Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „New typology”

<p> Social networking sites (SNS) have become vastly popular and are drawing research attention rapidly. Recent research suggests valid inferences about personality might be made from observing profile information. We propose social media users can be grouped into typologies based on how they use SNS. The current study tested a proposed typology based on behaviors being exhibited. Facebook users' wall posts and recent activity were observed by trained raters in order to validate five distinct hypothesized categories of usage (e.g., Scrap booker, Entrepreneur, Social Butterfly, Activist, and Observer). As predicted, inter-rater reliability utilizing the typology was found to be significant (.97), indicating a high degree of internal consistency among the raters. There was also a highly significant correlation between raters, <i> r</i>(148) = .95, <i>p</i> &lt;. 001, and a high degree of agreement (kappa = .881, <i>p</i> &lt;. 001 ). Results support the categories proposed for coding online behaviors. Implications for the future use of the typologies in analyzing the behavioral patterns found in SNS activity are discussed to help bridge the gap between the online and the offline selves.</p>

This thesis aims to generate a new vision for the park division and introduce a new model of parks called Urban Park. Urban Park should follow specific features and unique characteristics that made it suitable to be integrated into any urban fabric. Therefore, a study on the available groups of parks helps the thesis to compare their characteristics and facilities and formulate a complex of design principles for urban Park. It helps the study to go through formulating a flexible architectural model for Urban Park that can respond to the current and future needs of the inhabitant. This thesis is composed of three chapters that generally are studying on three periods in park design as former time, modern time, and the present time. The first chapter based on bibliographical research leads the thesis to study the concept of paradise and relates it to gardens. Historiography and itinerary review clarifies that the first signs of the park from the current vision date back to 500BC in the Persian Empire that created gardens with the concept of paradise. It clarifies that those gardens were royal and private gardens that were open to the public sporadically in local and national festivals, events, and holidays. The characteristics and elements of the Persian paradises made them a reference for the western world for centuries. Comparing and analyzing Persian gardens helped the thesis to find important and structural elements of these parks that served to illuminate those other characteristics of the contemporary urban park. The second chapter refers to modern times and begins with the first public park that broke the boundaries of the symmetrical design that had been implemented by the Persian garden model and offers a new attitude to park design. A comparison of the case studies shows the evolution of public parks to urban parks. Study and comparison of the plan of Randel for Manhattan and the plan of Cerdà for Barcelona clarify fundamental elements of the urban renewal of these two urban fabric. Moreover, analyzing the evolution of greenery in Barcelona and Manhattan, and also different techniques of redrawing Central Park and urban blocks of both cities served as fundamental references to clarify the idea of what an urban park is. Besides, it also helps the thesis to differentiate an Urban Park from a green park and enlighten the characteristics of the contemporary Urban Parks. The third and final chapter studies the present moment and tries to introduce a green pattern for the built cities. Therefore, it took as reference the two urban models of Kevin Lynch as Star model and Galaxy model. According to the purpose of the thesis and also based on the information obtained from analyzing Kevin Lynch's selected models the thesis introduced the Star-Galaxy model. The new model is containing characteristics that are the basis of the contemporary Urban Park model. Moreover, this chapter clarifies the characteristics of the modern metropolis with its relation to urban nature and select Barcelona as a reference. This chapter opens a new vision of Barcelona city with the maximum expression of the relationship between the urban fabric of metropolises and nature. It explains the characteristics of the new system of urban greenery and introduced the new Urban Park of the Plaça de Les Glòries. At the end of this tour of the parks from the Persian era to the present day transferring all the data coming out from research methodologies into a theory had been done. It can be purposed that the model being implemented in Barcelona urban fabric can be considered as a contemporary model for Urban Parks. It opens a vision to the new generation of urban greenery system and can be considered as a reference for further interventions in metropolises.<br>Esta tesis aspira a generar una nueva visión dentro de las características de los parques introduciendo un nuevo concepto llamada Parque Urbano. El Parque Urbano tiene unos rasgos característicos y definidos que lo hacen adecuado a estar integrado en cualquier tejido urbano. Por lo que, un estudio de un significativo grupo de parques ha permitido comparar tanto las características de dichos parques como así mismo sus instalaciones y servicios para poder poder formular unos principios de diseño para un parque urbano. Ayuda al estudio el recorrer la formulación de un modelo flexible para un Parque Urbano que pueda responder a las actuales y futuras necesidades de los habitantes. Esta tesis está compuesta por tres capítulos que principalmente estudia tres periodos en el diseño del parque: el tiempo pasado, el tiempo moderno y el tiempo contemporáneo. El primer capítulo está basado en una investigación bibliográfica que conduce la tesis a estudiar el concepto de Paraíso y relacionarlos con los jardines. Un itinerario historiográfico clarifica que los primeros indicios de lo que es un parque se remontan al año 500 AC en el Imperio Persa donde se crearon jardines unidos al concepto de paraíso. Se clarifica que esos jardines eran jardines reales y privados que eran abiertos al público solo esporádicamente cuando se realizaban festivales locales o nacionales y en las vacaciones. Las características y elementos de los paraísos persas hicieron de ellos un referente para el mundo occidental durante siglos. Comparando y analizando los jardines persas la tesis encontró importantes y estructurales elementos en estos jardines y parques que sirvieron para iluminar otras características del para urbano contemporáneo. El segundo capítulo se refiere al periodo moderno y se inicia con el primer parque público que rompió los límites del diseño simétrico que hasta entonces había sido implementado hasta entonces por el modelo del jardín persa y que ofrecía una nueva actitud al diseño de los parques. Una comparación de los casos de estudio muestra la evolución de los parques públicos en parques urbanos. El estudio y la comparación del plan de Randel para Manhattan y plan para Barcelona de Cerdá clarifican los elementos fundamentales para la renovación de estos dos tejidos urbanos. Además, analizando la evolución de la vegetación en Barcelona y Manhattan, y también diversas técnicas de redibujo de Central Park y edificios de ambas ciudades sirvió como referencias fundamentales para clarificar la idea qué es un parque urbano y explicar las características del parque urbano contemporáneo. El tercer y último capítulo estudia el momento presente y trata de introducir un patrón verde para las ciudades. Por esto se tomaron como referencia los dos modelos de Kevin Lynch como el modelo Star y el modelo Galaxy. De acuerdo al propósito de la tesis y también de la información obtenida del análisis de los modelos seleccionados de Lynch, Star y Galaxy. El nuevo modelo contiene características que son la base del parque urbano contemporáneo. Además, este capítulo clarifica las características de la metrópolis moderna y su relación con la naturaleza urbana seleccionando Barcelona como referencia. Este capítulo abre una nueva visión de la ciudad de Barcelona en la que se encuentra la máxima expresión entre el tejido urbano construido y la naturaleza. Explica las características del nuevo sistema de la vegetación urbana a través del nuevo Parque Urbano de la Plaza de Las Glorias. Al final de este tour desde la era Persa a los días presentes, transfiriendo toda la información que va de la investigación de metodologías a las teorías de hoy. El modelo implementado en el tejido urbano de Barcelona puede ser considerado como un modelo contemporáneo de referencia para un parque urbano. Abre una visión de una nueva manera de entender la vegetación urbana que se considerará como una referencia.

Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2010.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 60-63).<br>This project proposes a new public institution for the most dense and deteriorated zone of Havana, Cuba. This new institution aims to capitalize on existing social networks which, consolidated and enhanced, might provide the social medium out of which a vibrant and active civic institution would arise, facilitated by a new architectural typology. The site, Centro Habana, is an "in-between" residential neighborhood with a dense, pre-car urban fabric, high population density, close-knit social circles, and a real potential to be left behind as Havana slowly re-opens to the rest of the world. Its frequent vacant lots and abandoned buildings, products of decay induced by decades of deferred maintenance, offer rich opportunities to imagine the insertion of a new type of public institution into the existing fabric of the city. In a context where the state is currently the only real agent for change, this project proposes a network of public buildings for the citizens of Havana, suggesting a new attitude toward modernization which resists both an abrupt reversion to unbridled market-driven development and an ideologically driven perpetuation of an oppressive and tired status quo.<br>by Ethan J. Lacy.<br>M.Arch.

Thesis: M. Arch., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, 2014.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references.<br>Apocalyptic global urbanization is old news. For generations statistically supported oracles have warned against the rising tide of rapid urban growth, one must only casually search the keywords "urban slum" on Goggle to witness the physical manifestation of these abstract predictions across the world. One would expect that with such continuous and advanced warning the landscape of global low-income urban architecture would be highlighted with innovative approaches to housing our ever densifying urban populations. However contemporary high-density low-income housing projects largely continue to rely on post-war modern architectural paradigms that view the creation of high-density low-income housing in isolation avoiding the messiness of a diverse social, environmental, infrastructural and economic context. Future typologies of high-density low-income housing must embrace and re-imagine their relativity within larger urban ecologies and in the process develop as responsive multi-cellular organisms, as opposed to autonomous products. This is not a new or novel idea, finding its roots in village models as early as the 14th century. The foundational components of communal living have not changed significantly in the last 800 years, remaining concretized in the defensibility, production and sociability of the collective. It is the aim of this body of research to elaborate and expose the 21st century high-density low-income urban village and to three-dimensionally assemble its components into intelligent and evocative discourse.<br>by Caleb Benjamin Harper.<br>M. Arch.

Abstract   This thesis will present the background and thoughts behind the architectural project “Village within” which aims to be a rural, holistic, earth-centered settlement, as an alternative to increasing urbanization. I have been working together with two villages in Västerbotten - Sikeå and Rökå - and this project is the result from meetings and discussions with them, as well as experiences from a citizen-perspective. The thesis will elaborate on the subjects of food, the countryside’s position in a globalized, industrial and city - centered civilization, on the ongoing environmental collapse and the concept of resilience. Utopian ideas and their most classical impasses have been important to understand how this project is just one in a long history of human urge to think of, or create a better world. Examples of historical and contemporary initiatives of local self-sufficiency, attempts to “escape the system”, movements for ruralization, together with discussions on how a future village could look like have all created a rich baseline of inspiration to this project.

Thesis (S.B. in Art and Design)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2009.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 29).<br>Delineated by the reign of the automobile, the urban fabric of Los Angeles is a landscape of superblocks, six lane highways, and an abundance of parking lots. These residual urban voids intensify the spatial chasm between vehicle and pedestrian. As an exploration of co-existence, this thesis seeks to reconcile the prevalent chasm and create a new urban typology for transit exchange in the automobile dominated context of downtown Los Angeles. Out of the freedom and mobility engendered by the automobile emerged a disengaged public. Experiencing the city's ground only within the confines of his vehicle, the individual has lost direct contact with public space. My design proposes a mixed use center for transit exchange. The consolidation of surface transport, parking, public space, and housing along Grand Avenue provides the impetus for constant human presence in a space of dormant potential. Breaking the current pattern of isolation by utilizing the existing framework of public transportation, the design of this nodal exchange encourages the individual to abandon the car and encounter the ground plane, reclaiming it for the the public and connecting the individual to the city.<br>by Shani Eunjin Cho.<br>S.B.in Art and Design

The present study sought to replicate existing research in order to evaluate the similarities between distinct samples of sexual offenders. The research also sought to use a more advanced statistical procedure than previous research to derive a typology and see how it fit within the framework of existing literature. Data were gathered from 106 pre-sentence reports assessing adult male sexual offenders. Prior research examining typologies of adolescent male sexual offenders and adult female sexual offenders were replicated and compared to the collected data. Some similarities between the adolescent male and adult male sexual offenders were found, such as a relationship between type of offender and recidivism risk. The adult female and adult male sexual offenders had a differing number of sub-types, but offender age and victim age differentiated between the groups for both samples. Following replication, latent class analysis was used to uncover naturally occurring groups in the collected data using offender and offence characteristics. The analyses revealed five classes of offenders, which were labelled Mixed Victim Assaulters, Non-Pedophilic Mixed Gender Offenders, Preferential Pedophiles, Non-Aggressive Incest Offenders, and Non-Aggressive Non-Pedophilic Child Molesters. Of the eight variables selected for the analyses, the classes varied mainly in the areas of presence of pedophilia, presence of a substance/alcohol disorder, use of aggression, victim gender, victim age, and victim relationship. Sexual victimization history and offender age did not provide much class differentiation. External analyses revealed that among the classes, ethnicity, presence of a mood/anxiety disorder, and presence of a personality disorder differed. The classes involving child-oriented offences supported existing typologies in the literature, whereas the class involving adult-oriented offences did not align with existing typologies. A typology rooted in empirical findings, such as the typology developed for this research, can provide significant insight into the heterogeneous nature of those who commit sexual offences. This insight can allow researchers and clinicians to best assess, treat, and reintegrate sexual offenders, as the offenders may require different preventive techniques and have different treatment needs based on their class characteristics.<br>Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences (Okanagan)<br>Psychology, Department of (Okanagan)<br>Graduate

The project proposes the investigation into the adaptive re-use of abandoned and unused buildings in the Pretoria CBD to develop social housing that makes use of existing infrastructure, structures, economic activity and transport networks. This is done as a response to the need for social housing in the medium income market. Most developments for this market are built outside city limits and use precious resources and unnecessary new materials. This project focuses on what is currently known as Huis Potgieter, on the UNISA Sunnyside Campus, as a testing ground to develop theories and approaches that can be used in the development of future developments. Throughout the research conducted into the project, the residents have been emphasised as the main design informant, specifically by the regulations set out by the national government. Considering the highly user-centred approach as identified by the regulations, it is appropriate to approach it from an interior design knowledgebase. Looking firstly at the resident’s needs, those in similar housing developments and income markets have identified and emphasised the need and importance of shared public spaces. Other research has confirmed that public spaces are a large contributor to both the social and psychological well-being of the residents. This project focuses on providing public spaces as integrated areas within the building, interspersed between living units, in an effort to provide comfortable, inclusive, and enjoyable public spaces that encourage a sense of place among the residents. A design proposal to integrate interior public spaces into the daily lives of the residents was developed. Various public space theories were collated and synthesised to develop a set of theory-based guidelines for use in this and future social housing projects. The project aims to develop a proposal that considers all users in the development, both in their physical needs (in the form of an inclusive design approach), as well as their social and community needs, by providing public spaces that accommodate a wide range of users and activities. To benefit future studies and to contribute to the field of interior design, a new term, interior public spaces, was developed in order to describe the type of public spaces created. In order to create a strong identity for the building, which the users can relate and respond to in their own attachment and appropriation, the legibility of the intervention is large focus of the project. To increase the legibility of the building, the building identity – KwilaliCity - was developed to reflect strongly in the public areas of the building to create a common ground for all residents. The intervention ensures accessibility to its wide range of residents by introducing a strong inclusive design component, with a focus on wayfinding. Applying the wayfinding and inclusive approach early in the project allows for an integrated resolution that serves to strengthen the design approach. The intention that residents are encouraged to develop an attachment to KwilaliCity and their fellow residents is evident in the encouragement to appropriate specific elements in and around their homes, in order to reflect their identities and give them some control over their housing environment.<br>Hierdie projek neem voor om die her-gebruik van verlate en ongebruikte geboue in die Pretoria besigheidsdistrik te ondersoek, met die doel om sosiale behuising wat gebruik maak van bestaande infrastruktuur, strukture, ekonomise aktiwiteit en vervoernetwerke. Die projek het vorendag gekom as ‘n reaksie op die nood vir sosiale behuising in die medium-inkomstemark. Ontwikkelings vir hierdie mark word dikwels geplaas buite die stadperke, en gebruik waardevolle hulpbronne en onnodige nuwe material. Die projek fokus op wat tans bekend staan as Huis Potgieter, te vinde op die UNISA Sunnyside-kampus, as ‘n toetsarea waar teorieë en benaderings te ondersoek en wat in toekomstige uitbreidings gebruik kan word. Tydens die navorsing wat afgelê is vir die projek, is die inwoners beklemtoon as die hoof ontwerpinformant, hoofsaaklik deur die regulasies uiteengesit deur die nasionale regering. Met hierdie hoogs gebruiker-geörienteerde benadering, soos geïdentifiseer deur die regulasies, is dit toepaslik om gebruik te maak van die interieurontwerp kennisbasis. Eerstens word daar gekyk na die inwoners se behoeftes. Inwoners in soortgelyke behuising en inkomstemark het die behoefte en belangrikheid van gedeelde openbare ruimtes uitgelig en beklemtoon. Verdere navorsing het bevestig dat openbare ruimtes ‘n groot bydraende faktor is in die sosiale en sielkundige welstand van die inwoners. Die projek fokus op die voorsiening van openbare ruimtes as integreerde areas binne die gebou, verweef tussendeur die leefeenhede, in ‘n poging om gemaklike, toeganklike, en aangename openbare ruimtes te skep wat ‘n gevoel van plek by die inwoners aanwakker. ‘n Ontwerpvoorstel om die interieur openbare ruimtes te integreer met die daaglikse lewens van die inwoners is ontwikkel. Verskeie teorieë wat handel oor openbare ruimtes is versamel en saamgevat om ‘n stel teorie-gebasseerde riglyne te ontwikkel wat gebruik kan word in hierdie en toekomstige sosiale behuisingskemas. Die projek poog om ‘n voorstel te ontwikkel wat alle inwoners in ag neem, beide in hul fisiese behoeftes (in terme van ‘n inklusiewe ontwerpbenadering), sowel as hul sosiale en gemeenskapsbehoeftes deur inwoners van openbare ruimtes te voorsien wat ‘n wye spectrum van gebruikers en aktiwiteite kan akkommodeer Om toekomende interieurontwerpstudies te baat, is ‘n nuwe term, interieuropenbare ruimtes, ontwikkel om die soort openbare ruimtes, soos geskep in hierdie projek, te beskryf. Ten einde ‘n sterk identiteit te ontwikkel vir die gebou, wat die inwoners in staat sal stel om verband te hou en te reageer daarop deur hul aanhegtig en bewilliging, is die leesbaarheid van die ingryping ‘n groot fokus van die projek. Om die leesbaarheid van die gebour te verbeter, is ‘n gebou-identiteit – KwilaliCity – ontwikkel. Dit kom sterk voor in die openbare areas van die gebou om ‘n gelyke grondslag vir alle inwoners te skep. Die ingryping verseker die inklusiwiteit vir die wye reeks inwoners deur ‘n sterk inklusiewe ontwerpkomponent in te bring, wat fokus op die navigasie en leesbaarheid van die ruimtes. Deur hierdie benadering toe te pas vanaf die begin, maak voorsiening vir ‘n geïntegreerde oplossing wat help om die ontwerbenadering te versterk. Die bedoeling is dat inwoners aangemoedig word om aanhegting met KwilaliCity en hul mede-inwoners, en is aangebring in die aanmoediging om spesifieke elemente om hul eenhede te bewillig, in ‘n poging om hul identiteit te weerspieël en bietjie beheer te gee oor hul huislike omgewing.<br>Mini Dissertation (MInt (Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2018.<br>Architecture<br>MInt (Prof)<br>Unrestricted

The present study investigates the gender systems of 20 languages in the New Guinea region, an often overlooked area in typological research. The languages were classified with five criteria used by Di Garbo (2014) to classify gender systems of African languages. The results showed that the gender systems were diverse, although around half of the languages have two-gendered sex-based systems with semantic assignment, more than four gender-indexing targets, and no gender marking on nouns. The gender systems of New Guinea are remarkably representative of the world, although formal assignment is much less common. However, the gender systems of New Guinea and Africa are very different. The most significant difference isthe prevalence of non-sex-based gender systems and gender marking on nouns in Africa, whereas the opposite is true in New Guinea. However, gender in Africa is also less diverse largely due to the numerous Bantu languages. Finally, four typologically rare characteristics were found in the sample: (1) size and shape as important criteria of gender assignment, with large/long being masculine and small/short feminine, (2) the presence of two separate nominal classification systems, (3) no gender distinctions in pronouns, and (4) verbs as the most common indexing target.<br>Denna studie undersöker genussystemen hos 20 språk i Nya Guinea-regionen, vilken ofta förbises i typologisk forskning. Språken klassificerades utifrån fem kriterier som användes av Di Garbo (2014) för att klassificera genussystem i Afrika. Resultaten visade att genussystemen var varierade, men ungefär hälften av språken har könsbaserade genussystem med tvaå genus, semantisk genustilldelning, fler än fyra genusindex och ingen genusmarkering på substantiv. Genussystemen är anmärkningsvärt representativa för världen, men formell genustilldelning är mycket mindre vanlig. Jämfört med genussystemen i Afrika är dock Nya Guinea väldigt annorlunda. Den viktigaste skillnaden är den större utbredningen av icke-könsbaserade genussystem och genusmarkering på substantiv i Afrika, medan motsatsen gäller i Nya Guinea. Genus i Afrika är dock till stor del mindre varierat på grund av de talrika bantuspråken. Slutligen hittades fyra typologiskt sällsynta karaktärsdrag i urvalet: (1) storlek och form som viktiga kriterier för genustilldelning, där stort/långt är maskulint och litet/kort feminint, (2) närvaron av två separata nominalklassificeringssystem, (3) inga genusdistinktioner i pronomen och (4) verb som det vanligaste genusindexet.

Thesis: M. Arch., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, May, 2020<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 61-62).<br>Climate change is intensifying natural events around the world. As the sea level rises, coastal cities are becoming more vulnerable to storm surges and flooding. This is especially problematic in the U.S. where the population is concentrated and is on the rise along the coasts. Properties of high total value are also at risk. Various flood mitigation strategies have been implemented domestically and internationally. Hard solutions such as seawalls and levees can be effective but they are expensive and potentially catastrophic in the event of failure. Soft solutions like dunes and living shorelines have stabilizing effects but they are moderate in their effectiveness and will not protect against significant sea level rise or major storms. Strategies involving retreat is a sure way to remove people and properties from harm's way. If the sea level continues to rise, retreating will become inevitable. Currently, there are many challenges with this method. In the U.S., flood insurance policy is structured in a way to incentivize people to stay in flood-prone areas as opposed to moving. Relocation can be disorienting for people involved and costly for tax payers. Economic and political pressure often sides with building more than building less. This thesis aims at providing a design solution for coastal suburbs that can enable retreat in a sustainable way. Winthrop, Massachusetts, which is a dense suburb lying six miles to the east of Boston and is experiencing frequent flooding was selected as a case-study site. The thesis proposes a new building typology that can appeal to suburban life style, be implemented incrementally, and, most importantly, protect people and properties from the dangers of coastal flooding.<br>by Hyerin Lee.<br>M. Arch.<br>M.Arch. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture

Based on the upcoming 2010 World Expo of Shanghai. According to 'moving out' policy of Shanghai government, a large percentage of residents from Shanghai's old downtown area are being moved out to a district on the outskirts of the municipality. In the context of moving out policy and shifting community space of 'Longtang' residents, my research explores how water can be used to forge a new typology for the Xinji residential area in developing Shanghai. The new typology of residential area is defined by a new type of community space. Water, edge and corridor are examined as three main concepts to create this kind of new community space, where residents can be provided with diverse spatial experience and various spatial effects through spatial transformations in and between private and public and diverse programs in a residential area. 'Longtang' is one of the key precedents I am looking at for the purpose of studying water edge conditions and corridor conditions, and to deduce a way to best design hybrid community in the Xinji residential area, which is selected as my research site. It is identified as one of the peripheral node for the moving out policy by Shanghai government? My research, therefore, tries to explore a new typology of Xinji residential area, which can provide both existing residents and 'Longtang' residents with diverse water based community space in the residential area and its context.

Comparative studies in sainthood in world religions, especially Pali Buddhism and Judaism has been a substantial component of my academic interests. Constructed out of my research findings the new typology of sainthood lays emphasis on the fact the two religions have a common universal pattern of sainthood, hence parallel sainthoods. My research concludes that Siddhartha the Buddha and Moses the Prophet as primordial saints, as saintliness as a human quality in Pali Buddhism and Judaism originates from these personalities. Any other successive types of sainthood in the said religious traditions are derived from the main type, the primordial sainthood.

This dissertation uses quantitative data on city cinematography and the morphological study of filming locations to identify how differences in ways of seeing cities, as shaped by cinematographic choices, are anchored both in differences in what is physically present as well as in differences in frameworks and expectations about what might be interesting or important to see. Four films are evaluated that are set in Los Angeles and New York, two cities recognized as paradigms in American urbanism: The Naked City (1948), The Long Goodbye (1970), Goodfellas (1990), and Pulp Fiction (1994). In general, the New York movies suggest the embeddedness of the individual in the city and its social life in ways tied closely to urban form, with the visual presentation of the street acting as an index to the position of the individual within the narrative. Los Angeles, by contrast, presents the city as a series of enclaves linked by infrastructure. The street as a sociologically relevant entity hardly exists, with the exception of a handful of chase scenes, as though only crisis can catalyze direct encounters with the streets of Los Angeles. Within individual movies, the depiction of city form reveals directorial idioms in the presentation of the narrative. The Naked City exploits corner shots to impart greater visual interest to the presentation of activity in the streets. The Long Goodbye shows the degradation of the distinction between public and private space as concurrent with a city form and culture that resists decoding. Goodfellas develops a grammar of views on the street that corresponds to the relationships of individual characters to overlapping social groups over time. Pulp Fiction mainly presents city locations as decontextualized to focus on dialogue and relationships, to sculpt urban form to meet the exigencies of the narrative, and to all the more powerfully introduce surprise. In the concluding chapter, the qualities of the city as presented in Goodfellas and Pulp Fiction and both of the cities are diagrammed and discussed relative to architectural precedents and ideas that might inform architectural design.

<p> Since the 1970's, the United States has enacted anti-crime legislation, particularly against sex offending and offenders. It can be supposed this occurred because of fear of victimization, which lead the public to demand laws to reduce crime. This thesis will use a case study approach to examine all laws that may affect sex offenders and their behaviors (e.g. registration, notification, civil commitment, castration, residency restrictions, mandatory reporting) in two states to determine cross-case variability in the existence and context of laws affecting sex offenders. If variability exists in the number and type of laws across states, consistencies in public safety may vary across state lines. The results can be used to assist future studies seeking to broaden understanding of sex offender laws across a region or the entire U.S.</p>

The methodologies of Modernism and Industrialization and the rigorous application thereof, in isolation, led to a condition where space and place is fragmented, segregated and disconnected by lost, decayed and left over space. It separated the spatial and experiential whole from the human user who inhabits; depends on and experience the space, and failed to contribute to a meaningful livable public realm. The loss in character; uniqueness and indigenous meaningfulness have led to a condition where humans are alienated from their original invention for community: the city. The inter-relational connection between ecological-; anthropological- and technological systems are disconnected resulting in a condition where resource consumption and availability are no longer in relational proportion to one another and where revolutionary intervention is needed to ensure the continuation of the current living standard and requirements of humanity without degrading the quality for future generations. This dissertation focuses on the reintegration of anthropological; ecological and technological systems into a holistic, co-habitational intervention on urban; building and detail scale and the establishment of a human and nature centric spatially orientated framework. Attempting to reconsolidate lost; fragmented; left over; mechanistic&decayed space and structure along the ecological corridor of Hammanskraal Industrial zone.<br>Dissertation MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2012.<br>Architecture<br>MArch(Prof)<br>Unrestricted

The thesis focuses on commercial communications, in particular on new media and on-line communication in the PET FOOD market. The theoretical part is based on evaluation of current marketing and market segmentation status from the point of view of "4P" theory by E. Jerome Mc Carthy. This part is aimed at inner enterprise information systems used for market segmentation and market studies of consumer typology as well. The theoretical part is concluded with a chapter on new media and Internet as a form of on-line communication. The practical part is based on an analysis of the Czech Internet user and case study about the Pedigree brand on-line communication. The thesis is based on the knowledge of on-line communications, the Czech Internet user and the PET FOOD market. It is aimed at analysis of current Pedigree on-line communication with using of its cunsumers' typology and recommendation for improvement at the level of own web sites as well as entire on-line communication strategy.

In this thesis, the problem of the principles of new designs in historic built landscapes is discussed. In approaching the problem, a theoretical framework is developed and the general principles regarding new buildings in historic settings are derived from the theoretical context. Subsequently, the proposed principles is tried to be adapted to the case of Odunpazari historic urban fabric. Finally, a Youth Center for a specific Project Area in Odunpazari is proposed, and the integration of the proposal to the context is evaluated. The foremost aim of the thesis is proposing general principles concerning good architecture that continues and contributes to the spirit of place, and adapting them for a specific design problem in a specific place in order to evaluate the efficiency of the principles proposed. In developing the theoretical framework, it was discussed that, in determination of the principles for new designs, the historic built landscape should be handled in a way that resolves the network of relationships and allow the definition of the spirit of place. The methodology of understanding the spirit of place was established with reference to the approaches developed by Christopher Alexander and Christian Norberg-Schulz. According to the studies by these scholars, a triad layer system in resolving the spirit of place is developed. As named by Christian Norberg-Schulz, the layers of Gestalts, typologies and figures constituted the analytical framework leading to the resolution of the network of relationships between the components of a place. This model of analyzing and defining the spirit of place was found valuable, since it does not only focuses on the formal aspects of the historic built landscape, but also questions the main rules forming the unity and coherence of place. Odunpazari traditional urban fabric is selected as a case study, and its physical, historical, social and economical context is evaluated by the help of the literature and site surveys. Finally, a &amp<br>#8216<br>Youth Center&amp<br>#8217<br>in a Project Area in Odunpazari is proposed according to the general principles derived from the theoretical framework, and the results are discussed.

No Brasil, desde o início da década de 90, passou a existir uma linha de pensamento política e econômica favorável à diminuição da interferência do Estado na gestão de firmas, sobretudo aquelas associadas ao segmento de infra-estrutura e nos processos microeconômicos. A desregulamentação que passou a ser observada na segunda metade da década de 90 trouxe como conseqüência a privatização de várias firmas estatais de diferentes segmentos de Infraestrutura, entre elas as da indústria de distribuição de energia elétrica. Esse estudo foi realizado a partir de um banco de dados contendo informações econômico-financeiras e técnico-operacionais de vinte e três firmas distribuidoras de energia elétrica, que representavam mais de setenta por cento da energia vendida no país, correspondentes aos períodos de 1993 a 1995 (antes da privatização) e 1999 a 2001 (depois da privatização). As informações econômico- financeiras foram transformadas em três variáveis de desempenho e as informações técnico-operacionais em doze variáveis estratégicas. A partir de então foram utilizadas técnicas estatísticas para adequação à tipologia de Porter, de maneira a permitir a análise da indústria. Com relação a essa tipologia, os resultados alcançados permitiram concluir que o modelo serviu para a análise dessa indústria, sob os aspectos descritivo e explicativo, com algumas reservas. O estudo concluiu que houve mudanças nas estratégias das firmas, para os períodos analisados, fornecendo indicações para a identificação das estratégias competitivas relevantes, sem entretanto comprovar que os grupos estratégicos possuíam desempenhos distintos. O estudo também não confirmou a hipótese básica da tipologia de Porter que preconiza que a firma que adota a estratégia genérica stuck-in-the-middle tende a apresentar desempenhos abaixo da média da indústria. Nesse estudo, os grupo estratégicos de enfoque em diferenciação, liderança em custos, enfoque em custos, stuck-in-the-middle e diferenciação apresentaram, nessa ordem, os melhores desempenhos.<br>Since the early 90 s, a political and economical line of thinking, favourable to the reduction of the State interference in the management of corporations, above all those related to the infrastructure segment and in micro-economic processes, has begun in Brazil. The deregulation, which could be observed in the second half of the decade, brought as a consequence the privatization of many State owned companies of different segments of infrastructure, among them those in the electric power distribution industry. This study was prepared coined on a data base containing financial and operational information from twenty three electric power distribution industries, which represented over seventy per cent of the energy sold in the country, corresponding to the periods between 1993 to 1995 (before privatization) and 1999 to 2001 (after privatization). The financial information was transformed into three performance variables and the operational information, into twelve strategic variables. From there, statistical techniques were utilized to adequate the study to the Porter s Typology, thereby permitting the industry analysis. With respect to this typology, the results obtained have permitted conclude that the model served for the analysis of this industry, under descriptive and explicatory aspects, with some reservations. The study concluded that changes have occurred in the corporations strategies, in the periods analysed, supplying indications to the identification of relevant competitive strategies, without, however, proving that the strategic groups had distinct performance. The study also did not confirm the basic hypothesis of Porter s Typology which praises that the company which adopts the generic strategy stuck-in-themiddle tends to presente performance below the industry average. In this study, the strategic groups focusing in differentiation, costs leadership, focusing on costs, stuck-in-the middle and differentiation presented, in this order, the best performance.

En la actualidad, la importancia de recibir educación superior ha ido incrementado en la sociedad con el pasar de los años. Hoy en día, debido a las amplias posibilidades, contar con una mejor educación es la base para iniciar la búsqueda de mejores oportunidades laborales, aspirando a un mejor futuro. Actualmente, el Perú cuenta con un total de 100 universidades distribuidas en 24 departamentos, en donde el 39% de estos se sitúan en la capital, siendo las de mayor prestigio. Es por ello, que un alto número de jóvenes de diferentes ciudades, migran a la capital en búsqueda de una mejor educación. Sin embargo, no existen tipologías de vivienda temporales que respondan a ciertos usuarios. Es por tal motivo que se realizó un vasto análisis en proyectos referenciales nacionales e internacionales. El presente proyecto consta del diseño e implementación de una nueva tipología de vivienda temporal, mediante un Centro Universitario Residencial, que satisfaga la demanda de alojamiento momentáneo para jóvenes estudiantes. El proyecto se emplaza en el distrito de Santiago de Surco, en una zona estratégica en donde en un radio de 2km abarca más de 5 centros educativos. Este se organiza mediante un bloque de uso públicos relacionado al sector educativo, y 4 torres de vivienda suspendidas, con diversas tipologías de alojamiento y espacios de encuentro para los propios residentes. Para ello, el diseño se basa en una tecnología constructiva modular, que expresa las diferentes materialidades, contribuyendo con la organización de cada espacio, de tal forma que se establezca una arquitectura flexible y versátil. Se espera que este documento pueda servir como referencia para próximas investigaciones y una visión más amplia acerca de las tipologías que se suelen implementar en nuestra ciudad, que muchas veces no responden a las necesidades del usuario.<br>Actually, the importance in receiving superior education is increasing in the society. Today, because of a variety of factors, the education is the principal reason for having the best places to work. Perú, counts with a total of 100 universities distributed in 24 departments, in which the 39% of these are located in the capital, Lima, these are the ones with more prestige. This is why the major quantity of adolescents of different cities, migrate to the capital in search for a better education. However, there are no temporary housing typologies that respond to this kind of users. It is for this reason that a vast analysis was carried out in national and international reference projects. The present project consists of the design and implementation of a new typology called temporary housing, for young students. The project is located in the district of Santiago de Surco, in a strategic area where, within a radius of 2 km, it covers over 5 educational centers. This is organized through a block of public use related to the education sector, and 4 suspended housing towers, with different types of accommodations and meeting spaces. For this, the design is based on innovative modular construction technology, which is express by the different materials used, contributes to the organization and distribution of each space. The flexibility and versatility the principal objective of this project. It is hoped that this document serves as a reference for futures researches and contribute with a broader vision of the typologies that are usually implemented in our city, which often do not respond to the needs of the user.<br>Tesis

Polarity questions, i.e. questions that demand as an answer either an affirmation or a denial (e.g. yes or no), are considered to be an universal language feature. Different strategies to answer polarity questions have been observed across languages. Sadock &amp; Zwicky (1985) identified three systems of answer strategies: yes/no systems, agree/disagree systems and echosystems. Other studies have attested languages exhibiting a mix of these types (i.a. Floydet al. 2016, Holmberg 2016). Sadock &amp; Zwicky (1985) do not offer any statements about the frequency distribution of the language systems, nor do they explain what kind of sample was used for their analysis. The aim of this study is to fill this gap. Specifically, the goals are to investigate the validity of the typology offered in Sadock &amp; Zwicky (1985) and to establish some estimates about the cross-linguistic frequency of the types identified during this investigation. The data are collected through consultation of reference grammars and elicitation by means of a questionnaire.<br>Polaritetsfrågor, frågor där det förväntade svaret är ja eller nej, anses vara ett universellt språk drag. Olika strategier för att svara på polaritetsfrågor har observerats i världens språk. Sadock &amp; Zwicky (1985) identifierade tre svarssystem: polaritetsystem (yes/no system), sanningssystem (agree/disagree system) och ekosystem (echo system). Andra studier har funnit att språk också kan blanda dessa system (i.a. Floyd et al. 2016, Holmberg 2016). Sadock &amp; Zwicky (1985) varken redogör för vilken distribution dessa svarssystem har eller vilket urval resultaten baseras på. Syftet med denna studie är att fylla den luckan. Målet är att undersöka validiteten i Sadock &amp; Zwickys (1985) typologi samt att fastställa den tvärspråkliga frekvensen för de svarssystem som undersöks. Datainsamlingen sker genom grammatikor och elicitering genom en enkät.

La période examinée dans la recherche est un des rares moments de la préhistoire italienne où les traces archéologiques permettent d’identifier l’arrivée de groupes allochtones concomitamment à la désagrégation d’un monde indigène de tradition ancienne. Les travaux concernant cette phase du Néolithique italien se réfèrent principalement aux observations de Bagolini (Bagolini et Biagi, 1987; Bagolini, 1998), reprises par plusieurs auteurs (par exemple Barfield et alii 2000), qui présentent un tableau très multiforme de l’Italie du nord, créé par l’interaction entre les peuples indigènes, relevant de la Culture des Vases à Bouche Carrée (« VBQ ») (chapitre 1), et ceux du Chasséen (Chapitre 2), venant de la France actuelle, en plus des apports des Alpes du nord, qui acquirent un poids croissant au fil du temps. La rencontre, qui s’effectua dans chaque région d’une façon et dans des temps différents entre le milieu du Ve et le milieu du IVe millénaire avant J.C., semble s’être produite par des voies côtières et transalpines en raison surtout des échanges de matières premières (pierres vertes, obsidienne, silex), mais aussi à cause de certaines compétences technologiques. Au même moment, dans le monde Chasséen dont la variabilité diachronique et spatiale est bien connue (Vaquer, 1990; Beeching, 1995, 2002; Sargiano et alii 2010), on a aussi identifié des spécificités régionales de plus en plus marquées, qui révèlent un modèle de diffusion complexe, et dont on doit tenir compte également pour comprendre les phénomènes italiens (chapitre 2). Donc, si le cadre de référence proposé par Bagolini dans les années ‘80 reste grosso modo acceptable, le développement du débat culturel, les découvertes récentes et l'étude des nouveaux sites réalisée dans ce travail de Thèse, devraient nous permettre d‘enrichir la documentation de référence et de préciser l’éventail des rapports entre la population indigène et les gens qui venait d’ailleurs. L’interprétation de ces nouvelles interactions peut donner la possibilité d’expliquer les grands changements culturels dans le Néolithique occidental dans la première moitié du IVe millénaire, produisant des expériences dans lesquelles on distingue aujourd’hui surtout des signes de discontinuité avec les traditions précédentes (Ferrari et alii 2002) (Chapitre 7-8). L’Emilie, à en juger depuis les données disponibles sur les sites du Néolithique récent et final (chapitre 4-7), représente un carrefour de tous les apports directs et indirects cités ci-dessus. La preuve en est la variabilité culturelle bien marquée que l’on constate entre les sites, même quand ils se trouvent géographiquement rapprochés. Cette variabilité est due soit à l’entrecroisement de traditions culturelles complexes, soit aux différences chronologiques, en considérations des très rapides changements qui caractérisent l’époque considérée (Bagolini, 1981). L’Emilie représente, donc, un territoire privilégié d’observation pour évaluer les modalités de rencontre entre les divers groupes humains qui ont interagi en Italie septentrionales pendant la période examinée. Les contextes de l’Emilie faisant objet de cette recherche sont les sites, inédit et publié, dans les provinces de Piacenza, Parme et Reggio Emilia, chronologiquement attribuables aux derniers siècles du cinquième millénaire et la première moitié du quatrième BC cal. En particulier Sant’Andrea di Travo (Chapitre 5), Le Mose (chapitre 4) et Vignola (chapitre 7) dans le département de Plaisance, Botteghino (Chapitre 6) e Vighi (chapitre 7) à Parma et S.Ilario d'Enza (chapitre 7) dans la province de Reggio Emilia. L'étude s'est concentrée sur l'analyse des industries céramiques, à la fois d'un point de vue typologique et technologique (chapitre 3) afin d'essayer de mieux définir la chronologie des différents sites.<br>The period under review is one of the few moments of Italian prehistory in which the archaeological record permits determination of the arrival of foreign-born groups in conjunction with the disintegration of an indigenous world of ancient tradition. Studies related to this phase of the Neolithic mainly refer to the observations of Bagolini (Bagolini and Biagi 1987; Bagolini 1998) taken from various other authors (Barfield et al 2000), which outline a framework for northern Italy multifaceted , created by the interaction between the people of the local culture of Square Mouth Pottery and people of culture Chassey from France, as well as by contributions from the North Alpine acquiring increasing importance over time (Chapter 1). The meeting, which took place from area to area at different times and different ways between half V millennium and half IV millennium BC, seems to have produced along the coastal and transalpine paths especially related to the exchange of raw materials (green stones, obsidian, flint), but also of technological expertise.In reading these new interactions, therefore, is the ability to explain the crisis in the world of Western culture in the first half of the fourth millennium, whose disintegration develop experiences in which today stand out above all the traits of discontinuity with the earlier traditions (various Authors in Ferrari et al 2002a).The Emilia is a crossroads of all the direct and indirect contributions to the circles mentioned above. This is demonstrated by the marked variability observed in cultural sites are also close, attributed mainly to differences in chronological (Bagolini 1981), but also resulting complex interweaving of cultural routes.This region is therefore an area for privileged observation to assess how to meet, including conflict, interaction and assimilation between different human groups that have settled or still have covered the territory in the period under review. If the reference framework outlined by Bagolini in the 80s remains roughly shared, the development of the cultural debate, the recent discoveries in the study of the sites proposed by Emilian this PhD work will allow further information and updatesThe contexts Emilia object of this work are those published and unpublished due to the last centuries of the fifth millennium BC and the early fourth cal. In detail it is the site of S. Andrea in Travo (Chapter 5) and Le Mose in Piacenza (Chapter 4), Vignola Fiorenzuola (chapter 7), Box Office (Chapter 6) and Vighi and Parma (Chapter 7), S.ILARIO d'Enza (Reggio Emilia) (Chapter 7).The study focused on the analysis of the ceramic industry, from the point of view of both technological and typological (Chapter 3), in order to better define the internal chronology of the different sites.From this analysis were in fact identified a number of representative types, for which it has been proposed a relative chronology useful in order to reconstruct a chronological framework to realize the variability observed in Emilia at the turn of the fifth millennium BC.In this reading, the sites of Travo and Le Mose proved to be the most useful in the construction of this trial-type first of all because it is multi-staged sites. The study of the stratigraphy of Travo and Le Mose of the different settlement phases from the VBQ I to Late Neolithic, in fact, has provided important data for the evaluation of the different diachronic cultural indicators<br>Il periodo in esame è uno dei pochi momenti della preistoria italiana in cui il record archeologico consenta di individuare l’arrivo di gruppi alloctoni in concomitanza con la disgregazione di un mondo indigeno di antica tradizione. I lavori relativi a questa fase del Neolitico fanno principalmente riferimento alle osservazioni di Bagolini (Bagolini e Biagi 1987; Bagolini 1998) riprese da vari altri autori (ad es. Barfield et alii 2000), che delineano per l’Italia settentrionale un quadro molto sfaccettato, creato dall’interazione tra la gente della locale Cultura dei Vasi a Bocca Quadrata e genti di cultura Chassey provenienti dall’attuale Francia, oltre che dagli apporti nord alpini che acquisiscono peso crescente nel tempo (Capitolo 1). L’incontro, verificatosi di zona in zona in tempi e modi diversi tra metà V e metà IV millennio a.C., sembra essersi prodotto lungo le vie costiere e transalpine legate soprattutto allo scambio di materie prime (pietre verdi, ossidiana, selce), ma anche di competenze tecnologiche.Nella lettura di queste nuove interazioni, quindi, sta la possibilità di spiegare la crisi del mondo di cultura occidentale nella prima metà del IV millennio, dalla cui disgregazione si sviluppano esperienze in cui oggi si distinguono soprattutto i tratti di discontinuità con le tradizioni precedenti (vari Autori in Ferrari et alii 2002a). L’Emilia, rappresenta un crocevia di tutti gli apporti diretti e indiretti dagli ambienti citati sopra. Lo dimostra la marcata variabilità culturale riscontrata in siti anche vicini, attribuita principalmente a differenze cronologiche (Bagolini 1981), ma anche derivante dall’intreccio di percorsi culturali complessi. Questa regione rappresenta quindi un’areale privilegiato di osservazione per valutare le modalità di incontro, tra conflittualità, interazione ed assimilazione, tra i diversi gruppi umani che si sono stanziati o hanno comunque interessato il territorio nel periodo in esame.Se il quadro di riferimento delineato da Bagolini negli anni ‘80 rimane a grandi linee condivisibile, lo sviluppo del dibattito culturale, i rinvenimenti recenti e lo studio dei siti emiliani proposto da questo lavoro di dottorato ne permettono approfondimenti ed aggiornamenti. Ad esempio, nello stesso mondo Chassey, di cui era già nota la variabilità diacronica e spaziale (Vaquer 1990, 2002; Beeching 1995, 2002), sono oggi individuate specifiche regionali sempre più marcate, che rivelano una matrice di diffusione nei territori italiani sempre più frazionata (Capitolo 2). I contesti emiliani oggetto di questo lavoro sono quelli inediti ed editi riconducibili agli ultimi secoli del V millennio ed ai primi del IV BC cal. In dettaglio si tratta del sito di S:Andrea a Travo (capitolo 5) e Le Mose a Piacenza (capitolo 4), Vignola a Fiorenzuola (capitolo 7), Botteghino (capitolo 6) e Vighi e Parma (capitolo7), S.ILario d'Enza (Reggio Emilia) (capitolo 7). Lo studio si è concentrato sulla'analisi dell'industria ceramica, da un punto di vista sia tecnologico che tipologico (capitolo 3), al fine di poter meglio definire la cronologia interna dei diversi siti. A partire da quest'analisi sono stati infatti identificati un certo numero di tipi rappresentativi, per i quali è stata proposta una cronolgia relativa utile per poi ricostruire un quadro cronologico che rendesse conto della variabilità riscontrata nell'areale emiliano nel periodo a cavallo del V millennio. In questa chiave di lettura, i siti di Travo e Le Mose si sono rivelati quelli più utili nella costruzione di questa crono-tipologia inanzitutto poichè si tratta di siti plurifase. Lo studio della stratigrafia verticale a Travo ed orizzontale a Le Mose delle diverse fasi insediative dal vbq I al Neolitico finale, ha fornito infatti dati importanti per la valutazione diacronica dei diversi indicatori culturali

L’empire néo-assyrien est un royaume né en Mésopotamie. À partir de 934 av. J.-C., le royaume assyrien est devenu l’un des États les plus puissants du Proche-Orient ancien. L'empire néo-assyrien est devenu le troisième empire le plus puissant du monde antique après la conquête des royaumes de Babylone, d’Urartu, l’Elam et l'Egypte. Il a donc dominé la Mésopotamie, l’Asie Mineure, le Caucase, l’Egypte et la Méditerranée Orientale. Cet empire a continué jusqu'à la chute de sa capitale Ninive qui tombe aux mains des Babyloniens et des Mèdes en 612 av. J.-C. L'empire néo-assyrien a laissé de nombreux monuments et artefacts, qui ont aidé les archéologues à étudier les bijoux assyriens. Cette thèse traite des bijoux à l’époque néo-assyrienne. Elle présente la typlogie, mais aussi les matériaux utilisés et la fabrication des bijoux. Elle présente aussi l’iconographie et la symbolique des bijoux<br>The neo-assyrian Empire is a kingdom that arose in Mesopotamia. From 934 BC, Assyrian kingdom was one of the most powerful states of the Ancient Near East. The neo-assyrian empire became the third most powerful empire in the ancient world after the conquest of the kingdoms of Babylon, Urartu, Elam and Egypt. This empire dominated the Mesopotamia, the Asia Minor, the Caucasus, Egypt and the Eastern Mediterranean. This empire continued until the fall of its capital Nineveh in by the Babylonians and The Medes in 612 BC.The neo-Assyrian empire left many cultural monuments and artifacts, which helped archaeologists to study Assyrian jewelry. This thesis deals with the jewelry of neo-assyrian period. It presents the typology but also the materials used and the manufacture of jewels. This work show also iconography and symbolism of jewels

This thesis deals with the emergence of the airport as a new strategic actor in the air transport system which has undergone profound changes since its liberalisation and within which the airport turned out to be a major player. Considering the airport as an actor in the air transport system, even if it is affected by its environment in a large sense, this work proposes a contribution to current discussion about airport economics. This contribution refers to two levels : an analysis of the European airport business within which the airport emerges as a full player and an analysis of the link between airport strategy and the spatial and territorial context into which the airport is embedded. Based on the differentiation of airport strategies according to the airports' commitment to certain market segments, the analysis of the spatial and territorial context into which the airports are embedded showed its influence on the development of airports but confirmed also that the latter is not automatic but subject to the dynamics arising from the interactions between the different actors. The emergence of the airport as a new strategic player in the air transport system places the emphasis on the complex relation between airport and territory which is reflected in a number of issues connected with the airport activity

This thesis deals with the emergence of the airport as a new strategic actor in the air transport system which has undergone profound changes since its liberalisation and within which the airport turned out to be a major player. Considering the airport as an actor in the air transport system, even if it is affected by its environment in a large sense, this work proposes a contribution to current discussion about airport economics. This contribution refers to two levels: an analysis of the European airport business within which the airport emerges as a full player and an analysis of the link between airport strategy and the spatial and territorial context into which the airport is embedded. Based on the differentiation of airport strategies according to the airports’ commitment to certain market segments, the analysis of the spatial and territorial context into which the airports are embedded showed its influence on the development of airports but confirmed also that the latter is not automatic but subject to the dynamics arising from the interactions between the different actors. The emergence of the airport as a new strategic player in the air transport system places the emphasis on the complex relation between airport and territory which is reflected in a number of issues connected with the airport activity<br>Diese Doktorarbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Flughafen als einem neuen strategischen Akteur im Luftverkehrssystem, welches seit seiner Liberalisierung von weitreichenden Veränderungen erfasst wurde, und in dem der Flughafen sich zum wichtigen Teilnehmer entwickelt hat. Durch die Betrachtung des Flughafens als Akteur des Luftverkehrs, auch wenn er dem Einfluss seiner Umwelt im weitesten Sinne unterliegt, möchte diese Arbeit einen Beitrag zur gegenwärtigen Diskussion zum Thema Flughäfen in zweifacher Hinsicht leisten: Eine Analyse des europäischen Luftverkehrssystems, in dem der Flughafen als ganzheitlicher Partner deutlich wird sowie eine detaillierte Untersuchung der Verbindung zwischen Flughafenstrategien und der Verankerung des Flughafens in Raum und Territorium. Ausgehend von der Differenzierung der Flughafenstrategien, die durch die Spezialisierung auf ein oder mehrere Marktsegmente ihren Ausdruck findet, lässt die Analyse des räumlichen und territorialen Kontexts, in dem der Flughafen verankert ist, dessen Einfluss auf die Entwicklung des Flughafens deutlich werden, aber bestätigt auch, dass letzere nicht ein automatisches Ergebnis ist, sondern von den Interaktionen der verschiedenen Akteure abhängt. Die Entstehung des Flughafens als neuer strategischer Akteur im Luftverkehrssystem betont die komplexen Beziehungen zwischen Flughafen und Territorium, die sich in einer Reihe von Aspekten widerspiegeln, die in dieser Arbeit diskutiert werden<br>Cette thèse de doctorat porte sur l’émergence de l’aéroport comme nouvel acteur stratégique dans le système de transport aérien qui a connu de vastes changements depuis sa libéralisation et au sein duquel l’aéroport est devenu un acteur majeur. En considérant l’aéroport comme acteur du transport aérien, bien qu’il soit affecté par son environnement au sens large, ce travail propose une contribution à la discussion récente sur la question des aéroports. Cette contribution se réfère à deux niveaux : une analyse du système de transport aérien européen dans lequel l’aéroport émerge comme partenaire à part entière et une analyse détaillée du lien entre stratégies aéroportuaires et l’ancrage de l’aéroport dans l’espace et dans le territoire. En partant de la différentiation des stratégies aéroportuaires avec des aéroports qui se spécialisent dans un certain ou plusieurs segments de marché, l’analyse du contexte spatial et territorial, dans lequel les aéroports sont ancrés, a révélé son influence sur le développement des aéroports mais a confirmé aussi que ce dernier n’est pas un résultat mécanique mais est soumis aux dynamiques résultant du jeu d’acteurs. L’émergence de l’aéroport comme nouvel acteur stratégique dans le système de transport aérien met en lumière les rapports complexes entre aéroports et territoire qui se reflètent dans un certain nombre d’aspects discutés dans ce travail