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1
ill, Bowles Carol, red. The two-legged creature: An Otoe story. Flagstaff, Ariz: Northland Pub., 1993.
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Kyrkor, Två. Sigurd Lewerentz: Two churches. Stockholm: Arkitektur Förlag AB, 1997.
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Behzad, Siahkolah, i SpringerLink (Online service), red. Electronic Tap-changer for Distribution Transformers. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2011.
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Tip and the Gipper: When politics worked. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014.
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Two souls: Four lives. Nevada City, Calif: Crystal Clarity Publishers, 2009.
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Knecht, Catherine. Two souls: Four lives. Nevada City, Calif: Crystal Clarity Publishers, 2009.
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Libro de oro dos: Illustradores, fotographos, disenadores graficos, estudios creativos, servicios = libro de oro two : illustrators, photographers, graphic designers, creative studios, services. Madrid: Editorial Restrepo,S.A., 1985.
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Two Bears There: The Story of Ahpun and Oreo. Publication Consultants, 2003.
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R, Anhaeusser C., Maske S i Geological Society of South Africa., red. Mineral deposits of Southern Africa: In two volumes. Johannesburg: Geological Society of South Africa, 1986.
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Towe, Benjamin. The Orb of Chalar: A Trilogy of the Land of Donothor: Part Two. AuthorHouse, 2006.
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Towe, Benjamin. The Orb of Chalar: A Trilogy of the Land of Donothor: Part Two. AuthorHouse, 2006.
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Fogelin, Robert J. Part Two. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190673505.003.0003.
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Milbank, Alison. Truly Two. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824466.003.0008.
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Chapter 7 outlines the nature of Reformation anthropology as Gothic in the sense of being under the power of the usurper, Satan, and in seeing God as wrathful enemy before justification by faith. It examines Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus in relation to the Lutheran Faustbook, and as an example of a character who wishes to escape the ambiguities of election in favour of a settled reprobation. Calvinist double predestination is shown to produce a dualist subjectivity, and this is then explored in a series of Scottish Presbyterian Gothic fictions: James Hogg’s Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner, Stevenson’s Jekyll and Hyde and Markheim, and John Buchan’s historical tale of demon-worshipping Covenanters, Witch Wood. It is argued that the protagonists’ problem is not duality as such but an attempt to circumvent it, and that the Calvinist anthropology is not itself the problem, although it requires ‘Anglican’ mediation.
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Maxwell, Catherine. Top Notes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198701750.003.0002.
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After a brief discussion of Eugene Rimmel and Septimus Piesse, two major manufacturers and promoters of Victorian perfume, this chapter provides an overview of fragrance use for the Victorians, and explores attitudes towards perfume in early and mid-Victorian fiction with special reference to the figure of the scented dandy. The second part of this chapter shows how Victorian poetry reflects the influential perfumed legacy of Romanticism and, in particular, Shelley, a key precursor for many aesthetic and decadent writers, with an illustrative reading of Edmund Gosse’s ‘Perfume’, a sonnet saturated with echoes from both Shelley and Keats. After a brief discussion of the ‘hothouse’ atmosphere of aestheticism, decadence, and the fin de siècle, the chapter concludes with reference to the aggressive reaction of male modernists, and in particular, T. S. Eliot, to a Romantic and Victorian culture seen as decadent, feminine, and perfumed.
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Li, Jie Jack. Top Drugs. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199362585.001.0001.
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Drugs like Lipitor, Plavix, Taxol, and Zoloft are integral in today's medicinal world. These widely used products save lives and improve the quality of lives, playing a crucial role in everything from cholesterol management to cancer treatment. These advances in medicine were brought into existence after nuanced process of creation, featuring a wide range of chemical and pharmacological experimentation and discovery. Top Drugs: Their History, Pharmacology, and Synthesis provides an in-depth study on ten prominent drugs, outlining the chemistry behind each one's creation. Jie Jack Li, a medicinal chemist and an expert on drug discovery, offers a thorough analysis of the landscape of current drug development. The comprehensive text is divided by health issues, including cardiovascular, cancer, metabolic diseases, and infectious diseases. Each section features individual chapters on significant drugs, outlining the chemistry and history of the drug's discovery. Li begins each chapter with the product's history, providing necessary context. Li then proceeds to describe the mechanism of action, structure-activity relationship (SAR), bioavailability, metabolism, toxicology, the discovery route, and the process route. Top Drugs: Their History, Pharmacology, and Synthesis will acclimate students, scientists, and interested laypersons to the world of chemistry and drug discovery.
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Briggs, Andrew, Hans Halvorson i Andrew Steane. The two Tabors. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808282.003.0006.
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The book contains three autobiographical chapters, one from each of the authors. In this one Andrew Briggs (A.B.) presents some of his experiences. Professor David Tabor was an important scientific and personal influence on A.B. in his doctoral work at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge. A visit to Mount Tabor in Israel gave a memorable opportunity for reflection on the connection between spiritual matters and physical, geographical matters. Another important influence was the humble Christian and great nineteenth-century physicist James Clerk Maxwell. Maxwell had a verse from Psalm 111 inscribed over the doors of the Cavendish laboratory. When the laboratory was moved into new premises, A.B. asked whether the inscription could be included. This was agreed by the relevant committee. It reads: ‘The works of the Lord are great, sought out of all them that have pleasure therein’: a lovely motto for scientists.
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Palmer, Thomas. Two Case Studies. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816652.003.0008.
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Chapter 7 continues the argument of chapter 6 into two central topics which constitute tests for the apparent movement among mid- and later seventeenth-century Anglicans away from an Augustinian theological framework. Jeremy Taylor has been charged with abandoning the traditional doctrine of original sin, and by consequence that of the atonement. Section II analyses his teaching, and shows that attempts to identify his doctrine with that of Socinian thinkers should be rejected. Section III analyses Herbert Thorndike’s discussion of Jansen’s teaching on liberty in the Augustinus. Thorndike adopted an understanding of human liberty which seems to resemble that of Molina, but his surprisingly sympathetic treatment of Jansen reflects his admiration for Augustine’s analysis of original sin and its effects, and his continued commitment to the understanding of conversion which it underwrites.
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Jong, Mayke de. The Two Republics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777601.003.0036.
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According to Chris Wickham, a culture of the public was the strongest inheritance of Rome, and it existed until c.1000. Even in the early medieval West, with its relatively weak states, the notion of a domain that was publicus remained a pervasive one; it was primarily associated with royal property, law courts, royal officials, and assemblies, both great and small (Wickham, The Inheritance of Rome, p. 562). I could not agree more, but I would also include bishops and abbots, episcopal synods, and royal monasteries. This contribution argues that in any conceptualization of public authority in the early medieval West the church cannot be left out. With a focus on narrative and administrative sources from the West Frankish kingdom (c.840–880) the chapter investigates the semantic field of publicus and its derivatives, especially in the increasingly acrimonious debates about church property that emerged during the reign of Charles the Bald. It is in this context that new notions of a public domain and its ensuing obligations were most clearly and actively articulated.
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Wagner, Esther-Miriam, i Ben Outhwaite. ‘These Two Lines …’. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198768104.003.0015.
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Letters were an essential means of communication for the Jews living under Islam in the Middle Ages. The traditional seats of Jewish learning were in Baghdad and Jerusalem, but their constituencies were scattered across the world. Letters frequently passed between Egypt and Palestine and Egypt and Iraq, as Jews sought halakhic knowledge, rulings, influence, and political advantage from their leaders, and dignitaries sought to govern their distant communities and ensure the continued flow of funding. At a lower level, letters passed between communal officials and prominent citizens, between petitioners and public servants. Jews were heavily involved in trade; a network of traders relied upon the written letter to organize cargoes, settle debts, or discuss political rumours. This chapter outlines the distinct medieval epistolary styles used in Hebrew and Judaeo-Arabic correspondence. The internal development of these letters, choices of language, layout, and style are discussed within their historical and sociolinguistic framework.
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Gaos, José. My Two Cents. Tłumaczy Robert Eli Sanchez i Aurelia Valero Pie. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190601294.003.0009.
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In this selection, José Gaos considers the perspectivism of his teacher, José Ortega y Gasset, who famously argued that “I am myself and my circumstance, and if I do not save my circumstance, I do not save myself.” For Gaos, and eventually for Samuel Ramos, this view provided the epistemological justification for a national or continental philosophy—“American philosophy”— insofar as it helped to explain how philosophy could be both universal (concerned with the universe) and circumstantial. Philosophy for Gaos is universal in that it is philosophy sín más (as such), which cannot but acquire a nationality. The only mistake would be to do philosophy for the sake of producing a nationality because that is, in a sense, not doing philosophy.
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Fiorino, Daniel J. Two Worlds Colliding. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190605803.003.0001.
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In recent decades, ecological politics in the United States has been locked in a zero-sum conflict, with ecological goals pitted against economic ones. The result is that ecosystems and public health are increasingly at risk, needed transitions in energy and other systems are delayed, and opportunities for leveraging economic and ecological goals are unrealized. This matters, because economic growth is placing increasing pressures on local, regional, and global ecosystems and resources. Growing and compelling evidence of ecological limits raises not only critical threats to health and the natural environment but undermines the very basis for economic and social well-being. The alternative to an irresponsible strategy of unguided growth or a politically unrealistic and socially risky one of no growth or de-growth is that of green growth. Green growth defines a basis for both a politically realistic framing of ecology–economy issues and a workable policy agenda for change.
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McLynn, Neil B. The Two Gregories. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198826422.003.0003.
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Eight letters from Gregory of Nazianzus, over two decades, provide our principal evidence for his relationship with Gregory of Nyssa, supplemented by an oration which the former addressed to the latter, and indications of their activities at the Council of Constantinople in 381. Though one of the better-attested relationships between major ecclesiastical authors, it has received little critical attention, no doubt because the tensions between each Gregory and Basil of Caesarea, overbearing friend to one and overbearing brother to the other, are more straightforwardly interesting. But the standard view that the two Gregories stood shoulder to shoulder throughout their careers, united by shared ascetic experience and by shared exposure to Basil’s domineering personality, has little to recommend it. In this chapter each item in the dossier of evidence for the relationship is reviewed; it is argued that these texts suggest a much more complex, boisterous, and dynamic series of interactions.
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Ready, Jonathan L. Two Preliminary Points. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802556.003.0005.
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Two discussions prepare for the argument that the Iliad poet and the Odyssey poet show their competence by producing similes that fall at different points on the spectrum of distribution. First, the consideration of a poet’s competence that emerges in archaic Greek hexameter poems encourages study of how the actual poet exhibits his competence. Second, the model of a spectrum of distribution interacts with current trends in Homeric studies, especially the research of John Miles Foley, Richard Martin, and Deborah Beck.
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Hashim, Sarkis, Dwyer Mark i Kibarer Pars, red. Two squares. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, 2006.
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Rondel, David. Two Concepts of Equality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190680688.003.0002.
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This chapter distinguishes between “vertical” and “horizontal” egalitarianism. The vertical and horizontal metaphors differentiate primarily between two types of relationship in which equality is said to play an important role—the “vertical” relationship between state and citizen, on the one hand, and the “horizontal” relationship between or among the people of a society, on the other. But the distinction may be used in a wider way to track several issues around which egalitarian theories tend to diverge: about what a commitment to equality ultimately means; about to whom or what egalitarian principles are meant to apply; about how equality is achieved and what its achievement looks like, and about how theorizing on equality is properly or most promisingly undertaken.
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Thompson, William R., i Leila Zakhirova. Racing to the Top. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699680.001.0001.
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Over the past two millennia, one state has tended to lead as the foremost producer of energy and new technology. While it has not been fully recognized, these leads have become increasingly reliant on energy transitions that make new technological innovations relatively inexpensive. Since the edge of the incumbent system leader (the United States) appears to be eroding, the question is what might come next. As carbon-based fuels become scarcer and/or more damaging, new sources of energy will be needed. Renewable energy will be one of those sources, but it remains unclear whether a renewable regime can be constructed to replace the carbon regime and how long such a transition might take. In the absence of a new energy foundation, there is less reason to anticipate a change in systemic leadership in this century. One might also anticipate less likelihood of a successful response to global warming in the absence of global leadership. But these expectations assume that the energy–technology nexus is fundamental to the ascent of a new system leader. Rather than assume such a proposition, it is better to demonstrate its historical evolution since the fall of Rome by examining a sequence of state efforts to overcome the constraints of an agrarian political economy operating within the context of a solar energy regime. The story stretches from first-millennium China through the Italian city-states and Portugal to the Netherlands, Britain, and the United States. Once the historical foundation is laid, we then evaluate current U.S. and Chinese efforts to reform their energy foundations as part of a bid for future systemic leadership.
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Gilbert, Margaret. Two Realms of Rights. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813767.003.0003.
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Theorists generally see rights as inhabiting one or both of two realms: the legal or more broadly institutional and the moral realm. This chapter offers broad working accounts of these realms, comparing and contrasting their denizens. Both law and morality involve systems of rules, including deontic rules. Deontic legal or institutional rules as such are abstract objects from which nothing follows about what anyone ought to do. In short, as such, these rules are not normative. In contrast, deontic moral rules are normative. Consideration of the normativity of personal decisions suggests that there is room for a realm of rights that is neither institutional nor moral.
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Spelman, Henry. Introduction to Part Two. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198821274.003.0007.
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This introduction announces the theme of the next three chapters: Pindar’s sense of literary history and specifically his use of other lyric poetry. Pindar capitalizes on his audiences’ familiarity with other lyric to an extent that has perhaps not yet been adequately recognized. His poems use related poetry to tell stories about themselves and their place in life. By examining different sorts of references and allusions across the corpus, one can discern a coherent view of the poetic world, both past and present. Understanding Pindar entails understanding an immanent literary history that reaches into and shapes his present. Methodological and historical questions of early Greek intertextuality are addressed.
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Goff, Philip. Top–Down Combination Problems. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190677015.003.0008.
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This chapter discusses three forms of the combination problem for Russellian monism: the palette problem, the structural mismatch problem, and the subject irreducibility problem. These are grouped together as “top–down combination problems,” meaning that they start from reflection on the nature of ordinary human consciousness/conscious subjects. Top–down combination problems provide challenges both to panpsychist and to panprotopsychist forms of Russellian monism. Responses to the palette problem and the structural mismatch problem are proposed. The third problem, subject irreducibility, is argued to be the most profound challenge for the Russellian monist, and its resolution is postponed to the next chapter.
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Marietta, Morgan, i David C. Barker. One Nation, Two Realities. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190677176.001.0001.
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Is climate change real? Does racism still determine who gets ahead? Is sexuality innate? Do immigration and free trade help or hurt the economy? Does gun control reduce violence? Are false convictions common? On these and many other basic questions of fact, Americans are deeply divided. How did this happen? What does it mean? And is there anything we can do about it? Drawing upon several years of original survey data and experiments, Marietta and Barker reach a number of enlightening and provocative conclusions. Among them is that dueling fact perceptions are not so much a result of hyper-partisanship or media propaganda as they are of simple value differences and deepening distrust of authorities. The educated—on both the Left and Right—carry the biggest guns and are the quickest to draw. These duels foster social contempt—even in the workplace—and they warp the electorate. And finally, the remedies that have been proposed don’t seem to holster many weapons; in fact, they add bullets to the chamber in some cases. Marietta and Barker’s pessimistic conclusions will challenge idealistic reformers.
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Bucher, Taina. Life at the Top. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190493028.003.0004.
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Algorithms play a fundamental role in governing the conditions of the intelligible and the sensible online. If users provide the data, the techniques, and procedures to make sense of it, to navigate, assemble, and make meaningful connections among individual pieces of data is increasingly being delegated to various forms of algorithms. In the case of the world’s biggest and most used social media platform, Facebook, algorithmic mechanisms shape the concerted distribution of people, information, actions, and ways of seeing and being seen. The chapter investigates how this kind of algorithmic intervention into people’s information-sharing practices takes place and what are the principles and logics of Facebook’s algorithmic governance. Through an analysis of the algorithmic logics structuring the flow of information and communication on Facebook’s news feed, the argument is made that the regime of visibility constructed imposes a perceived threat of invisibility on the part of the participatory subject.
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Balkelis, Tomas. Two Visions of Lithuania. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199668021.003.0005.
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This chapter explores the initial conjunction and subsequent disentanglement of social and nationalist revolutions in Lithuania by focusing on the impact that war and various mobilizations had on the local population in 1918–19. Despite the explosion of social and nationalist unrest all over the country in late 1918, in a matter of several months the Bolsheviks lost their case. The key reasons for their failure were their military defeat by German, Lithuanian, and Polish troops, but also economic mismanagement, the refusal to distribute land to peasants, and an inability to present their revolution as “native.” Following the Leninist doctrine of “proletarian revolution” that relegated peasantry to a secondary position, the Bolsheviks failed to forge an alliance with the largest population group of Lithuanian society, which resulted in their downfall.
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Oberlin, Heike, i David Shulman, red. Two Masterpieces of Kūṭiyāṭṭam. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199483594.001.0001.
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Kūṭiyāṭṭam, India’s only living traditional Sanskrit theatre, has been continually performed in Kerala for at least a thousand years. The actors and drummers create an entire world in the empty space of the stage by using spectacular costumes and make-up and by an immensely rich interplay of words, rhythms, mime, and gestures. This volume focuses on Mantrāṅkam and Aṅgulīyāṅkam, the two great masterpieces of Kūṭiyāṭṭam. It provides fundamental general remarks and relates them to pan-Indian reflections on aesthetics, philology, ritual studies, and history. Authored by scholars and active Kūṭiyāṭṭam performers, this is the first attempt to bring together a set of sustained, multi-faceted interpretations of these masterpieces-in-performance. With an aim to open up this ancient art form to readers interested in South Indian culture, religion, theatre and performance studies, philology, as well as literature, this volume offers a new way to access a major art form of pre-modern and modern Kerala. The University of Tuebingen in Germany and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Israel were partners in a long-term project studying and documenting Kūṭiyāṭṭam performances, including initiating full-scale performances of major works in the classical repertoire. We have been, in particular, focusing on the study of the two major, complex and ancient works, Mantrāṅkam and Aṅgulīyāṅkam, both of which we have seen and recorded in full. The articles in this volume are one of the results. They are supplemented with video-clips of lecture demonstrations provided online.
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Stoljar, Daniel. Two Arguments from Disagreement. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802099.003.0007.
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This chapter criticizes two disagreement arguments for pessimism. The first, due to David Chalmers, asserts on empirical grounds that there is no large collective convergence to, or agreement on, the truth on the big questions of philosophy. The second, inspired by Peter van Inwagen, asserts that disagreement in philosophy is of a certain special epistemological kind, viz., it rationally requires suspension of judgement, at least in many cases; hence progress is impossible. The existence of ‘epistemic peers’ as a condition of suspension of judgement is discussed. It is suggested that neither argument is persuasive. The chapter ends by asking whether any argument from disagreement may succeed.
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Chomsky, Noam. Two Notions of Modularity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190464783.003.0002.
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This chapter examines the nature of modularity of language from two perspectives: as an input system, in Fodor’s sense, with mechanisms dedicated to parsing sentence structure; and as a “central” system, dedicated to grammatical representations and computations yielding structural descriptions for both input and output systems. Arguments against the first and in favor of the second perspective are developed. The postulation of the language module as a central system appears to be immune to some of Fodor’s criticisms of central systems as holistic and dedicated to belief fixation. If the approach outlined here is on the right track, considerable rethinking of the nature and use of language is in order.
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Ruse, Michael. Two Visions of War. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190867577.003.0003.
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Jesus apparently proscribed violence, which meant that—as was understood by early Christians—war is prohibited. As Christianity became the state religion, by focusing on our innate unhappy nature—“original sin”—Augustine devised “just war theory,” legitimizing the Christian use of war and specifying the conditions under which it could be fought. Augustinian philosophy influenced Anglican theology, although, by the nineteenth century, thinking about war was fashioned more to the needs of empire building. Darwin discussed war in detail in the Descent, in respects accepting Augustinian thinking about our original violent nature, but putting this in the context of natural selection making for a progressive climb to humankind. Unlike the Christian who thinks that war will be with us always, Darwin envisioned a war-free future.
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(Photographer), Olof Hultin, red. Sigurd Lewerentz Two Churches. Gingko Press Inc, 1999.
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Brown, Kate Pride. A Tale of Two Lakes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190660949.003.0004.
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Villagers around Lake Baikal are known for their doubt, suspicion, apathy, and resistance to change. When activists from Baikal Environmental Wave seek to engage them, they put on a display of disinterest and non-involvement. But when the same organization conducts a series of webinars between these villagers and activists at Lake Tahoe in California, the people become increasingly enthusiastic and involved. This suggests that transnational activism can help break down mental barriers that come from domestic conditions that inspire fatalism. “Defamiliarization” helps locals see their own circumstances in a new light. However, expectations can dampen the experience of defamiliarization, and insincerity in collaboration can result in disappointment and disillusionment. Nevertheless, through defamiliarization, globalization can help augment civil society’s power, which is directly drawn from voluntary public engagement.
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Moseley, Mason W. Protest from the Top Down. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190694005.003.0004.
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This chapter tests another observable implication of the protest state theory; namely that where protest has normalized as an everyday form of political voice, political elites actively mobilize demonstrators in pursuit of their goals. In other words, rather than serving only as a spontaneous political expression of the masses, protest is often orchestrated and managed by formal political organizations. I first investigate how linkages to political organizations fuel contentious behavior in protest states like Argentina and Bolivia, but are more strongly associated with conventional participation in strongly institutionalized contexts like Chile and Uruguay. Then, utilizing a unique battery of questions from the AmericasBarometer national surveys of Argentina and Bolivia, I also test the hypothesis that clientelism can motivate protest participation in a context where protest has normalized as a standard form of political voice.
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Brownlee, Victoria. A Tale of Two Jobs. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812487.003.0004.
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Chapter 3 addresses the Old Testament figure of Job. It considers the resonance of his biblical narrative amid a climate of religious persecution in Europe. Job’s narrative was typically understood to mark bodily suffering as a test of faith and, for many readers, affirmed that their suffering, like Job’s, was divinely authorized for a finite period of time. A wave of theological and literary writings affirm the remarkable impact of the Joban trajectory of suffering in early modern culture. Shakespeare’s King Lear is no exception. Yet, instead of upholding the Joban paradigm of eventual restoration—a feature of the anonymous source play, King Leir—Shakespeare’s play is notable for its deliberate disruption of the typological process of promise and fulfilment. In fact, this play offers a shocking inversion of established exegetical traditions of suffering more generally.
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Morel, Domingo. A View from Two Cities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190678975.003.0002.
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The chapter provides an in-depth examination of state takeovers of the Newark, New Jersey, and Central Falls, Rhode Island, school districts. It begins with an examination of the first five years following the takeover of the Newark schools (1995–2000) from the perspective of the city’s black community and finds that the state takeover of the local schools had a devastating political and economic effect on the city’s black community. Then the chapter focuses on a case study of Central Falls, Rhode Island. Despite representing a significant portion of the city’s population, the Latino community did not have any representation on the school board, on the city council, or in the mayor’s office at the time of the takeover in 1991. The chapter argues that the state takeover of the Central Falls schools helped pave a path to Latino political empowerment in Central Falls.
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Colyvan, Mark, John Cusbert i Kelvin McQueen. Two Flavours of Mathematical Explanation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777946.003.0012.
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A proof of a mathematical theorem tells us that the theorem is true (or should be accepted), but some proofs go further and tell us why the theorem is true (or should be accepted). That is, some, but not all, proofs are explanatory. Call this intra-mathematical explanation and it is to be contrasted with extra-mathematical explanation, where mathematics explains things external to mathematics. This chapter focuses on the intra-mathematical case. The authors consider a couple of examples of explanatory proofs from contemporary mathematics. They determine whether these proofs share some common feature that may account for their explanatoriness. The authors conclude with two plausible, but competing, accounts of mathematical explanation and suggest that there might be more than one kind of explanation at work in mathematics.
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Brooks, Melody, i Roland Kays. Kinkajou: the tree-top specialist. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759805.003.0026.
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Kinkajous have evolved a suite of unique adaptations not seen in other Carnivores, helping them thrive in the canopies of neotropical forests. They have a prehensile tail and reversible hind feet to help them climb trees, and large eyes and scent glands to help them navigate complex tropical canopies at night. By sticking to the treetops at night kinkajous have very few potential predators, and this frees them from the need move in large groups for protection, as seen in most diurnal primates. Instead, kinkajous live in small social groups that forage for fruits and flowers mostly as singletons, but reunite at large feeding or sleeping trees. Females defend exclusive territories against each other while males form small coalitions to defend larger areas that overlap with multiple females. Fruit comprises 90-99% of their diet, making kinkajous one of the most frugivorous mammals on earth, and an important seed disperser.
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Lindvall, Johannes. Two Theories of Effective Government. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198766865.003.0001.
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This chapter introduces the problem of “reform capacity” (the ability of political decision-makers to adopt and implement policy changes that benefit society as a whole, by adjusting public policies to changing economic, social, and political circumstances). The chapter also reviews the long-standing discussion in political science about the relationship between political institutions and effective government. Furthermore, the chapter explains why the possibility of compensation matters greatly for the politics of reform; provides a precise definition of the concept of reform capacity; describes the book's general approach to this problem; and discusses the ethics of compensating losers from reform; and presents the book's methodological approach.
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Cheng, Russell. Embedded Distributions: Two Numerical Examples. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198505044.003.0007.
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This chapter illustrates use of (i) the score statistic and (ii) a goodness-of-fit statistic to test if an embedded model provides an adequate fit, in the latter case with critical values calculated by bootstrapping. Also illustrated is (iii) calculation of parameter confidence intervals and CDF confidence bands using both asymptotic theory and bootstrapping, and (iv) use of profile log-likelihood plots to display the form of the maximized log-likelihood and scatterplots for checking convergence to normality of estimated parameter distributions. Two different data sets are analysed. In the first, the generalized extreme value (GEVMin) distribution and its embedded model the simple extreme value (EVMin) are fitted to Kevlar-fibre breaking strength data. In the second sample, the four-parameter Burr XII distribution, its three-parameter embedded models, the GEVMin, Type II generalized logistic and Pareto and two-parameter embedded models, the EVMin and shifted exponential, are fitted to carbon-fibre strength data and compared.
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Birch, Jonathan. Two Conceptions of Social Fitness. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198733058.003.0005.
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Hamilton introduced two conceptions of social fitness, which he termed neighbour-modulated fitness and inclusive fitness, and he argued that the two concepts are equivalent. This argument relies on two assumptions—actor’s control and additivity—that can be justified as approximations under ‘δ-weak selection’, which is selection on tiny differences between the mutant and the wild type. The assumption of δ-weak selection stems from a methodological stance that takes cumulative adaptation to be the explanatory target of social evolution research, together with an empirical commitment to a gradualist picture of how cumulative adaptation arises. In a process of gradual, cumulative adaptation, short-term change can be calculated using either fitness concept, but inclusive fitness has a special role to play as the criterion for improvement and the standard for optimality.
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Stewart, Abigail J. Critical Reflection of Section Two. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190614614.003.0006.
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Liberation is often understood as a project of self-liberation or at least individual liberation, especially by the nearly-always-individualistic field of psychology. This is not the liberatory goal at stake in Bullock’s or Moane’s work in Section Two. They are aiming at the liberation of groups—poor people, women without access to abortion, those with socially marginalized sexual identities, and others—through a process of liberation that both is individual and includes engagement with the social processes of subordination and oppression. The authors have found and outlined resources in psychology that help with both levels of that project—the personal and the structural. In doing so, both Bullock and Moane show that the language and theory of human rights can be useful. The psychology both of these chapters outlines is one that brings psychologists and communities into meaningful partnerships to create social justice by drawing on a human rights framework.
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Larroyo, Francisco, i José Gaos. Two Ideas of Philosophy (1940). Tłumaczy Aurelia Valero Pie i Robert Eli Sanchez. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190601294.003.0008.
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The question concerning the possibility of a Mexican or Spanish-American philosophy, an important issue for Gaos, sounds metaphilosophical, but in this debate, Larroyo dismisses the idea of metaphilosophy as an absurdity, which is either a contradiction in terms or leads to an infinite regress. For Larroyo, the task of defining philosophy is as old as philosophy itself and does not require the “new” discipline of metaphilosophy. This selection illustrates how questions about the definition and scope of philosophy were increasingly becoming a subject of public debate, thus contributing to the normalization of philosophy. Questions regarding whether philosophy is a science, as Larroyo thought, or a personal confession, as Gaos thought, or whether the essence of the psychology of the philosopher is arrogance or humility are relevant not only to the possibility of Mexican philosophy, but also to determinations of the value or relevance of philosophy in Mexican society at large.
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Fletcher, Emily. Two Platonic Criticisms of Pleasure. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190225100.003.0002.
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Does Plato have a consistent view about the nature and value of pleasure? In the Phaedo, pleasure is the primary obstacle to a philosopher’s pursuit of wisdom, while the Republic presents the philosopher’s life as the most pleasant. In the Gorgias, Plato’s character Socrates rejects hedonism by showing that the ceaseless pursuit of pleasure is foolish, but in the Philebus Socrates argues that the best human life requires some pleasures. There is more continuity in Plato’s views about pleasure than one might think from these conflicting assessments. In particular, there are two distinctively Platonic criticisms of pleasure: (1) that pleasure is essentially linked with pain, and (2) that pleasure produces false beliefs. These criticisms recur throughout the corpus, but they do not apply uniformly to all pleasures. Plato eventually recognizes a special class of pleasures that are immune to these criticisms and play an important role in the best life.
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Kyritsis, Dimitrios. Two Modes of Judicial Deference. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199672257.003.0007.
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In order to preserve the courts’ subsidiarity, even when they monitor the legislature, we must develop a suitable concept of judicial deference. This is the aim of this chapter. It distinguishes two modes of deference, the epistemic and the robust. On the epistemic model, deference affects the deliberative process of judges but does not change the standard by which we evaluate legislative decisions. On the robust model, deference does not affect judicial deliberation but changes what is the right thing to do; it may require giving effect to the authority’s decision, although it is sub-optimal as far as its content is concerned on the strength of countervailing considerations of institutional design. These two modes of deference can also be combined (composite deference). Deference, thus understood, is not erratic and ad hoc but sensitive to reasons of political morality and amenable to rational application.