its performance is compared with SMAC.</p>

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Jurnal, Redaksi Tim. "JARINGAN AD-HOC VEHICULAR (VANET) : TINJAUAN TENTANG ARSITEKTUR, KARAKTERISTIK, APLIKASI, DAN PROTOKOL MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL (MAC)." Petir 9, no. 1 (January 4, 2019): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33322/petir.v9i1.188.

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VANET (Vehicular Ad-hoc Network) is an ad-hoc wireless network which nodes are composed by mostly moving vehicles and infrastructure communications or access points along the road. It integrates adhoc networking, cellular technology, wireless LAN and other technologies, which include GPS(Global Positioning System), digital mapping, sensing technologies and advanced information processing tools to support Intelligent Traffic Systems (ITS). VANET is developed mainly to improve road safety and to increase the traffic efficiency. It is designed to support the exchange of warning messages among the vehicles to increase the passenger safety and other information related to VANET applications and services . To achieve these goals, there are several issues that should be addressed. One of these challenges is designing reliable and efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol for VANET. Due to VANET’s distinguishing characteristics, such as high mobility of the nodes, dynamic network topology, enough battery power, high processing power, etc, the MAC protocols designed for MANET (Mobile Ad-hoc Network) are not suitable for VANET. The research community has been working to develop MAC protocols appropriate for this ad-hoc network by proposing new design or modifying the existing one.In this paper, the VANET’s architecture, characteristics, applications and standard are discussed and then a comprehensive study of several MAC protocols available in the literature is presented.

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Pandey, Atul, and Nisha Gupta. "An energy efficient hybrid MAC protocol for smart home networks." Serbian Journal of Electrical Engineering 18, no. 1 (2021): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sjee2101063p.

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In this paper cluster-based hybrid MAC (CB-HMAC) protocol, based on IEEE 802.15.4 MAC is proposed for smart home networks. The CB-HMAC is specially designed for short packet transmission in a dense home network environment. Simulation results show that the proposed CB-HMAC is more energy-efficient than other medium access control (MAC) protocols without sacrificing much delay and throughput.

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Alam, Md Nasre, and Young-Chon Kim. "Efficient MAC Protocol for Hybrid Wireless Network with Heterogeneous Sensor Nodes." Journal of Sensors 2016 (2016): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7951965.

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Although several Directional Medium Access Control (DMAC) protocols have been designed for use with homogeneous networks, it can take a substantial amount of time to change sensor nodes that are equipped with an omnidirectional antenna for sensor nodes with a directional antenna. Thus, we require a novel MAC protocol for use with an intermediate wireless network that consists of heterogeneous sensor nodes equipped with either an omnidirectional antenna or a directional antenna. The MAC protocols that have been designed for use in homogeneous networks are not suitable for use in a hybrid network due to deaf, hidden, and exposed nodes. Therefore, we propose a MAC protocol that exploits the characteristics of a directional antenna and can also work efficiently with omnidirectional nodes in a hybrid network. In order to address the deaf, hidden, and exposed node problems, we define RTS/CTS for the neighbor (RTSN/CTSN) and Neighbor Information (NIP) packets. The performance of the proposed MAC protocol is evaluated through a numerical analysis using a Markov model. In addition, the analytical results of the MAC protocol are verified through an OPNET simulation.

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Urmonov, Odilbek, and HyungWon Kim. "Highly Reliable MAC Protocol Based on Associative Acknowledgement for Vehicular Network." Electronics 10, no. 4 (February 4, 2021): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10040382.

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IEEE 1609/802.11p standard obligates each vehicle to broadcast a periodic basic safety message (BSM). The BSM message comprises a positional and kinematic information of a transmitting vehicle. It also contains emergency information that is to be delivered to all the target receivers. In broadcast communication, however, existing carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) medium access control (MAC) protocol cannot guarantee a high reliability as it suffers from two chronic problems, namely, access collision and hidden terminal interference. To resolve these problems of CSMA MAC, we propose a novel enhancement algorithm called a neighbor association-based MAC (NA-MAC) protocol. NA-MAC utilizes a time division multiple access (TDMA) to distribute channel resource into short time-intervals called slots. Each slot is further divided into three parts to conduct channel sensing, slot acquisition, and data transmission. To avoid a duplicate slot allocation among multiple vehicles, NA-MAC introduces a three-way handshake process during slot acquisition. Our simulation results revealed that NA-MAC improved packet reception ratio (PRR) by 19% and successful transmission by 30% over the reference protocols. In addition, NA-MAC reduced the packet collisions by a factor of 4. Using the real on-board units (OBUs), we conducted an experiment where our protocol outperformed in terms of PRR and average transmission interval by 82% and 49%, respectively.

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Gannapathy, Vigneswara Rao, Lim Kim Chuan, Siva Kumar Subramaniam, Zahriladha Bin Zakaria, and Mohamad Kadim Bin Suaidi. "A SURVEY OF CONTENTION BASED MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL (MAC) PROTOCOLS IN WIRELESS LAN." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 6, no. 11 (November 15, 2017): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2017.0611008.

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Kim, Wonjung, Taewon Song, Taeyoon Kim, and Sangheon Pack. "Medium Access Control Protocols for Full-Duplex Communications in WLAN Systems: Approaches and Challenges." Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences 40, no. 7 (July 31, 2015): 1276–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.7840/kics.2015.40.7.1276.

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Cha, Kainan, Anil Ramachandran, and Sarangapani Jagannathan. "Adaptive and Probabilistic Power Control Algorithms for RFID Reader Networks." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 4, no. 4 (October 1, 2008): 347–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15501320701344107.

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In radio frequency identification (RFID) systems, the detection range and read rates will suffer from interference among high power reading devices. This problem grows severely and degrades system performance in dense RFID networks. Consequently, medium access protocols (MAC) protocols are needed for such networks to assess and provide access to the channel so that tags can be read accurately. In this paper, we investigate a suite of feasible power control schemes to ensure overall coverage area of the system while maintaining a desired read rate. The power control scheme and MAC protocol dynamically adjusts the RFID reader power output in response to the interference level seen during tag reading and acceptable signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). We present novel distributed adaptive power control (DAPC) and probabilistic power control (PPC) as two possible solutions. A suitable back off scheme is also added with DAPC to improve coverage. Both the methodology and implementation of the schemes are presented, simulated, compared, and discussed for further work.

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Leonardi, Luca, Lucia Lo Bello, Filippo Battaglia, and Gaetano Patti. "Comparative Assessment of the LoRaWAN Medium Access Control Protocols for IoT: Does Listen before Talk Perform Better than ALOHA?" Electronics 9, no. 4 (March 26, 2020): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9040553.

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Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWANs) are emerging as appealing solutions for several Internet of Things (IoT) applications, such as healthcare, smart cities and Industry 4.0, thanks to their ease of deployment, low energy consumption and large coverage range. LoRaWAN is one of the most successful LPWAN standards, as it supports robust long-distance communications using low-cost devices. To comply with the ETSI regulations, LoRaWAN can adopt as medium access control (MAC) layer either a pure ALOHA approach with duty-cycle limitations or a polite spectrum access technique, such as Listen Before Talk (LBT). The two approaches have their pros and cons that need to be carefully evaluated. The studies in the literature that so far have addressed an evaluation of MAC protocols for LoRaWAN refer to a previous and now obsolete version of the ETSI regulations, therefore they do not take into account the current limits on the timing parameters for polite spectrum access, such as that maximum time an end-node is allowed to be transmitting per hour. For this reason, the contribution of this work is two-fold. First, the paper discusses the restrictions that the current ETSI regulations impose on some timing parameters of the two kinds of MAC protocols for LoRaWAN. Second, the paper provides comparative performance assessments of the two protocols through simulations in realistic scenarios under different workload conditions.

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Wong, David, Qian Chen, and Francois Chin. "Directional Medium Access Control (MAC) Protocols in Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks: A Survey." Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 4, no. 2 (June 16, 2015): 67–153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jsan4020067.

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Jiang, Shengming. "State-of-the-Art Medium Access Control (MAC) Protocols for Underwater Acoustic Networks: A Survey Based on a MAC Reference Model." IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 20, no. 1 (2018): 96–131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/comst.2017.2768802.

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Du, Xiujuan, Keqin Li, Xiuxiu Liu, and Yishan Su. "RLT Code Based Handshake-Free Reliable MAC Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks." Journal of Sensors 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3184642.

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The characteristics of underwater acoustic channels such as long propagation delay and low bit rate cause the medium access control (MAC) protocols designed for radio channels to either be inapplicable or have low efficiency for underwater sensor networks (UWSNs). Meanwhile, due to high bit error, conventional end-to-end reliable transfer solutions bring about too many retransmissions and are inefficient in UWSN. In this paper, we present a recursive LT (RLT) code. With small degree distribution and recursive encoding, RLT achieves reliable transmission hop-by-hop while reducing the complexity of encoding and decoding in UWSN. We further propose an RLT code based handshake-free (RCHF) reliable MAC protocol. In RCHF protocol, each node maintains a neighbor table including the field of state, and packages are forwarded according to the state of a receiver, which can avoid collisions of sending-receiving and overhearing. The transmission-avoidance time in RCHF decreases data-ACK collision dramatically. Without RTS/CTS handshaking, the RCHF protocol improves channel utilization while achieving reliable transmission. Simulation results show that, compared with the existing reliable data transport approaches for underwater networks, RCHF can improve network throughput while decreasing end-to-end overhead.

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Ayyagari, A., and A. Ray. "A Fiber-Optic-Based Protocol for Manufacturing System Networks: Part I—Conceptual Development and Architecture." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 114, no. 1 (March 1, 1992): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2896492.

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The goal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) is to put together the diverse areas of engineering, design and production processes, material inventory, sales and purchasing, and accounting and administration into a single interactive closed loop control system [1]. Essential to this distributed total manufacturing system is the integrated communications network over which the information leading to process interactions, and plant management and control will flow. Such a network must be capable of handling heterogeneous real-time (e.g., data packets for inter-machine communications at the factory floor) and non-real-time (e.g., Computer Aided Design (CAD) drawings, design specifications, and administrative information) traffic. This sequence of papers in two parts presents the development and analysis of a novel fiber-optic-based medium access control (MAC) protocol for integrated factory and office communications. Its adaptation as the common MAC layer protocol in the fiber-optic-based version of Manufacturing Automation Protocol (MAP) [2] and Technical and Office Protocols (TOP) [3], will make their specifications identical up to the presentation layer; only the application layer which is user-specific could be different. This first part provides the necessary background for the reported work and details of the protocol which is represented by a finite-state-machine model. Part II [4] presents the performance analysis of the protocol using a statistical model, and a comparison of the simulation and analytical results.

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Msongaleli, Dawson, Kerem Kucuk, and Adnan Kavak. "Adaptive Polling Medium Access Control Protocol for Optic Wireless Networks." Applied Sciences 9, no. 6 (March 14, 2019): 1071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9061071.

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The emergence of optical wireless networks (OWNs) is a potential solution to the quest for the increasing bandwidth demand. Existing bandwidth assignment strategies are not suitable for OWNs, considering factors such as differences between the physical properties of radio networks and OWNs. In order to eliminate collision, minimize delay and enhance system utilization and fairness, we propose the non-contention bandwidth assignment protocol called adaptive polling medium access control (APMAC) protocol for OWNs. The APMAC protocol involves association, data transmission and dissociation phases. Moreover, the APMAC protocol exploits features of the IEEE 802.15.7 visible light communication (VLC) standard. While assigning bandwidth to the visible light nodes (VLNs), the visible light access point (VLAP) establishes a polling table that contains the identity, buffer size and round-trip time of each VLN that issued bandwidth request. The contents of the polling table enable the computation of the maximum transmission unit and time-slot for each VLN that requests bandwidth assignment. In order to achieve convincing results, we simulate the protocol under varying network sizes ranging from 1 to 10 VLNs per access point, then we compare the results against the medium transparent medium access control (MT–MAC) protocol that is a non-contention MAC protocol. We demonstrate numerical results of our study considering average waiting time, packet collision, system utilization and fairness. Numerical results reveal that the APMAC protocol outperforms the MT–MAC protocol.

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Yuan, Li Na, and Hua Jun Chen. "Research on Sensor Medium Access Control Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 539 (July 2014): 276–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.539.276.

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The design of S-MAC protocol focuses on how to save energy effectively , how to adapt to the requirements of network scale, node density and topological structure change , and equality, throughput, and bandwidth utilization efficiency are placed on the secondary position This paper points out the classification, basic principal, main mechanisms and key technology of a wireless sensor network MAC protocol.

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., Vigneswara Rao Gannapathy. "MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL (MAC) PROTOCOL IN WIRELESS NETWORK: A REVIEW." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 05, no. 11 (November 25, 2016): 254–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2016.0511042.

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Ausaf, Asfund, Mohammad Zubair Khan, Muhammad Awais Javed, and Ali Kashif Bashir. "WLAN Aware Cognitive Medium Access Control Protocol for IoT Applications." Future Internet 12, no. 1 (January 11, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi12010011.

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Internet of Things (IoT)-based devices consist of wireless sensor nodes that are battery-powered; thus, energy efficiency is a major issue. IEEE 802.15.4-compliant IoT devices operate in the unlicensed Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band of 2.4 GHz and are subject to interference caused by high-powered IEEE 802.11-compliant Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) users. This interference causes frequent packet drop and energy loss for IoT users. In this work, we propose a WLAN Aware Cognitive Medium Access Control (WAC-MAC) protocol for IoT users that uses techniques, such as energy detection based sensing, adaptive wake-up scheduling, and adaptive backoff, to reduce interference with the WSN and improve network lifetime of the IoT users. Results show that the proposed WAC-MAC achieves a higher packet reception rate and reduces the energy consumption of IoT nodes.

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Chen, Zhe, Yan Xiang He, and Shi Yong Huang. "Medium Access Control Based on Adaptive Sleeping and Probabilistic Routing for Delay Tolerant Mobile Sensor Networks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 457-458 (October 2013): 821–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.457-458.821.

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The paper proposes a medium access control (MAC) scheme with coordinated and adaptive wakeup scheme designed for delay tolerant mobile sensor networks (DTMSNs). Many applications motivate MAC schemes for DTMSNs that are different from traditional wireless MAC such as IEEE 802.15.4 in several ways: energy conservation and average delay. MAC with coordinated and adaptive wakeup scheme protocol uses a few novel techniques to reduce energy consumption and message overhead rates. It can reduce significantly control overhead and adaptively wake up, and it avoids overhearing unnecessary traffic. Finally, in this paper, simulation applies message passing to reduce contention latency for applications that require in-network data processing. Simulation results show that MAC with Adaptive Sleeping and based on Probabilistic Routing protocol (MAC-ASPR) obtains significant energy savings compared with IEEE 802.15.4 and S-MAC.

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Behre, Poorvi, and Pankaj Sahu. "Customized Medium Access Control (C-MAC) Protocol for Cooperative Wireless Network." International Journal of Computer Applications 137, no. 3 (March 17, 2016): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/ijca2016908673.

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Jurdak, Raja, Pierre Baldi, and Cristina Videira Lopes. "U-MAC: a proactive and adaptive UWB medium access control protocol." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 5, no. 5 (2005): 551–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wcm.312.

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Yang, Guo Yan, Xin Guan, and Yan Feng Li. "Location-Based Medium Access Control Protocol for Data Intensive Wireless Sensor Networks." Advanced Materials Research 756-759 (September 2013): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.756-759.209.

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The traditional CSMA MAC node simply blocks its transmission if the medium is sensed to be busy. Thus, it is inefficient in terms of the network throughput due to overcautious estimation of the interference. In this paper, we propose a novel location-aware medium access protocol for data intensive wireless sensor networks. In this protocol, the contending nodes make use of their location information to achieve the concurrent transmission of exposed terminal so as to reduce collisions and improve the overall performance. We evaluate it in terms of delay and throughput and compare it with S-AMC using simulations. Results show that the proposed MAC protocol can take advantage of the location distribution of nodes to improve the average throughput of the network, reducing data transmission delay, and effectively improving the efficiency and performance in data intensive wireless sensor networks compared to S-AMC.

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Cheng, Yu, Hong Wei Zhao, Yu Cui Li, and Shi Hui Pei. "Medium Access Control Layer Design and Simulation for 802.16 System." Advanced Materials Research 756-759 (September 2013): 338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.756-759.338.

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In order to analyze transmission performance of broad band wireless communication system based on 802.16 protocol, address the key issues of QoS scheduling algorithm, and network congestion, etc, we present our design of WiMAX medium access control (MAC) layer based on 802.16 protocol in this paper. The implemented design comprises the service-specific convergence sub-layer (CS), the MAC common part sub-layer (CPS), a call admission control mechanism, and a scheduler. In the next simulation experiment, we tested the throughput and average delay of the system which we designed under the conditions in different time or number of clients. The design and simulation had provided a platform and foundation for further to improve the efficiency of bandwidth management algorithm, scheduling algorithm, QoS management, and enhancing the performance of WiMAX systems.

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Wu, Hongyi, Anant Utgikar, and Nian-Feng Tzeng. "SYN-MAC: A Distributed Medium Access Control Protocol for Synchronized Wireless Networks." Mobile Networks and Applications 10, no. 5 (October 2005): 627–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11036-005-3358-7.

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Antonopoulos, Angelos, and Christos Verikoukis. "Network-Coding-Based Cooperative ARQ Medium Access Control Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 8, no. 1 (September 12, 2011): 601321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/601321.

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We introduce a novel Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol for Automatic Repeat reQuest-based (ARQ-based) cooperative wireless sensor networks. Using network coding techniques, we achieve a better network performance in terms of energy efficiency without compromising the offered Quality of Service (QoS). The proposed solution is compared to other cooperative schemes, while analytical and simulation results are provided to evaluate our protocol.

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Khan, Muhammad Asghar, Tanweer Ahmad Cheema, Insaf Ullah, Fazal Noor, Sajjad Ur Rehman, Ateeq Ur Rehman, and Muhammad Adnan Aziz. "A Dual-Mode Medium Access Control Mechanism for UAV-Enabled Intelligent Transportation System." Mobile Information Systems 2021 (February 15, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5578490.

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With the exponential growth in technologies for the vehicular Internet of things applications and high demands for autonomous road vehicles, future transportation systems are projected to be revolutionized on a global scale. This new landscape requires a stable, flexible, and business-friendly base of connectivity, networking, and computing technology, in which Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) can play an important role. A UAV-enabled Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) can provide a cost-effective communication solution to improve the safety and efficiency of the transportation system, particularly if the data traffic is nonhomogeneous and nonstationary. Typically, wireless is the communication medium between vehicles and UAVs in an ITS setting, which is based on the IEEE802.11p MAC protocol adopted by car manufactures. However, the IEEE 802.11p MAC protocol is modified solely for omnidirectional antennas, which restricts network coverage, delay, and throughput. In comparison, the directional antenna has greater network coverage, spatial reuse, and bandwidth. In addition, a multiaccess edge computing (MEC) facility at the backhaul link will provide ultralow latency and high bandwidth services to meet the increasingly growing demand for latency-sensitive vehicle applications such as vehicular video data analytics, autonomous driving, and intelligent navigation. Therefore, this article aims to propose a novel dual-mode MAC protocol that can work in two antenna modes, i.e., directional and omnidirectional. For modeling and simulation purposes, we use the Optimized Network Engineering Tool (OPNET) and aim to seek an evaluation with respect to throughput, media access delay, and retransmission attempts. The results obtained demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

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Dugaev, Dmitrii, Zheng Peng, Yu Luo, and Lina Pu. "Reinforcement-Learning Based Dynamic Transmission Range Adjustment in Medium Access Control for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks." Electronics 9, no. 10 (October 20, 2020): 1727. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9101727.

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In this paper, we propose a reinforcement learning (RL) based Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol with dynamic transmission range control (TRC). This protocol provides an adaptive, multi-hop, energy-efficient solution for communication in underwater sensors networks. It features a contention-based TRC scheme with a reactive multi-hop transmission. The protocol has the ability to adjust to network conditions using RL-based learning algorithm. The combination of TRC and RL algorithms can hit a balance between the energy consumption and network performance. Moreover, the proposed adaptive mechanism for relay-selection provides better network utilization and energy-efficiency over time, comparing to existing solutions. Using a straightforward ALOHA-based channel access alongside “helper-relays” (intermediate nodes), the protocol is able to obtain a substantial amount of energy savings, achieving up to 90% of the theoretical “best possible” energy efficiency. In addition, the protocol shows a significant advantage in MAC layer performance, such as network throughput and end-to-end delay.

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Thalore, Ranjana, Manish K. Jha, and Partha P. Bhattacharya. "A Layered Relay-Medium Access Control (LR-MAC) Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks." Recent Patents on Computer Science 10, no. 3 (May 9, 2018): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2213275910666171116151630.

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Teymoori, Peyman, Nasser Yazdani, and Ahmad Khonsari. "DT-MAC: An Efficient and Scalable Medium Access Control Protocol for Wireless Networks." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 12, no. 3 (March 2013): 1268–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2012.010913.120698.

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Rahman, Kazi Atiqur, and Kemal E. Tepe. "Extended sliding frame R-Aloha: Medium access control (MAC) protocol for mobile networks." Ad Hoc Networks 10, no. 6 (August 2012): 1017–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2012.01.009.

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Yang, Xin, Ling Wang, Jian Xie, and Zhaolin Zhang. "Energy Efficiency TDMA/CSMA Hybrid Protocol with Power Control for WSN." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4168354.

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Wireless sensors network (WSN) is widely used in the Internet of Things at present. However, limited energy source is a critical problem in the improvement and practical applications of WSN, so it is necessary to improve the energy efficiency. As another important evaluation criterion of transmission performance, throughput should be improved too. To mitigate both of the problems at the same time, by taking the advantages of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) at the medium access control (MAC) layer of WSN, we propose a hybrid TDMA/CSMA MAC layer protocol. Meanwhile, we design a novel power control scheme to further reduce the energy consumption and optimize the transmission slots. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed protocol significantly improves the throughput and energy efficiency.

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M, Anusha, Srikanth Vemuru, and T. Gunasekhar. "Transmission protocols in Cognitive Radio Mesh Networks." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 5, no. 6 (December 1, 2015): 1446. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v5i6.pp1446-1451.

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A Cognitive Radio (CR) is a radio that can adjust its transmission limit based on available spectrum in its operational surroundings. Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) is made up of both the licensed users and unlicensed users with CR enable and disabled radios. CR’S supports to access dynamic spectrum and supports secondary user to access underutilized spectrum efficiently, which was allocated to primary users. In CRN’S most of the research was done on spectrum allocation, spectrum sensing and spectrum sharing. In this literature, we present various Medium Access (MAC) protocols of CRN’S. This study would provide an excellent study of MAC strategies.

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BONONI, LUCIANO, MARCO DI FELICE, and SARA PIZZI. "DBA-MAC: DYNAMIC BACKBONE-ASSISTED MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL PROTOCOL FOR EFFICIENT BROADCAST IN VANETS." Journal of Interconnection Networks 10, no. 04 (December 2009): 321–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219265909002601.

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Active safety systems based on dissemination of alert messages are one of the most important applications of Vehicular ad Hoc Networks (VANETs). These systems typically require to provide efficient and reliable delivery of safety information to all the vehicles travelling over a geographical area. Reducing the delivery delay is also a crucial issue due to the real-time nature of the communication. To meet these requirements, in this paper we design a cross-layered MAC and clustering solution for the fast propagation of broadcast messages in a VANET. A distributed dynamic clustering algorithm is proposed in order to create a dynamic virtual backbone inside the vehicular network. The vehicle-members of the backbone are responsible for implementing an efficient message propagation. The backbone creation and maintenance are proactively performed aiming to balance the stability of backbone connections as well as cost/efficiency trade-off and hops-reduction when forwarding the broadcast messages. A fast multi-hop MAC forwarding scheme is defined to exploit the role of backbone vehicles, under a cross-layered approach. Simulation results show that our cross-layer scheme guarantees high message delivery ratio, reduces the delivery delay and provides efficient channel utilization when compared with other dissemination schemes for VANETs.

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Kim, Seungmin, and JeongGil Ko. "IB-MAC: Transmission Latency-Aware MAC for Electro-Magnetic Intra-Body Communications." Sensors 19, no. 2 (January 16, 2019): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19020341.

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Intra-body Communication (IBC) is a communication method using the human body as a communication medium, in which body-attached devices exchange electro-magnetic (EM) wave signals with each other. The fact that our human body consists of water and electrolytes allows such communication methods to be possible. Such a communication technology can be used to design novel body area networks that are secure and resilient towards external radio interference. While being an attractive technology for enabling new applications for human body-centered ubiquitous applications, network protocols for IBC systems is yet under-explored. The IEEE 802.15.6 standards present physical and medium access control (MAC) layer protocols for IBC, but, due to many simplifications, we find that its MAC protocol is limited in providing an environment to enable high data rate applications. This work, based on empirical EM wave propagation measurements made for the human body communication channel, presents IB-MAC, a centralized Time-division multiple access (TDMA) protocol that takes in consideration the transmission latency the body channel induces. Our results, in which we use an event-based simulator to compare the performance of IB-MAC with two different IEEE 802.15.6 standard-compliant MAC protocols and a state-of-the art TDMA-based MAC protocol for IBC, suggest that IB-MAC is suitable for supporting high data rate applications with comparable radio duty cycle and latency performance.

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., S. Tamilarasan, and P. Kumar . "Medium Access Control (MAC) Protocol for Resource Allocation in Cognitive radio Networks A Survey." International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering 6, no. 4 (April 30, 2018): 226–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.26438/ijcse/v6i4.226230.

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Zareei, M., A. Taghizadeh, R. Budiarto, and T. C. Wan. "EMS-MAC: Energy Efficient Contention-Based Medium Access Control Protocol for Mobile Sensor Networks." Computer Journal 54, no. 12 (June 2, 2011): 1963–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxr053.

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Baldwin, Rusty O., Nathaniel J. Davis, Scott F. Midkiff, and Richard A. Raines. "Packetized voice transmission using RT-MAC, a wireless real-time medium access control protocol." ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review 5, no. 3 (July 2001): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/584051.584052.

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Ma, Mengyuan, Kai Liu, Xiling Luo, Tao Zhang, and Feng Liu. "Review of MAC Protocols for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks." Sensors 20, no. 23 (November 24, 2020): 6709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20236709.

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Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) need to support the timely end-to-end transmissions of safety and non-safety messages. Medium access control (MAC) protocols can ensure fair and efficient sharing of channel resources among multiple vehicles for VANETs, which can provide timely packet transmissions and significantly improve road safety. In this paper, we review the standards of some countries for VANETs. Then, we divide the MAC protocols proposed for VANETs into single-channel MAC protocols and multi-channel MAC protocols according to the number of physical occupied spectrum resources. Both are further discussed based on their hierarchical structures, i.e., distributed and centralized structures. General design and optimization mechanisms of these commonly used MAC protocols for VANETs are reviewed. From the viewpoint of 7 aspects, we compare the advantages and disadvantages of these typical MAC protocols. Finally, we discuss the open issues to improve the MAC performance and future work on MAC design for VANETs.

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Ullah, Niamat, M. Sanaullah Chowdhury, Mosaddique Al Ameen, and Kyung Sup Kwak. "Energy Efficient MAC Protocol for Low-Energy Critical Infrastructure Monitoring Networks Using Wakeup Radio." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 8, no. 4 (April 1, 2012): 504946. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/504946.

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Critical infrastructure monitoring applications are rapidly increasing. Application requirements include reliable data transfer, energy efficiency, and long deployment lifetime. These applications must also be able to operate in an extremely low-cost communication environment in order to be attractive to potential users. A low rate wireless personal area network can help control and manage the operations of such applications. In this paper, we present a medium access control (MAC) protocol for low-energy critical infrastructure monitoring (LECIM) applications. The proposed MAC protocol is based on a framed slotted aloha multiple access schemes. For downlink communication, we use a wakeup radio approach to avoid complex bookkeeping associated with the traditional MAC protocols. Analytical expressions for power consumption and delay are derived to analyze and compare the performance of our proposed protocol with the existing well-known T-MAC, B-MAC, X-MAC, ZigBee, and WiseMAC protocols. It is shown that our proposed protocol outperforms all the other protocols in terms of power consumption and delay.

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Al Ameen, Moshaddique, S. M. Riazul Islam, and Kyungsup Kwak. "Energy Saving Mechanisms for MAC Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 163413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/163413.

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Energy efficiency is a primary requirement in a wireless sensor network (WSN). This is a major design parameter in medium access control (MAC) protocols for WSN due to limited resources in sensor nodes that include low battery power. Hence a proposed MAC protocol must be energy efficient by reducing the potential energy wastes. Developing such a MAC protocol has been a hot research area in WSN. To avoid wasting the limited energy, various energy saving mechanisms are proposed for MAC protocols. These mechanisms have a common design objective—to save energy to maximize the network lifetime. This paper presents a survey on various energy saving mechanisms that are proposed for MAC protocols in WSN. We present a detailed discussion of these mechanisms and discuss their strengths and weaknesses. We also discuss MAC protocols that use these energy saving mechanisms.

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