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1
Hilson, Gavin. "An overview of land use conflicts in mining communities". Land Use Policy 19, nr 1 (styczeń 2002): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0264-8377(01)00043-6.
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Lee, Jae-hyuck, i Do-kyun Kim. "Mapping Environmental Conflicts Using Spatial Text Mining". Land 9, nr 9 (21.08.2020): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9090287.
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Mapping the characteristics and extent of environmental conflicts related to land use is important for developing regionally specific policies. However, because it is only possible to verify the frequency of conflicts on a specific predetermined subject, it is difficult to determine the various reasons for conflicts in a region. Therefore, this study mapped the current status of regional environmental conflicts in South Korea using a spatial text mining technique, then proposed relevant management policies. The results were obtained by analyzing environmental conflict data extracted from the online agendas of regional environmental organizations. Air quality-related conflicts in South Korea are concentrated in western municipalities; development-related conflicts are concentrated in the southern region of Jeju Island; and intensive safety-related conflicts occur in metropolitan areas, particularly Ulsan. Thus, the type of conflict is determined by the local environment, in accordance with the definition of environmental conflict, and the distribution is determined by the location of the stakeholder population. This study reveals the issues and locations related to local environmental conflict that require further attention, and proposes more wide-ranging methods for managing the links between conflicts by mapping environmental conflicts on a large scale rather than on an individual basis.
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., Zulviany, Isrun . i Golar . "The Study of Land Conflict of Mining Activities in the Forest Areas in Morowali Regency". International Journal of Research and Review 8, nr 10 (28.10.2021): 458–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20211060.
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This research aims to describe the chronologies of land conflicts of mining activities in the forest (Borrow- to- Use Permit for Forest Area of PT. Mahligai Artha Sejahtera), identify the dominant factors that cause conflict, and provide an overview of conflict resolution efforts. This research was conducted by collecting information from the public, the permit holder, in this case, PT. Mahligai Artha Sejahtera and related parties. This research was a qualitative descriptive method in terms of subject and history study and facts of the field. The data of this research was collected from August to October 2020. Based on the decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation No. SK.757 / Kpts-II/ 1999 on September 23, about the designation map of Forest and Territorial Waters in Central Sulawesi Province, the land location of Buleleng communities was an area for other use but in 2013 (No. SK.635 / Menhut-II / 2013 on September 24, 2013) and 2014 (SK.869 / Menhut-II / 2014 on September 29, 2014) turned into Forest Areas. However, PT Mahligai Artha Sejahtera has an approval license, an environmental feasibility license, an Increase Exploration Mining Business to a Production Operation Mining Business License, and a borrow-to-use permit from the local Government and the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. The function change of the areas in Buleleng village has resulted in conflicts. It is necessary to resolve land disputes by revising the RTRWP/K and establishing forests. Keywords: Conflict, the Function Change of Areas, Land Conflict, Mining Activities, Forest Areas.
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Guo, Jiaxin, Zhenqi Hu i Yusheng Liang. "Causes and Countermeasures for the Failure of Mining Land Use Policy Reform: Practice Analysis from China". Land 11, nr 9 (24.08.2022): 1391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11091391.
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The current supply method of land acquisition for mining land in China is not conducive to the sustainable use of land resources, resulting in a large amount of wasted land resources and causing many conflicts. The new model of temporary land use policy for mining solves the long-standing problem of the livelihood of expropriated farmers that has plagued local governments, and also helps to alleviate the conflicts between enterprises and farmers. However, the temporary land use policy is in the practice stage, and the policy failure has resulted in low land reclamation rates. This research is a systematic survey for large and medium-sized mining enterprises, relevant government departments and research institutions nationwide. From the survey we analyze the problems in the implementation of the current temporary land use policy for mining and the causes of the policy failure, and propose an effective implementation mechanism for the future policy. The study showed that: (1) the temporary land use policy for mining was enacted with wide acceptance, but the implementation of the policy was ineffective; (2) the conditions for the application of the temporary land use policy for mining are unclear, the review and supervision by the competent authorities are not strict, and enterprises do not pay attention to land reclamation resulting in a very low rate of land reclamation; and (3) The implementation mechanism of the temporary mining land policy in practice is not perfect, and the proposed implementation framework based on “conditions, approval, implementation, supervision, acceptance and withdrawal” is scientific and feasible. It provides a reference for the management and innovation of strict protection of arable land, land conservation and intensification, and land reclamation in mining areas in China.
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Radwanek-Bąk, Barbara, i Mari Kivinen. "Legal and formal factors related to the mineral raw material deposits accessibility in Europe". Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi 32, nr 4 (1.12.2016): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gospo-2016-0032.
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Abstract Over the last decades, the access to mineral raw material deposits has been increasingly limited by diverse limitations and obstacles. Some of them including: permits, taxes and fees, the ownership of mineral deposits, environmental protection rules and land-use and spatial planning conflicts, are related to state (governmental) activities and others such as protests against the mining activity and NIMBY effect, to societal issues. The legal authorities, governments and regulators are the stakeholders involved in the legislative issues of this process. A major potential matter of dispute lies in land-use issues. Diverse land-use types, for example, nature conservation, tourism and building development, can restrict the area available for exploration and/or mining, and thus access to mineral deposits. The nature of the land-use competition seems to be similar in different countries and regions, and so do the land-use conflicts. However, the scale and the underlying reasons of the land-use conflicts may differ. This also applies to the approaches to solve the problems.
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Rizal Ichsan Syah, Putra, i Purnaweni Hartuti. "Land Use and River Degradation Impact of Sand and Gravel Mining". E3S Web of Conferences 31 (2018): 09034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183109034.
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Sand and gravel mining is aimed at providing materials for infrastructure development, as well as providing economical source to the miners. However, the impacts of sand and gravel mining could also cause disturbances to ecological balance, since it is closely related to land use change and river degradation, besides causing conflicts in the miners, the government, and the private relationship. Therefore the government regulation and proper supervision are needed to preserve the ecological balance and decreasing the negative impacts of this mining, and therefore guarantee sustainable development.
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Markuszewska, Iwona. "The Energy Landscape versus the Farming Landscape: The Immortal Era of Coal?" Energies 14, nr 21 (26.10.2021): 7008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217008.
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This article explores the land use conflict. Coal exploitation precludes agricultural production and, as a result, mining-energy projects come across NIMBY (Not In My Back Yard) opposition from the farming community. An investigation was carried out in two rural communes: Krobia and Miejska Górka in the Wielkopolska Region in Poland. The aim was to obtain an answer to the following questions: (1) if acting in the name of energy security, should we accept the state government interest and start exploitation of the lignite resource? (2) If acting in the name of landowners’ rights, should we accept the local community interest and maintain the current farming production? and (3) is it possible to reconcile the interests of the conflict beneficiaries? The following qualitative methods were used: keyword and content analysis of word data, such as scientific papers, legal documents, and parliamentary questions (PQs), while the discourse analysis was focused on the policy and procedural conflicts. In the results section, possible solutions for heading off the conflict are presented. The results contribute to an integrated understanding of conflicts over mining and farming land use.
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Andrew, J. S. "Potential application of mediation to land use conflicts in small-scale mining". Journal of Cleaner Production 11, nr 2 (marzec 2003): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959-6526(02)00032-x.
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Kwesi, E. A. A., O. Simpson, J. K. Lawerty, A. Mends, C. Assencher i P. E. Baffoe. "Land Management Problems in the Mining Communities of Tarkwa, Ghana -A Look at Boundary Markers and Resurveys". Ghana Mining Journal 21, nr 1 (30.06.2021): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gm.v21i1.2.
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Boundary resurveys have become necessary in most mining communities of Ghana, especially, Tarkwa and its environs due to pressure and alteration in land use and land cover by mining operations. Most of the boundary markers (pillars, trees, streams, hills, valleys, footpaths, etc.) used in the past have been destroyed by mining and other associated activities. This has led to many disputes about ground boundaries and ownership of land tracts in the area. To curb the incidences of such conflicts, it has become important to have more reliable and scientific demarcations and surveys of the old boundaries and owners of land tracts in the area for registration, using modern technologies in land surveying. Equipment and methods used over a century ago to mark and describe land boundaries in the area have become obsolete now, and modern equipment and methods, while capable of measuring to very high precisions, cannot automatically give or tell the right boundaries and owners of land tracts established centuries ago. This paper examines the land boundaries situation in the study area, the impacts of mining on this, the need for boundary retracement surveys, the challenges that the rampant destruction of boundary markers in mining communities pose to such resurveys, and offers suggestions on dealing with these challenges in the management of land in the area. It also provides helpful information to land owners, land ‘buyers’ and land surveyors on the effects of the boundary problems on land transactions, surveys and registration in mining areas.
Keywords: Surface Mining, Boundary Markers, Retracement Surveys, Land Conflicts, Management
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Froese, Rebecca, Claudia Pinzón, Loreto Aceitón, Tarik Argentim, Marliz Arteaga, Juan Sebastian Navas-Guzmán, Gleiciane Pismel i in. "Conflicts over Land as a Risk for Social-Ecological Resilience: A Transnational Comparative Analysis in the Southwestern Amazon". Sustainability 14, nr 11 (26.05.2022): 6520. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116520.
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People in the department of Madre de Dios/Peru, the state of Acre/Brazil, and the department of Pando/Bolivia experience similar conflicts over land, land use, and access to resources. At the same time, each conflict reveals distinct characteristics and dynamics, arising from its history, legal regulation, institutional (in-)capacities, and culturally diverse local populations. The aim of this paper is to better understand the main drivers of social-ecological conflicts over land in and around three protected areas in this transboundary region, known as MAP, and to analyze how (environmental) institutions influence these drivers. The paper is based on a literature review and expert interviews; it focuses on conflicts around (1) gold mining in Madre de Dios, (2) extensive cattle ranching in Acre, and (3) access to communal land in Pando. Using theories of conflict research, expanded by a political ecology perspective and insights from stakeholder and expert interviews, we find that the major conflict drivers are (1) land tenure and access to land and natural resources, (2) identity and lifestyle driven transformations, (3) state and market driven agendas, and (4) networked illegal and criminal activities. Through a comparative conflict analysis, we develop four recommendations to strengthen the creation of reflexive institutions that may be able to foster social-ecological resilience in the region: (1) The clarification of responsibilities between governance institutions and their financing; (2) the awareness raising for existing power structures and opening spaces for enhanced local participation; (3) the breaking of corruptive cycles while developing economically, ecologically, and socially sustainable livelihood opportunities; and (4) taking the continuous reproduction of illegal activities into account while clarifying responsibilities, raising awareness, and breaking corruptive cycles. The results of our research therefore not only contribute to a better understanding of conflicts in the MAP region and the wider scientific literature on social-ecological conflicts and governance, but it is also the first paper that identifies entry points and prerequisites for the transformation from reactive to reflexive institutions in Amazonian societies.
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Moomen, Abdul–Wadood. "Strategies for managing large-scale mining sector land use conflicts in the global south". Resources Policy 51 (marzec 2017): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2016.11.010.
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Nnabuihe, Onyekachi, i Kayode George. "LAND GRABS AND HUMAN INSECURITY IN COLONIAL JOS PLATEAU, NIGERIA". Caleb Journal of Social and Management Science 5, nr 2 (31.12.2020): 225–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.26772/cjsms2020050207.
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This article places land grab in its primeval colonial milieu and investigates how colonial tin mining operation induced human insecurity in colonial Jos, Nigeria. It uses the human insecurity approach to address questions of colonial “control grabbing” – grabbing and controlling of land – in Jos Plateau. Although contemporary research addresses the recent rush for African lands, they have allocated minimal attention to historical details and lessons of colonialism as well as its connection to human insecurity. Through the use of interviews and archival sources, the article investigates how tin mining operations stimulated human insecurity and how British land policies and politics empowered the Hausa and Fulani in Jos Plateau, to accumulate much land and how their actions and inactions provided the incentives for bloody and intractable conflicts in the post-colonial era. The article argues that scholarly analysis of land grab is largely associated with food and biofuel production ignoring the connection with tin exploitation and its legacies. To this end, discourses on land grabs need to allocate adequate attention to natural resources as a stimulant for the phenomenon and why it is a threat to environmental peace. Keywords: Land grabs, human insecurity, land policies and politics, conflicts, Jos Plateau Nigeria.
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Puspitasari, Anik Endah, i Retno W. D. Pramono. "Consensus on Land Use Change in Bangka Tengah Regency". Jurnal Kawistara 12, nr 3 (30.12.2022): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/kawistara.78677.
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Differences in perception or interest in land use can potentially lead to conflict. One of the efforts to minimize the possibility of conflicts in land use is to build consensus among stakeholders. This process is not only able to minimize conflict but is expected to be the most appropriate solution to facilitate the implementation of the plan. This paper will present an example of the dynamics of consensus building in the process of land conversion in Bangka Tengah Regency which had previously been designated as a mining zone and then planned to be converted into a Tourism Special Economic Zone (Tourism SEZ). In this proposal, an agreement has been successfully built between the first permit holder and the SEZ proposer, however, the plan to establish SEZ has not materialized. What exactly is a factor in this so that the agreement that has taken place has not become the capital for the successful implementation of the plan? This research aims to explain the constraints on not implementing the plan after an agreement has been reach. The research was conducted with a stakeholder mapping analysis framework. Data were obtained by conducting interviews, observations, and collecting documents related to the SEZ proposal. The selection of informants was carried out purposively to obtain detailed information so that it could be used to answer research questions. The results showed that there were factors that become obstacles in planning implementation, related to the consensus that was successfully built. The imperfect consensus that has been successfully built can be seen in the incomplete pouring of commitments in contracts between stakeholder, thus making the consensus reached a pseudo-consensus.
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Tchindjang, Mesmin, Eric Voundi, Philippes Mbevo Fendoung, Unusa Haman, Frédéric Saha i Igor Casimir Njombissie Petcheu. "Mapping of the dilemma of mining against forest and conservation in the Lom and Djérem Division, Cameroon". Proceedings of the ICA 1 (16.05.2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-proc-1-111-2018.
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Mining practices in Cameroon began since the colonial period. The artisanal mining sector before independence contributed to 11–20 % of GDP. From 2000, the rich potential of the Cameroonian subsoil attract many foreign investors with over 600 research and mining permits already granted during the last decade. But, Cameroonian forests also have a long history from the colonial period to the pre-sent. However, mining activities in forest environments are governed by two different legal frameworks, including mining code i.e. Law No. 001 of 16 April 2001 organizing the mining industry and Law No. 94-01 of 20 January 1994 governing forests, wildlife and fisheries. Therefore, in the absence of detailed studies of these laws, there are conflicts of interests, rights and obligations that overlap, requiring research needs and taking appropriate decisions. The objective of this research in the Lom and Djérem division is to study, apart from the proliferation of mining li-censes and actors, the dilemma as well as the impact of the extension of mining activities on the degradation of forest cover. Using geospatial tools through multi-temporal and multisensor satellite images (Landsat from 1976 to 2015, IKONOS, GEOEYE, Google Earth) coupled with field investigations; we mapped the dynamic of different forms of land use (mining permits, FMU and protected areas of permanent forest estate) and highlighted paradoxically the conflict of land use. We came to the conclusion that the rhythm of issuing mining permits and authorizations in this forestall zone is so fast that one can wonder whether we still find a patch of forest within 50 years.
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Awoyelu, F. E., i R. A. Mebo. "Effects of sand mining on peri-urban agriculture in Ife East and Ife Central Local Government Areas, Osun State, Nigeria." Agro-Science 21, nr 3 (9.03.2023): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/as.v21i3.12.
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There is virtually no information on the effects of artisanal sand mining on peri-urban agriculture in Nigeria in general and Osun State in particular. This study assessed the effects of sand mining on peri-urban agriculture in Ife East and Ife Central Local Government Areas of Osun State during 2015-2019. In effect, the study sought to identify and explain the rate and extent of changes in land uses in the study area, evaluate the level of encroachment of sand mining activities into other land use classifications, and examine socioeconomic factors that determined parting of land for sand mining by landowners in the study area between 2015 and 2019. Data were generated from both primary and secondary sources. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to collect primary data from 60 landowners, 30 cultivators and 30 residents giving a total of 120 respondents using structured questionnaire. Mean ages of landowners, farmers and residents were 67.9 years, 39.6 years and 47.3 years respectively. Majority (68.3%) of landowners had no formal education, while majority (73.3%) and (90%) of farmers and residents had formal education. Majority (68.3%) of landowners were farmers while majority (66.7%) and (76.7%) of farmers and residents were employees of governments. Majority (93.3%) of landowners were males, 100% of farmers were males. Cultivated land area decreased from 48% to 23.2% (–24.8%), built-up area increased from 37.3% to 41.8% (4.5%) while sand-mined area substantially increased from 14.6% to 35% (20.4%). Parting of land for sand mining increased with increasing age, household size and primary occupation being farming while parting of land for sand mining decreased with higher level of education. It is therefore recommended that all levels of government in the country should embark on close monitoring of land use to prevent frequent occurrence of land and environmental degradation. Additionally, Land Use Act of 1978 should be reviewed by bringing all stakeholders together to deliberate on how to prevent multiple land ownership and conflicts.
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Gómez Dueñas, María Catalina. "Entre los márgenes y el uso estratégico: territorialidades en disputa en el Macizo caucano". REVISTA CONTROVERSIA, nr 205 (23.10.2015): 129–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.54118/controver.vi205.394.
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Este artículo ofrece una caracterización del Macizo caucano con el propósito de identificar ideas claves que permitan explicar la estructura actual de la propiedad rural, así como también los conflictos que alrededor de esta tejen las distintas comunidades presentes en el territorio. A partir de cuatro dimensiones —geográfica, económica, social y de conflicto armado— se aborda la región como un territorio donde convergen factores determinantes, tales como actores legales e ilegales, disputas por intereses de tierras y condiciones de vida ligadas a la minería. Para este propósito, utilizamos fuentes secundarias y realizamos el procesamiento de bases de datos cuantitativas y cualitativas; esto como parte de un proceso de investigación en curso del Instituto de Estudios Interculturales de la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana de Cali (IEI, PUJ).Palabras Clave: Territorio, Figuras territoriales, Estructura de la propiedad, Uso y tenencia de la tierra, Ruralidad.ABSTRACTBETWEEN THE MARGINS AND THE STRATEGIC USE: TERRITORIALITIES IN DISPUTE IN THE CAUCANO MASSIFThis article offers a characterization of the Caucan Massif, in order to identify key ideas to explain the current structure of ownership of rural land and the conflicts around it between the different communities present in the territory. Through four dimensions –geographic, economic, social and armed conflict–, the region is proposed as a territory where converge legal and illegal actors, with interest, disputes and different uses of the land, where it can be found living conditions outside of the wealth that mining and coca economy generated and demands and organizational processes which claim figures, uses and forms of alternative land tenure. The information provided has been taken from secondary sources and from quantitative and qualitative data, as part of a ongoing research at the Institute for Intercultural Studies.Key Words: Territory, Territorial figures, Ownership structure, Use and land tenure, Rurality.
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Saprika, Alen, Afrizal Afrizal i Azwar Azwar. "PRAKTIK SOSIAL PERTAMBANGAN: Suatu Studi Penanganan Konflik Oleh Sebuah Perusahaan Izin Clear and Clear di Ulayat Penghulu Nan Salapan, Nagari Lunang Utara". Jurnal Antropologi: Isu-Isu Sosial Budaya 21, nr 1 (12.06.2019): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jantro.v21.n1.p73-80.2019.
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The concept of the clear and clean permit has been implemented since 2011 by the Indonesia government to produce sustainable mining practices. This concept is applied by the government due to the occurrence of conflicts in Indonesia. This article presents the results of research findings concerning the influence of clear and clean permits to social practices of mining. The study used structuration theory and using qualitative research method what has been studied is the use of government regulations by mining companies, related government agencies, and local communities to legitimize and understands their actions. A case PT. Tripabara operating in Nagari Lunang Utara has been studied. This article would like to show that although the company has obtained a clear and clean license, sustainable mining practices are not carried out. The article discussed the causes of unsustainable mining practices by PT. Tripabara. Two things will be revealed: the first is status of clear and clear permits obtained by the company is used by the company officials to claim that their mining practice is sustainable, while the community based their understanding of the company behavior on the company’s actions to tackle environmental problems and conflict of land acquisition.
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Eerola, Toni. "Territories of Contention: The Importance of Project Location in Mining-Related Disputes in Finland from the Geosystem Services Perspective". Resources 11, nr 12 (28.11.2022): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources11120109.
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Geosystem services produced by geological processes are the abiotic equivalents of ecosystem services. Geosystems also contribute to satisfying human needs and produce welfare in the form of, e.g., mineral deposits, landscapes for recreation and tourism, and habitats for rare species that require protection. Geosystems are inherently linked to ecosystems, which causes overlap between provided services. This overlap may in turn cause conflicts over land-use needs and interests. Such controversies can be manifested as mining and mineral exploration disputes (MMEDs). Six MMEDs from Finland were selected for a closer examination. The MMEDs are described and spatially analyzed from the geosystem services perspective. The main causes for the examined MMEDs are land-use issues, i.e., the location of a project in a sensitive context (a protected area (PA), tourism destination, reindeer herding area, or lake area with vacation homes), and/or association with uranium. There have been attempts to block some of the projects through land-use planning by expanding PAs or excluding mining from the municipality. Conversely, one of the projects is an example of the safeguarding of mineral deposits by province-level land-use planning. A more comprehensive consideration of geosystem services by land-use planning may help to accommodate and reconciliate diverse interests and alleviate disputes.
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Hehamahua, Hayati. "Bagi Hasil Tambang Emas dalam Perspektif Ekonomi Islam (Studi Pada Tambang Emas Gogorea Kec.Waeapo. Kab.Buru)." e-Journal Ekonomi Bisnis dan Akuntansi 7, nr 2 (17.09.2020): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/ejeba.v7i2.19597.
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The Gogorea Village Gold Mine is located on the eucalyptus area of the village of Gogorea, which is the owner of the heir of King Liliyali. Community gold mining that occurs in the Mount Botak gold mining area is a lesson for the owner of the Gogorea gold mine to make local rules or laws in managing gold mines. This study aims to determine the profit sharing system of gold mining management between miners and gold mining area owners from an Islamic economic perspective with a qualitative approach. Humans only borrow and use natural resources that Allah has provided, and have no right to control them absolutely. In an Islamic perspective, muamalah transactions take place honestly and transparently in order to avoid conflict and mafsadah (damage). With an Islamic economic approach, the research findings are (a). Initially, the Gogorea gold mining area was an eucalyptus land owned by the heir of King Liliyali so that bargaining power belongs to the heir's family, (b). The internal regulations that have been implemented have been able to reduce conflicts in the Gogorea gold mining area. (c). The existence of this local law is able to guarantee harmony and fraternal relations between miners and mining area owners.
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Górniak-Zimroz, Justyna, i Katarzyna Pactwa. "Dimension and Crushed Stones Extraction as a Source of Social and Environmental Conflicts in Poland". Minerals 8, nr 10 (15.10.2018): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8100453.
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Crushed and dimension stones, which include 33 lithological varieties among igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks and sedimentary rocks, are mainly located in the southern and south-western part of Poland. Demand for this group of minerals is continuously high, which results from conducted and planned infrastructural investments. Mining activity is associated with interference in the natural environment. Negative consequences of exploitation include, among others: Land surface deformations, and the pollution of the soil, air, and water. In many cases, the extraction of minerals also leads to the liquidation of housing and transportation infrastructure located in the mining area, as well as to reducing the value of real estate in the immediate vicinity of the deposit or to increase in the level of stress among local residents, who are exposed to noise, which causes growing social conflicts in areas designated for exploitation. Thus, the awareness of negative effects of undertaking open-cast mining leads to the conflicts between various groups of stakeholders (residents, environmental organizations, mining entrepreneurs). Through the use of multi-criteria evaluation, this article identifies the places of potential social and environmental conflicts resulting from the planned mining activity in three areas of the densest occurrence of the analysed deposits (Lower Silesia Province, Lesser Poland Province and Świętokrzyskie Province). The assessment of lands over the deposits recognized initially and in detail was proposed, determining the degree of their accessibility. Due to the proposed method, it’s possible to obtain results of the classification of each fragment of the analysed deposit, as well as the surroundings of such deposit at any distance from it, within the boundaries of analysed area. Information may be made available to users of the deposits, mining enterprises interested in exploitation of the deposits or administration responsible for issuing decisions regarding concessions for exploitations of the deposits, so that they have knowledge about conflict areas in the region, resulting from the impact of planned mining activity on life and health of the people and on the environment.
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Novikov, A. V. "Land Tenure Planning in Order to Develop Territories of Traditional Natural Resource Use: Experience of Canada". Vestnik of the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, nr 4 (21.07.2021): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2413-2829-2021-4-169-179.
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The article studies issues of land tenure planning for implementation of projects aimed at industrial development of the Arctic. Using the example of Northern provinces of Canada it shows evolution of land tenure strategic planning, analyzes its role in social and economic development of the territory. It is shown that involvement of aboriginal people of the North in the process of planning the use of land, forest and other natural resources can lower conflicts among land users, mining companies and the local population, protect territories of traditional land tenure in places of residence and traditional natural resource use of aborigine people and create necessary conditions for the development of traditional types of activity and sustainable space development of the Arctic. Canadian experience of land tenure planning in development of Arctic territories in the area of aboriginal people residence can be used in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation to balance interests of concerned parties, i.e. local bodies of power, business and aboriginal people of the North.
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Niu, Hebin, Jinman Wang, Zhaorui Jing i Biao Liu. "Identification and management of land use conflicts in mining cities: A case study of Shuozhou in China". Resources Policy 81 (marzec 2023): 103301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.103301.
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Yakin, Nurul. "Implementation of Coal Mining Company CSR Program towards Sustainable Livehood". International Journal of Social Service and Research 3, nr 4 (25.04.2023): 1086–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.46799/ijssr.v3i4.381.
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This study aims to determine the implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) programs in coal mining companies and their impact on sustainable livehood. This research uses a qualitative descriptive approach to produce reliable and valid data and information. Data collection techniques use interviews, observations and discussions. The source of the data is a key informant taken by snowball sampling method from the company, government and community. The data was analyzed using interactive methods. The results showed that the implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Programs has not been carried out optimally. There are still problems in economic development, land acquisition and the environment, resulting in conflicts between the community and companies, governments and communities.
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Alauddin, Rusdin, Irham Rosidi, Abdul Aziz DP i Irawan Sangaji. "Environmental Legal Responsibility Of Non-Metal And Rock Mining Business Persons In Sharia Perspective: Study In The City Of Tidore Islands". Journal of Transcendental Law 3, nr 2 (31.07.2022): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jtl.v3i2.17792.
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Mining of non-metallic minerals and rocks is a natural resource from Allah SWT to be used properly and correctly for all of His creatures. In the City of Tidore, Islands, the use of these natural resources is illegal and does not have a mining permit. The consequences of mining activities include the physical impact of the environment being damaged such as land damage and forest damage, reduced water discharge on the ground surface, damage to public health, damage to public facilities found on roads, as well as causing community conflicts. The form of responsibility is carried out by limiting utilization activities, carrying out environmental restoration, as well as cooperation between the government and the community in supervising utilization actions that cause losses. Responsibility is not only on the government but public awareness is very important in environmental conservation efforts. In the Qur'an Surah al-Rum verse 41, it has been stated that "Corruption has appeared on land and at sea due to the actions of human hands, so that Allah may feel for them a part of (the consequences of) their actions, so that they will return (to the right path). )
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Agariga, Felix, Simon Abugre, Ebenezer K. Siabi i Mark Appiah. "Mining Impact on Livelihoods of Farmers of Asutifi North District, Ghana". Environmental Management and Sustainable Development 10, nr 4 (2.10.2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/emsd.v10i4.19066.
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Local communities in Ghana are heavily reliant on agriculture for their livelihoods. However, they are increasingly shifting from engaging in agriculture to mining. This study was undertaken to assess the impact of mining (both small and large scale) on the livelihoods of community members of Kenyasi, Asutifi North District in Ghana. Data were collected from 201 farming households who were selected randomly and interviewed for a variety of information. The questionnaire responses received from the respondents were classified into items and each item's responses were tallied. The results of the studies show that the farmers’ livelihood systems were affected by the mining operations occurring around their communities. Water pollution, displacement of farmers from their lands, degradation of agricultural lands, and an increase in social vices and higher dropout rates of students from schools are some of the reported consequences of the mining activities. The pollution of the water resources poses a serious threat to the health and livelihood systems of these farmers as they depend on the water resources for agriculture and domestic use. In this study, we project that there could be increased grievances over scarce land resource and food insecurity that could lead to conflicts in the mining areas. The lack of land resources could have a tremendous effect on the social, economic, and political climate of a country and must be considered and addressed as some of the most immediate threats to Ghana's national security.
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Agariga, Felix, Simon Abugre, Ebenezer K. Siabi i Mark Appiah. "Mining Impact on Livelihoods of Farmers of Asutifi North District, Ghana". Environmental Management and Sustainable Development 10, nr 4 (2.10.2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/emsd.v10i4.19066.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Local communities in Ghana are heavily reliant on agriculture for their livelihoods. However, they are increasingly shifting from engaging in agriculture to mining. This study was undertaken to assess the impact of mining (both small and large scale) on the livelihoods of community members of Kenyasi, Asutifi North District in Ghana. Data were collected from 201 farming households who were selected randomly and interviewed for a variety of information. The questionnaire responses received from the respondents were classified into items and each item's responses were tallied. The results of the studies show that the farmers’ livelihood systems were affected by the mining operations occurring around their communities. Water pollution, displacement of farmers from their lands, degradation of agricultural lands, and an increase in social vices and higher dropout rates of students from schools are some of the reported consequences of the mining activities. The pollution of the water resources poses a serious threat to the health and livelihood systems of these farmers as they depend on the water resources for agriculture and domestic use. In this study, we project that there could be increased grievances over scarce land resource and food insecurity that could lead to conflicts in the mining areas. The lack of land resources could have a tremendous effect on the social, economic, and political climate of a country and must be considered and addressed as some of the most immediate threats to Ghana's national security.
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., Nurbaedah. "PEMBAHARUAN HUKUM AGRARIADALAM RANGKA PEMBANGUNAN BERKELANJUTAN". DIVERSI : Jurnal Hukum 1, nr 1 (30.04.2018): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.32503/diversi.v1i1.129.
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Sustainable development especially in the field of agrarian law reform in Indonesia is very necessary. To mind the land issue is very urgent and is
important to the rule in land regulation of law which is complete. To reduce disputes against former land leasehold, it is necessary to agrarian reform which
means a continuous process, thus it requires arrangements related to the allocation, use, authorizing, possessing rights over land that was implemented in
order to achieve certainty and legal protection and justice and prosperity for all the people of Indonesia, with the object of former leasehold land, HGB or Rights Management; land affected by the conversion provisions; land submitted voluntarily by its owner, the land rights of the holder violates the law; object land reform; object former land reform; land arise; the land of the former mining area; land donated by the government; exchange of land from and by the
government; land purchased by the government; soil release Convertible Production Forest Area, or the land of the former forest area ever released. The
purpose of renewal reorganize the inequality of control, ownership, use and exploitation of land, reduce poverty, create job fields, improve people's access to economic resources, especially land, reduce disputes and / or conflicts over land and agrarian, improve and maintain the quality of the environment, and improve food security of community.
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Spasic, Nenad, Ksenija Petovar i Vesna Jokic. "Potentials and limitations of spatial and demographic development in Kosovo-Metohija lignite basin". Spatium, nr 19 (2009): 30–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/spat0919030s.
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The initial research carried out for the purpose of elaborating the Spatial Plan for Kosovo-Metohija Lignite Basin indicated the need to address numerous conflicts and opposing interests in the area concerned. This required the Plan to focus on harmonizing the economic, social and spatial aspects of developing a mining-energy-industrial system (hereinafter MEIS) and its surroundings, devising the new ways for the protection of local population interests and use of novel approaches in dealing with the environmental consequences of lignite exploitation and processing. The area wherein Kosovo-Metohija lignite deposits are found is replete with diverse conflicting interests, including insufficient and uneven development, extremely large overall and especially agrarian population density (among the highest in Europe), unemployment and a sizable portion of the grey economy, low level and quality of services of public interest, ethnic conflicts and polarization, etc. The environmental effects of MEIS activities in a situation of this kind were revealed by the early stages of research in all segments of economic, social and spatial development, along with a high degree of environmental degradation. The main conflict in the Plan area is the one between mining and agriculture, i.e. open pit lignite mining and high-fertility soil covering lignite deposits. The conflict is additionally aggravated by the remarkable density of agricultural population on this territory and high selling prices of the land. Therefore, a substantial part of the Plan?s propositions was related to the conditions of settlement and infrastructure relocation, population resettlement and measures to relieve the tensions and prevent the outbreak of potential conflicts in implementing the Plan. The Spatial Plan is conceived as a complex and comprehensive document defining the framework, basic principles, starting points and measures tackling the numerous development conflicts, spatial, social and ecological limitations, including the relevant analytical and data bases deriving from field research and surveys. Despite the fact that under the UN SC Resolution 1244, the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija has been under the jurisdiction of the United Nations since June 1999, we believe that the Draft of the Spatial Plan and the research work done for its purpose are still valid, since to this date there have been no attempts to start the formation of new open pits in Kosovo lignite basin.
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Brosted, Jens. "TERRITORIAL RIGHTS IN GREENLAND legal basis - view points and considerations". Nordic Journal of International Law 54, nr 1-2 (1985): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187529385x00084.
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AbstractLarge scale mineral and petroleum extraction - in fact or in terms of industry projects and government hopeful expectations - has in recent years been one of the main sources of conflict between indigenous peoples and the larger society encompassing them. This is particularly true of Greenland - not because of the numbers or magnitude of projects - but because there is no individual ownership to land in Greenland, in the traditional western sense and some of the traditional sources of conflict have therefore been absent. For a discussion of aboriginal territorial rights in Greenland, it might therefore be appropriate to take your point of departure in the conflicts which may arise between mineral extraction and the traditional Greenlandic land use. I shall therefore shortly review legal data, which may contribute to the solution of such conflicts. By the same process I'll contribute to the understanding of the legal entity, which is endowed with the territorial rights in Greenland, or - popularly speaking: who owns Greenland. While it is generally recognized that the ownership of Greenland is vested in the public or in the society, is has been disputed which society or what public possess the legal claim to that entitlement. The Home Rule Commission For Greenland contributed no solution to this problem, and the "Home Rule Act" simply laid down, that "the permanent resident population in Greenland have basic rights to the natural resources of Greenland".2 The mining acts for Greenland - both the old one from 1965 (rev. 69) and the one adapted to home rule from 1978 - prescribes that mineral concessions shall respect existing (use) rights (§ 3 resp. 8).3 This suggests two issues: 1.: what are the contents of the protected existing rights and as a sub-issue: who are entitled. This first problem is my main subject in the following, while I shall only touch upon the 2. issue: namely, that the authorities in granting concessions have neglected their duty to examine and safeguard prior existing Greenlandic land use rights. This is still current practice and represent a major reason for the fact that the main issue has yet to be solved. I shall subsequently contribute to the elucidation of existing Greenlandic land use rights by discussing: 1) localized rights, 2) the more general Greenlandic territorial rights and finally 3) the issue of the protection of these Greenlandic rights according to the Danish constitution (§ 73).
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Shutzer, Matthew. "Subterranean Properties: India's Political Ecology of Coal, 1870–1975". Comparative Studies in Society and History 63, nr 2 (25.03.2021): 400–432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417521000098.
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AbstractScholars have long been attentive to the relationship between legal regimes and agrarian dispossession in the resource frontiers of the postcolonial world. The analytical problem of identifying how private firms use legal regimes to take control of land—whether for mining, plantations, or Special Economic Zones—now animates a new body of research seeking the historical antecedents for contemporary land grabs. In the case of colonial South Asia, existing scholarship has often tended to suggest that the law precedes processes of capital accumulation, and that colonial capital operated within the confines of definable, even if legally plural, institutional regimes, such as property rights and commercial law. This perspective suggests, if only implicitly, that capitalist firms prefer to work within formal frameworks of legality. In this article, I outline a different understanding of the place of law in colonial South Asia, which follows the formation of property law for coal at the end of the nineteenth century. I argue that the discursive framing of coal's status as property emerged out of, rather than preceded, social and ecological displacements caused by a coal commodity boom after 1894. Reconstructing conflicts over coal-bearing agrarian land through civil court records and mining company property deeds, I demonstrate how the absence of coal property within the colonial legal archive was reassembled through a recursive conception of legality. This genealogy of law recovers the historical context for contemporary struggles over mining claims in India's coal region today.
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Xu, Yaotao, Peng Li, Jinjin Pan, Yi Zhang, Xiaohu Dang, Xiaoshu Cao, Junfang Cui i Zhi Yang. "Eco-Environmental Effects and Spatial Heterogeneity of “Production-Ecology-Living” Land Use Transformation: A Case Study for Ningxia, China". Sustainability 14, nr 15 (5.08.2022): 9659. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159659.
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Spatio-temporal changes to the eco-environmental quality index (EQI) and determination of their spatial differentiation characteristics are important bases for land management and ecological environment protection. This study evaluates the changes in EQI and its spatial distribution characteristics with reference to the three dominant functions of land use, namely “production-ecology-living” (PEL), based on the interpretation of land use remote sensing data in 2000, 2010 and 2018. The spatial diversity of ecological environment quality and its driving factors were quantitatively analyzed by gravity center transfer, cold and hot spot analysis, and the GeoDetector model. The results showed that: (1) The transformation of land in Ningxia from 2000 to 2018 mainly manifested by the increase in industrial and mining production land (IMPL), urban living land (ULL) and rural living land (RLL), and the decrease of grassland ecological land (GEL), especially in the north of Ningxia. (2) The ecological environment quality decreased slightly during the research period, but there was an improvement trend in the north. High environment quality values were concentrated in the Liupan Mountain area in the south of Ningxia, while the low values were mainly in the desert areas of Shapotou County and Zhongning County in the west. (3) The interaction between land use intensity and topographic factors led to spatial change in EQI in the research area. Effects of land use intensity are the dominant factor, reflecting the degree of impact of human activities on natural ecosystems. Our results suggest that topographic factors and human disturbances should be fully taken into account in future land and spatial development decisions to minimize human-ecological conflicts.
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Akhmad Nulhaqim, Soni, Muhammad Fedryansyah, Eva Nuriyah Hidayat i Dwi Astuti Wahyu Nurhayati. "CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL PROBLEM: AGRARIAN CONFLICT". Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 8, nr 3 (22.06.2020): 1189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.83121.
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Purpose: Agrarian conflict is the outcome of the land policy that includes problems in land administration and land use. This research aims to analyse the agrarian conflict phenomenon as one of the contemporary social problems in Indonesia by referring to the aspects of agrarian conflict causes, agrarian conflict as a social problem, and impacts and resolutions of agrarian conflict.
Methodology: This research adopted a descriptive qualitative method. The data were collected by studying literature and previous research. Causes of agrarian conflict included agrarian reform policy that was still blocked by the disorganised land administration, corruption issue, and land control of some groups.
Main Findings: That condition shoved various moves to generate resistance, notably people who suffered from the poor agrarian reform policy that resulted in agrarian conflict. The agrarian conflict occurred in several sectors such as plantation, property, infrastructure, agriculture, forestry, marine, and mining. In each sector, agrarian conflict was caused by distinct factors. Agrarian conflict is classified as a social problem since it is undergone by many people; it is an unpleasant situation, and it is a condition demanding a resolution that must be done through collective social action. Impacts of agrarian conflict involved casualties, criminalisation, and job losses, which were suffered by people as the victims of the conflict. Efforts to resolve agrarian conflict generally adopt litigation and non-litigation approaches. The litigation approach is performed in court, while a non-litigation approach is carried out via negotiation, mediation, repressive approach, and community-based approach through the empowerment of local people.
Implications: In resolving agrarian conflicts, it is recommended to adopt a non-litigation approach to achieve conflict resolution as a win-win solution and prioritise the parties’ concerns involved in the conflict. One of the non-litigation approaches is known as community-based conflict resolution.
Novelty/Originality of this study: The current study is unique as it contributes to the literature by highlighting the conflict and problems aroused in the agrarian society and reforms developed against them. It will also shed light on the agrarian conflict phenomenon as one of the contemporary social problems in Indonesia.
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Kowasch, Matthias. "Le développement de l'industrie du nickel et la transformation de la valeur environnementale en NouvelleCalédonie". Journal of Political Ecology 19, nr 1 (1.12.2012): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v19i1.21727.
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Abstract:New Caledonia is characterized by cultural diversity, and human occupation of the territory is divided. A Melanesian, Kanak agrarian society (about 40% of the total population), and a largely urban society, of European and other origins (about 60%), co-inhabit a territory of approximately 19,000 km2. The duality of occupation is also shown in the juxtaposition of common and customary land laws. These are the result of a painful history of land dispossession during colonial times and restitution of some land to the Kanak from 1970. Kanak identity is built on the clan's history inscribed in a natural milieu where the environment, and land, has customary value, more than use value. New Caledonia has considerable mineral resources, especially nickel. Mining often creates conflict, as it raises the use value of land. Therefore, the establishment of a mine, refinery or industrial zone can often initiate assertions of clan ownership and land claims. Land rights are constantly updated, and can be renegotiated. The remodeling of the territory under mining pressures and new land allocations is a means for upward social mobility and prestige in Kanak society. These issues are demonstrated for the Federation "Djelawe" and two tribes (Oundjo and Baco) near the site of the future nickel ore processing plant and port (the Koniambo project) in the north of Grande Terre built by the local SMSP company and the Swiss Xstrata group. A discourse of environmental protection was used to restrain industrial activity but also to assert rights to clan land. But development pressures have also been used to achieve political control over land, and thus to increase clan recognition, and possible royalty payments. Thus, land claims are part of a game of prestige and power between clans and families. Socio-economic access to land, it emerges, is clearly more important in these cases than the protection of its bio-physical assets. Key words: New Caledonia, Kanak, land conflicts, nickel mining, regional development.Résumé:La Nouvelle-Calédonie se caractérise par une grande diversité culturelle, mais également par une dualité des espaces de vie. Une société agraire multiséculaire, d'origine kanak (environ 40% de la population totale), et une société majoritairement urbaine, d'origine européenne, mais largement métissée (environ 60% de la population totale), co-habitent sur un territoire d'environ 19,000 km2 qui possèdent des ressources minérales considérables, surtout en nickel. La dualité des espaces de vie se montre également dans la juxtaposition de terres soumises au droit commun et de terres soumises au droit coutumier. Ces dernières sont le fruit d'une histoire douloureuse de spoliations foncières lors de l'époque coloniale et de rétrocessions à partir des terres 1970. La perception territoriale de la population kanak s'oriente vers un modèle où la valeur patrimoniale prime sur la valeur d'usage, car l'identité kanak se construit sur l'histoire du groupe inscrit dans un environnement où tous les objets environnementaux possèdent une certaine valeur. La co-existence des lieux à forte valeur patrimoniale, les lieux sacrés, et une activité minière ou économique au sens large peut entraîner une transformation de la valeur et suscite souvent des conflits, car une légitimité foncière signifie un plus de prestige. De ce fait, la mise en place d'un projet économique – c'est-à-dire une mine, une usine métallurgique ou une zone industrielle – réveille souvent des revendications foncières. Ces revendications démontrent que les légitimités foncières sont en perpétuelle réactualisation et peuvent être renégociées. Le remodelage du territoire représente un moyen pour une ascension sociale au sein de la société kanak. Ces enjeux fonciers sont démontrés à l'exemple de la fédération « Djelawe » et de deux tribus (Oundjo et Baco) en proximité du site industriel de la future « usine du Nord », construite par un consortium de la SMSP locale et du groupe suisse Xstrata (projet Koniambo). Depuis un certain temps, la protection de l'environnement devient une préoccupation de plus en plus importante des acteurs locaux. Ce discours environnementaliste est cependant souvent instrumentalisé pour atteindre des objectifs « politico-fonciers »: une reconnaissance foncière et des royalties. Ainsi, les revendications foncières s'inscrivent dans un jeu de prestige et de pouvoir entre clans et familles. L'aspect socio-économique de l'environnement semble être clairement plus important que l'aspect bio-physique. Mots clés: Nouvelle-Calédonie, Kanak, les conflits fonciers, l'exploitation minière du nickel, du développement régional.
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Afonso, Marcos Vinicius, i José Augusto Carvalho de Araújo. "Socio-environmental impacts of mining with bauxite waste in Vila do Conde, Barcarena, Pará". Concilium 24, nr 1 (29.01.2024): 405–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.53660/clm-2737-24b05.
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There are many complaints from groups affected by the socio-environmental tragedy caused by the large mining enterprises, which cover the entire Brazilian territory. The objective of the research was to perform an analysis on the effects of bauxite mining on the living experience of the residents of Vila do Conde. The study is characterized as qualitative research, combined with the consultation and bibliographic survey. A method of direct and participatory observation was employed. The research showed that the 100 collaborators, residents of the community, were aware of the various concerns regarding the potential socio-environmental impacts of mining, caused by the extraction of minerals. In addition, it became evident that the change in land use stood out with 40% of the perceptions, followed by the impacts on local subsistence with 24%, accompanied by the worsening of the quality of life with 18% and the contamination of water resources with 17% of the acuity. Vila do Conde was hit by a series of environmental occurrences that had a significant impact on its way of life and productivity. Territorial disputes become a crucial factor that often leads to new conflicts and misunderstandings.
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Lee, Jae-hyuck. "A Governance Structure Based on an Opinion Analysis of Local Stakeholders of Saemangeum Floating Photovoltaic Power Plants Project: Using Text Mining for Each Subject". Journal of People, Plants, and Environment 25, nr 6 (31.12.2022): 595–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.11628/ksppe.2022.25.6.595.
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Background and objective: As the use of renewable energy is expanding worldwide, conflicts are emerging in local communities due to environmental damage and competition for land use with existing industries, including agriculture and fishery. Accordingly, while many studies are trying to find alternatives to address such conflicts, studies on governance to implement these alternatives are insufficient. This study attempted to find options for the contentious field of renewable energy using text mining for each subject, and to suggest a direction for building governance to apply this in practice.Methods: Text mining for each subject was conducted targeting the Saemangeum floating photovoltaic power plants (FPVs) project, a large-scale renewable energy project in Korea.Results: As a result of the analysis, three clusters (stakeholder groups) were identified. First, local public officials complied with the government plan, as well as environmental activists from relatively remote areas. Second, local environmental activists and fishermen insisted on ecological conservation. Third, members of the public-private council (PPC) were concerned about industrial transformation. All groups shared a common perception that it was a renewable energy project that benefited the local ecological environment and people.Conclusion: Based on this, local public officials will play a role in cooperating and arranging improvements in renewable energy projects, fishermen and local environmentalists will play a role in developing ecological environment-based renewable energy plans, and the PPC will play a role in seeking a direction for coexistence with the fishery and revitalizing the region. It was also possible to set the direction of governance to implement a project effectively. As such, establishing governance that is tailored to the area where a renewable energy zone is developed can be a starting point for managing local conflicts and operating a project efficiently.
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Gilmintinov, Roman R. "“Accept Costs as an Exception”: Social Costs in Soviet Land Management with Reference to Conflicts around the Reconstruction of the Bachatsky Surface Mine in the Late 1960s — 1970s". Izvestia of the Ural federal university. Series 2. Humanities and Arts 25, nr 4 (2023): 200–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2023.25.4.069.
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This article uses the concept of social costs to analyse the features of Soviet land use in the 1960s–1970s. This concept is based on the study of the mechanisms of modern economies, in which shifting costs to society becomes the most important way to increase profits for producers. Resources depletion and environmental pollution are inevitable costs of any economic activity, but they are usually borne not by the manufacturer, but by third parties and society. The concept of social costs makes it possible to carry out a comprehensive analysis and highlight the complex picture of the actors involved in nature management: those who are the source of social costs, who bear them, and who becomes an agent of redistribution. The empirical material in the article is the conflicts around the reconstruction of the Bachatsky surface coal mine. Its expansion and transformation into one of the largest enterprises of the Soviet coal mining in the late 1960s required withdrawal of significant land plots from nearby farms. The study of conflicts around land allotment, reclamation and compensation demonstrates the following dynamics. In different contexts, the coal industry at all its institutional levels acted as a source of social costs: the ministry, the Kuzbasskarierugol trust, and the Bachatsky mine itself. The Ministry of Agriculture and farms, which directly incurred costs due to the expansion of the mine, did not participate in conflicts on their own behalf. Other actors acted as agents of redistribution: first of all, the Kemerovo Regional Executive Committee, as well as regional Soviet authorities and the State Planning Committee of the USSR. At the same time, each of these bodies had its own vision of the volumes and forms in which coal miners had to compensate social costs.
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Wei, Lanyi, Yanjun Zhang, Lingzhi Wang, Zilang Cheng i Xuying Wu. "Obstacle Indicators Diagnosis and Advantage Functions Zoning Optimization Based on “Production-Living-Ecological” Functions of National Territory Space in Jilin Province". Sustainability 14, nr 7 (1.04.2022): 4215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14074215.
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Frequent human activities have led to different types of land use conflicts which seriously restricted the multi-functional land use and the optimal allocation of resources. Optimizing the development and utilization pattern of land space, carrying out strategic layout, taking all aspects into consideration, and promoting green production and lifestyle are important measures to alleviate the contradiction between human and land and realize the harmonious coexistence between human beings and nature. Therefore, we constructed an evaluation index system of production-living-ecological (PLE) functions in Jilin Province, and analyzed the characteristics of PLE functions via evaluation models and a spatial concentration index. Obstacle degree model and normalized revealed comparative advantage index (NRCA) were used to identify regional dominant function and diagnose obstacle factors, and function zoning and optimization strategies were carried out. The results showed that the average score of ecological function was higher than production and living functions; the spatial agglomeration degree of the three functions was low and the distribution was scattered; the regional functions were affected and hindered by obstacle factors, including total book stock in public libraries, the proportion of nature reserve area, grassland coverage rate, and the proportion of industrial and mining storage land area. Jilin Province was divided into 14 types of advantage function areas and optimization strategies were put forward. The concept of functional regionalization was applied to measure regional multifunctionality at provincial scale, which enriched the theory and practice of territorial spatial pattern optimization, promoted the coordinated development of territorial space, and provided references for provincial territorial space planning and regional sustainable development.
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Safitri, Mahtia, i Ismar Hamid. "KONTESTASI PARADIGMA EKOLOGI POLITIK DALAM KONFLIK AGRARIA". PADARINGAN (Jurnal Pendidikan Sosiologi Antropologi) 5, nr 02 (3.05.2023): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/pn.v5i02.8437.
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The agrarian conflict occurred in Kintapura Village, Kintap District, Tanah Laut Regency. This study aims to analyze the agrarian conflict by using the perspective of conflict and contestation of the political ecology paradigm. This study uses a qualitative research method with a case study approach. Data collection techniques used were participant observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The results showed that the agrarian conflict has made the village an arena for contesting the political ecology paradigm and has had an impact on the existence of unsustainable natural resource management. The eco-developmentalism paradigm in the form of coal mines and oil palm plantations; the eco-conservationism paradigm through the policy of designating convertible production forest areas (HPK); and, people's livelihood as a manifestation of the eco-populist paradigm. The existence of these three paradigms in the management of natural resources has given rise to agrarian conflicts. Natural resource management policies are dominated by the class that has power, namely the owners of capital (the bourgeoisie) and landlords represented by coal mining companies and oil palm plantations. The ruling class then influences policy makers who use their political power in establishing natural resource management policies through the camouflage of eco-conservationism policies, namely the designation of convertible production forest areas (HPK). The class that suffered the most was the farming class which lost its land under management and gave birth to a new class, namely farm laborers and poor farmers.
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Youkhana, Eva, Claudia Leifkes i Tomás Enrique León-Sicard. "Epistemic Marginality, Higher and Environmental Education in Colombia". Gestión y Ambiente 21, nr 2Supl (31.12.2018): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ga.v21n2supl.77752.
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Due to their ecological and cultural wealth and diversity many Latin American countries suffer from the exploitation of natural resources and environmental conflicts. These are furthered by many interconnected factors: divergent world views on land and territory and the competitive interests that stem from them (land and nature as livelihood with symbolic meaning vs. land and its resources as commodity), multiple legal systems (legal pluralism), different social relations and equally divergent strategies and technologies to transform nature. In Colombia among other countries, these factors are largely responsible for the emergence and intensification of the unsustainable resource use and the exploitation of natural resources, for example through an increase of extractive activities such as mining and agricultural practices in the style of the green revolution. Both are privileged in the current conventional and neoliberal model of development, with serious destructive consequences for the natural and cultural environment (symbolic, social, economic, political and technological). Strategies to solve the mentioned problems need a critical reflection on the epistemic foundations that represent diverse perspectives on ecology, development and the environment. We assume that higher and environmental education are important aspects, political agents and protagonists for the enforcement of ideologies and interests, and should therefore be diversified to increase political participation and decrease social inequalities.
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Kot-Niewiadomska, Alicja, i Agnieszka Pawłowska. "The Possibilities of Open-Cast Mining in Landscape Parks in Poland—A Case Study". Resources 9, nr 10 (15.10.2020): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources9100122.
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Landscape parks are one of the most important tools for nature conservation in Europe. Cultural landscape protection, coupled in particular with rural tradition of land use plays a very important role. A common feature of these popular protected areas is the fact that they are established legally, in accordance with the principle of sustainable development. Activities carried out in the landscape parks are not entirely subservient to nature conservation. This makes them different from national parks and natural reserves. In Poland, landscape parks together with their buffer zones cover more than 13% of the country’s territory, which frequently causes conflicts among mining entrepreneurs and limits their activities. Mining in landscape parks in Poland is not forbidden by domestic law; however, detailed guidelines in this respect are determined by the assembly of a given province. Additionally, the process of applying for an extraction licence could be burdened with the threat of social protests, which may result in extending it by many years, and because of which a project may fail to be completed. Optimal solutions to these obstacles are already proposed by “Czatkowice” Limestone Mine (Małopolska Province). This case study presents an efficient practice of a smooth and effective decision-making process of obtaining a new mining licence in a landscape park. It also outlines certain aspects of the social licence to operate (SLO) as well as some appropriate methods of acting in complicated environments and spatial conditions.
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SCHAFFER-SMITH, DANICA, JENNIFER J. SWENSON i ANTONIO J. BÓVEDA-PENALBA. "Rapid conservation assessment for endangered species using habitat connectivity models". Environmental Conservation 43, nr 3 (3.03.2016): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892915000405.
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SUMMARYTo avoid extinction of rare species in regions of active environmental change, strategic approaches are needed to manage remaining habitat. When observations of dispersal or metapopulation information are not available, habitat connectivity simulations may offer a valuable alternative source of information to assess threats and evaluate conservation options. For the Critically Endangered San Martin titi monkey (Callicebus oenanthe) in north central Peru, an updated distribution model was generated and land cover in the heavily deforested northern range of the species was mapped. The value of remaining forest fragments was characterized and threats from future land use change were assessed using complementary connectivity models. It is estimated that the species range is less than 14 000 km2. Remote sensing analysis reveals that at least 34% of lowland forest in the northern range has been lost, while nearly 95% of remaining habitat fragments are likely too small to support viable populations and less than 8% of this habitat lies within conservation areas. Areas with the highest modelled connectivity comprise only 10% of the remaining forest in the northern range and small patches may contribute disproportionately to movement; these lands represent opportunities for conservation and reforestation to prevent potentially significant impacts from future mining and urban development. This study prioritized remaining suitable habitat patches using modelled connectivity and local knowledge to gain insight into the status of an understudied species. This approach offers a relatively rapid method to identify potential land use conflicts, and to further focus research and locally appropriate conservation.
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Desrizal, Desrizal, Nasfryzal Carlo i Nurhasan Syah. "The Impacts of PETI on the Batang Hari River to the Decline of Water Quality, Land Transfer Function, Socio-Cultural Life and the Community Economy". Sumatra Journal of Disaster, Geography and Geography Education 3, nr 1 (1.06.2019): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/sjdgge.v3i1.182.
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One of the Batang Hari watersheds flows in the Jorong Gasing area of Nagari Lubuk Ulang-Aling, Sangir Batang Hari. In this area, for generations, people use river water for various activities such as irrigating rice fields, transportation facilities, inland fisheries, and toilet washing facilities. But a few years ago there began to be an Unlicensed Gold Mining (PETI) activity. As a result, the condition of the Batang Hari river is alarming, as the level of turbidity is very high, damage to the right-left border of the river, destruction of forest areas, and even affect the social and economic life of the community. Therefore, this research was conducted to describe and prove the full impact of the PETI activity. The results showed a decrease in the quality of Batang Hari Hari river, specifically TSS parameters. The over function land was very significant where land cover in 2000 was 61.22 ha of secondary dryland forest to 25.18 ha in 2017. There was evidence of changes in socio-economic life with 63% of the surrounding community no longer utilizing river water, mutual cooperation activities are decreasing, conflicts often occur, as well as an increase in the economy but its growth is unpredictable.
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Pyrikov, Oleksii V., Оksana V. Lunova, Viкtor M. Yermakov, Rolf Petry i Natalya O. Lubenska. "Impact of the long-time armed conflicts on the ecological safety of industrial objects". Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 31, nr 2 (4.08.2022): 380–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/112235.
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The article analyzes the consequences of pollution from industrial enterprises, as well as the risks of disruption of operation and flooding of mines. The armed conflict in the East of Ukraine led to serious environmental consequences – it is the pollution of groundwater, water bodies, air pollution, decommissioning of large areas of arable land, destruction and damage to objects of the nature reserve fund, forest fires, etc. It has been shown that in areas where the armed conflict continues, there has been significant pollution of the environment with chemical toxic substances, metal fragments and heavy metals due to artillery shelling and the use of explosives. As a result, numerous funnels were formed, which mutilated the land and destroyed natural protected areas, flooded mines, built fortifications, ditches, and damaged sewage and water supply networks. Risks associated with damage to communications, businesses and other facilities that pose an increased environmental risk, increase the scale of the negative impact. The problem of flooding of mines and excessive mineralization of waters, which are the part of the production process, is very relevant for both Luhansk and Donetsk regions. Solving this problem requires significant efforts from both the Ukrainian state and international environmental organizations. The main problem is that the mines are located in both controlled and uncontrolled by the Ukrainian government. The fate of coal mines in the territory not controlled by t government of Ukraine is uncertain and requires control by international organizations that are able to conduct monitoring activities. The coal industry in the EU is at «coal-out phase», i. e. at the stage of gradual abandonment of coal mining. First of all, this is dictated by the EU’s course to reach a carbon-free economy by 2050, which means the gradual abandonment of coal generation and the transition to renewable energy sources. And also in accordance with the EU Directive No787 in 2010 On the need to close unprofitable mines.
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Edmonds, J. "Status of woodland caribou in Alberta". Rangifer 18, nr 5 (1.03.1998): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.18.5.1547.
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A recent review of woodland caribou {Rangifer tarandus caribou) status in Alberta estimated that there are between 3600 and 6700 caribou occupying 113 000 km2 of habitat. There are two ecotypes of caribou in Alberta; the mountain ecotype in the west central region and the boreal ecotype primarily in the north. Mountain caribou populations are stable or declining and boreal populations, where data are available, appear to be stable or declining slowly. A major initiative in caribou management in Alberta has been the development of the Woodland Caribou Conservation Strategy. This document was developed over two and a half years by a committee of multi-stakeholder representatives. The past five years has seen an increase in baseline inventory and applied research jointly funded by government, industry and universities, addressing a wide range of management issues from caribou response to logging to interactions of moose, wolves and caribou in the boreal ecosystem. Land use conflicts on caribou range remain high with timber harvesting, oil and gas development, peat moss extraction, coal mining, agricultural expansion and increasing road access overlapping. Cumulative effects of these disturbances are poorly understood and have received little attention to date.
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Sakellariadou, Fani, Francisco J. Gonzalez, James R. Hein, Blanca Rincón-Tomás, Nikolaos Arvanitidis i Thomas Kuhn. "Seabed mining and blue growth: exploring the potential of marine mineral deposits as a sustainable source of rare earth elements (MaREEs) (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 94, nr 3 (4.02.2022): 329–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2021-0325.
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Abstract The expected growth of the global economy and the projected rise in world population call for a greatly increased supply of materials critical for implementing clean technologies, such as rare earth elements (REEs) and other rare metals. Because the demand for critical metals is increasing and land-based mineral deposits are being depleted, seafloor resources are seen as the next frontier for mineral exploration and extraction. Marine mineral deposits with a great resource potential for transition, rare, and critical metals include mainly deep-sea mineral deposits, such as polymetallic sulfides, polymetallic nodules, cobalt-rich crusts, phosphorites, and rare earth element-rich muds. Major areas with economic interest for seabed mineral exploration and mining are the following: nodules in the Penrhyn Basin-Cook Islands Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), the Clarion–Clipperton nodule Zone, Peru Basin nodules, and the Central Indian Ocean Basin; seafloor massive sulfide deposits in the exclusive economic zones of Papua New Guinea, Japan, and New Zealand as well as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the three Indian Ocean spreading ridges; cobalt-rich crusts in the Pacific Prime Crust Zone and the Canary Islands Seamounts and the Rio Grande Rise in the Atlantic Ocean; and the rare earth element-rich deep-sea muds around Minamitorishima Island in the equatorial North Pacific. In addition, zones for marine phosphorites exploration are located in Chatham Rise, offshore Baja California, and on the shelf off Namibia. Moreover, shallow-water resources, like placer deposits, represent another marine source for many critical minerals, metals, and gems. The main concerns of deep-sea mining are related to its environmental impacts. Ecological impacts of rare earth element mining on deep-sea ecosystems are still poorly evaluated. Furthermore, marine mining may cause conflicts with various stakeholders such as fisheries, communications cable owners, offshore wind farms, and tourism. The global ocean is an immense source of food, energy, raw materials, clean water, and ecosystem services and suffers seriously by multiple stressors from anthropogenic sources. The development of a blue economy strategy needs a better knowledge of the environmental impacts. By protecting vulnerable areas, applying new technologies for deep-sea mineral exploration and mining, marine spatial planning, and a regulatory framework for minerals extraction, we may achieve sustainable management and use of our oceans.
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Porto, Marcelo Firpo, Diogo Rocha Ferreira i Renan Finamore. "Health as dignity: political ecology, epistemology and challenges to environmental justice movements". Journal of Political Ecology 24, nr 1 (27.09.2017): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v24i1.20786.
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Abstract The article discusses conceptual and methodological issues related to environmental risks and health problems, in the context of environmental injustice and conflicts. In doing so, we use the conceptual frameworks of political ecology and what we call political epistemology. We propose a comprehensive vision of health that relates not only to illness and death, but also to life, nature, culture and fundamental human rights. We summarize this as health and dignity, echoing the voices of countless people who have been fighting for the right to life and the commons, and against the impacts of mining, agribusiness and the oil industry. Therefore our concept of health is intrinsically related to the capacity of affected communities and their democratic allies to face environmental conflicts (the exploitation of natural resources and the workforce with the systematic violation of rights related to work, land, environment and health). Mobilizations for environmental justice also struggle for the autonomy of communities, their cultures, and the right to maintain indigenous or peasant livelihoods. The way knowledge is produced plays a fundamental role in environmental justice mobilizations since issues of power are related to epistemological disputes and counter-hegemonic alternatives. Political epistemology is an alternative way of confronting crucial questions related to knowledge production, uncertainties and the manipulations of those who generate environmental injustices. Finally, we point to some strategies for strengthening the shared production of knowledge and the mobilization of communities that organize to confront environmental injustices. Key words: political epistemology, political ecology of health, health and dignity
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Zeng, Jianwen, Jipeng Xu, Wenyu Li, Xiaoai Dai, Jiayun Zhou, Yunfeng Shan, Junjun Zhang i in. "Evaluating Trade-Off and Synergies of Ecosystem Services Values of a Representative Resources-Based Urban Ecosystem: A Coupled Modeling Framework Applied to Panzhihua City, China". Remote Sensing 14, nr 20 (21.10.2022): 5282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14205282.
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Following significant urban expansion, the ecological problems of resource-based cities are gradually exposed. It is of great significance to study the ecosystem services of resource-based cities to achieve their sustainable development goals and to alleviate the conflicts between environmental protection and the utilization of the surrounding resources. However, in the current research on resource-based cities, few scholars have combined multiple minerals and multiple ecosystem services to explore the impact of mineral resources on the ecosystem. In this study, based on the historical data spanning from 2002 to 2018, we used the CA–Markov model to project the land use of Panzhihua City to 2030. Based on future land use projection, we quantified four ecosystem services (ESs) variables, including water yield, carbon storage, habitat quality, and soil conservation, using the InVEST model from the perspective of land use evolution in Panzhihua City. In addition, we explored the trade-offs and synergies of different ecosystem services and the correlations between different mineral species and ecosystem services using Spearman’s correlation coefficient. Results showed the following: (1) During 2002–2018, water yield service, habitat quality service, and carbon storage service of Panzhihua City decreased year by year, and soil conservation service showed significant fluctuations; most of the low ESs areas were distributed in the central region of Panzhihua. On the contrary, most high ESs areas were located in the forest region. (2) The trade-offs and synergistic relationships among different ecosystem services showed significant spatial variations. There were synergistic relationships among ESs and weak trade-offs between water yield services, soil conservation, and habitat quality services. There was also significant spatial variability in the trade-offs and synergies among ecosystem services, with water production services showing “east trade-offs and west synergies” with soil conservation and habitat quality services, and most of the rest showing trade-offs in urban areas. (3) ESs in mining areas showed trade-offs in general, mainly between water production services and carbon storage services, with clay as the major negative factor of mineral species, and iron ore mines that have undergone ecological protection construction showed the lowest negative impact on ecology.
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Zaplata, Markus Klemens, i Sandra Dullau. "Applying Ecological Succession Theory to Birds in Solar Parks: An Approach to Address Protection and Planning". Land 11, nr 5 (10.05.2022): 718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11050718.
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Renewable energy production will require large areas of land; production sites should be designed to include biodiversity conservation. Guidance for decision-makers on reasonable coexistence is needed. We use time-series data alongside a meta-study on birds in solar parks, utilizing succession theory to indicate which bird groups can thrive in solar parks. Using an evidence-based and interdisciplinary approach, we documented biodiversity and conditions at a 6 ha site in the newly created post-mining landscape of Lusatia, Germany, for 16 years, grouping avian species depending on the ecosystem state in which they were observed. In a key mid-period of early succession lasting eight years, the avifauna was characterized by successional groups 2, herbaceous plant-preferring, ground-breeding species; and 3, open shrub-preferring species. The preceding and following groups were: (1) pioneer bird species that prefer open ground; and (4), pre-forest species. Comparison of these data with available bird monitoring in solar parks showed that bird species of groups 2 and 3 can also successfully settle in open-space solar parks that have some natural habitat attributes, whereas this is hardly possible for the preceding and following groups. Using this information, opportunities for habitat improvement are facilitated, and potential conflicts can be addressed more purposefully.
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Oguntoke, O., i H. J. Annegarn. "Effectiveness of mediation in the resolution of environmental complaints against the activities of gold mining industries in the Witwatersrand region". Clean Air Journal 24, nr 2 (3.12.2014): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/caj/2014/24/2.7065.
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In the Witwatersrand gold mining area, there have been recurring public complaints about dust dispersed from gold tailings storage facilities (TSFs) that traverse the landscape. Although weather aggravates the frequency and intensity of dust emission from TSFs in the study area, the rapid conversion of buffer areas around the dumps to residential land–use is exposing more people to dust hazards. This study assessed the effectiveness of Crown Mines Dust Monitoring forum in Johannesburg as an alternative environmental dispute resolution mechanism. Records of complaints from 1995 to 2010 that were made available through the forum were collated and analysed with the aid of descriptive statistics. Within the study period, complaints about mine pollution were more frequent between August and October, i.e. the dry months. More than 70% of the complaints were made by companies whose properties, operations and employees were affected by dust emission from the TSFs. While 52% of the complainants reported pollution problems for the first time within the study period, other cases were follow-up to previous complaints. Mining companies responded to 31% of the public’s grievances about dust pollution from their facilities within one week and another 12% in two weeks; response to the remaining complaints took much longer time. As part of mines’ response to public complaints, site visits were organised to indicted facilities, and pollution control measures and mitigation plan adopted at sites were also explained. Moreover, additional control measures were installed in critical circumstances to ameliorate dust pollution. Only a few of the complaints reported to the forum escalated to litigation or issuance of penalty by government agency. Although, the forum provided an avenue for resolution of environmental conflicts in a pragmatic and mutually beneficial manner, the right of the public to a clean environment is still not being realised fully.
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Jackson, Sue, Erin O'Donnell, Lee Godden i Marcia Langton. "Ontological Collisions in the Northern Territory's Aboriginal Water Rights Policy". Oceania 93, nr 3 (listopad 2023): 259–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ocea.5388.
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ABSTRACTAmid a renewed push to extract water for agriculture and mining, Indigenous advocacy in northern Australia has resulted in the introduction of a new water allocation mechanism: a reserve of water to be retained for the use and benefit of Indigenous communities. Our socio‐legal analysis of the Oolloo Water Allocation Plan shows that the Strategic Aboriginal Water Reserves carry essential hallmarks of neoliberal property relations and are founded in the modernist mode of regulating extracted water as a commodity divisible from land, amenable to partitioning and disarticulated from socio‐cultural relations. Informed by ethnographic material from the Daly River region gathered over almost a century, we describe the hydro‐social relations that are created through customary traditions and practices, water planning and licencing, and the interaction between different scales of water movement and decision‐making by both the state and Traditional Owners. The paper contributes in several ways to research that has identified ontological conflicts as central to disagreements over water and pointed to the difficulty of articulating theoretical framings of ontological difference with the practical work of water negotiations. It shows how the new Indigenous water rights discourse that coincided with the commodification of water in wider Australia shaped the way in which Aboriginal people of this region have more recently articulated their relationships to the Daly River and the limits to state recognition of those relationships. We find that the Reserve model is unable to recognize the capacity of water to connect and unify people and other beings, as well as to define boundaries between them. Within a regime that facilitates resource extraction, a limited opening has been created for Aboriginal people to benefit from this model of economic development, yet we argue that there is reason to fear that the divisions the Aboriginal Water Reserve enacts between waters and land presents significant socio‐cultural risks.