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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Nitrogen budgets”

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Data publikacji: 15 marca 2023

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Spis treści

  1. Artykuły w czasopismach
  2. Rozprawy doktorskie
  3. Książki
  4. Części książek
  5. Streszczenia konferencji
  6. Raporty organizacyjne

Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Nitrogen budgets":

1

Galloway, J. N., i H. Rodhe. "Regional atmospheric budgets of S and N fluxes: how well can they be quantified?" Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 97 (1990): 61–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000005297.

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SynopsisRegional atmospheric sulphur/nitrogen budgets have been used in several regions of the world to help build up an overview of fluxes, reservoir contents and turnover times, and as a basis for quantitative modelling. However, there are some deficiencies in the regional budget approach. The analysis is of necessity superficial, and can give a false impression of certainty. This paper reviews the regional budgets for sulphur/nitrogen which have been created in various regions of the world, analyses their common findings, addresses the issue of uncertainty, and recommends areas of future research.Most regional sulphur/nitrogen budgets have been constructed for North America, northern Europe and a few in other parts of Europe. A common finding is that anthropogenic emissions are large relative to natural emissions and that there is substantial international transport. The results of the budget analysis, while having elements of uncertainty, have proved to be valuable both in the synthesis of knowledge, and in their contribution to the increased awareness among policy makers and the public at large about the long-range transport of sulphur/nitrogen emissions.Unfortunately, there have been few regional budgets for the developing portions of the world. Given the projected increase in population – and per capita S and N emissions for these regions – we encourage a future focus on regional sulphur/nitrogen budgets for the less developed regions of the world.
2

Löhmus, Krista, Valdo Kuusemets, Mari Ivask, Sille Teiter, Jürgen Augustin i Ülo Mander. "Budgets of nitrogen fluxes in riparian grey alder forests." River Systems 13, nr 3-4 (1.01.2002): 321–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/lr/13/2002/321.

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Carey, Anne E., W. Berry Lyons, Jean-Claude Bonzongo i John C. Lehrter. "Nitrogen budget in the Upper Mississippi River watershed". Environmental and Engineering Geoscience 7, nr 3 (1.08.2001): 251–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.7.3.251.

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Abstract Nitrogen budget calculations performed for highflow and low-flow years in the major sub-basins of the Upper Mississippi River watershed show differences in nitrogen applications and discharges. Nitrogen budgets show that fertilizer is the most important input of nitrogen to the basins, but also show that atmospheric input and animal manures can be significant inputs of nitrogen to the basins. The transport of nitrogen from the land to rivers varies with the prevailing hydrologic conditions. The annual nitrogen budgets are not balanced. In years of high precipitation and river discharge, more nitrogen can be removed than had been applied that year, presumably from N stored in the soil or ground water. Storage of nitrogen in soils is a major unknown in the model, but calculations suggest that it is a significant reservoir of N.
4

Prasad, Rishi, i George Hochmuth. "Understanding Nitrogen Transformations and Cycling for Sweet Corn Production in Sandy Soils". EDIS 2015, nr 8 (5.11.2015): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-ss643-2015.

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Because sandy soils have low water and nutrient-holding capacities and Florida experiences high rainfall periodically, optimizing fertilizer use efficiency for sweet corn production is challenging. The preparation of nitrogen budgets and the implementation of effective management strategies can help farmers overcome these obstacles. This 4-page fact sheet discusses major concerns which call for nitrogen management in sweet corn production, nitrogen budget preparation and interpretation, and important differences between farm-gate and soil system budgets. Written by Rishi Prasad and George Hochmuth, and published by the UF Department of Soil and Water Science, May 2015. SL430/SS643: Understanding Nitrogen Transformations and Cycling for Sweet Corn Production in Sandy Soils (ufl.edu)
5

Galicka, Wanda, i Tadeusz Penczak. "Total nitrogen and phosphorus budgets in the lowland Sulejow Reservoir". Archiv für Hydrobiologie 117, nr 2 (20.12.1989): 177–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/117/1989/177.

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Reimer, Marie, Kurt Möller i Tobias Edward Hartmann. "Meta-analysis of nutrient budgets in organic farms across Europe". Organic Agriculture 10, S1 (26.05.2020): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13165-020-00300-8.

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AbstractNutrient supply to organic farms is a highly discussed topic in Europe, due to the restricted availability of external fertilizer resources and the use of contentious inputs. To optimize the flow of nutrients throughout the organic farming system, it is firstly necessary to obtain valid data on the nutrient status of organic farms. Nutrient budgets are a valid tool to investigate the nutrient demand or surplus of a system. However, there is currently no comprehensive overview of nutrient budgets of European organic farms. We therefore carried out a meta-analysis on 56 individual studies that reported either farm-gate or soil surface budgets. The analysis showed an imbalance between nutrients, a general surplus of nitrogen (45 kg N ha−1 year−1 [95% confidence interval (CI) 30, 61]), magnesium (16 kg Mg ha−1 year−1 [− 9, 40]) and sulfur (45 kg S ha−1 year−1 [− 29, 118]), a balanced phosphorus budget (0 kg P ha−1 year−1 [− 2, 2]), and a deficit for potassium (− 12 kg K ha−1 year−1 [− 21, − 3]). We observed large differences between farms that could be partly explained by farm type and budgeting method. Arable and mixed farms showed lower nitrogen, phosphor, magnesium, and sulfur budgets than dairy/beef farms or even vegetable farms, while all farm types besides dairy/beef farms showed deficits for K budgets. Further, farm-gate budget studies yielded higher budgets than soil surface budgets. Variations between studied countries could also be detected, but the coverage and comparability are low due to differences in studied farm types and budgeting method.
7

Klages, Susanne, Claudia Heidecke, Bernhard Osterburg, John Bailey, Irina Calciu, Clare Casey, Tommy Dalgaard i in. "Nitrogen Surplus—A Unified Indicator for Water Pollution in Europe?" Water 12, nr 4 (22.04.2020): 1197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12041197.

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Pollution of ground-and surface waters with nitrates from agricultural sources poses a risk to drinking water quality and has negative impacts on the environment. At the national scale, the gross nitrogen budget (GNB) is accepted as an indicator of pollution caused by nitrates. There is, however, little common EU-wide knowledge on the budget application and its comparability at the farm level for the detection of ground-and surface water pollution caused by nitrates and the monitoring of mitigation measures. Therefore, a survey was carried out among experts of various European countries in order to assess the practice and application of fertilization planning and nitrogen budgeting at the farm level and the differences between countries within Europe. While fertilization planning is practiced in all of the fourteen countries analyzed in this paper, according to current legislation, nitrogen budgets have to be calculated only in Switzerland, Germany and Romania. The survey revealed that methods of fertilization planning and nitrogen budgeting at the farm level are not unified throughout Europe. In most of the cases where budgets are used regularly (Germany, Romania, Switzerland), standard values for the chemical composition of feed, organic fertilizers, animal and plant products are used. The example of the Dutch Annual Nutrient Cycling Assessment (ANCA) tool (and partly of the Suisse Balance) shows that it is only by using farm-specific “real” data that budgeting can be successfully applied to optimize nutrient flows and increase N efficiencies at the farm level. However, this approach is more elaborate and requires centralized data processing under consideration of data protection concerns. This paper concludes that there is no unified indicator for nutrient management and water quality at the farm level. A comparison of regionally calculated nitrogen budgets across European countries needs to be interpreted carefully, as methods as well as data and emission factors vary across countries. For the implementation of EU nitrogen-related policies—notably, the Nitrates Directive—nutrient budgeting is currently ruled out as an entry point for legal requirements. In contrast, nutrient budgets are highlighted as an environment indicator by the OECD and EU institutions.
8

Collos, Y. "Nitrogen budgets and dissolved organic matter cycling". Marine Ecology Progress Series 90 (1992): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps090201.

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Matsumura, Tsuyoshi, Takashi Ishimaru i Tetsuo Yanagi. "Nitrogen and Phosphorus Budgets in Tokyo Bay." Oceanography in Japan 11, nr 6 (2002): 613–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5928/kaiyou.11.613.

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Johnson, Dale W., i John Turner. "Nitrogen budgets of forest ecosystems: A review". Forest Ecology and Management 318 (kwiecień 2014): 370–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.08.028.

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Artykuły w czasopismach Rozprawy doktorskie

Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Nitrogen budgets":

1

Watson, Christine A. "Nitrogen budgets in pluricompartmental systems". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296512.

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Increasing concern over the adverse environmental impact of intensive agriculture has led to pressure to develop more sustainable, integrated farming systems which have the potential to minimise the loss of nitrogen to the environment whilst maintaining productivity. Alternative systems include pluricompartmental systems, which combine more than one enterprise or species in a formalised design, such as a crop rotation or spatial arrangement e.g. agroforestry. Three approaches to nitrogen budgeting were developed and their ability to quantitatively describe nitrogen cycling in pluricompartmental systems tested. Budgets ranged in complexity from the EIO Budget, which accounted simply for purchases and sales of nitrogen over the farmgate, through the BIO Budget which included estimation of biological nitrogen fixation and attempted to partition losses into leaching and gaseous forms, to the TRIO Budget which also accounted for key soil processes. Unaccounted for N was attributed to leaching, however it is recognised that this is a predictor of leaching potential rather than actual loss. These approaches were tested in a range of systems; a mixed organic farm, a silvopastoral agroforestry system, organically and conventionally managed beef systems and a series of ley/arable rotations containing different proportions of ley. A simple model for predicting nitrogen fixation from yield was also developed and tested. The success of the different approaches was strongly dependent on the precise objective; whilst all the approaches were able to predict N use efficiency in economic terms, the TRIO Budget was likely to give the best estimate of potential N loss by leaching. The TRIO Budget was the only approach which quantified intercompartmental N fluxes, and it is suggested that this parameter may be a useful indicator of sustainability. Intercompartmental fluxes were particularly difficult to quantify in spatially pluricompartmental systems due to the importance of belowground processes in these systems.
2

Eriksson, Hägg Hanna. "Nitrogen land-sea fluxes in the Baltic Sea catchment : Empirical relationships and budgets". Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad miljövetenskap (ITM), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-32493.

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In this thesis empirical relationships and modeling tools are used to describe the relationship between human activities and meso- and large scale riverine N fluxes from land to sea. On a large scale Paper I showed that by only having knowledge about human population size and runoff one can estimate the riverine export of DIN (r2= 0.76). In Paper II we included two other important anthropogenic N inputs, i.e. atmospheric deposition and primary emission (PE) from animals. In most of the catchments the PE from animals were larger than the PE from humans. Hence, development of livestock is important and increased animal protein consumption by humans might increase the riverine N export. Scenario analysis (Paper II) show that climate change is expected to both decrease and increase the riverine N export depending on which part of the catchment is modeled. In the southern and eastern parts of the Baltic Sea catchment there is large potential for N reductions from point sources (Papers III & V). The diffuse sources are more difficult to decrease and a reduction of mineral fertilizer does not always lead to reduced N loadings because the agricultural systems can buffer even a slight surplus (Paper III). There is inertia in the catchments which can be seen in for example in the northern part of the catchment. Here atmospheric N deposition is almost as high as in the southern part but the nitrogen flux from these rivers is not elevated. These northern river catchments have N exports of the same magnitude as the natural background (Paper IV), indicating that the atmospheric N deposition is retained in the system and probably taken up by N limited boreal forests. However, important reductions can be achieved in the agricultural sector by detailed management of the planted land and animal manure. The highest sensitivity is in catchments with high animal density and high specific discharge, primarily draining to Kattegat and Danish Straits (Paper II & IV).
At the time of doctoral dissertation the following publications were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript
3

Halpop, John W. "Nitrogen and Energy Budgets of Production Ewes on Summer Range in Southwestern Utah". DigitalCommons@USU, 1988. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4086.

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Nitrogen (N) and energy budgets for free-roaming ewes were quantified on mountain summer range in southwestern Utah in 1986 and 1987. Diet quality (%N), in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), and energy were estimated with the use of five esophageally fistulated ewes. Excretion rates of N and energy to feces and urine were measured by total collection from five nonfistualted ewes. Total intake N(gN/(MBW*d-1) tracked intraseasonal changes of dietary N percent but was apparently buffered by fluctuations in dry matter intake. In each year, total urine N was closely related to dietary N concentration, r2=0.97 (1986) and r2=0.89 (1987). Total N excreted via feces varied as a function of dry matter output rather than fecal N concentration. Consumption of gross energy (GE) paralleled dry matter intake in both years of the study, r2=.99. Fecal energy excretion (kcal/(MBW*d-1) was associated with dry matter output while urine energy varied with little amplitude across both grazing seasons. In both years, absolute values for metabolizable energy (ME) and nitrogen balance indicated that the sheep were in a positive nutritional state throughout the grazing season. ME levels calculated by difference were consistently higher than when determined by DE X 0.82, since the gaseous products of fermentation were not accounted for in difference determinations. Ratios of estimated intake versus maintenance levels of nitrogen and energy were calculated for each grazing season under study. The data suggest that in 1986, N was relatively more limiting in early summer, while energy was relatively more limiting at the end of the season. Digestible organic matter intake appeared to be below maintenance requirements in September, 1986. In 1987, relative amounts of both nutrients paralleled each other throughout the grazing season and were above maintenance, with the exception of the September trial when both nitrogen and energy were below calculated maintenance levels.
4

James, Andrew Gordon. "The feeding ecology of and carbon and nitrogen budgets for Engraulis capensis in the southern Benguela ecosystem". Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/8409.

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Bibliography: leaves 179-231.
The two main schools of thought regarding the diets of intermediate microphagous clupeids are: A) that they are herbivorous and B) that they are omnivorous, but consume mainly zooplankton. The former view has been employed to explain their abundance in upwelling areas, since their purported ability to efficiently utilise the primary producers shortens the pelagic food chain to 1 or 2 links. The literature concerning the trophic ecology of some commercially important clupeids is reviewed and it is concluded that few are true phytophagists. Most are omnivorous and derive the bulk of their energy from zooplankton. Results indicating that these fish are herbivorous are largely due to inadequate sampling strategies and analytical techniques. The results of field work show that Engraulis capensis feeds selectively upon meso- and macro-zooplankton. Laboratory experiments supported these findings. Prey are selected on the basis of size and particulate feeding is the dominant mode of intake when the' fish are presented with a mixed size assemblage of prey. Engraulis capensis cannot filter feed on particles less than 0.200mm maximum dimension, and there is a threshold size of approximately 0.700mm when feeding behaviour switches from filter to particulate feeding. Particulate feeding produced faster clearance rates than filtering, and the Cape anchovy feeds at maximum efficiency over most of their prey size spectrum.
5

van, der Lingen Carl David. "The Feeding ecology of, and carbon and nitrogen budgets for, sardine sardinops sagax in the Southern Benguela upwelling ecosystem". Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17510.

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Bibliography : pages 178-202.
Combined laboratory and field studies were employed to examine the feeding ecology of sardine Sardinops sagax in order to evaluate conflicting hypotheses regarding the trophic position of clupeoids in upwelling ecosystems, and to compare the trophodynamics of sardine with those of the co-occurring anchovy Engraulis capensis. Carbon and nitrogen budget models constructed using data from these studies were used to quantify the effect of particular food environments upon sardine growth. Sardinops sagax is primarily a filter-feeder, with food particles <1230μm total length eliciting a filtering response while larger particles elicit particulate-feeding at low concentrations and filter-feeding at high concentrations. This species is able to retain cells as small as 13μm, feeds at near-maximum efficiency when filterfeeding, and displays size-selectivity during particulate-feeding. Significant linear relationships between respiration rate and swimming speed obtained for sardine demonstrate that filter-feeding is the most energetically cheap feeding mode. Although omnivorous, sardine absorbs carbon and nitrogen more efficiently from zooplankton than from phytoplankton. Gastric evacuation follows an exponential pattern in sardine, and is influenced by food type; phytoplankton is evacuated faster than zooplankton. Feeding periodicity in sardine is size dependent; small fish show a feeding peak at, or around, sunset whereas larger fish appear to feed continuously. Estimates of daily ration range between 0.99 to 7.58% wet body mass.d-¹, depending on fish size and food type. Sardine stomach contents are numerically dominated by small particles, principally dinoflagellate phytoplankton, but the majority of the sardine's dietary carbon is derived from zooplankton, principally small calanoid and cyclopoid copepods. The budget models indicate that sardine is capable of positive growth under most of the trophic conditions it is likely to encounter in the southern Benguela upwelling system. The classical hypothesis that the high abundance of clupeoids in upwelling ecosystems results from their phytophagy is rejected; like anchovy, sardine are primarily zoophagous. However, these two species are trophodynamically distinct and show resource partitioning on the basis of prey size; sardine consume small zooplankton whilst anchovy consume large zooplankton. This difference is likely to contribute to regime shifts observed between these two species.
6

Randall, Benjamin. "Characterisation and quantification of the fluxes of particulate and dissolved nitrogen in the unicellular diazotroph crocosphaera watsonii : towards a closed nitrogen budget". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS685.

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Les flux importants de la phase N dissoute, qui renseignent sur les bilans globaux en N des diazotrophes individuels, sont mal compris. Cela est particulièrement vrai des diazotrophes récemment découverts, qui peuvent ne pas fonctionner selon des paradigmes préétablis. Crocosphaera watsonii est un de ces diazotrophes, que l'on trouve largement répandu dans les océans subtropicaux. Nous caractérisons ici les flux d'azote à la diazotrophie de Crocosphaera, y compris les flux de NO3-, NH4 + et de N organique dissous (DON). Nous visons également à utiliser nos résultats pour évaluer la précision des tests biologiques de fixation du N2 couramment utilisés. Nous avons d'abord évalué l'utilisation de NO3- par Crocosphaera. Pour ce faire, des cultures discontinues de Crocosphaera ont été cultivées à long terme avec NO3-, en mesurant l'absorption de NO3-, son effet sur la diazotrophie, la croissance de la culture et d'autres paramètres physiologiques importants. Nous avons trouvé peu d'absorption sans effet sur les paramètres évalués, y compris la diazotrophie. Nous avons ciblé la disponibilité de la lumière comme paramètre important. Entre les conditions de culture de sous-saturation (SSL) et de lumière saturante (SL), nous avons constaté une augmentation de l'acquisition de N, de l'acquisition de C et du taux de croissance cellulaire dans les conditions de SL. De plus, nous avons constaté une absorption du DON sur une période de 24 heures, avec une plus grande adoption dans le scénario SSL (42% contre 7%). Il y avait un plus grand flux de NH4 + dans le support dans le SSL. En utilisant une approche isotopique, nous avons trouvé que 2,5 à 3,5% de l'azote récemment fixé étaient exsudés 24h. Notre évaluation de l'exactitude de la méthodologie a révélé que les incubations de 15N2 sous-estimaient la fixation de N2 alors que le test de réduction à l'acétylène était surestimé
Diazotrophy exists as a source of fixed N in the ocean, affecting processes like the marine food web. Important fluxes of the dissolved N phase, which inform the overall N budgets of individual diazotrophs, are poorly understood. This is especially true of recently discovered diazotrophs which may not function under pre-established paradigms. One such diazotroph is Crocosphaera watsonii, which is found widespread throughout sub-tropical oceans. Here we characterise N fluxes consequent to diazotrophy for Crocosphaera, including fluxes of NO3-, NH4+, and dissolved organic N (DON). We also aim to use our results to assess the accuracy of commonly used biological N2 fixation assays. We first assessed the use of NO3- by Crocosphaera. To do this, batch cultures of Crocosphaera were grown long term with NO3-, measuring uptake of NO3- uptake its effect on diazotrophy, culture growth and other important physiological parameters. We found little uptake with no effect on the assessed parameters, including diazotrophy. We next focussed on flux of DON and NH4+ in continuous cultures regulated for conditions such as temperature, light, and pH. We targeted light availability as an important parameter. Between culture conditions of sub-saturating (SSL) and saturating light (SL), we found an increase in N acquisition, C acquisition and cell growth rate in the SL condition. Furthermore, we found an uptake of DON over a 24h period, with greater uptake in the SSL scenario (42% v.s. 7%). There was greater flux of NH4+ into the medium in the SSL. Using an isotopic approach, we found 2.5-3.5% of recently fixed N was exuded 24h. Our assessment of the accuracy of methodology found that 15N2 incubations underestimated N2 fixation while the acetylene reduction assay overestimated. Overall, 15N2 incubations were more reliable when factoring in fluxes of dissolved N. Our findings represent new perspectives into the importance of fluxes of dissolved N to N budgets of Crocosphaera watsonii
7

Bristow, Corben Emerson. "Experimental freshwater cage aquaculture: Short term effects on carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus budgets and the metabolism of a boreal shield lake". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27114.

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We conducted an experiment to determine the effects of cage aquaculture on the functional properties of a lake. We installed a commercial aquaculture operation into a lake located within a pristine headwater region of the boreal shield. We used a before-after control-impact design to evaluate the weight of evidence for causal effects. We quantified sinks, sources and exchanges of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus to the lake and presented this information in a budget format. We then calculated retention rates for these chemicals and compared them to integral amounts of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus accumulating in the water column. We also measured removal rates (sedimentation) of these elements from the water column and transformation rates (primary production) within the water column. We found that the amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus retained in the lake increased dramatically during farm operation. With the exception of an increase in particulate carbon, we did not observe an accumulation of these chemicals in the water column. We did however observe lake wide increases in carbon and nitrogen sedimentation. Primary production increased significantly in the aquaculture-impacted lake and the period of peak productivity shifted to later in the summer. We discuss our results in the context of consequences to aquatic life and source water and we provide some recommendations for management.
8

Michori, Peter K. "Nitrogen budget under coffee". Thesis, University of Reading, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333405.

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Lernbecher, Vincent. "Swedish Nitrogen Flows : A national budget of anthropogenically induced reactive nitrogen". Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-289176.

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Nitrogen is a fundamental element in all forms of life and a crucial component of our agricultural productivity and global food security. However, excess nitrogen caused by human activity poses a serious threat to the environment and human health. Understanding human influences on the nitrogen cycle are therefore essential for sustainable management of the nutrient. The flows of anthropogenically influenced and created reactive nitrogen in Sweden are examined in this study. Human-induced sources and mechanisms associated with nitrogen are quantified and illustrated in several charts constructed with material flow analysis (MFA) methodology. Swedish society is divided into sectors of agriculture, industry, consumption, and waste management and the quantified nitrogen flows interacting with each system are used to highlight areas of interest. Results show considerable impacts stemming mainly from the food system, starting with agricultural use of mineral and organic fertilizer. Emissions of ammonia to air from animal husbandry and leakage of nitrogen to waterways are the biggest losses in the agricultural sector. The driving force behind the large agricultural losses is first and foremost the consumption pattern of households. Emissions of nitrogen oxides from traffic and industrial processes also make up a large part of the total nitrogen load. The recovery rate of nutrients that ultimately end up in the waste sector is relatively low and most of the nitrogen is denitrified in wastewater treatment plants.
Kvävgas i form av N2 finns i överflöd i jordens atmosfär. Cirka 78% av luften är i själva verket N2. För att levande organismer ska kunna använda det atmosfäriska kvävet måste den först brytas ned och bindas till antingen väte, kol eller syre. I sin reaktiva form fungerar elementet som en grundläggande byggsten för alla levande varelser. Den naturliga processen som förvandlar oanvändbart atmosfäriskt kväve till dess reaktiva former kallas kvävefixering och utförs av bakterier. I ekosystemet avgör därmed tillgängligheten av reaktivt kväve vegetationens tillväxt och är därmed en begränsande faktor för jordbruket. Denna begränsning upphörde med uppfinningen av industriell kvävefixering i form av Haber-Bosch processen där ammoniak utvinns ur luften. Sedan dess har miljontals ton av reaktivt kväve införts till den naturliga kvävecykeln och orsakat störningar med allvarliga konsekvenser.  I Sverige började arbetet med att reducera överskottet av reaktivt kväve på allvar under 1980-talet då näringsinnehållet i Östersjön redan hade överskridit hållbara nivåer. Sedan dess har ny lagstiftning som behandlar frågan införts både på nationell nivå och på EU- nivå. Insatserna har påverkat minskningen av kväveöverskottet, men många belastningsgränser överskrids fortfarande. För att samordna strategier och lagstiftning kring den komplexa kvävecykeln och ytterligare begränsa miljöbelastningen krävs en mer integrerad, holistisk strategi och ett gemensamt ramverk. Denna studie skapades med detta i åtanke och med målet att öka medvetenheten om kvävets belastning på miljön.  I studien kvantifierades mänskligt inducerade källor och mekanismer associerade med kväve och illustrerades i flera diagram konstruerade med en materialflödesanalys (MFA) metod. Det svenska samhället är indelat i fyra sektorer: jordbruk, industri, konsumtion och avfallshantering. De resulterande kväveflödena används sedan för att lyfta fram intressanta områden och skapa en översiktsbild.  Resultaten visar betydande flöden som huvudsakligen härrör från livsmedelssystemet, med början i jordbruksanvändning av mineral- och organisk gödselmedel. Utsläpp av ammoniak till luft från djurhållning samt läckage av kväve till vattendrag utgör de största förlusterna i jordbrukssektorn. Den drivande kraften bakom det stora inflödet av gödselmedel och orsaken till jordbruksförlusterna är först och främst hushållens konsumtionsmönster. Utsläpp av kväveoxider från trafik och industriprocesser utgör även en stor del den totala kvävebelastningen. Återvinningsgraden av näringsämnen som slutligen hamnar i avfallssektorn är relativt låg och majoriteten av kvävet denitrifieras i reningsverk. Slutsatsen är att det nuvarande tillståndet för antropogent kväveflöde i Sverige är linjärt och att nytt kväve kontinuerligt måste tillföras till systemet.
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Batson, Jacqulyn A. "Denitrification and a Nitrogen Budget of Created Riparian Wetlands". The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1284968767.

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Książki na temat "Nitrogen budgets":

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United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air and Radiation., red. NOx budget trading program: 2005 program compliance and environmental results. [Washington, D.C.]: United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, 2005.

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United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Atmospheric Programs, red. Evaluating the ozone control programs in the eastern United States: Focus on the NOx Budget Trading Program, 2004. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Office of Atmospheric Programs, 2005.

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Ellen, Baldridge, United States. Environmental Protection Agency., United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air and Radiation., United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. i United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Atmospheric Programs., red. Evaluating ozone control programs in the eastern United States: Focus on the NOX budget trading program, 2004. Washington, D.C: United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2004.

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Moldan, Filip, Sara Jutterström, Johanna Stadmark, Anu Akujärvi, Martin Forsius, Maria Holmberg, Kari Austnes, Heleen de Wit i Jesper Bak. Policy Brief: Nitrogen budgets and the link to carbon sequestration in the Nordic forests. Nordic Council of Ministers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/temanord2021-554.

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Derwent, R. G. The Influence of Physical and Chemical Processes on the Fluxes and Budgets of Atmospheric Nitrogen Compounds. AEA Technology Plc, 1988.

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Części książek na temat "Nitrogen budgets":

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Legg, J. O., i J. J. Meisinger. "Soil Nitrogen Budgets". W Nitrogen in Agricultural Soils, 503–66. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr22.c14.

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Meisinger, J. J., F. J. Calderón i D. S. Jenkinson. "Soil Nitrogen Budgets". W Nitrogen in Agricultural Systems, 505–62. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr49.c13.

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Gu, Baojing, i Xiuming Zhang. "Reactive Nitrogen Budgets in China". W Atmospheric Reactive Nitrogen in China, 87–109. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8514-8_5.

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Toetz, Dale W. "Nitrogen Budgets of Great Plains Impoundments". W Man-Made Lakes: Their Problems and Environmental Effects, 567–71. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm017p0567.

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Meisinger, J. J., i G. W. Randall. "Estimating Nitrogen Budgets for Soil-Crop Systems". W Managing Nitrogen for Groundwater Quality and Farm Profitability, 85–124. Madison, WI, USA: Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/1991.managingnitrogen.c5.

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Holland, Elisabeth A., Frank J. Dentener, Bobby H. Braswell i James M. Sulzman. "Contemporary and pre-industrial global reactive nitrogen budgets". W New Perspectives on Nitrogen Cycling in the Temperate and Tropical Americas, 7–43. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4645-6_2.

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Raven, John A., Linda L. Handley i Mitchell Andrews. "Optimizing Carbon-Nitrogen Budgets: Perspectives for Crop Improvement". W Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, 265–74. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48138-3_16.

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Johnson, D. W., R. B. Susfalk, T. G. Caldwell, J. D. Murphy, W. W. Miller i R. F. Walker. "Fire Effects on Carbon And Nitrogen Budgets in Forests". W Biogeochemical Investigations of Terrestrial, Freshwater, and Wetland Ecosystems across the Globe, 263–75. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0952-2_19.

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Xing, G. X., i Z. L. Zhu. "Regional nitrogen budgets for China and its major watersheds". W The Nitrogen Cycle at Regional to Global Scales, 405–27. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3405-9_13.

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Mikkelsen, D. S. "Nitrogen budgets in flooded soils used for rice production". W Plant and Soil Interfaces and Interactions, 71–97. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3627-0_6.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Nitrogen budgets":

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Grewal, Damanveer, Rajdeep Dasgupta i James Eguchi. "The Effect of Differentiation via Internal Versus External Magma Oceans on the Carbon and Nitrogen Budgets of Rocky Planets". W Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.880.

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Han, Chengwei, i Shiguo Xu. "The Nitrogen Budget of DRW in the Northeastern China". W World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41036(342)258.

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Hongmin Dong, Zhongkai Zhou, Zhiping Zhu, Hongwei Xin i Yongxing Chen. "Carbon and Nitrogen Budget of Commercial Cage-Grown Broilers". W 2011 Louisville, Kentucky, August 7 - August 10, 2011. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.37297.

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Tabeta, Shigeru, i Haruki Yoshimoto. "Investigation of Carbon Budget Around Artificial Upwelling Generator by a Coupled Physical-Biological Model". W ASME 2007 26th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2007-29653.

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There are several projects of generating upwelling by artificial structures to enhance the primary production expecting fish catch increase. From the view point of global environment, CO2 budget between atmosphere and ocean due to such technologies are also interesting. In this study, a coupled physical-biological model was developed to simulate the nitrogen and carbon cycles around artificial upwelling generator. The model is focusing on the degradation of particulate organic matter, because the process should much affects on the efficiency of the biological pump. The model is tuned by using the experimental data and applied to simulate the material cycle in the target area which is located north of Ikitsuki Island located northwest of Kyusyu, Japan, where an artificial seabed mound is installed to generate upwelling. The long-term carbon budget is also estimated by vertical one-dimensional ecosystem model using the parameters determined from the results of the three-dimensional coupled physical-biological model.
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Larsen, Jack C., i William P. Chu. "The Sensitivity of the SAGE II .94 μm Band Water Vapor Retrievals to Uncertainties in Absorption Line Parameters". W Optical Remote Sensing. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ors.1985.wc23.

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The Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II (SAGE II) instrument is a multi-channel sun photometer designed to measure aerosol and molecular scattering, and absorption due to ozone, nitrogen dioxide and water vapor from space. SAGE II is mounted on the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS) which is scheduled to be deployed by the space shuttle in the early part of October, 1984. Ozone and nitrogen dioxide have been measured previously with the SAGE1 satellite system. The radiative transfer calculations for these two gases are relatively simple because of the lack of line structure in these bands and the insensitivity of the absorption cross sections to pressure and temperature. The .94 μm water vapor band covered by SAGE II, however, requires time consuming line-by-line radiative transfer calculations to model. Line by line calculations are impractical for the reduction of large amounts of limb occultation satellite data and tradeoffs between accuracy and speed must be considered2. This paper discusses the radiative transfer code selected for use in the water vapor retrieval algorithm and presents several sensitivity studies conducted with this code.
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LUCOVSKY, Gerald, David R. LEE, Sunil V. HATTANGADY, Hiro NIIMI, Chris PARKER i John R. HAUSER. "Low-Thermal-Budget Process-Controlled Monolayer Level Incorporation of Nitrogen into Ultra-Thin Gate Dielectric Structures: Applications to MOS Devices". W 1995 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials. The Japan Society of Applied Physics, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/ssdm.1995.s-i-2-4.

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Bijnen, F. G. C., F. J. M. Harren, J. Reuss i J. H. P. Hackstein. "Gas detector measures parts per trillion: periodic CH4 and H2O release from a single cockroach". W The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_europe.1994.cwi1.

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Atmospheric methane is an important component in the process of global warming and ozone depletion. The biogenic sources are responsible for the majority of CH, fluxes (>70%). The contribution of each different source is still a question of debate. Insects like termites and cockroaches may contribute up to 20% of the total budget. Our trace gas detector (Fig. 1), consisting of a photo acoustic (PA) cell placed in the cavity of a CW liquid nitrogen cooled CO-laser, permits measuring methane (detection limit 1 ppb) and water vapour release together with CO2 during the respiration of a single cockroach. This way the complex breathing pattern of this animal is observed, which demonstrates the sensitivity and speed of the detector (Figs. 2 and 3).
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Langford, Andrew O., i Michael H. Proffitt. "Differential Absorption Lidar Measurements of Tropospheric Ozone". W Laser Applications to Chemical Analysis. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/laca.1994.wc.3.

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Ozone is one of the most important trace species in the atmosphere and the focus of several important environmental issues. Most ozone resides in the stratosphere where it plays a critical role in protecting the biosphere from harmful solar ultraviolet radiation. A variety of observations indicate that ozone in this region is decreasing due to heterogeneous processes involving anthropogenic chlorine. In contrast, ozone is increasing at the surface due to photochemical reactions between man-made nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons. This elevated ozone adversely affects human health and vegetation and can be transported across regional and international boundaries. Finally, ozone is the only radiatively important trace gas that absorbs both incoming ultraviolet radiation and outgoing infrared radiation. The net effect of atmospheric ozone changes on the surface radiation budget will depend on where the vertical profile changes, particularly in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere.
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DUBRA, Vytautas. "SOME PECULIARITIES OF SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF LAND-BASED INORGANIC NUTRIENTS IN THE COASTAL PART OF THE BALTIC SEA". W Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.070.

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The Baltic Sea is a semi-enclosed sea with remarkable cyclonic circulation. The most attention must be paid to the local-scale factors playing the significant role in the overall figures. Fresh water inflow takes the majority of the mass budget income thus enabling local streams. The bathymetry of the Lithuanian Baltic zone is lowering gradually towards the open sea and has no significant deeps or depths. As the little exception there is a deeper basin, which stretches from the Curonian Spit until it reaches the approaches of the Southern Gotland Deep. The long-term investigations of spatial seasonal distribution of inorganic nutrients (nitrite, nitrate and orthophosphate) resulted to some regularities depending on prevailing wind scale duration and force. The results obtained during the experiment showed the complicacy of field structure. Extremely heterogeneous patterns of nutrients are formed when northern or eastern winds or breezes are prevailing. After the other wind directions significant decrease of heterogeneity was observed. Assessment showed that Curonian Lagoon water entering the Baltic Sea is enriched with dissolved inorganic nitrogen 6 times more and dissolved inorganic phosphorus concentration is higher by 2 times in comparison to the open sea values in winter.
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Komai, Yukio, Yukio Komai, Mana Sakata, Mana Sakata, Masaki Nakajima, Masaki Nakajima, Sae Tanaka i Sae Tanaka. "RELEASE OF NUTRIENTS FROM BOTTOM SEDIMENTS IN OSAKA BAY, JAPAN IN 2015". W Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b1b937eec5797.84530079.

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Osaka Bay is the most polluted enclosed sea area, in which is located the eastern part of the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. There are four kinds of sources on loadings of nutrients to Osaka Bay, which are land including rivers and industrial effluents beside coast, ocean sea water, release from bottom sediment to sea water, and wet and dry deposition from air. The pollutant loadings inflowing from the land to Osaka Bay have been cut by various policies since 1970’s. The concentrations of nutrients in the inner part of Osaka Bay have showed an obvious decreasing tendency. However, the water quality in offshore sea has not satisfied the environmental standard on nutrients. We investigated the amount of nutrients released from bottom sediments. The core samples were taken at two stations in the inner part of Osaka Bay once a month from February to November, 2015. The core incubation experiment in laboratory was conducted for 24 hours according to Tada et.al. The concentrations of ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N) and phosphate phosphorus (PO4-P) were measured by an automatic analyzer. The flux showed similar range with the values investigated in 1986. The results suggested that the flux of nutrients from bottom sediments in the inner part of Osaka Bay has not decreased during summer season at least since 1985. Therefore, the contribution of release from bottom sediment on the nutrients budget would relatively become larger in inner part of Osaka Bay.

Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Nitrogen budgets":

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Bloom, Arnold. Final Report: Plant Nitrogen Budgets Under Elevated Carbon Dioxide Levels: Regulations by Nitrogen Absorption and Assimiliation, September 1, 1995 - August 31, 1999. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), sierpień 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/765144.

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BassiriRad, H., i V. Gutschick. Plant nitrogen budget under elevated carbon dioxide level: Regulation by nitrogen absorption and assimilation. Progress report, October 1, 1995--July 31, 1996. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), wrzesień 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/656508.

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BassiriRad, Hormoz, i Vincent Gutschick. Closeout technical report for DOE award number DE-FG02-97ER62332 [Nitrogen budget under elevated CO{sub 2} levels: regulation by absorption and assimilation]. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), październik 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/808011.

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Water budget for and nitrogen loads to Northeast Creek, Bar Harbor, Maine. US Geological Survey, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri024000.

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