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Alonzo, Anne. "La guerre est déclarée ! : La mobilisation industrielle à Toulouse pendant la Première Guerre mondiale". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUL062.
Pełny tekst źródłaBetween 1914 and 1918, the implementation of industrial mobilization decreed by the Union sacrée's government profoundly transformed Toulouse. While the city remained less economically modernized in the 19th century, significant public investments devoted to the production of military equipment accelerated the development of its industry. Population faced difficulties, however, due to labor requisitions, shortages and rising prices. Unlike Germany, social movements which resulted from the deterioration in the standard of living in 1917 did not, however, call into question the consensus around the war effort, neither in Toulouse nor in France. The thesis studies the reasons for the success of setting up industrial mobilization as well as its execution. It shows that France had an institutional advantage and that it was able to rely on its democratic civic capital to preserve the political pact of his patriotic union. The negative growth rate of economic activity in Toulouse between 1914 and 1918 reflects the fact that the war effort was largely supported by businesses and workers. The State capacity and his action were reinforced by the adhesion of the populations to the program of the Union sacrée
Vacheron, Simon. "Mobiliser l’industrie textile (laine et coton). L’État, les entrepreneurs et les ouvriers dans l’effort de guerre, 1914-1920". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040139.
Pełny tekst źródłaDuring the World War I, the industries of the wool and the cotton find themselves pulled(entailed) in the industrial mobilization. The intervention of the State in these branches shows itself essential, and a new relation becomes established between the public authorities and the companies. The modification of the colour of the uniform, its wide distribution about eight million conscripts over four years and the loss of the industrial areas of the North and east lead to the putting under control of the State of almost all the wool trade, whereas the cotton industry remains independent until 1917. This relation extends to the imports of raw materials, with a progressive centralization which excludes any private business(trade), but associates traders and industrialists. Besides, the management of the workforce constitutes a daily challenge for companies. The need in workforce remains important, and the difficulties bound in working conditions and to the increased cost living trigger social tensions, in spite of the “Union sacrée” respected by labor unions. At the same time, the loss of the main industrial territories represents a chance of a lifetime for the other regions, among which those whose textile industry is on the decline before the war. The high demands of the army and the high prices of private trade yeld important profits, and lead the State to adopt a war tax system and to repress the abuses. The return of the stricken industries at the end the conflict, the question of war damage and reinstatement of Alsace-Lorraine put the textile industries in the face of radical changes
Trémoureux, Carl. "La Première Guerre mondiale, l'artillerie et l'industrialisation de la guerre". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUL059.
Pełny tekst źródłaBefore the outbreak of the militarily clash, the Artillery was equipped in accordance with a doctrine ill-suited to recent conflicts and technical possibilities. When the imagined short war turns into a long war offering the possibility of adapting armaments and requiring massive consumption of projectiles, the governance of the production function enters into crisis. A change in mental patterns is needed. The establishment of an Under-Secretary of State for Artillery and Ammunition is a first step in this transformation. Albert Thomas adapts the governance of the production function of artillery equipment by setting up a program of needs, manufacturing and production factors, an industrial policy, as well as steering and control instruments. This new governance constitutes the heart of the governmental activity of steering the war economy, but the latter is not limited to this: it also includes the administration of all the nation's resources, whether labour, raw materials, energy, transportation or innovation capabilities. In the context of wartime parliamentarianism, it can be said that the realization of the idea of an industrial war gradually leads the country to establish a new political and economic regime. In parallel with this evolution, companies are adapting their operating methods to produce in large series; Armies are industrializing their destruction, protection, logistics and force restoration functions
Vacheron, Simon. "Mobiliser l’industrie textile (laine et coton). L’État, les entrepreneurs et les ouvriers dans l’effort de guerre, 1914-1920". Thesis, Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040139.
Pełny tekst źródłaDuring the World War I, the industries of the wool and the cotton find themselves pulled(entailed) in the industrial mobilization. The intervention of the State in these branches shows itself essential, and a new relation becomes established between the public authorities and the companies. The modification of the colour of the uniform, its wide distribution about eight million conscripts over four years and the loss of the industrial areas of the North and east lead to the putting under control of the State of almost all the wool trade, whereas the cotton industry remains independent until 1917. This relation extends to the imports of raw materials, with a progressive centralization which excludes any private business(trade), but associates traders and industrialists. Besides, the management of the workforce constitutes a daily challenge for companies. The need in workforce remains important, and the difficulties bound in working conditions and to the increased cost living trigger social tensions, in spite of the “Union sacrée” respected by labor unions. At the same time, the loss of the main industrial territories represents a chance of a lifetime for the other regions, among which those whose textile industry is on the decline before the war. The high demands of the army and the high prices of private trade yeld important profits, and lead the State to adopt a war tax system and to repress the abuses. The return of the stricken industries at the end the conflict, the question of war damage and reinstatement of Alsace-Lorraine put the textile industries in the face of radical changes
Fette, Julie. "La mobilisation xénophobe des professions médicales et juridiques dans la France de l'entre-deux-guerres". Paris, EHESS, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001EHES0105.
Pełny tekst źródłaKeren, Célia. "L’évacuation et l’accueil des enfants espagnols en France : cartographie d’une mobilisation transnationale (1936-1940)". Paris, EHESS, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EHES0108.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis dissertation recounts the birth, the brief success and the disappearance of a humanitarian and anti-fascist cause of the end of the 1930s: the evacuation of Spanish children from wartime Republican Spain and their reception and care in France between 1936 and 1939. This evacuation programme resulted in 10,000 Spanish boys and girls fostered in French families or housed in children's colonies, often at the request of their parents. This study identifies the groups which carried out this project, the reasons for their commitment, the means they used and, finally, their achievements and failures. Through a transnational analysis of the French heir, committees and the Spanish State institutions involved, of their collaboration and dissensions, this research successively delves into different political universes: French left-wing parties and trade unions of the Popular Front alliance, French Catholics and the Vatican hierarchy, as well as the Spanish and Basque states. The contributions of this thesis are threefold. First, the cause of the Spanish evacuated children mobilized a wide array of groups who were able to place themselves under very different banners (antifascism, humanism or Christian charity): it thus gives rise to a new and more complex account of French reactions to the Spanish civil war. Secondly, the commitments and conflicts around the evacuated children allow us to observe the subtle ideological and strategic evolutions of all of these political players, in the critical years leading up to the Second World War. Finally, by uncovering a long-lived tradition of children's displacement and fostering in trade union practices, this study calls for a widening of theperimeter of the history of humanitarian aid
Moutet, Aimée. "La rationalisation industrielle dans l'économie française au XXeme siècle : étude sur les rapports entre changements d'organisation technique et problèmes sociaux 1900-1939". Paris 10, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA100114.
Pełny tekst źródłaSoavi, Joseph. "De la crise de stabilisation à la crise des années 1930 : la conjoncture économique en France de 1926 à 1931". Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010565.
Pełny tekst źródłaDosso, Diane. "Louis Rapkine (1904-1948) et la mobilisation scientifique de la France libre". Lille : A.N.R.T, Université de Lille III, 1998. http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/31120.
Pełny tekst źródłaMarkou, Efstathia-Efi. "La décentralisation industrielle en France dans le premier XXe siècle : du mot d’ordre réformateur à l’aménagement du territoire". Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EHES0023.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis analyses the stakes, logic and modalities of the construction of industrial decentralization as an object of reform and public action. The period of study extends from the renewal of debates at the dawn of the 20th century to the institutionalization of this action at the turn of the 1950s, involving several archival and printed sources. To follow the reconfigurations of "industrial decentralization" over the course of half a century, this research takes into account all the discourses postulating the displacement of industry (decentralization, transfer, dispersion...), issued by actors belonging to different professional fields (senior officials, politicians, urban planners, engineers, military, geographers, economists...). At the turn of the 20th century, industrial decentralization was conceived in terms of the opposition between cities (particularly Paris) and the countryside, in order to promote the return to the land, and to respond both to the abandonment of rural areas and to the urban question. These old concerns were being reformulated at the margins of the reform field, benefiting from the opening of a new repertoire of action, urban reform, and the professional practice that took shape as a result, urban planning. The belief in a possible reversal of the centripetal industrial movement was revived by advances in transport and electrical energy. The proposals were organized around three paradigms: the rural paradigm located industry in the countryside, reducing the size of settlements and aspiring to revitalize small workshops; the regional paradigm aimed at industrialization either of particular geographical areas, such as valleys, or of larger areas, dependent on large cities; and finally, the planning paradigm gave priority not to the deindustrialization of large cities but to the development of industrial areas in their suburbs. In the 1920s, the threat of aerial bombardments on strategic industries for the French army and on cities made national defence a new challenge for decentralization. It triggered the first policy, applied in the early 1930s to the aeronautical industries and then to other war industries, which were called upon to move away from the north-eastern part of France and from the Paris region in particular. Military considerations took over previous debates on decentralization, while adding to the major economic issues of their time, such as the modernization of production or unemployment, and confronting the practical aspects of operations, such as the availability or the housing of the labour force.The reformism and dirigisme of the Vichy government gave a new impetus to industrial decentralization, driven by the regime's modernist currents. Its planning administration undertook, by means of an extensive study, continued after the Liberation, to establish the principles of public action in this field which, while mitigating the effects of centralisation, would encourage further industrialisation. However, at the same time as these attempts were hampered by the conditions for carrying out reconstruction and economic planning, industrial decentralization lost its autonomy to become the main tool for country planning (aménagement du territoire), promoted in the late 1940s by the Ministry of Reconstruction and Town Planning. This thesis shows the historical dynamics of the continuous re-appropriation and re-semanticization by groups of actors grappling with social, economic or urban issues. It thus contributes to the sociology of the relationship between public action, the scholarly field and professional practices, but also to the history of the genesis of country planning
Le, Bot Florent. "La réaction industrielle : mouvements anti-trusts et spoliations antisémites dans la branche du cuir en France, 1930-1950". Paris 8, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA082460.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe 1930-1950 period, in a time of political and economical crisis, tallies, in the leather branch, with a cycle of industrial reaction induced by a concentration and a technological change process. This cycle can be divided into three periods : from 1930 to 1939, the professional federations, speaking for medium sized enterprises mostly grouped in industrial districts, were able to obtain protectionist and Malthusian measures while expressing at the same time views based on corporatism, xenophobia and anti-Semitism ; from 1939 to 1944, they associated themselves with the anti-Semitic despoilment, considered as legitimate in order to reverse the process ; from 1945 to 1950, they tried without success, to obtain the perpetuation of corporatism and to restore the pre-war Malthusian measures. Nevertheless, they could not block the renewal of a phenomenon marked by the passage from a supply-side economics to a demand-side economics
Fromage, Julien. "Innovation politique et mobilisation de masse en « situation coloniale » : un « printemps algérien » des années 1930 ? : l'expérience de la Fédération des Elus Musulmans du Département de Constantine". Paris, EHESS, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EHES0095.
Pełny tekst źródłaFollowing the independence of Algeria, nationalist history has focused on the continuous resistance of Algerian political parties to colonization, hence concealing the plural nature of Algerian militancy and the variety of imagined communities stemming from the colonial situation. Although our approach pays attention to long-term historical processes it mainly focuses on the decisive period of the 1930s. Focused on the experience of the Federation of Elected Muslims of the Department of Constantine our enquiry aims at analyzing the politicization process affecting the Algerian populations spatially, sociologically and anthropologically. Defining themselves as Muslims and Republicans, the Federation militants influence the mobilization of the Algerian society dramatically. They confront a French colonial regime that is itself conceived as a complex artifact, through a multilayered approach of colonial domination. Their protest and the political unrest they foster eventually force the French Government in 1938 to give up the long-term “civilization mission” as the overarching argument justifying the Colonial Republic, in favor of a clearer containment policy to protect immediate colonial interests. Political and social entrepreneurs, the Algerian reformists lose ground as the hope of a democratic reform fades away. They nevertheless pave the way to Algerian nationalism. We hope that this study dealing with the ambiguity and the creative paradoxes stemming from the colonial situation will help understanding why Eastern Algeria later became the major cradle of Algerian liberation, after the 1945 massacres of Setif and Guelma and the nationalist uprising of the Aurès in 1954
Fontanelli, Morel Françoise. "Pio Turroni et le mouvement anarchiste italien en exil en France durant l’entre-deux-guerres : de l’engagement individuel à la mobilisation collective". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM3083.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe History of Italian libertarian movement in exile to France, is a faintly studied topic . It is important to situate this study in link with an another wide topic: the politics migration of the Anti-fascism in France. Firstly, historiography is focused on the masses parties eclipsing the creation of politics minorities groups like Giustizia e libertà movement and anarchist. Secondly, historians favored particularly portraits of « ténors » to deal with anti-fascisme of the most famous figures to the detriment of « obscurs ». This study traces the history of Italians anarchists who were exiled in France and particularly in South-east France during interwar, through the path of a secondary militant from Italian libertarian movement, Pio Turroni. After a historiographic assessment and an inventory of sources mobilized to complete this study, we decided to write the biography of one amongst themselves to work on the history of the entire group. Change at scale, passage from the group’s portrait to the study of an individual trajectory enables to understand the role of a character played by an individual commitment and galloping network of his relations within anarchist movement in exile like others Italian anti-fascism groups.Finally, this study analyses cultural politics, practices and strategies of a militants group from the link plays by Pio Turroni. From the biography of Pio Turroni, we tried to create a way to understand the History of anarchists network in exile to France, and above all contributes to a better knowledge about antifascism and its insertion into the political and social fabric of receiving countries
Langlinay, Erik. "L'industrie chimique française et ses mutations, 1900-1931". Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0149.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe French Chemical industry appears in the beginning of the century as a backward industry compared with the german one. Indeed there is a slow growth and a a certain number of progress, in research for instance. The Chemical Industry is structured by a general system of cartels and harsh labour. At the outbreak of the War, the French Chemical industry is ill prepared and has to shift rapidly. It’s improvment is made through the basic development of traditionnal factories and an intensification of work due to colonial workforce for the most. At the end of the war, the chemical industry as to convert to civil markets. The 1920-1921 crisis shows the fragility of this industry. When the economic growth is back in 1922-29 the German chemical is more competitive thane ever having rationalized its structures. Thus the inner market is developped. At the end of the period, scientific research is rising. Nevertheless the capitalistic transformation is far for being made. The branch is still divided in archaïc (foreign workforce) and modern trends
Teinturier, Sara. "L'enseignement privé dans l'entre-deux-guerres : socio-histoire d'une mobilisation catholique". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REN1G026.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn France, during the interwar period, Catholics ceaselessly claimed public financial support for their schools, which were in a particularly precarious situation. Private Catholic schools subsisted thanks to their teachers who subsumed their hard working conditions to their faith. The strong doctrine of the Catholic Church in educational matters and the acceptance of prescribed roles within the institution were key to maintain a Catholic education system. This claim went alongside a polymorphous activism. Three attitudes prevailed: first, there where the advocates of the realization of Catholic unity, whether in opposition to the political regime or enrolling in the republican legality; then appeared a new movement which demanded the insertion of Catholicism into the modern world. The rejection or the acceptance of the public school system and the definition of private education and of its role, highlighted the issue for the Church: the acceptance or rejection of the pluralisation of French society and of the Catholic opinion. In the 1920’s prevailed the clericalist educational utopia of a Christian society of which Catholic schools would be the spearhead. The 1930’s saw a paradoxical reconfiguration: in the same time that bishops took the initiative of creating a National Committee for private education in 1931, the declericalization of Catholic action was confirmed. In doing so, Catholic militancy which enabled the maintenance of schools, was also responsible for the politicization of the ecclesial scope and, ultimately, of its secularization
Quadrio, Stéphane. "Cités : constructions, significations, appropriations, les aventures d'un mot et les divisions de la ville, Lyon, XIXe et XXe siècles". Paris, EHESS, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005EHES0135.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis examines the links between the history of the french word "cité", the construction of four "cités" in Lyon, and the later interpretations of these projects and their name. It shows that the ways in wich cities and neighbourhoods are seen and represented are not static ; they are not built outside praxis that they would guide, but originate from within these praxis. The research suggests interactions between ordinary, professional and scholarly representations and questions the contribution of social sciences to the stigmatization of working class neighbourhoods