Artykuły w czasopismach: „Microorganisms disease”

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Martin, Clémence, Pierre-Régis Burgel, Patricia Lepage, Claire Andréjak, Jacques de Blic, Arnaud Bourdin, Jacques Brouard i in. "Host–microbe interactions in distal airways: relevance to chronic airway diseases". European Respiratory Review 24, nr 135 (28.02.2015): 78–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09059180.00011614.

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This article is the summary of a workshop, which took place in November 2013, on the roles of microorganisms in chronic respiratory diseases. Until recently, it was assumed that lower airways were sterile in healthy individuals. However, it has long been acknowledged that microorganisms could be identified in distal airway secretions from patients with various respiratory diseases, including cystic fibrosis (CF) and non-CF bronchiectasis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma and other chronic airway diseases (e.g.post-transplantation bronchiolitis obliterans). These microorganisms were sometimes considered as infectious agents that triggered host immune responses and contributed to disease onset and/or progression; alternatively, microorganisms were often considered as colonisers, which were considered unlikely to play roles in disease pathophysiology. These concepts were developed at a time when the identification of microorganisms relied on culture-based methods. Importantly, the majority of microorganisms cannot be cultured using conventional methods, and the use of novel culture-independent methods that rely on the identification of microorganism genomes has revealed that healthy distal airways display a complex flora called the airway microbiota. The present article reviews some aspects of current literature on host–microbe (mostly bacteria and viruses) interactions in healthy and diseased airways, with a special focus on distal airways.

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Keren, David F., i William O. Dobbins. "Microorganisms and Whipple's disease". Gastroenterology 91, nr 6 (grudzień 1986): 1580–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(86)90235-0.

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Gorbach, Sherwood L. "MICROORGANISMS AND INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE". Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice 4, nr 5 (wrzesień 1995): 365–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00019048-199509000-00011.

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Seo, Dong-Oh, i David M. Holtzman. "Gut Microbiota: From the Forgotten Organ to a Potential Key Player in the Pathology of Alzheimer’s Disease". Journals of Gerontology: Series A 75, nr 7 (18.11.2019): 1232–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glz262.

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Abstract More than 300 years ago, Antony van Leewenhoeck first described observing single-celled microorganisms, which he termed “animalcules,” examining his saliva under a microscope. Although the idea of the coexistence of microorganisms in our body is not new, we have only recently been able to investigate their ecological relationship to our body, with the development of high-throughput molecular techniques. The diverse microorganism communities residing in our guts are established and maintained by complex interactions among microorganisms and their host. Notably, their alteration has been implicated in influencing various diseases including neurological diseases. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia characterized by a progressive decline in memory and thinking severe enough to interfere with daily life. Despite the great progress in linking genetic risk factors with AD pathogenesis, treatments targeted at AD pathology and its modifiers have not yet resulted in a disease-modifying therapy. There is mounting evidence that the gut microbiota interacts with AD pathogenesis by disrupting neuroinflammation and metabolic homeostasis—the gut microbiota has gone from being the forgotten organ to a potential key player in the AD pathology.

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Goldfarb, David S. "Microorganisms and Calcium Oxalate Stone Disease". Nephron Physiology 98, nr 2 (2004): p48—p54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000080264.

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Latifi, Alireza. "Reviewing the Effects of Miltefosine and Suggesting It for the Treatment of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)". Infectious Diseases: Research and Treatment 13 (styczeń 2020): 117863372097748. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178633720977488.

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Objective: Miltefosine is an anti-cancer drug used to treat leishmaniasis and deadly opportunistic free-living amoeba and other deadly pathogenic microorganisms. Several studies have demonstrated its antiviral effect. In this study, we discuss the effectiveness of this drug on pathogenic microorganisms, and according to the functional system of the medicine, we present this drug as a therapeutic proposal to treat Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Methods: A literature search was conducted in electronic databases, including Pubmed, Science Direct, Elsevier, and Google Scholar, and articles published from 2006 to 2020 (the last decade) were selected. The search keywords included Miltefosine, microorganism, pathogen, and treatment. Results: The studies indicated that Miltefosine had therapeutic effects on leishmaniasis and deadly opportunistic free-living amoeba and other deadly pathogenic microorganisms. Several studies have proven its antiviral effect. Conclusion: Owing to the beneficial effects of this drug on pathogenic and deadly microorganisms and antiviral effects, and due to the epidemic of Coronavirus and the lack of effective treatment and vaccine, this drug is recommended as one of the treatment options for this disease.

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Wang, Di, Yan Cui, Yuxuan Cao, Yuehan He i Hui Chen. "Human Microbe-Disease Association Prediction by a Novel Double-Ended Random Walk with Restart". BioMed Research International 2020 (11.08.2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3978702.

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Microorganisms in the human body play a vital role in metabolism, immune defense, nutrient absorption, cancer control, and prevention of pathogen colonization. More and more biological and clinical studies have shown that the imbalance of microbial communities is closely related to the occurrence and development of various complex human diseases. Finding potential microbial-disease associations is critical for understanding the pathology of a few diseases and thus further improving disease diagnosis and prognosis. In this study, we proposed a novel computational model to predict disease-associated microbes. Specifically, we first constructed a heterogeneous interconnection network based on known microbe-disease associations deposited in a few databases, the similarity between diseases, and the similarity between microorganisms. We then predicted novel microbe-disease associations by a new method called the double-ended restart random walk model (DRWHMDA) implemented on the interconnection network. In addition, we performed case studies of colon cancer and asthma for further evaluation. The results indicate that 10 and 9 of the top 10 microorganisms predicted to be associated with colorectal cancer and asthma were validated by relevant literatures, respectively. Our method is expected to be effective in identifying disease-related microorganisms and will help to reveal the relationship between microorganisms and complex human diseases.

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Soenartiningsih, Soenartiningsih, Nurasiah Djaenuddin i M. Sujak Saenong. "Efektivitas Trichoderma sp. dan Gliocladium sp. sebagai Agen Biokontrol Hayati Penyakit Busuk Pelepah Daun pada Jagung". Jurnal Penelitian Pertanian Tanaman Pangan 33, nr 2 (28.08.2014): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jpptp.v33n2.2014.p129-135.

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Sheath blight is an important disease in corn. The disease could cause significant yield loss when infection occurs on susceptible varieties. Disease control using the microorganism antagonist is an alternative for disease management. Research was carried out in a laboratory, greenhouse and field from 2010 to 2012. The research objective was to compare several biological agents for controlling sheath blight disease on corn. In vitro laboratory tests identified that out of sixteen isolates of microorganisms, only 3 isolates which had the potency to suppress the pathogen of sheath blight over 50%, namely TT1; TM; and GM. Conidia development among the three isolates of microorganism the highest was by TT1. In the greenhouse, three isolates of microorganisms showed potential of decreasing sheath blight disease up to 70%. The Gliocladium isolates decreases the disease by 53%. Research results from the field indicated the antagonist had decreased sheath blight disease by 67%. Isolates of Trichoderma and Gliocladium fungus could reduce the yield loss by 23% by suppressing the infection of sheath blight disease.

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Gorobets, S. V. "Potential producers of biogenic magnetic nanoparticles among disease-producing microorganisms of the brain". Functional materials 24, nr 3 (29.09.2017): 005–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fm24.03.400.

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Steindel, Steven J., i Marianne K. Simon. "Characterization of Microorganism Identification in the United States in 1996". Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 125, nr 7 (1.07.2001): 913–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2001-125-0913-comiit.

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Abstract Context.—The National Inventory of Clinical Laboratory Testing Services (NICLTS) was designed to give an unbiased estimate of all patient testing performed by laboratories registered under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments in 1996. Objective.—Survey data were used to develop a profile of laboratory testing primarily intended to identify microorganisms or antibodies to these microorganisms. Design.—Estimates of the extent of microorganism identification were derived from the NICLTS database by identifying associated tests and methods. The volumes for tests performed at locations that primarily prepared blood components for distribution were excluded. Organisms of public health importance were identified from the National Notifiable Disease list maintained by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Participants.—Laboratories that were enrolled in the 1996 Online Certification Survey and Reporting System, maintained by the US Health Care Finance Administration, and that performed laboratory testing in 1996. Outcome Measure.—Estimated volumes and associated confidence limits by test, method, specimen type, public health importance, and testing location. Results.—Excluding testing of the blood supply, 315 million tests (95% confidence limits, 280–354 million tests) were performed in the United States for microorganism identification. Those tests for which public health consensus requires national reporting represented 38% of this total. Although hospitals performed 46% of all microorganism identification, they only performed 33% of the testing for microorganisms of public health importance. Independent and specialty laboratories performed 38% of all testing but 65% of the testing for microorganisms of public health importance. Direct methods (methods not involving culture) were used in 77% of the tests for microorganisms of public health importance and in 42% of all identification tests. Conclusions.—The distribution of microorganism identification testing found using NICLTS data is consistent with plans to modernize the public health surveillance system in the United States.

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Purwati, Purwati, i Tutik Nugrahini. "Identifikasi Mikroorganisme Rizosfer Tanaman Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) di Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara, Kalimantan Timur". Agrifarm : Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian 6, nr 2 (27.02.2018): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24903/ajip.v6i2.283.

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One of the obstacles in increasing and stabilizing crop production is the onslaught of soil pathogens that causes damage to plants and decreases the quantity and quality of production. This study aims to identify and determine the population of rhizosphere microorganisms in rambutan plants. The research was conducted at Plant Pest and Disease Laboratory of Agricultural Faculty of Mulawarman University of Samarinda from July to August 2016. This research uses exploration method with observation technique which is done by growing microorganism in media so that for 5 days then calculate growth rate of each microorganism. The data obtained were analyzed using quantitative descriptive analysis. Based on the result of the research, it can be concluded that the results of isolation of micorganism from rhizosphere rambutan plant obtained 3 isolates include: 1 isolate bacteria from Azotobacteraceae Family and 2 isolates of fungi from genus Aspergilus and Phytium genus. Of the 3 types of isolates, 2 types of microorganisms are included into microorganisms that are beneficial to soil ecosystems that include the Azotobacteraceae Family that play a role in the fixation (fixation) N2 (biofertilizer) and Aspergillus Genus that act as a potential pathogen growth inhibitor (bio control) diseases in plants while the Phytium Genus is a pathogenic fungus (the cause of disease) that can affect the low production of plants.

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Ezzo, Paul J., i Christopher W. Cutler. "Microorganisms as risk indicators for periodontal disease". Periodontology 2000 32, nr 1 (20.05.2003): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0906-6713.2003.03203.x.

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Vanfleteren, Lowie EGW, i Catharina FM Linssen. "Role of microorganisms in interstitial lung disease". Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 16, nr 5 (wrzesień 2010): 489–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mcp.0b013e32833b1c54.

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Onk, Oruc, Reşit Coşkun i Halis Süleyman. "Coronary Artery Disease, Hyperlipidemia, Microorganisms and Statins". British Journal of Medicine and Medical Research 14, nr 2 (10.01.2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bjmmr/2016/23850.

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Li, Ya-Zhou, Hui-Qin Jiang i Yang-Hua Qin. "Gut fungal microorganisms and inflammatory bowel disease". World Chinese Journal of Digestology 25, nr 17 (2017): 1528. http://dx.doi.org/10.11569/wcjd.v25.i17.1528.

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Tanner, A. C. R., i J. M. Goodson. "Sampling of microorganisms associated with periodontal disease". Oral Microbiology and Immunology 1, nr 1 (luty 1986): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-302x.1986.tb00310.x.

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Skowron, Krzysztof, Justyna Bauza-Kaszewska, Zuzanna Kraszewska, Natalia Wiktorczyk-Kapischke, Katarzyna Grudlewska-Buda, Joanna Kwiecińska-Piróg, Ewa Wałecka-Zacharska, Laura Radtke i Eugenia Gospodarek-Komkowska. "Human Skin Microbiome: Impact of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors on Skin Microbiota". Microorganisms 9, nr 3 (5.03.2021): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9030543.

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The skin is the largest organ of the human body and it protects the body from the external environment. It has become the topic of interest of researchers from various scientific fields. Microorganisms ensure the proper functioning of the skin. Of great importance, are the mutual relations between such microorganisms and their responses to environmental impacts, as dysbiosis may contribute to serious skin diseases. Molecular methods, used for microorganism identification, allow us to gain a better understanding of the skin microbiome. The presented article contains the latest reports on the skin microbiota in health and disease. The review discusses the relationship between a properly functioning microbiome and the body’s immune system, as well as the impact of internal and external factors on the human skin microbiome.

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Lukša, Juliana, i Elena Servienė. "WHITE MULBERRY (MORUS ALBA L.) FRUIT-ASSOCIATED BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL MICROBIOTA". Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management 28, nr 4 (25.11.2020): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2020.13735.

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Morus alba L. has been worldwide cultivated and commercially exploited plant with profound potential in environmental management, food and medicinal industries. Plant-associated microbial communities are playing an essential role in sustainable plant development. In the present study, the bacterial and fungal microorganism populations distributed on the white mulberry fruits harvested in the Czech Republic for the first time were characterized by metagenomics approach. A total of 62 bacterial and 37 fungal families were identified on white mulberry. Bacterial population was represented by the genera Tatumella, Leuconostoc, Frateuria and Pseudomonas, while fungal microorganisms – by Hanseniaspora, Cryptococcus, Cladosporium and Phoma. Both potentially beneficial, inducing resistance in the hosting plant, and pathogenic, responsible for disease development, microorganisms were detected. The information on the prevalence of bacterial and fungal microorganisms on the carposphere of M. alba is highly relevant for the development of strategies for environment-friendly plant cultivation, disease management and prevention.

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Isah, U., i M. A. Ahmad. "Microorganisms as bioinsecticides; short review". Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 12, nr 1 (15.04.2020): 274–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v12i1.42s.

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Hundred thousand tons of chemical insecticides are used annually in Nigeria to combat insect disease vectors especially agricultural pests, but this sort of vector control method is gradually being substituted due to their environmental effects on non-target beneficial insects especially vertebrates through contamination of food and water. To counteract this contamination, attention, efforts and researches were directed to the use of biological control agents including insect pathogens. As a result, the use of bio insecticide, as a component of integrated pest management (IPM), has been gaining acceptance over the world. Microbial pathogens comprise of organisms which cause disease, these organisms are disseminated in the pest population in large quantity in a manner similar to application of chemical pesticides. Insects like other organisms are susceptible to a variety of diseases caused by different groups of microorganisms including virus, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and nematodes. Microbial pathogens of insects are intensively investigated to develop environment friendly pest management strategies in agriculture. Microbial insecticides represent today the best alternative to chemical insecticides in controlling insect pests, they are safe for non-target species and human health are believed to show low persistence in the environment. This short review indicates that microbial insecticides are the safe alternative way possessing all the requirements to replace chemical insecticides hence, they can be utilized in pest management and control. Keywords: Bio-insecticides, Microorganisms, biological control, pest, chemical insecticides

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Nowak, Andrzej, Maciej J. Nowak i Krystyna Cybulska. "Stories with microorganisms…". Chemistry-Didactics-Ecology-Metrology 22, nr 1-2 (1.12.2017): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdem-2017-0003.

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Abstract Microorganisms, usually invisible for us, accompany us always and everywhere. Often we do not realize how decisive its impact on our lives is, how much we use their presence, which of our troubles are the result of their actions, and also how surprising effects result from their activity. Microorganisms also very often play a decisive role in the development of societies, politics and history. One of the most spectacular interventions of micro-organisms in human history include the example of a false “oil fever” that exploded in Australia in the second half of the nineteenth century. It was even more significant to redirect Europe's history in the new direction as a result of the “black death” epidemic in the fourteenth century. Microorganisms have created social conditions for the transition to the next epoch - renaissance, which forms the basis of today's shape. Because of the microorganisms J.F. Kennedy could have been in the 1960 President of the United States of America and to direct her development in the new direction and to stop Khrushchev's expansion into the second hemisphere. Microorganisms, not leaders and generals, won battles and wars. It was Rikketsia prowazeki, not the genius of the opponents, that broke Napoleon's power in Europe. Microorganisms fight disease, improving quality of life and prolonging its period. They allowed to control rabies and numerous infectious diseases. In the economy for the cause of microorganisms, powerful monopolies fell. Bacteria were also used to protect civilians in Poland during World War II. There are many similar stories to tell, stories in which microorganisms play an essential role. But would these stories be about microorganisms only? Or perhaps about people who were fascinated by the microscopic world of microbes discovered his secrets, meaning and ... beauty.

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Ljungh, Åsa, i Torkel Wadström. "The role of microorganisms in biliary tract disease". Current Gastroenterology Reports 4, nr 2 (kwiecień 2002): 167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11894-002-0055-6.

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Tall, B. D., S. Fall, M. R. Pereira, M. Ramos-Valle, S. K. Curtis, M. H. Kothary, D. M. T. Chu i in. "Characterization of Vibrio fluvialis-Like Strains Implicated in Limp Lobster Disease". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, nr 12 (grudzień 2003): 7435–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.12.7435-7446.2003.

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ABSTRACT Studies were undertaken to characterize and determine the pathogenic mechanisms involved in a newly described systemic disease in Homarus americanus (American lobster) caused by a Vibrio fluvialis-like microorganism. Nineteen isolates were obtained from eight of nine lobsters sampled. Biochemically, the isolates resembled V. fluvialis, and the isolates grew optimally at 20°C; none could grow at temperatures above 23°C. The type strain (1AMA) displayed a thermal reduction time (D value) of 5.77 min at 37°C. All of the isolates required at least 1% NaCl for growth. Collectively, the data suggest that these isolates may embody a new biotype. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis of the isolates revealed five closely related subgroups. Some isolates produced a sheep hemagglutinin that was neither an outer membrane protein nor a metalloprotease. Several isolates possessed capsules. The isolates were highly susceptible to a variety of antibiotics tested. However, six isolates were resistant to erythromycin. Seventeen isolates harbored plasmids. Lobster challenge studies revealed that the 50% lethal dose of a plasmid-positive strain was 100-fold lower than that of a plasmid-negative strain, suggesting that the plasmid may enhance the pathogenicity of these microorganisms in lobsters. Microorganisms that were recovered from experimentally infected lobsters exhibited biochemical and PFGE profiles that were indistinguishable from those of the challenge strain. Tissue affinity studies demonstrated that the challenge microorganisms accumulated in heart and midgut tissues as well as in the hemolymph. Culture supernatants and polymyxin B lysates of the strains caused elongation of CHO cells in tissue culture, suggesting the presence of a hitherto unknown enterotoxin. Both plasmid-positive and plasmid-negative strains caused significant dose-related intestinal fluid accumulations in suckling mice. Absence of viable organisms in the intestinal contents of mice suggests that these microorganisms cause diarrhea in mice by intoxication rather than by an infectious process. Further, these results support the thermal reduction data at 37°C and suggest that the mechanism(s) that led to fluid accumulation in mice differs from the disease process observed in lobsters by requiring neither the persistence of viable microorganisms nor the presence of plasmids. In summary, results of lobster studies satisfy Koch's postulates at the organismal and molecular levels; the findings support the hypothesis that these V. fluvialis-like organisms were responsible for the originally described systemic disease, which is now called limp lobster disease.

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Archer, D. L., i F. E. Young. "Contemporary issues: diseases with a food vector." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 1, nr 4 (październik 1988): 377–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.1.4.377.

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Foodborne disease has become a contemporary issue. Several large, well-publicized outbreaks of foodborne disease have heightened public awareness that harmful microorganisms may be present in food and that chronic as well as acute disease may be caused by foodborne microbes. The field of food microbiology has likewise experienced a resurgence of interest. New tools, such as recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid technology and monoclonal antibody production, used to elucidate microbial virulence factors have facilitated identification of disease-causing microbes once thought to be harmless and demonstrated the complexity of individual virulence mechanisms previously considered to be well understood. Foodborne pathogens are also causing disease via some surprising food vectors, such as chopped, bottled garlic and sauteed onions. In addition to acute gastrointestinal disturbances, certain microorganisms may, through complex interactions with the human immune response, cause chronic diseases that affect several major organ systems. These microbes are serving as models in studies of molecular mimicry and genetic interrelatedness of procaryotes and eucaryotes. Other recently recognized attributes of foodborne microorganisms, such as the heat shock phenomenon and the possible nonculturability of some bacteria, may affect their ability to cause disease in humans. Because foodborne disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, the study of these diseases and their causative microorganisms presents a unique challenge to many professionals in the subdisciplines of microbiology, epidemiology, and clinical medicine.

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Ardiana, Dian. "Role Of Tea Tree Oil as A Skin Antimicrobial : A Literature Study". Medical and Health Science Journal 5, nr 1 (28.02.2021): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33086/mhsj.v5i1.1921.

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Background: Skin disease due to microorganism infection are still widely found in community. The infections can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasite. Tea tree oil often used as a herbal medicine in the treatment of skin diseases due to microorganisms. This literature study is conducted to review the role of tea tree oil as an antimicrobial in skin infections. Method: Fifteen indexed journals published from 2015 to 2020 about tea tree oil and skin infections, were included. From 15 journals, 9 journals discuss antibacterial activity of tea tree oil, 2 journals discuss antiviral activity, 9 journals discuss antifungal activity, and 1 journal discusses antiparasitic activity. All journals state that tea tree oil has an antimicrobial effect on microorganisms that cause skin infections. Result: From 9 journals, it was found that A. baumanni, P. aeruginosa, and C. acnes were the most sensitive bacteria to tea tree oil in terms of MIC and S. epidermidis was the most sensitive bacteria, seen from their inhibition zone. Eight journals state variations with significant differences in the activity of tea tree oil as an anti-fungal. Tea tree oil has stronger antibacterial activity than antifungal activity. It also has antiviral activity against HSV and antiparasitic on S. scabiei. Conclusion: The conclusion of this study is that tea tree oil has antimicrobial activity against microorganisms that cause skin disease, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasite.

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Ye, Yuanming, Jingwang Qu, Yao Pu, Shen Rao, Feng Xu i Chu Wu. "Selenium Biofortification of Crop Food by Beneficial Microorganisms". Journal of Fungi 6, nr 2 (3.05.2020): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof6020059.

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Selenium (Se) is essential for human health, however, Se is deficient in soil in many places all around the world, resulting in human diseases, such as notorious Keshan disease and Keshin–Beck disease. Therefore, Se biofortification is a popular approach to improve Se uptake and maintain human health. Beneficial microorganisms, including mycorrhizal and root endophytic fungi, dark septate fungi, and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs), show multiple functions, especially increased plant nutrition uptake, growth and yield, and resistance to abiotic stresses. Such functions can be used for Se biofortification and increased growth and yield under drought and salt stress. The present review summarizes the use of mycorrhizal fungi and PGPRs in Se biofortification, aiming to improving their practical use.

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Skoufos, Giorgos, Filippos S. Kardaras, Athanasios Alexiou, Ioannis Kavakiotis, Anastasia Lambropoulou, Vasiliki Kotsira, Spyros Tastsoglou i Artemis G. Hatzigeorgiou. "Peryton: a manual collection of experimentally supported microbe-disease associations". Nucleic Acids Research 49, nr D1 (20.10.2020): D1328—D1333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkaa902.

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Abstract We present Peryton (https://dianalab.e-ce.uth.gr/peryton/), a database of experimentally supported microbe-disease associations. Its first version constitutes a novel resource hosting more than 7900 entries linking 43 diseases with 1396 microorganisms. Peryton's content is exclusively sustained by manual curation of biomedical articles. Diseases and microorganisms are provided in a systematic, standardized manner using reference resources to create database dictionaries. Information about the experimental design, study cohorts and the applied high- or low-throughput techniques is meticulously annotated and catered to users. Several functionalities are provided to enhance user experience and enable ingenious use of Peryton. One or more microorganisms and/or diseases can be queried at the same time. Advanced filtering options and direct text-based filtering of results enable refinement of returned information and the conducting of tailored queries suitable to different research questions. Peryton also provides interactive visualizations to effectively capture different aspects of its content and results can be directly downloaded for local storage and downstream analyses. Peryton will serve as a valuable source, enabling scientists of microbe-related disease fields to form novel hypotheses but, equally importantly, to assist in cross-validation of findings.

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Baishya, Jiwasmika, Karishma Bisht, Jeanette N. Rimbey, Kiddist D. Yihunie, Shariful Islam, Hafij Al Mahmud, Jayc E. Waller i Catherine A. Wakeman. "The Impact of Intraspecies and Interspecies Bacterial Interactions on Disease Outcome". Pathogens 10, nr 2 (21.01.2021): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10020096.

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The human microbiota is an array of microorganisms known to interact with the host and other microbes. These interactions can be competitive, as microbes must adapt to host- and microorganism-related stressors, thus producing toxic molecules, or cooperative, whereby microbes survive by maintaining homeostasis with the host and host-associated microbial communities. As a result, these microbial interactions shape host health and can potentially result in disease. In this review, we discuss these varying interactions across microbial species, their positive and negative effects, the therapeutic potential of these interactions, and their implications on our knowledge of human well-being.

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Peace, Odiase, Kartik Rachakonda, Miller Kress, Fernando Villalta i Girish Rachakonda. "Respiratory and Neurological Disease across Different Ethnic Groups Is Influenced by the Microbiome". Microorganisms 9, nr 9 (16.09.2021): 1965. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091965.

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Acute and chronic upper respiratory illnesses such as asthma, and allergic rhinitis (AR) have been linked to the presence of microorganisms in the nose. Microorganisms can exist in symbiotic or commensal relationships with the human body. However, in certain cases, opportunistic pathogens can take over, leading to altered states (dysbiosis) and causing disease. Thus, the microflora present in a host can be useful to reflect health status. The human body contains 10 trillion to 100 trillion microorganisms. Of these populations, certain pathogens have been identified to promote or undermine wellbeing. Therefore, knowledge of the microbiome is potentially helpful as a diagnostic tool for many diseases. Variations have been recognized in the types of microbes that inhabit various populations based on geography, diet, and lifestyle choices and various microbiota have been shown to modulate immune responses in allergic disease. Interestingly, the diseases affected by these changes are prevalent in certain racial or ethnic populations. These prevalent microbiome variations in these groups suggest that the presence of these microorganisms may be significantly associated with health disparities. We review current research in the search for correlations between ethnic diversity, microbiome communities in the nasal cavity and health outcomes in neurological and respiratory functions.

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Hwang, Hye Su, Ye Jin Kim i Min Seob Song. "Kawasaki disease with tsutsugamushi disease: two case reports". Cardiology in the Young 30, nr 6 (6.05.2020): 877–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951120000931.

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AbstractA number of microorganisms were hypothesised as an aetiology of the Kawasaki disease. Unfortunately, no specific agent that provides reproducible evidence has yet been reported. We report two cases of extremely rare Kawasaki disease with tsutsugamushi disease. These case reports suggest that Kawasaki disease can rarely occur concurrently or immediately after a rickettsial illness such as tsutsugamushi disease.

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Sanogo, S., i N. Puppala. "Microorganisms Associated with Valencia Peanut Affected by Pod Rot in New Mexico". Peanut Science 39, nr 2 (1.06.2012): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/ps11-25.1.

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Abstract Pod rot of peanut is a disease that occurs worldwide. Soilborne pathogens typically causing pod rot include Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, and Pythium spp. Although pod rot is known to occur in New Mexico, no etiological study has been conducted on this disease. In 2005 and 2006, 14 Valencia peanut fields were surveyed in eastern New Mexico where the majority of Valencia peanut is produced. The primary focus of the study was to isolate and identify microorganisms associated with pod rot. The secondary focus of the study was to characterize microorganisms from roots and stems from the same plants selected for pod rot assessment. Peanut plants were collected and processed for isolation of microorganisms by plating seeds, pieces of hull, root, and stem on acidified potato dextrose agar. In both years, the average incidence of pods with hull discoloration or pod rot symptoms varied from 55–60 to over 90%, and disease severity ranged from 5 to over 90% across all fields surveyed. A diverse group of microorganisms representing more than 10 fungal and Oomycete genera were recovered from all plant part tissues, with R. solani as the most predominantly isolated mycelial microorganism. Rhizoctonia solani was found in all fields with average frequency of isolation from approximately 20 to 27% for pod tissue, 19 to 36% for root, and 20 to 27% for stem. In controlled-environment studies, all isolates of R. solani from different plant parts were shown to be pathogenic to Valencia peanut. This etiological study is the first in New Mexico to provide an insight into microorganisms associated with peanut affected by pod rot. Breeding Valencia peanuts for resistance to Rhizoctonia pod rot should be a priority.

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Ginter, E., i V. Simko. "Gut microorganisms and cardiovascular disease: carnitine is the answer". Bratislava Medical Journal 115, nr 11 (2014): 673–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4149/bll_2014_130.

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Afify, Aida, A. El-Sayed i Seham Elpana. "Biological Control of Maize Damping - off Disease by Microorganisms". Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Biotechnology 8, nr 11 (1.11.2017): 277–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jacb.2017.38910.

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Rafai, Ilham M. El, Susan M. W. Asswah i Omaima A. Awdalla. "Biocontrol of Some Tomato Disease Using Some Antagonistic Microorganisms". Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 6, nr 4 (1.02.2003): 399–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2003.399.406.

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Munt, Peter. "The Role of Microorganisms in Pulpal and Periapical Disease". Australian Endodontic Newsletter 19, nr 1 (11.02.2010): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4477.1993.tb00367.x.

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Shrainer, E. V., A. I. Khavkin i V. V. Vlasov. "Intestinal microbiocenosis in patients with recurrent Clostridium difficile infection, ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome after transplantation of fecal microflora". Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology, nr 7 (27.09.2020): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-179-7-69-77.

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Identified significant changes in the intestinal microbiome in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), serve as the reason for therapeutic interventions in order to correct it. Faecal microbiota transplantation (TFM) is an effective treatment for recurrent or refractory Clostridium difficile infections, including in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases receiving immunosuppressive and anticytokine therapy.The results of studying the effectiveness of TFM using a filtered aqueous suspension of donors feces in the correction of intestinal microbiocenosis in patients with recurrent Clostridial infection (RCT), ulcerative colitis (UC) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are presented. 2 weeks after the introduction of the supernatant, a suspension of fecal microorganism microorganisms in patients evaluated the dynamics of the total content of microorganisms and individual representatives of the intestinal microflora. It was found that the supernatant of an aqueous suspension of donor feces containing microbial exometabolites and other biologically active compounds in the short term has the most pronounced effect on the restoration of normal intestinal microflora only in patients with clostridial infection.

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Kurtböke, Ipek, i Ian Macreadie. "Microorganisms: Their benefits and beyond". Microbiology Australia 33, nr 3 (2012): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma12089.

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Most microorganisms may be associated with disease and destruction for outsiders but for us microbiologists not all microorganisms are considered ?Bad Guys? and their beneficial activities by far outnumber their detrimental aspects. In this issue of Microbiology Australia, we target those microorganisms which have served mankind with their beneficial properties either as themselves such as probiotics or through their products such as antibiotics.

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Kitai, Takeshi, i W. H. Wilson Tang. "Gut microbial function and bacterially derived signals in cardiovascular disease". Biochemist 39, nr 2 (1.04.2017): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio03902022.

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The human body is inhabited by a vast number of bacteria and other microorganisms, the majority residing in the gut. The collective microorganisms that live in coexistence with their hosts are referred to as the microbiome. Beyond its role in supporting physiological functions in food digestion, the microbiome also performs multiple functions and interacts dynamically with the host. The microbiome regulates the intestinal mucosal barriers and assist with development of systemic immune systems that potentiate the defence against malevolent pathogenic microorganisms. Collectively, the microbiota exerts a fundamental and necessary influence on systemic immunity and metabolism – a healthy gut microbiome means an overall healthy host.

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Donlan, Rodney M., i J. William Costerton. "Biofilms: Survival Mechanisms of Clinically Relevant Microorganisms". Clinical Microbiology Reviews 15, nr 2 (kwiecień 2002): 167–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.15.2.167-193.2002.

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SUMMARY Though biofilms were first described by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, the theory describing the biofilm process was not developed until 1978. We now understand that biofilms are universal, occurring in aquatic and industrial water systems as well as a large number of environments and medical devices relevant for public health. Using tools such as the scanning electron microscope and, more recently, the confocal laser scanning microscope, biofilm researchers now understand that biofilms are not unstructured, homogeneous deposits of cells and accumulated slime, but complex communities of surface-associated cells enclosed in a polymer matrix containing open water channels. Further studies have shown that the biofilm phenotype can be described in terms of the genes expressed by biofilm-associated cells. Microorganisms growing in a biofilm are highly resistant to antimicrobial agents by one or more mechanisms. Biofilm-associated microorganisms have been shown to be associated with several human diseases, such as native valve endocarditis and cystic fibrosis, and to colonize a wide variety of medical devices. Though epidemiologic evidence points to biofilms as a source of several infectious diseases, the exact mechanisms by which biofilm-associated microorganisms elicit disease are poorly understood. Detachment of cells or cell aggregates, production of endotoxin, increased resistance to the host immune system, and provision of a niche for the generation of resistant organisms are all biofilm processes which could initiate the disease process. Effective strategies to prevent or control biofilms on medical devices must take into consideration the unique and tenacious nature of biofilms. Current intervention strategies are designed to prevent initial device colonization, minimize microbial cell attachment to the device, penetrate the biofilm matrix and kill the associated cells, or remove the device from the patient. In the future, treatments may be based on inhibition of genes involved in cell attachment and biofilm formation.

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Muehlstein, Lisa K. "The host – pathogen interaction in the wasting disease of eelgrass, Zostera marina". Canadian Journal of Botany 70, nr 10 (1.10.1992): 2081–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-258.

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A marine epidemic of wasting disease decimated populations of eelgrass, Zostera marina L., in the early 1930s. Labyrinthula, a marine slime mold was the suspected pathogen, although the cause was never clearly determined. Presently, a recurrence of wasting disease of Z. marina was documented in populations along the coasts of North America and Europe. A pathogenic species of Labyrinthula, described as Labyrinthula zosterae Porter et Muehlstein, was identified as the primary microorganism causing the present wasting disease. Of all the microorganisms tested in laboratory disease tests, only L. zosterae caused disease symptoms. Direct microscopic observations revealed that Labyrinthula cells were found most frequently associated with marginal areas of disease symptoms and appeared to move rapidly through the tissue, directly penetrating cell walls. The ectoplasmic network that surrounds Labyrinthula cells appeared to have an important role in the enzymatic degradation of plant cell walls and presumably a role in the destruction of cytoplasmic contents of the plant cells. Direct contact of diseased leaves with healthy leaves was the mechanism of disease spread from plant to plant. Key words: Labyrinthula, Zostera marina, eelgrass wasting disease.

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ARCHER, DOUGLAS L. "Enteric Microorganisms in Rheumatoid Diseases: Causative Agents and Possible Mechanisms". Journal of Food Protection 48, nr 6 (1.06.1985): 538–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-48.6.538.

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The role of foodborne enteric pathogens in the development of three seronegative spondarthropathies (ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's disease and reactive arthritis) is discussed. Although the prevalence of the HLA-B27 antigen in blood-related individuals suggests a genetic predisposition to these diseases, exogenous environmental factors are also indicated. A clinical profile is given to clarify certain relationships of the seronegative arthropathies. Evidence of the involvement of enteric pathogens in the onset of these conditions following gastrointestinal illness is considered along with the interactions of general and molecular mechanisms of the disease processes and the immune response.

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Manley, Harold J., George R. Bailie i Marianne Neumann. "Antibiogram Development for an Outpatient Dialysis Center". Hospital Pharmacy 35, nr 3 (marzec 2000): 251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001857870003500314.

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Infection causes significant morbidity and mortality in end-stage renal disease patients. Despite recommendations to the contrary, vancomycin is often used empirically. Antibiograms may aid in the choice of empiric antibiotic therapy. We developed an antibiogram and determined the susceptibility of various microorganisms to cefazolin, gentamicin, and vancomycin. Retrospective review of culture results and susceptibility data from a 21-month time period were used to determine microorganism frequency of identification and antimicrobial sensitivity. A total of 362 microorganisms were identified and 285 cultures performed in 171 patients (144 hemodialysis; 27 peritoneal dialysis). Predominant organisms were coagulase-negative staphylococci (39.8%) and Staphylococcus aureus (24.6%). Gram-positive organisms accounted for 73.5% of isolates. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus were identified 3.8% and 2.3% of time, respectively. Gram-positive and negative microorganisms were frequently susceptible to cefazolin and gentamicin. Antibiogram interpretation indicates that cefazolin alone or in combination with gentamicin may be appropriate empiric antibiotic therapy in our outpatient dialysis center.

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Milicevic, Radovan, Gavrilo Brajovic, Natasa Nikolic-Jakoba, Branka Popovic, Dusan Pavlica, Vojislav Lekovic i Jelena Milasin. "Identification of periodontopathogen microorganisms by PCR technique". Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 136, nr 9-10 (2008): 476–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh0810476m.

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INTRODUCTION Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the supporting tissues of teeth and is a major cause of tooth loss in adults. The onset and progression of periodontal disease is attributed to the presence of elevated levels of a consortium of pathogenic bacteria. Gram negative bacteria, mainly strict anaerobes, play the major role. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to assess the presence of the main types of microorganisms involved in the aetiopathogenesis of periodontal disease: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Eikenella corrodens, Treponema denticola, Tanerella forsythia and Prevotella intermedia in different samples collected from the oral cavity of 90 patients diagnosed with periodontitis. METHOD Bacterial DNA detection was performed in diverse biological materials, namely in dental plaque, gingival tissue and saliva, by means of multiplex PCR, a technique that allows simultaneous identification of two different bacterial genomes. RESULTS In the dental plaque of the periodontitis patients, Treponema denticola dominated. In the gingival tissue, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola were the microbiota most frequently detected, whilst in saliva Treponema denticola and Eikenella corrodens were found with the highest percentage. CONCLUSION The identification of microorganisms by multiplex PCR is specific and sensitive. Rapid and precise assessment of different types of periodontopathogens is extremely important for early detection of the infection and consequently for the prevention and treatment of periodontal disease. In everyday clinical practice, for routine bacterial evaluation in patients with periodontal disease, the dental plaque is the most suitable biological material, because it is the richest in periodontal bacteria.

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Jin, Xue, Jian Wang, Dalong Li, Fengzhi Wu i Xingang Zhou. "Rotations with Indian Mustard and Wild Rocket Suppressed Cucumber Fusarium Wilt Disease and Changed Rhizosphere Bacterial Communities". Microorganisms 7, nr 2 (21.02.2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7020057.

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Crop monocropping usually results in an enrichment of soil-borne pathogens in soil. Crop rotation is an environmentally friendly method for controlling soil-borne diseases. Plant rhizosphere microorganisms, especially plant-beneficial microorganisms, play a major role in protecting plants from pathogens, but responses of these microorganisms to crop rotation remain unclear. Here, we evaluated the effects of rotations with Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) and wild rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.) on cucumber Fusarium wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum Owen (FOC). Cucumber rhizosphere bacterial community composition was analyzed by high-throughput amplicon sequencing. Bacteria, Pseudomonas spp., 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (an antifungal secondary metabolite) producer and FOC abundances were estimated by real-time PCR. Rotations with Indian mustard and wild rocket suppressed cucumber Fusarium wilt disease and cucumber rhizosphere FOC abundance. Crop rotations increased cucumber rhizosphere bacteria, Pseudomonas spp. and 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol producer abundances. Moreover, crop rotations changed cucumber rhizosphere bacterial community composition and increased bacterial community diversity. However, crop rotations decreased soil inorganic nitrogen content and inhibited cucumber seedling growth. Overall, rotations with Indian mustard and wild rocket suppressed cucumber Fusarium wilt disease, which might be linked to the increased rhizosphere bacterial diversity and abundances of potential plant-beneficial microorganisms (such as Pseudomonas spp. and 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol producer).

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Rouabhia, Mahmoud. "Interactions between Host and Oral Commensal Microorganisms are Key Events in Health and Disease Status". Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 13, nr 1 (2002): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2002/580476.

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The oral cavity has sometimes been described as a mirror that reflects a person's health. Systemic diseases such as diabetes or vitamin deficiency may be seen as alterations in the oral mucosa. A variety of external factors cause changes in the oral mucosa, thus altering mucosal structure and function, and promoting oral pathologies (most frequently bacterial, fungal and viral infections). Little is known, however, about immune surveillance mechanisms that involve the oral mucosa.There is no direct contact between specific immune cells in the basal epithelium and microorganisms in the upper layers of the oral mucosa. The author's hypothesis is that the protective immunity is conveyed through epithelial cells. The present brief review assesses the oral mucosa's role as the main defence in the interactions between the host and the oral microbial community. A unique model was used to investigate these interactions as the cause of oral disease and to develop new treatments that exploit our knowledge of the host-microorganism relationship.

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Nakanishi, Takeshi, Takahiro Kuragano, Masayoshi Nanami i Yukiko Hasuike. "Iron Localization and Infectious Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients". American Journal of Nephrology 43, nr 4 (2016): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000445847.

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For patients on dialysis, infection is the second leading cause of mortality. Iron metabolism should be considered in the pathogenesis of infectious disease, as high local iron concentrations favor the growth of many microbes. This review is intended to provide information regarding iron metabolism and infection in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. There are 2 reasons these patients may be vulnerable to infection: (1) the excessive iron administered to treat renal anemia could be associated with impairments of the host's innate immune response, (2) CKD-associated inflammation could cause dysregulated iron metabolism. Pathogenic microorganisms can be categorized as extracellular or intracellular pathogens. The proliferation site may determine the degree of virulence. In cases of mainly extracellular microbial growth, the host's strategy of sequestering iron in cells may efficiently inhibit proliferation. However, the same strategy may favor the intracellular growth of microorganisms. The administration of excessive amounts of iron may modify iron localization by an increase in the hepcidin concentration. We conclude that there is a need for large multicenter randomized controlled trials to evaluate the long-term safety of different iron administration patterns that allow for a lower infection rate while still producing efficient erythropoiesis in CKD patients.

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Oyunchimeg, Myagmardorj, Badrakh Burmaajav, Altangerel Enkhjargal, Sambuu Tsegmed, Batbaatar Suvd, Otgonbyamba Oyun-Erdene, Davaadorj Zolzaya i in. "Soil Microbial Contamination And Its Impact On Child Diarrheal Disease Incidence In Ulaanbaatar". GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY 12, nr 4 (31.12.2019): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2019-104.

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Air and soil contamination in developing countries exacerbates due to poor management of waste collection and serves as a morbidity and mortality factor. This study aimed to conduct an assessment of soil pollution level in Ulaanbaatar and establish а correlation between microbial contamination and registered occurrences of contagious diarrheal diseases among children (0-5 years old). This is a cross-sectional study conducted in Ulaanbaatar in June-September of 2016. Samples of soil and contagious diarrheal disease morbidity data in 0-5-year-old children were used. Samples were taken from the sites three times, in July, August, and September. The data analysis was done in the SPSS-21 program and relevant parametric and non-parametric tests were used. The highest level microorganisms were found in the samples taken from sites near major markets and then in the samples from ger areas. The analysis of the samples revealed that 111.78 microorganisms exceed the standard level 1.1 times in summer. The Escherichia coli (E.Coli) and Proteus also contaminated the ground water. All diarrhea occasions in Ulaanbaatar were analyzed by seasons and months, the prevalence was peaking in August. A correlation was found with the soil E.Coli titers and infectious diarrheal disease children under five years old morbidity. The number of microorganisms in soil tends to increase in summer. Diarrheal disease infections among children under five increase most in summer and autumn and correlate with soil contamination with pathogenic microorganisms.

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Sehrawat, Anju, i Satyavir Singh Sindhu. "Potential of Biocontrol Agents in Plant Disease Control for Improving Food Safety". Defence Life Science Journal 4, nr 4 (21.10.2019): 220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dlsj.4.14966.

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Plant disease control is mainly based on extraneous application of pesticides to improve agriculture productivity. However, only a part of applied pesticides is used for killing of pathogens and pests. Large part of applied pesticides remains either as residual pesticide or gets volatilized or leached resulting in ecological and environmental problems, and human health hazards. The increased consumer demands for safe food have invigorated research on development of safe and ecofriendly biopesticides. The use of microorganisms for biological control of pests is considered as a pragmatic approach which can drastically lessen the adverse outcomes of agrochemicals in soil. Rhizospheric microorganisms isolated from various crops produce different antagnostic compounds and inhibit the growth of various phytopathogens and insect pests. Moreover, in several plants, hormones like salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene contribute towards induction of both, systemic acquired as well as induced systemic resitance. In this article, antagonistic rhizosphere microorganisms have been explored for control of phytopathogens. Further, recent advances in field of biopesticides using rhizosphere microorganisms under field conditions is discussed for improvingcrop productivity in sustainable agriculture

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Galiana, Eric, Antoine Marais, Catherine Mura, Benoît Industri, Gilles Arbiol i Michel Ponchet. "Ecosystem Screening Approach for Pathogen-Associated Microorganisms Affecting Host Disease". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, nr 17 (8.07.2011): 6069–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.05371-11.

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ABSTRACTThe microbial community in which a pathogen evolves is fundamental to disease outcome. Species interacting with a pathogen on the host surface shape the distribution, density, and genetic diversity of the inoculum, but the role of these species is rarely determined. The screening method developed here can be used to characterize pathogen-associated species affecting disease. This strategy involves three steps: (i) constitution of the microbial community, using the pathogen as a trap; (ii) community selection, using extracts from the pathogen as the sole nutrient source; and (iii) molecular identification and the screening of isolates focusing on their effects on the growth of the pathogenin vitroand host disease. This approach was applied to a soilborne plant pathogen,Phytophthora parasitica, structured in a biofilm, for screening the microbial community from the rhizosphere ofNicotiana tabacum(the host). Two of the characterized eukaryotes interfered with the oomycete cycle and may affect the host disease. AVorticellaspecies acted through a mutualistic interaction withP. parasitica, disseminating pathogenic material by leaving the biofilm. APhomaspecies established an amensal interaction withP. parasitica, strongly suppressing disease by inhibitingP. parasiticagermination. This screening method is appropriate for all nonobligate pathogens. It allows the definition of microbial species as promoters or suppressors of a disease for a given biotope. It should also help to identify important microbial relationships for ecology and evolution of pathogens.

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Shivas, R. G., S. Suyoko, N. Raga i K. D. Hyde. "Some disease-associated microorganisms on plants in Irian Jaya, Indonesia". Australasian Plant Pathology 25, nr 1 (1996): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ap96008.

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Mera, Hanaka, i David G. Bourne. "Disentangling causation: complex roles of coral-associated microorganisms in disease". Environmental Microbiology 20, nr 2 (10.11.2017): 431–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.13958.

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