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Blanchet, Elise. "Conception d'un procédé d'électrosynthèse microbienne". Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2016. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/15853/1/Blanchet_elise.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaLucas, Françoise. "Diversité microbienne en milieu aquatique urbain". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paris-Est, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00676527.
Pełny tekst źródłaRousseau, Brisard Mélanie George Marie-Noëlle. "Kératite microbienne sous lentilles de contact". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2009. http://castore.univ-nantes.fr/castore/GetOAIRef?idDoc=56656.
Pełny tekst źródłaGamblin, Jasmine. "Modèles stochastiques pour l'évolution moléculaire microbienne". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUS160.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis dissertation is composed of two independent parts, sharing the common goal of developing stochastic models to study microbial evolution.The first part investigates the evolutionary impacts of population bottlenecks. Chapter one deals with microbial populations undergoing periodic bottlenecks. These dynamics correspond in particular to laboratory evolution experiments using serial dilutions to renew the medium in which bacteria grow. These wide variations in population sizes are also found in natural microbial populations, which undergo a bottleneck when transferred to a new host. However, the effects of successive dilutions on the evolution of these populations are not yet fully understood. Two effects have already been brought to light: reaching a large population size favors the appearance of rare mutations, and the loss of beneficial mutations during dilutions. We have developed a semi-deterministic model to study how these two phenomena combine and impact the evolutionary paths followed by the population as well as the adaptation rate on a minimal fitness landscape consisting of two types of beneficial mutations with the empirically supported trade-off between mutation rate and fitness advantage. Our model decouples the effect of two important parameters: the initial population size and the maximum population size of the initial strain. We find that low dilution and short cycles favor adaptation by the most frequent beneficial mutation, while strong dilution and long cycles favor adaptation by the most advantageous mutation. We also calculate the dilution rate maximizing the rate of evolution.The second chapter is a literature review on the effect of bottlenecks on the adaptive potential of populations, with a comparison between microbial and animal populations. We suggest ways in which microbial experiments could better inform conservation biology, notably by using yeast and including initial standing genetic variation.The second part looks at larger spatial and temporal scales, developing a stochastic model for macroevolutive gene dynamics in a bacterial species. Indeed, many bacterial species present an impressive gene diversity: the number of genes present in the species is frequently much greater than that carried by one cell, leading to the introduction in 2005 of the "pangenome" concept. Characterizing the dynamics of bacterial gene importations and horizontal transfers is crucial to understand the origins of this formidable diversity. These dynamics are also of great importance for public health, as they determine the spread of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes within bacterial populations. Over the past 10 years, several models have been formulated to describe the dynamics of bacterial genes along a phylogeny, but they remain unsatisfactory. These models take into account either the importation of genes into the focal species (by transfer from another species) or horizontal transfers within the species, but never both. We have therefore developed an original bacterial gene evolution model to take into account both inter- and intra-species transfer. Our model relies on three types of dynamics: persistent genes inherited from the ancestor, private genes that are clade-specific, and mobile genes undergoing frequent transfers. We have tested this model on a set of Salmonella enterica genomes, and shown that it is able to reproduce some important features of pangenomes, such as the U-shape of the gene frequency distribution and the parsimony of their arrangement on the core genome phylogeny. This model is able to classify genes according to their most likely dynamics, and the biological relevance of this classification has been confirmed by analyzing the function and position of genes assigned to each type
Tardy, Vincent. "Lien entre la diversité microbienne, la stabilité des communautés microbiennes et le turnover des matières organiques du sol". Thesis, Dijon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DIJOS081/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaSoil microbial communities act as important agents of the biological soil functioning, particularly through their involvements in the transformations of biogeochemical cycles (C, N, P…). In agro-ecosystems, the diversity of these communities is affected by perturbations associated to agricultural practices, and the significance of these modifications in terms of preservation of biological functioning and sustainability of agricultural systems has emerged as a central issue in the environmental sciences. Whereas the role of biodiversity has been well studied for macroorganisms, in particular for plants; the biodiversity/activity relationship is still largely unknown for soil microorganisms. However, in the current agro-ecological movement, this knowledge is needed to define new agricultural practices including a best management of microbial diversity for the sustainable use of agro-ecosystems. In this context, the objective of this Phd was to test the significance of microbial diversity for the stability (resistance/resilience) and the activity of microbial community (bacteria and fungi) involved in the turnover of soil organic matter, a major function for soil fertility, environment quality and global changes. From an experimental point of view, these issues were addressed by coupling laboratory with field experiments. In a first work, by manipulating microbial diversity in laboratory condition, we have shown that the stability of both microbial genetic structure and activity in response to different perturbations is positively linked to microbial diversity (i.e. number of species). This link was then validated by a sampling based on a field experiment that allowed us to demonstrate that (i) the soil microbial diversity can be modulated (increased or decreased) depending the intensity of land use management, and (ii) the mineralization of organic matter is more intense in the soil with the highest level of diversity. Finally, thanks to an experiment carried out in the field (SOERE-ACBB, Lusignan), we showed that the response of bacterial and fungal communities to wheat residues supply in terms of successions of microbial populations and activities of organic matter mineralization depends on the soil management history. These works provide new insights into the significance of microbial diversity (richness, composition) for the stability and the activity of communities involved in the soil organic matter turnover. They also suggest that the modulation of the diversity of soil microbial communities by agricultural practices, past or present, can significantly affect the turnover of soil organic matter
Rousseau, Raphaël. "Production de biohydrogène par électro-catalyse microbienne". Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2013. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/11566/1/rousseau.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaBouderka, Feriel. "Exploring the symbiotic lifestyle of Patescibacteria : from a single consortium to phylum-level evolution". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASL018.
Pełny tekst źródłaPatescibacteria is a highly diverse bacterial phylum, including at least 25% of the bacterial diversity. Representatives of this clade can be found in many environments, ranging from freshwater and marine ecosystems to animal microbiomes and sediments. Very few Patescibacteria cultures are available to date. Due to this lack of cultured representatives, they have been extensively studied using metagenomics. These investigations revealed that, overall, they present small genomes with significant gaps in the genes coding for metabolic functions, and thus, they are hypothesized to depend on a host for survival. There is no evidence, however, that all Patescibacteria are actual symbionts. Besides, about half of their genes cannot be functionally annotated by similarity approaches. More cultured representatives are needed to better understand the ecology of this bacterial phylum. Patescibacteria have been recently reported to be a sister group to the free-living phyla Chloroflexota and Dormibacterota. The evolution of the Patescibacteria, particularly their symbiotic lifestyle, and diversification from their free-living sister group, is not fully comprehended. Here, we obtained an enriched culture of a representative of a new genus-level patescibacterium, which is an epibiont of methanol-oxidizing proteobacteria, a type of host never observed before to be associated with this clade. Additionally, using a CRISPR-spacer match, we identified a new potential phage targeting this patescibacterium. Thus, we characterized the first potential three-partite interaction between a patescibacterium, its host, and a phage. Furthermore, we reconstructed the ancestral gene content of the different Patescibacteria classes to decipher the early steps of the evolution of the symbiotic lifestyle in the clade and the basis of their diversification. Our results suggest that the last common ancestor of Patescibacteria was already host-dependent. The subsequent patescibacterial diversification appears driven by a combination of independent and substantial losses of metabolic genes, complemented by the acquisition of novel genes with functions yet to be identified
Bordenave, Sylvain. "Impact d'une contamination pétrolière sur les tapis microbiens et étude de leur réponse". Pau, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PAUU3018.
Pełny tekst źródłaAncestral and ubiquist ecosystems, microbial mats present an important biodiversity and a high metabolic richness. In coastal zone, these vertically laminated bacterial structures are exposed to diverse forms of contamination. Because they are main actors in biochemical cycles, the appreciation of contamination impact on these ecosystems is essential in microbial ecology. In this context, the present PhD study attempts specifically to better understand the impact of petroleum contamination on the complex bacterial community of microbial mats. The study is essentially based on microcosm experiments performed with different microbial mats. First, molecular approaches (T-RFLP and clone libraries analyses) based on 16S rRNA encoding genes allowed to follow during at least three months and up to one year of incubation, a petroleum pollution impact on bacterial communities of microbial mats. The study was also performed at the transcriptomic level (16S rRNA) in order to precise the response of metabolically active bacterial communities in these microbial structures. The main result of this work showed the resilience capacity of microbial mats. Afterward, the study of genes encoding for enzymes involved in hydrocarbon degradation (dioxygenases and benzylsuccinate synthase) have been performed in order to precise the functional response of microbial mats after petroleum contamination. Since the study of these functional genes could not relay the impact of petroleum we focused our study on new potentially involved genes. For this purpose, differential display approach on ARN was applied and allowed to display some gene/function potentially involved in microbial mat response after petroleum contamination
Rouvre, Ingrid. "Hydrogénase - Promoteur ou inhibiteur de la corrosion microbienne ?" Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2016. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/16482/1/Rouvre_Ingrid.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaLepage, Guillaume. "Caractérisation et optimisation d'une pile à combustible microbienne". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00836765.
Pełny tekst źródłaThébault, Pascal. "Élaboration de surfaces métalliques à visée anti-microbienne". Nice, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NICE4100.
Pełny tekst źródłaNot controlled propagation of bacteria or potentially infectious germs (for example Staphylococcus aureus, Legionella,…) on surfaces can generate an important nuisance from production unit dysfunction to the generation of opportunist diseases which can generate on certain patients an in short term prospect irreversible exponential contamination. In order to answer these problems, we functionalized metal surfaces to obtain materials having antimicrobial properties not leading to the releasing of the antimicrobial agent in the medium. To elaborate these new surfaces, we were based on two concepts: (i) the well-known antimicrobial activity of quaternary ammonium salts, (ii) possibilities of self-assembly into monolayers (SAMs) on various metals of organic molecules carrying a thiol, disulfide or silane function by covalent bond. The manuscript presents the synthesis of 19 ammonium salts as well as the characterization of their physicochemical properties and the evaluation of their microbiological activities. We carried out the elaboration of surfaces starting from a model surface: gold. After treatment, surfaces are modified by the molecules previously synthesized and characterized by XPS, electrochemistry and contact angle. From this study, we selected the molecules in order to carrying out the modification of stainless steel surfaces. All modified surfaces are evaluated for their antimicrobial properties
Roselli, Sandro. "Génomique fonctionnelle de la dégradation microbienne du chlorométhane". Strasbourg, 2009. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2009/ROSELLI_Sandro_2009.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaChloromethane (CH3Cl) is a volatile organic compound of mainly natural origin. It accounts for at least 15% of chlorine-catalysed stratospheric ozone depletion. Obtaining reliable estimates of the global CH3Cl budget is difficult due to the incomplete inventory of CH3Cl sources and sinks, including plant emissions and microbial degradation. The aim of this PhD thesis was to better understand the molecular basis of microbial degradation of CH3Cl, also with the perspective of applying microbial and genetic resources to bioremediation of polluted environments. Approaches involving comparative and functional genomics were developed to study the adaptation to CH3Cl of Methylobacterium extorquens CM4, the aerobic bacterial strain in which a degradation pathway for CH3Cl was previously identified, and whose genome sequence is now known. Analysis of the genome of strain CM4 revealed the presence of a 380 kb plasmid harbouring the already characterised genes of the known pathway for CH3Cl utilisation, as well as genes involved in the biosynthesis of cobalamin and tetrahydrofolate, two cofactors essential for CH3Cl degradation by this pathway. Differential proteomic analysis of strain CM4 grown in the presence or the absence of CH3Cl confirmed this pathway and also enabled the identification of new proteins associated with CH3Cl metabolism. In addition, the diversity of CH3Cl-degrading bacteria associated with the phyllosphere was investigated. Three CH3Cl-degrading strains of the phyllosphere were isolated from leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana, a plant known to emit CH3Cl. The obtained results will serve as the basis for future studies of bacterial CH3Cl degradation
Moletta, Marina. "Caractérisation de la diversité microbienne aéroportée des biogaz". Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20170.
Pełny tekst źródłaFyferling, Mathias. "Transfert d'oxygène en condition de culture microbienne intensive". Toulouse, INSA, 2007. http://eprint.insa-toulouse.fr/archive/00000172/.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis work aims to quantify and model oxygen transfer in microbial cultures with an objective of intensification of bioprocess performances. Labworks in bioreactors are achieved in mineral media, free from biological reaction, then in fed-batch cultures of Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus niger. The fieldwork is original because of the high oxygen consumptions rates (0,6 g. L-1. H-1) and the high dissipated power (35 kW. M-3) used. The oxygen transfer coefficient is determined from continuous and dynamic methods, using several unstructured models, to take into account the profile of the dispersed gaseous flow, the gas entrained from the surface, and hold-up. Among the observations, in biological media, (i) values of the oxygen transfer coefficient KT are 5 to 10 times higher than values from the literature on oxygen transfer, (ii) compared with the initial medium prior to inoculation, KT and KL (the oxygen transfer conductance) are 4 to 6 times smaller. Effects of microbial activity on oxygen transfer are characterised and quantified according to enhancements factors related to chemical modifications of the medium, oxygen consumption, and physical presence of cells. Limits of mass transfer models in intensive microbial cultures are discussed and new areas of investigation are proposed
Dumas, Claire Bergel Alain. "Catalyse électro-microbienne dans les piles à combustible". Toulouse : INP Toulouse, 2008. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000617.
Pełny tekst źródłaPlanchez, Cécile. "Application de la fluorescence à la détection microbienne". Paris 5, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA05P040.
Pełny tekst źródłaCazaudehore, Guillaume. "Méthanisation des plastiques biodégradables : performances et diversité microbienne". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Pau, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022PAUU3002.
Pełny tekst źródłaGrowing concern regarding non-biodegradable plastics and the impact of these materials on the environment has promoted interest in biodegradable plastics. Biodegradable plastics offer additional waste management options (e.g., anaerobic digestion or composting) over conventional plastics. However, the treatment of biodegradable plastics under anaerobic digestion is only in its infancy. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to investigate the fate of biodegradable plastics in anaerobic digestion systems and the microorganisms involved in the plastic conversion to methane.For this purpose, batch anaerobic digestion experiments were performed on the main biodegradable polymers and on three commercial blends of biodegradable polymer, under both mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. Only Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and Thermoplastic starch (TPS) exhibited rapid (25-50 days) and important (57-80.3% and 80.2-82.6%, respectively) conversion to methane under both mesophilic and thermophilic condition. Methane production rates from poly(lactic acid) (PLA) was very low under mesophilic condition, to such an extent that 500 days were required to reach the ultimate methane production, corresponding to a PLA conversion to methane of 74.7-80.3%. Methane production rate from PLA was greatly enhanced under thermophilic condition since only 60 to 100 days were required to reach the same ultimate methane production. Lactate-utilizing bacteria such as Tepidimicrobium, Moorella and Tepidanaerobacter were revealed to be important during the thermophilic digestion of PLA. Similarly, starch-degrading bacteria (from Clostridium genus) were highlighted during TPS digestion at 38 °C and 58°C. Previously known PHB degraders (i.e., Enterobacter, Ilyobacter delafieldii and Cupriavidus) were observed during mesophilic and thermophilic AD of PHB. The low biodegradation rate of most of the biodegradable plastics in mesophilic anaerobic digesters is a major hindrance to their introduction at industrial scale. Thermal (at 120 or 150 °C) and thermo-alkaline (at 70°C or 90 °C with calcium hydroxide addition) pretreatments were successfully implemented on PLA. These strategies were tested on PLA, which is one of the main biodegradable polymer, accounting for 25% of the biodegradable plastic production. PLA pretreated with these treatments, achieved biodegradation yield of 73% after 15-20 days; a similar biodegradation yield was obtained after 500 days for untreated PLA.PHB and PLA are among the most studied polymer to replace conventional plastics. Finally, the stability and performances of the co-digestion of these plastics (with and without PLA pretreatment) with food wastes fed semi-continuously under mesophilic conditions was investigated. The addition of biodegradable plastics resulted in a more stable process (in comparison with stand-alone biowastes reactor) and no negative effects could be detected. PHB was estimated to be fully biodegraded in the reactors. By contrast, PLA was accumulating in the reactor, and an average biodegradation of 47.6% was estimated during the third hydraulic retention time. Thermo-alkaline pretreatment of PLA improved the biodegradation yield of PLA to 77.5%. The identification of specific microorganisms implicated in the biodegradable plastic degradation was complicated; the majority of the microorganisms correlated with the methane production from reactors co-digesting PLA and PHB were implicated in the anaerobic digestion of the biowaste, which can be explained by the low proportion of biodegradable plastics introduced
Pestre, Cyril. "Evaluation du rôle des activités microbiennes dans le devenir de déchets essentiellement minéraux en fonction du scénarion de valorisation ou de stockage". Lyon, INSA, 2007. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2007ISAL0047/these.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe aim of the thesis is to develop a methodology for evaluating potential microbial activities on solid waste, mainly mineral but containing a significant fraction of organic matter, according to possible scenarios of use. In a first time, a literature synthesis is proposed. It speaks about the fundamental aspects about the biodeterioration of mineral waste and realizes a synthesis of existing procedures about bio-physico-chemical evaluation of waste. Then, the study aims to see the relevance and adaptability of existing biodeterioration evaluation tests and overall the monitoring of the behavior of waste in various scenarios of management (reuse or storage). Using these observations, adaptations or new procedures were developed in order to propose a general methodology allowing to evaluate the biodeterioration of waste mainly mineral. [. . . ]The waste of this work show that in most cases, tests with long durations of incubation are to be privileged because the microbial activity sometimes requires very long adaptation phases (for example, a production of methane was observed after 500 days of incubation). Although test duration is important in the development of microbial activity, data statistical analysis showed that it did not play the main part in the variability of the results obtained but that the difference between wastes and mainly the conditions of incubation tested (incubation conditions on solid, in suspension, aerobic or anaerobic conditions, with or without addition of nutritive elements…) were predominant. In mineral wastes, the microbial activity is generally not favored by the very alkaline conditions and the lack of nutritive resources (in particular organic matter). Nevertheless, according to incubation conditions, the DNA molecular analysis of the populations by DGGE shows that populations are very well established and develop according to the matrices physicochemical modifications. This alteration can be directly or indirectly related to the micro-organisms activities and involve an increase in solubility of the metallic pollutants (Pb, Cu, Cr, and Zn). Indeed, the study showed that the physicochemical evolution of the wastes influences their microbiological evolution and conversely. There are strong interactions between physiochemical and microbiological evolutions
Pestre, Cyril Bayard Rémy Gourdon Rémy. "Evaluation du rôle des activités microbiennes dans le devenir de déchets essentiellement minéraux en fonction du scénarion de valorisation ou de stockage". Villeurbanne : Doc'INSA, 2008. http://docinsa.insa-lyon.fr/these/pont.php?id=pestre.
Pełny tekst źródłaTitre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. p. 327-344. Liste de normes et de guides méthodologiques p. 346-347.
Grabowski-Lux, Agnès. "Analyse de la diversité microbienne d'un gisement pétrolier biodégradé". Brest, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BRES2031.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe presence of microorganisms in oil fields has been detected for a long time and sulphate reducers have been extensively studied in these ecosystems. However, our knowledge of the diversity and the activities of the bacteria thriving in these particular subterranean environments is still limited. In this study, we have characterized the microbial population in a low-temperature and low-salinity Canadian oil reservoir using both cultural and molecular techniques. The dominant cultivable population was composed of homoacetogens, acetoclastic methanogens, sulphate reducers and denitrifiers. Molecular analysis of enrichment cultures showed the presence of a wider diversity of microorganisms related to Proteobacteria (beta, delta, epsilon), Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes, Deferribacteres and Euryarchaeota. Some of the predominant cultivable bacteria could be isolated and one fermentative strain affiliated to the Bacteroidetes was characterized. On the basis of chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, a new genus and a new species, Petromonas sulfurophila could be proposed. Direct analysis of the production water confirmed the presence of methanogens related to Methanosarcinales (Methanosaeta, Methanosarcina, Methanolobus) and Methanomicrobiales (Methanocorpusculum, Methanocalculus, Methanoculleus, Methanospirillum). A unique phylotype related to Arcobacter (Proteobacteria epsilon) was obtained in the bacterial library but the ecological significance of the corresponding microorganisms is unknown. Cross evaluation of microbial and geochemical data suggests that methanogenesis is the dominant terminal process in this oil field. Characterization of long chain fatty acid-degrading consortia showed that methane could be produced by syntrophic associations involving several methanogenic bacteria using acetate, hydrogen or formate. Similar associations could perhaps be involved in hydrocarbon degradation in situ
Benioug, Marbe. "Étude numérique de la croissance microbienne en milieu poreux". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0104/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaMathematical modeling of transport in porous media of organic chemical species in the presence of a bacterial population growing in the form of biofilms is an important area of research for environmental and industrial applications such as the treatment and the remediation of groundwater contaminated by organic pollutants. Biofilms, which are composed of bacteria and extracellular organic substances, grow on the pore-walls of the porous medium. Biodegradable organic solutes are converted into biomass or other organic compounds by the bacterial metabolism. This evolution of the microbial biomass phase within the porous medium is a complex process due mainly to growth (or decay) and spatial spreading of the cellular phase. Processes such as biofilm sloughing and attachment (or detachment) of cells from the fluid phase may also contribute to the biofilm volume variation. In this context, the aim of the thesis is to focus on the mechanisms that control the development of biofilms in porous media and its impact on the hydrodynamic properties of the porous matrix. The objective of this work is to model this pore-scale phenomenon of biofilm growth by integrating the various mechanisms which favor the bacterial development (bacterial proliferation, assimilation of nutrients to synthesize new cellular materials, attachment of cells) or, conversely, which are responsible for slowing down (e.g., detachment of cells, toxicity). An IB-LB model is developed for flow calculation and non-boundary conforming finite volume methods (volume of fluid and reconstruction methods) are used for reactive solute transport. A sophisticated cellular automaton model is developed to describe the spatial distribution of bacteria. Several numerical simulations have been performed on complex porous media and a quantitative diagram representing the transitions between the different biofilm growth patterns was proposed. Finally, the bioenhanced dissolution of NAPL in the presence of biofilms was simulated at the pore scale. The impact of biosurfactants and NAPL toxicity on bacterial growth has been investigated
Saghaï, Aurélien. "Caractérisation phylogénétique et fonctionnelle de microbialites et de tapis microbiens". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS502/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaMicrobial mats are phylogenetically and functionally diverse benthic microbial communities, which can be sometimes calcified (i.e. microbialites). Fossil microbial mats constitute the oldest traces of life on Earth and their modern representatives are thus used as analogues of those primordial ecosystems to gain insights into their functioning. I have studied the microbial communities (archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes) of several microbialites (lake Alchichica, Mexico) and microbial mats (in a small pond in the salar de Llamara, Chile). The main objectives of my PhD were to finely characterize their phylogenetic structure and to improve our understanding of the functioning of these complex ecosystems. To do so, I have applied a multi-disciplinary approach combining molecular approaches (metabarcoding, metagenomics) to environmental data (physico-chemical parameters of the water column or mineral composition of the microbialites).The results presented in this thesis allowed refining our model of microbialite formation in Lake Alchichica. We showed that, in addition to cyanobacterial photosynthesis, both eukaryotic and, particularly, anoxygenic photosyntheses were potentially important to promote carbonate precipitation. Llamara mat communities were characterised by the presence of numerous novel archaeal and bacterial lineages, some of which were identified for the first time in this work. Our analyses have also highlighted the diversity of organisms involved in both sulphur and nitrogen cycles in these mats and identified potential biotic interactions between poorly known prokaryotic lineages. Finally, we showed that the composition of the microbial communities associated to these microbialites and microbial mats was strongly influenced by environmental parameters. Overall, these results represent a substantial contribution to our understanding of the ecology of these systems as well as of the factors that influence their phylogenetic and functional structures
Varin, Thibaut. "Métagénomique des tapis microbiens polaires". Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29752/29752.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaOver the last few years, metagenomics and next generation sequencing (NGS) have been revolutionizing the field of microbial ecology leading to a greater understanding of the structure and functions of the microbial communities in the biosphere. The work presented here applies these new technologies to study polar microbial mats, which are poorly-characterized ecosystems. Metagenomic analyses of distinct polar microbial mats provided an opportunity to, firstly obtain a general description of microbial community composition and metabolic activity, and subsequently, to more thoroughly study two specific metabolic processes. We hypothesized that microbial mats are nutrient-replete despite the oligotrophic conditions of the surrounding waters due to strong nutrient recycling within the polar microbial mats. Analyses of metagenomic profiles derived from arctic microbial mats revealed that several groups of genes involved in scavenging mechanisms provide these communities with the capacity to retain and recycle nutrients within the shallow benthic microenvironment. Another aspect of polar microbial mats which was examined during this PhD, addresses the ability of organisms in the mat to thrive despite varied environmental stresses. The presence of different metabolic processes involved in cold adaptation and other stresses was detected from metagenomic analyses of Arctic and Antarctic communities that were consistently proportional to their representation within major bacterial groups. This thesis demonstrates how metagenomics and associated « meta-omics » approaches can be informative to improve global comprehension of microbial ecology, and how the emergence of these disciplines enables us to tackle fundamental questions such as biogeography of microorganisms with a new vision.
Fourçans, Aude. "Dynamique des communautés bactériennes de tapis microbiens soumis aux stress environnementaux". Pau, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PAUU3007.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis relates to the study of the bacterial communities dynamics of microbial mats in order to understand their adaptive mechanisms face to environmental stresses. The bacterial biodiversity was analyzed by T-RFLP, molecular approach of microbial ecology. This work concerned, firstly, the description of two photosynthetic microbial mats of distinct salinity, marine (Orkneys Islands), and hypersaline (Camargue Salterns). The spatio-temporal distribution of communities in Camargue mat during a nycthemeral cycle was then studied. Adaptive behaviors in phototrophic and sulfate-reducing bacteria could be revealed, of which migration. Thirdly, the analysis of the hydrocarbon impact on the Guérande and Camargue mats finally showed a real influence, with the successive development of communities having capacities of adaptation to hydrocarbons
Jacobs, Albert. "Transport bactérien en milieu poreux : expérimentations et modélisation : migration de bactéries issues de boues de STEP". Avignon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AVIG0610.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe study of bacterial transport in porous media is an important stake for the protection of ground water resources against microbial contaminations. Disposal of waste water plants effluents is an important source of pathogenic bacteria in the environment whose displacement in the ground may cause health concerns. The transport of a bacterium in a porous matrix is subjected to a competition between displacement, adhesion and blocking processes. Experiences with a broad range of bacteria with variable cellular surface properties revealed that the transport and adhesion behaviour is not identical for all the strains but depended on their respective hydrophobic and electrophoretic cell characteristics. Bacterial adhesion in porous media prevents their transport but is not an irreversible phenomenon. A model of bacterial transport in porous media able to reproduce correctly the experimental observations required to take into account two types of cell detachments: slow and fast. The cells retained by weak interactions (Lifshitz-van der Waals) can be detached by hydrodynamic forces or electrostatic repulsions whose range and intensity increase when the ionic force of a solution decreases. These results showed also that bacterial transport relied heavily on electrostatic interactions. Transport conditions are enhanced by higher electrostatic repulsions between cells and solid surface. In situ observations of Escherichia coli cells moving through pores highlighted the wedging of the bacterial cells by surface roughness and at zones of contact between porous media grains. In homogeneous mediums such as sand bacterial transport is mainly controlled by electrostatic interactions. However in heterogeneous mediums such as a soil hydrodynamics and porosity are more important. In particular for unsaturated soils where filtration of cells by small pores considerably reduces bacterial transport. The study of the fate in sand and soil media of bacterial communities from waste water plant sludge showed that faecal coliforms were among the species able to be transported. The results of this study made it possible to define safety rules related to waste water plants effluents spreading practices
Ragon, Marie. "Diversité et processus de colonisation microbienne sur des substrats minéraux". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00636619.
Pełny tekst źródłaFontaine, Laurent. "Altération microbienne de l'apatite et de l'orthoclase chez les Pinaceae". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26697.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn boreal forests, mycorrhizospheric microorganisms can play an important role in plant nutrition, ecosystem development and biogeochemical cycles through mineral weathering. In this study, a few ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal species commonly found in association with Pinaceae were tested in vitro for their ability to weather fluorapatite, a calcium phosphate, and orthoclase, a potassium feldspar. These minerals were dissolved by the selected ECM strains and some of them produced significantly greater biomasses when supplied with the above-mentioned minerals as opposed to controls lacking phosphorus or potassium. The presence of phosphate solubilising bacteria (PSB) has been confirmed in the mycorrhizosphere of Picea glauca. Four hundred fifty-five strains solubilising tricalcium phosphate were isolated from the ECM Ascomycete Wilcoxina sp., which dominated the ECM community of a P. glauca stand. Among these isolates, twenty-seven dissolved fluorapatite. Ultrastructural studies revealed the ability of the PSB to completely dissolve fluorapatite crystals within a day. The same bacteria associated with the ECM fungus Laccaria bicolor in oligotrophic conditions. The PSB colonies displayed significantly greater diameters when the Basidiomycete L. bicolor was forced to sustain their growth in order to obtain phosphorus from an insoluble source. These results support the model of tripartite association among trees, ECM fungi and bacteria which seeks to explain the mobilization of nutrients from mineral soil in boreal forests.
Espinasse, Vincent. "Compréhension des mécanismes de l’inactivation microbienne sous hautes pressions gazeuses". Dijon, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008DIJOS018.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe effects of high gas pressure on the survival of microorganisms were here investigated at different hydration levels. A preliminary step was dedicated to the development of compact high-pressure cylinders to perform high-pressure treatments in gaseous media over long periods, up to several months. In a first section, the influence of both liquid and nitrogen pressures on microbial viability were compared. At high hydration levels, the presence of nitrogen had no specific effect on viability and the observed inactivation was induced by cell compression. At low hydration levels, liquid pressure did not affect microbial viability. On the contrary, pressurised nitrogen induced cell inactivation due to gas sorption and desorption phenomena. We then focused on this specific effect and identified some of the mechanisms leading to cell death by employing different methods (scanning electron microscopy, fluorescence techniques…. ). Finally, an explanation is developed and discussed
André, Stéphane. "Caractérisation et écologie microbienne de lignes de production de conserves". Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS047/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaMicrobial contaminants of safety concern represent most of time, in canned food, an industrial risk which is well mastered. However, the spoilage flora, due to its high heat resistance, is responsible for major economic losses. Nevertheless, these bacteria remained poorly characterized. Based on the works realized during last 10 years within the EMaiRIT'S unit of microbiology of the CTCPA (expertise unit of the French Technical Center of the Preservation of Food, focused on Management of Industrial Risk liked to Heat Resistant Spores), the main objective of this thesis were: i) to identify and to characterize, with the aim of its later control, the spoilage spore forming bacteria florae ii) to identify the origin of these florae in canning factories and finally iii) to determine ways of control.For that purpose, a current inventory of spore forming bacteria in spoiled canned food was made with the cooperation of 122 canning factories over more than 10 years in France. This characterization of the spoilage species allowed the elaboration of a molecular biology tool (SporeTraQTM) for quick identification of these germs or their detection within a complex population. In parallel, the improvement of the knowledge about the heat resistance of these species, main characteristic of the spores, was led. In addition, the chemical resistance of spores was investigated. When identified, we tried to localize these spores on canning factories lines, with several sampling plans, on various vegetables. At the end, the specific spore forming bacteria related to the industrial canning process was identified, characterized and localized, allowing to improve the microbial risk control either by a more efficient cleaning, and through optimized process schedules. Furthermore, this work was driven within a benefic / risk approach representing the future of the food-processing evolution with improvement of the nutritional quality and the preservation of the sanitary control.This thesis leans on 5 publications of rank A
Gaüzere, Carole. "Caractérisation de la diversité microbienne de l’air des espaces clos". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20009/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe constant occupation of indoor environments (average 90% of the time), constantly confront the occupants to a wide variety of microorganisms from the air of these spaces. Due to technological difficulties related to the collection and the analysis of airborne microorganisms, this field of study remains scanty, despite the potential health impact. The lack is particularly pronounced in terms of understanding of the risks of contamination of people by bioaerosols and overall health management of air quality of confined spaces.This study aims to characterize dynamics of the microbial diversity of different indoor environments. The entire study involved representative environments (hospital, office and museum).The originality of this thesis is the combination of a representative sampling strategy on environments studied and of analytical tools relevant to study the microflora of the indoor air regardless of the culturability of microorganisms.. For the first time, a high throughput sequencing (454 pyrosequencing) was applied to samples of indoor air in order to assess microbial diversity and pathogenic species..Several microorganisms implicated in health problems were found (Borrelia spp., Burkholderia spp. ,Legionella spp., Neisseria spp. and Mycobacterium spp.).The results give a different and more varied qualitative picture than that usually observed by cultural methods. The results show a stability of both spatial and temporal microflora of indoor air. This stability is both qualitative (microbial community structure) and quantitative (abundance of microorganisms). Man can be considered as the main factor driving the indoor air microflora due to the strong presence of sequences of human origin.'Cores species' signing the antropogenic indoor air were identified
Gaboyer, Frédéric. "Potentiels physiologiques et métaboliques de communautés microbiennes de sédiments de subsurface : approches culturale, génomique et métagénomique". Thesis, Brest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BRES0082/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaMicrobial communities inhabiting marine subsurface sediments were described up to 1922 mbsf (meters below the sea floor) andcould represent 0.6% of the total biomass. This microbial diversity, remaining elusive to cultivation, comprises groups specific to subsurface environments and groups of generalists found in contrasted habitats, all belonging to the 3 domains of life (Bacteria,Eukarya and Archaea). Although playing a major role in global geochemical cycles, the microbial ecology of the subseafloor remains largely unknown. The hostile conditions of subsurface sediments contrast with the descriptions of microbial activity andviability in the subseafloor. In this context, many questions related to the microbial physiology and the lifestyles of buried communities remain to be answered. The objective of this thesis was to better understand which adaptive strategies could be deployed by subseafloor microbial communities and to characterize their physiological potential. In that aim, 3 approaches were used.(1) A cultural approach enabled describing 2 novel sedimentary bacterial species (Halomonas lionensis, a versatile generalist and Phaeobacter leonis a typical marine bacterium). The survival of these 2 species to subseafloor conditions and of the subsurface bacteria Sunxiuqinia faeciviva, isolated at 247 mbsf, was then studied. (2) Using a structural and comparative genomic approach, the physiological plasticity of H. lionensis was investigated. (3) Finally, the functional potential of the microbial communities buried at 31 and 136 mbsf in the Canterbury Basin was analyzed, by studying the 2 corresponding metagenomes. Cultural and genomics results showed that H. lionensis and S. faeciviva are more resistant to subsurface constrains than P. leonis and, in the case of H. lionensis, this may involve various physiological properties, maybe explaining thee cological success of the genus Halomonas. Metagenomic data showed that the functional and the phylogenetic diversity of the subseafloor are distinct from the ones from surface environments and highlighted the importance of metabolic pathways like fermentation, methanogenesis and β-oxidation. Genes of ecological and evolutionary interests enabled speculating about lifestyles of buried microorganisms and analyses of genomic fragments highlighted recombination events of still uncultivated microbial groups
Plouchart, Diane. "Experimental coalescence of microbial communities in anaerobic digesters". Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NSAM0009/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaAnaerobic digestion is a biological process carried out by a complex and synergistic network of microbial communities allowing the degradation of organic matter such as agricultural waste or effluents from wastewater treatment plants, into biogas, a gas recoverable into energy. The mechanisms influencing microbial communities at the heart of this process but also in nature remain misunderstood because of a low understanding of their dynamics. The objectives of this project are therefore to develop an anaerobic digestion system to better understand the dynamics of microbial community assembly. Thus, a new continuous reactor process has been developed with automated feeding, biomass wasting and degassing functions. Automation and multiplexing of reactors allows for the continuous parallel manipulation of 30 reactors in parallel. In addition to the automation, many parameters are versatile, such as the substrate loading (once a minute up to batch conditions), the reactor volume (50 to 200 mL), the temperature (room to 55°C), but also the use of the aerobic system or the implementation of other tools such as LEDs for phototrophic cultures. Capable of accurately quantifying the performance of a methanogenic ecosystem, this system has enabled us to test the structure and the performance of five different methanogenic ecosystems that have been mixed and tested individually. By mixing different methanogenic ecosystems the Archaea diversity has increased transiently. Besides, a correlation is observed between the diversity of mixed communities and their methanogenic performance; yet the individual communities have a better functioning at the same level of diversity. Interestingly, the mixture of some communities has allowed for better methane production than individual communities, suggesting the development of specific interactions in these communities. In a novel way compared to the literature and that the majority of individual bacterial communities are found in mixed communities. Contrary to the idea of selecting a more adapted or functional community, here the majority of communities have settled. These experiments suggest that a parameter such as the functionality of a bioprocess can be improved by bioaugmentation
Barbagallo, André Luiz. "Étude de la diversité microbienne sous gingivale chez des patients diabétiques". Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29151/29151.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaTaïb, Najwa. "Analyse de la diversité microbienne par séquençage massif : méthodes et applications". Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00926896.
Pełny tekst źródłaAlmeida, Cournet Amandine de. "Etude de la catalyse microbienne de la réduction électrochimique du dioxygène". Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/958/.
Pełny tekst źródłaElectroactive bacteria are able to directly exchange electrons with electrodes and thus produce current. This property was discovered in the early 2000s and is very interesting for microbial fuel cells applications. Many studies have been devoted to the analysis of electronic transfer from bacteria to electrodes (anodic reaction) but very few to the reverse phenomenon (cathodic reaction). The objectives of the present work were first to search for the capacity of catalyzing a cathodic reaction (oxygen reduction) among a wide range of bacteria including Gram - and Gram + and second to analyse the mechanisms involved in such a transfer of electrons using Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Our results show that this property is widespread among bacteria and suggest that membrane-bound enzymes with porphyrin active sites may be involved. Finally, this phenomenon could be used to design an interesting tool in the field of bacterial adhesion detection
Dupont, Samuel. "Etude de la diversité microbienne associée à l'éponge carnivore Asbestopluma hypogea". Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066581.
Pełny tekst źródłaAmong 8,500 species described belonging the Porifera phylum, sole 119 carnivorous sponges were described to date and were classified into the three families Cladorhizidae, Esperiopsidae and Guitarridae, most of them living in the deep-sea. The discovery in 1996 of the species Asbestopluma hypogea (Cladorhizidae) (Vacelet and Boury-Esnault, 1996) in the Mediterranean cave at 17 meters depth off the coast of La Ciotat (France) gave the great opportunity to study this rare species, which can be easily maintained its life cycle in an aquarium. Microscopic observations carried out by transmission electron microscopy highlighted the presence of numerous extracellular microorganisms within the mesohyl of A. Hypogea and enclosed in bacteriocyst cells. These first results stimulated a multidisciplinary study using microscopic, culture, molecular biology, metagenomic and chemical approaches. We were able to describe for the first time the microbial community associated with the carnivorous sponge A. Hypogea. In order to access to the total microbial diversity of A. Hypogea we have used the 454 pyrosequencing of two 16S rDNA gene regions. The comparison of several A. Hypogea specimens collected or maintained in aquaria revealed the stability of associated microbiome. More than 22,961 high quality sequences were obtained and allowed the identification of 20 bacterial phyla (50%) and two archaeal phyla (50%) within sponge tissues. Comparative analysis of sequences obtained from sponges and environmental confirmed the specificity and the stability of associated microbiome of the sponge A. Hypogea. Analysis of the results also highlight the potential involvement of these microorganisms in biological processes of the sponge. Aiming to obtained complementary data to those obtained by metagenomic, we conducted the study of microbiome by a culture-dependent approach in order to access the cultivable microflora. Overall, 67 isolates were obtained in pure culture using different culture media and identified by the phylogenetic analysis of their 16S rRNA gene into the phyla of Proteobacteria (62%), Firmicutes (27%), Bacteroidetes (7%) and Actinobacteria (4%). No archaeal strain could be cultivated although their presence was visualized by CARD-FISH. Evaluation of antimicrobial, antioxidant and chitinolytic activities of isolates led to the selection of the Streptomyces sp. S1CA revealing the three types of these bioactivities in order to identify molecules responsible. A bioguided chemical approach of this strain was carried out and led to the isolation of three compounds, uridine, uracil and the p-tolyl 3-aminopropanoate. This later exhibited an antioxidant activity. These bioactive molecules could have a potential ecological role within the sponge which remains to be studied
Costa, Damien. "Analyse de l'écologie microbienne des conduites d'eau d'unités de soins dentaires". Thesis, Poitiers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015POIT2303.
Pełny tekst źródłaDuring dental cares, handpieces’ use produces aerosols. Due to aerosol inhalation or splashed water, both patients and caregivers may be exposed to an infectious risk according to the microbiological quality of dental unit waterlines (DUWL). Firstly, the microbial composition of DUWL was studied. Seven dental units (DU) were investigated. For each DU, three water conditions were analyzed: the supplying water of dental units and output waters of dental units after inactivity or activity periods. In another part, a DU model was developed in order to evaluate the efficiency of chemical treatments recommended by manufacturers against a polymicrobial biofilm. Results showed that the microbial population changed according to DU and water’s route in DUWL. The microbial contamination appeared more important in output than in incoming water of DU. Candida, Halomonas, Propionibacterium, Mycobacterium, Stenotrophomonas, Pseudomonas and Legionella were among the most represented genera. Chemical agents recommended by DU manufacturers showed various efficacies. Calbenium® seemed to be the most effective. To conclude, due to the presence of potential pathogenic genera, sometimes in high proportion, an efficient control of the microbiological quality of DUWL seems essential to limit the occurrence of healthcare associated infections
Kamili, Najia. "Suivi informatique de la contamination microbienne d'un service de réanimation chirugicale". Strasbourg 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988STR15020.
Pełny tekst źródłaStigliano, Luca. "Signatures microscopiques comparées de l’altération microbienne et abiotique de la calcite". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024GRALU004.
Pełny tekst źródłaStudying the topography of altered rock surfaces represents a cornerstone for reconstructing past environmental conditions and for the identification of traces of life in the geological record, on Earth and beyond. Indeed, the surface microtopography of altered minerals has proven effective in retaining signatures of fluid-mineral interactions. For example, etch pits are among the commonly accepted signatures of interactions between a highly undersaturated aqueous fluid and a mineral surface. However, additional imprints of water-mineral interactions remain to be defined. On a similar note, weathering imprints supposedly left by microorganisms have been proposed as potential biosignatures. These include etching features and microchannels resembling microbes in ‘size, shape and distribution’. Neverthless, it has been shown that qualitatively similar surface features can also be reproduced through purely abiotic processes. Therefore, it becomes crucial to develop less ambiguous criteria to differentiate between abiotic and biotic weathering features. In this PhD thesis, these questions were addressed through a combination of experimental and modeling approaches. Calcite dissolution experiments were carried out at various saturation states, both under abiotic conditions and with a cyanobacteria biofilm covering the calcite surface. Time-resolved statistical analyses of the resulting surface topography acquired using vertical scanning interferometry were then conducted. The results suggested that the steady-state surface roughness resulting from dissolution can be used as a proxy to back-estimate the saturation state of the fluid. In this context, stochastic modeling of crystal dissolution helped defining the relaxation time that is required for the surface microtopography to switch from a given steady-state configuration to another, as a result of a change in the solution composition. This suggested that the microtopography of naturally weathered minerals may be representative of the fluid composition most recently visited. Furthermore, the experimental results showed that statistical characterizations of the surface microtopography of altered minerals can be used to quantitatively -thus less ambiguously- detect bio-weathering imprints. Specifically, at far-from-equilibrium conditions, biofilm-mediated dissolution led to the formation of high-elevation regions across the calcite surface, which could be quantitatively detected by semi-variogram analyses. Atomic-scale stochastic simulations of the dissolution process suggested that these bio-weathering features resulted from a local increase in fluid saturation state at the biofilm-mineral contact, leading to a localized reduction in dissolution rate. Altogether, this work provides novel, mechanistically-supported quantitative criteria that may help reconstruct past weathering conditions and identify mineral bio-weathering signatures in natural settings in a non-destructive and less ambiguous way
Ramirez, Rivas Iván Dario. "Modélisation de la diversité microbienne dans les procédés de digestion anaérobie". Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20236.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis new century addresses several environmental challenges among which distribution of drinking water, global warming and availability of new in substitution of fossil fuels are of the most importance. Among other renewable sources, biogas production from wastes is particularly interesting. Moreover, a techno-economical comparison demonstrated the benefits of a two-step process (H2+CH4) compared to the classical one-step methane production. Economic evaluation of biogas plants has revealed that many plants can only survive economically if special incentives are applied. Nowadays, it is thus necessary to find ways to optimize the biogas production in order to make biogas plants economically viable with decreased or no subsidies. Optimization of the biogas process by advanced monitoring and control can undoubtedly lead to better economy. Such strategies require, in general, the development of appropriate mathematical models, which adequately represent the main biological processes that take place. Moreover, experimental evidence is available suggesting that the structure and properties of a microbial community may be influenced by process operation and on their turn also determine the reactor functioning. In order to adequately describe these phenomena, more detailed microbial diversity should be taken up in mathematical models. This was demonstrated in this work by extending the ADM1 model to describe microbial diversity between organisms of the same functional group. The developed model was further shown useful in assessing the relationship between reactor performance and microbial community structure in different conditions: difference in reactor configurations, influents and load regimes, both in normal and abnormal situations. As engineered systems are often more manageable than large-scale ecosystems, and because parallels between engineered environments and other ecosystems exist, we showed in this work that the former was used to elucidate some unresolved microbial ecological issues
Philip, Léna. "Écologie microbienne associée à la biodégradabilité des plastiques en milieu marin". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS505.
Pełny tekst źródłaLimiting plastic pollution has become a priority to limit already existing impacts on natural ecosystems. Manufacturing of so-called biodegradable plastics is part of the solutions willing to limit this pollution. However, standard methods (ISO, AFNOR, ASTM…) validating plastics biodegradability in aquatic environments have been highly criticized in the scientific literature, especially for their lack of relevance towards the natural environment. This thesis aims at strengthening the knowledge on plastic biodegradability in aquatic environments and proposing new insights for improving the current standard methods, while focusing on bacterial communities associated to these plastic debris in natural environment, referred to as the “plastisphere”. The first part of this work focuses on the microbial communities associated to floating plastic debris on the river-sea continuum, thanks to an 8-month campaign on 9 European rivers (the Tara Microplastic mission, supported by the Tara Oceans foundation). Indeed, it is estimated that 80% of plastic debris found at sea are land-based, arriving at sea through the rivers. The taxonomic study of plastic-associated communities showed a clear distinction between plastisphere from sea and riverine samples (included pathogens). The second part of this work focuses on protocols for the evaluation of plastic biodegradability at sea. A miniaturized experimental design allowed to generate numerous experimental conditions and replicates to test the influence of test medium (natural or synthetic sea water), but also the bacterial inoculum diversity (sea water or natural bacterial biofilm) and its concentration (104, 105 and 106 cells per mL) on different polymer types (polyethylene-PE, polyhydroxyalkanoates-PHA and cellulose). Bacterial activities (respirometry, heterotrophic bacterial production), biodegradation products (oligomers) and nutrients concentration were monitored during 90 days of incubation. These experiments highlighted the relevance of using a preselected inoculum (1-month mature biofilm grown on the tested polymer) and to follow the possible nutrients limitations (nitrogen and phosphorus) for biodegradability testing in conditions close to the natural conditions. The third part of this work is an application of the testing method for the study of the marine biodegradability of 7 formulas of PHA exhibiting various chemical compositions and physical properties. Our tests indicate that PHA biodegradability is tightly related to the presence of hydroxybutyric acid monomers, which is the most widespread PHA monomer and also the most targeted by microbial enzymes responsible of their biodegradation. This PhD work contributes to a better understanding of microbial ecology related to plastic biodegradability at sea and paves the way for improving the standard methods for testing of marine plastic biodegradability
Faress, Shaker Al. "Mécanismes moléculaires de réassortiment génétique des virus influenza A humains : exemple des virus A H1N2". Lyon 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LYO10125.
Pełny tekst źródłaWe have previously shown a clear differential genetic evolution of the hemagglutinin (HA) of human AH1N1 and AH1N2 viruses, isolated in southern France between 2001 and 2004. However, our analysis revealed that one single AH1N2 isolate, detected in 2003 (A/Lyon/0838/2003), had its HA clustering within the HAs of the AH1N1 subtypes. To determine if this virus was a new reassortant, the nucleotide sequences of its eight RNA gene segments were compared with those of five representative strains of the AH1N1, AH1N2 and AH3N2 viruses, isolated during the same time-period. According to the sequences obtained, the neuraminidase (NA) gene segment of the A/Lyon/0838/2003 (H1N2) virus was genetically closely related to those of the AH1N2 viruses, whereas the six internal genes appeared to be clustering with those of the AH1N1 viruses. This suggested that the A/Lyon/0838/2003 (H1N2) virus was the result of a second reassortment event that had occurred during the winter of 2002–2003; the N2 gene segment of an AH1N2 virus being introduced into an AH1N1 genetic background. Subsequently, we analysed the extremities of each gene segment of the viruses from the different subtypes, and experimentally reproduced, in vitro, AH1N2 reassortant viruses through co-infection of Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells with both AH1N1 and AH1N2 viruses, isolated in the 2002–2003 influenza season. While the comparison of the AH1N1 and the AH1N2 gene segment extremities revealed no major differences, we successfully reproduced an AH1N2 reassortant virus similar to the A/Lyon/0838/2003 (H1N2) virus. This result provided an experimental evidence of the compatibility between their respective surface H1 and N2 glycoproteins, and suggests that similar events may occur silently amongst human subtypes
Henry, Sonia. "Impact des exsudats racinaires sur l’activité, la densité et la diversité des communautés nitrate réductrice et dénitrifiante". Dijon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007DIJOS078.
Pełny tekst źródłaDenitrification is a microbial respiratory process during which nitrate and nitrite are reduced into gaz, NO, N2O or N2. This process is very important for the balance of the nitrogen biogeochemical cycle because it allows allowing the return of the fixed nitrogen from biological fixation and fertilizers to the atmosphere. This process is also responsible of N2O emissions, which have a significant role in the increase of greenhouse gases and in evolution of stratospheric ozone. Nitrate reducers and denitrifying are mainly heterotrophic micro-organisms heterotrophic that need organic carbon for their development. Organic carbon in soil comes mainly from the plant whose influence on nitrate reductase and denitrifying activities are known for a long time. In order to better understand the impact of the plant on nitrates reducing and denitrifying communities, the objective of this thesis was to study the effect of carbon exuded by the roots on activity, diversity and density of nitrate reducing and denitrifying communities. This work was completed through measurements of activities and by molecular approaches allowing studying density and diversity of these communities. Carbon had a significant impact on activity but a minor impact on diversity and density but stimulates the enzymatic activities might be not sufficient to structure or to increase the size of nitrates reducing and denitrifying communities
Penny, Christian. "Réponses microbiennes au tetrachlorométhane (CCI4)". Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA6100.
Pełny tekst źródłaSire, Wilfried. "Machine d’Évolution microbienne : une technologie millifluidique pour diriger l’évolution de communautés de microorganismes". Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPSLS029.
Pełny tekst źródłaMicroorganisms are at the heart of Earth’s ecology. Omnipresent, they have been playing a fundamental role in the evolution of life on Earth. Assembled in the form of communities, they present beneficial interactions that are essential for biogeochemical cycles, bioremediation, plants growth and protection, our health and even our survival. However, the synergies that these communities present are not extensively studied, and remain untapped, largely owing to lack of an appropriate technology. This thesis proposes a new technology, called “Microbial Evolution Machine” (MEM), using the driving force of evolution, natural selection, to study microbial ecology and take benefit from it. This thesis work allowed its design, development and demonstration of its application potential. The chosen approach, based on digital millifluidics, consists of using millimeter-sized droplets to compartmentalize and parallelize the culture, manipulation, and analysis of hundreds of communities, and to direct their evolution in an automated way. Its functioning and concept have been validated by a first concrete biological application, which demonstrates an acquisition of antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations of Escherichia coli
Delgoulet, Sébastien. "Facteurs de contrôle de l'activité et de la diversité du bactérioplancton dans des réservoirs de différents niveaux trophiques". Phd thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CLF21733.
Pełny tekst źródłaGravel, Valérie. "Lutte contre Pythium ultimum chez la tomate de serre : une approche microbienne". Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24523/24523.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaFassih, Aicha. "Effet de l'addition de serum de luzerne sur l'activité microbienne du rumen". Rennes 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990REN1A003.
Pełny tekst źródłaPercoco, Giuseppe. "Biomolécules et immunité cutanée en lien avec l'écologie microbienne de la peau". Rouen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ROUES007.
Pełny tekst źródłaRamirez, Lopez Alberto. "Mise en évidence d'une attaque microbienne de dérivés de lignine en anaérobiose". Lille 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LIL10083.
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