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Shi, B. X., G. H. Chen, Z. J. Zhang, J. J. Hao, L. Jing, H. Y. Zhou i J. Zhao. "First Report of Race Composition and Distribution of Sunflower Broomrape, Orobanche cumana, in China". Plant Disease 99, nr 2 (luty 2015): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-14-0721-pdn.
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Sunflower broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) is a holoparasitic plant that penetrates the vascular system of sunflower roots, absorbs plant nutrients and water, and thus causes stunting, reduced growth, and severe yield losses (3). To date, seven races of sunflower broomrape (O. cumana) have been identified by using international standard race differential hosts in Bulgaria, Serbia, Romania, Turkey, and Russia (4). However, the race types present in China are unknown. To identify the race composition of sunflower broomrape in China, race differential hosts of sunflower broomrape were received from Dr. Dragan Skoric (Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Novi Sad, Serbia): Line AD66 has no resistant genes; Kruglik-41 contains resistant gene Or1; B-RO-02A has Or2; Record has Or3; LC1002B has Or4; LC1003B has Or5; LC-1093 has Or6, and Race-G-2 has Or7 (1). Eighteen sunflower broomrape samples were collected in August of 2011, 2012, and 2013 from different provinces/locations in China, including Xinjiang (Xinyuan, Shihezi, Tekesi, Beitun, Urumqi, and Yining), Inner Mongolia (Linhe, Xixiaozhao, Wuqianqi, Tuzuoqi, Keyouqianqi, and Aohanqi), Shanxi (Hunyuan, Shilou, Mizhi, and Dingbian), Jilin (Tongyu), and Hebei (Xuanhua). The differential hosts were each inoculated with the seeds of each broomrape isolate that was recovered, as described by Pancenko with minor modification (2). Briefly, two parts of field soil and one part of vermiculite were mixed together and used as potting mix. The mix was inoculated with broomrape seeds at 10 mg of seeds per 100 g of potting mix. The inoculated mix was placed in a 7-cm (diameter) × 11-cm (height) plastic pot to fill two-thirds of the pot volume. Three sunflower seeds were placed on the surface of the mix at an even distance from each other and covered with additional mix. The pots were kept in a greenhouse under a 16-h photoperiod at 10,000 lux of illumination intensity, temperature of 20–25°C, and 40% relative humidity. Forty days after incubation, sunflower seedlings were taken out from the pot and the roots washed with tap water. The number of tubercles was recorded on the root of each differential host. Race types were determined based on the reaction (tubercule formation on roots) of all the standard differential hosts to the test isolate. The results showed that races A, D, E, and G of O. cumana were present among the isolates. Race G was found in Wuqianqi, Xixiaozhao, and Linhe in the western part of Inner Mongolia. Race E was found only in Shihezi of Xinjiang. Race D was found in Aohanqi and Keyouqianqi (eastern part of Inner Mongolia); Xinyuan, Tekesi, Beitun, and Urumqi (northern part of Xinjiang); and Tongyu (northern part of Jilin). Race A was found in Mizhi, Shilou, and Hunyuan of Shanxi province and Xuanhua in Hebei province. Additionally, race A was also found in Tuzuoqi, the middle region of Inner Mongolia. Thus, races A, D, E, and G were the main race types of O. cumana in China. Race D was the predominant race type and had the widest distribution. Race G was the highest level race type in this study but was mainly limited to the western part of Inner Mongolia. This is the first report of race composition and distribution of sunflower broomrape (O. cumana) in China. References: (1) Y. Kaya et al. Helia 40:211, 2004. (2) A. N. Pancenko, Zbirnik VNIIMK. Page 107, 1973. (3) C. Parker. Page 17 in: Proc. 3rd Int. Workshop on Orobanche and Related Striga Research, 1994. (4) P. Shindrova et al. Helia 35:87, 2012.
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Leal, Felipe A., Ivan M. Lorkovic, Peter C. Ford, Jonghyuk Lee, Li Chen, Lindsey Torres, Masood A. Khan i George B. Richter-Addo. "Synthesis, characterization, and molecular structures of nitrosyl nitrito complexes of osmium porphyrins: Disproportionation of nitric oxide in its reaction with Os(P)(CO) (P = porphyrinato dianion)". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 81, nr 7 (1.07.2003): 872–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v03-091.
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The Os(P)(NO)(ONO) compounds (P = TTP, TMP, OEP, TmTP; TTP = 5,10,15,20-tetra-p-tolylporphyrinato dianion, TMP = 5,10,15,20-tetramesitylporphyrinato dianion, OEP = octaethylporphyrinato dianion, TmTP = tetra(m-tolyl)porphyrinato dianion) have been prepared from the reaction of the precursor carbonyl complexes Os(P)(CO) with excess nitric oxide. Nitrous oxide was detected as a by-product of the reaction. The IR spectra of the Os(P)(NO)(ONO) compounds (as KBr pellets) reveal bands in the 17901804 cm1 range that are assigned to υNO. The IR spectra also reveal two new bands for each complex in the 14951531 and 913962 cm1 ranges indicative of O-bound nitrito ligands. The linearity of the bound NO groups and the O-binding of the trans nitrito ligands in the Os(P)(NO)(ONO) complexes are evident in the single-crystal X-ray crystal structures of the TTP and TMP derivatives. The kinetics of the reaction were studied by stopped-flow mixing techniques. Spectroscopic analysis of rapidly mixed solutions of Os(P)CO and NO in toluene showed a biphasic approach to the Os(P)(NO)(ONO) and N2O products, owing to the starting material Os(P)CO scavenging CO formed during the reaction to give Os(P)(CO)2 (KCO = 106 M1). The dicarbonyl was the only transient species observed. It is proposed that the rate-determining step of the reaction leading to Os(P)(NO)(ONO) is NO displacement of CO from Os(P)(CO) via initial formation of an unstable 19 electron Os(P)(NO)(CO) intermediate.Key words: osmium, nitric oxide, X-ray, nitrosyl, porphyrin, kinetics.
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Leonavičius, Vytenis. "RESEARCH ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AERATORS / AERATORIŲ EFEKTYVUMO TYRIMAS". Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 6, nr 4 (4.02.2013): 588–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2012.98.
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In biological wastewater treatment plants, the right selection of an aerator is one of the most important elements. The choice of the aerator must take in account its performance – dissolved oxygen content per unit of energy consumed, oxidative capacity and supply of the required amount of air so that the required concentration of oxygen is saturated properly. The experiments have been conducted carefully examining the efficiency of the selected deep–cavitation aerator operating without the aerator tip or with attached two and three–blade tips. The performed investigation included air dispersion methods of opposite ejecting for determining air flow, flow pressure and dependence of vibration on different placement of the aerator under varying positions of corners. It has been established that compared to air ejecting flow, changes in pressure and vibration are most significantly influenced by a deep–cavitation aerator having a three–blade tip. Santrauka Biologiniuose nuotekų valymo įrenginiuose tinkamo aeratoriaus parinkimas yra vienas iš svarbiausių elementų. Parenkant aeratorių reikia atsižvelgti į jo darbo efektyvumą – ištirpinamą deguonies kiekį, tenkantį suvartotos energijos vienetui, oksidacinį pajėgumą ir reikiamą tiekti oro kiekį, kad būtų prisotintos nuotekos deguonimi iki reikiamos koncentracijos. Bandymai atlikti tiriant pasirinkto giluminio kavitacinio aeratoriaus veikimo efektyvumą be antgalio ir prie aeratoriaus pritvirtinus dviejų ir trijų menčių antgalius. Tyrimo metu taikant priešpriešinio srauto ežektoriaus oro dispergavimo metodus, buvo siekiama nustatyti ežektoriaus oro debitą, srauto slėgį ir vibracijos pokyčio priklausomybę nuo aeratoriaus padėties esant skirtingiems aeratoriaus statymo kampams. Nustatyta, kad lyginant pagal ežektoriaus oro debitą, slėgio ir vibracijos pokytį efektyviausiai veikia giluminis kavitacinis aeratorius su trijų menčių antgaliu.
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Ayekinam, KAO, Chbicheb Saliha i El Wady Wafaa. "Surgical management of oro - antral fistula due to dental procedures-two case reports". Asian Pacific Journal of Health Sciences 5, nr 4 (październik 2018): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/apjhs.2018.5.4.13.
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Ruijmschoot, Adriaan Martin. "Improving resilience of Cagayan de Oro's water supply to flooding". Water Practice and Technology 15, nr 3 (16.06.2020): 619–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2020.052.
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Abstract The ‘Ridge to Coast, Rain to Tap’ (R2CR2T) project aims to address several identified factors in order to reduce flood vulnerability and improve the resilience of the water supply in Cagayan de Oro, Philippines. The project, which started on 1st January 2018, has adopted an integrated approach, working both directly on the water supply infrastructure and at a systemic level in the river basin. Through capacity development, investments and technical assistance, the project will provide a strong boost to improve the operations of the Cagayan de Oro Water District (COWD). Water supply coverage, sanitation services and disaster risk reduction are being expanded to up to 7,000 previously unserved households in relocation areas, primarily inhabited by people who lost their homes in the 2011 Sendong flood. In the upstream Cagayan de Oro River Basin (CDORB), several pilot reforestation interventions are being implemented in partnership with local Indigenous Peoples (IP) communities to demonstrate effective and sustainable ways for addressing the causes of flooding. The project aims to contribute to an enabling environment in which public and private stakeholders in CDO and Bukidnon Province cooperate towards flood risk reduction. The R2CR2T project is a Public-Private Partnership including partners Cagayan de Oro Water District, VEI, FITC, Unifrutti Tropical Philippines Inc, Cagayan de Oro River Basin Management Council, Hineleban Foundation, Bukidnon Indigenous Peoples Advisory Council, Wetlands International, Philippines Red Cross and Netherlands Red Cross. The R2CR2T project is 49% co-funded by the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and administered by the Netherlands Enterprise Agency (RVO) through the Sustainable Water Fund.
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Basileiou, Dimitris, i Wyn Owen. "Top tank!" OR Insight 9, nr 1 (styczeń 1996): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/ori.1996.2.
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León Montaño, Lenny Fabiola, Alexis Tatyana Rubio Osorio, Jessica Carmen Carolina Valle Miranda i Isabel María Cobreros Romera. "Implementación del programa “minuto de oro” en Mahou San Miguel". Revista de Ciencias de la Comunicación e Información 25, nr 2 (26.10.2020): 107–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.35742/rcci.2020.25(2).107-131.
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El propósito de nuestro trabajo de Máster es medir el impacto de la implementación de un programa mindfulness basado en la toma de consciencia del momento presente llamado “Minuto de Oro”, (tan solo unos minutos al día puede ser suficiente para volver nuestra atención al momento de la experiencia presente, sin hacer juicios y con una actitud de aceptación). El programa está diseñado en forma de píldoras para realizar en la mañana de manera habitual y durante la tarde y noche de forma opcional, implementadas durante un periodo de 12 semanas dentro del departamento de operaciones y a través de las TOP SEM que realizan los trabajadores dentro del programa de excelencia en la empresa Mahou San Miguel. La investigación se ha llevado a cabo en dos localizaciones diferentes: la fábrica de producción sita en Alovera y en la sede central en Madrid. En cada una se ha estudiado tres grupos que se dividen en mandos Altos, medios y personal de fábrica o personal administrativo respectivamente, dependiendo de si es fábrica o sede. Se ha hecho la medición a través del CHEF o Cuestionario de habilidades específicas de felicidad, además de un cuestionario de preguntas que identifica el incremento de las habilidades de atención plena, aceptación, adaptación y compasión, con el fin de medir el impacto que tiene la implementación de la parada consciente o “Minuto de Oro” en la calidad de vida del personal de MSM, tanto en el ámbito profesional cómo en el personal.
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Salvane, Lyka Anne, Kareen Felicilda, Chieny Rabadon, Mary Mae Vasay, Lenie Equipelag, Danica Marie Duco i Van Ryan Kristopher R. Galarpe. "Analyses of Physicochemical Parameters of Selected Tap Water Samples in Cagayan de Oro (District I), Philippines". IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology 11, nr 05 (czerwiec 2017): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/2402-1105045358.
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Stanisavljević, Milica, Marina Oros i Ivan Jerković. "ŠKOLSKI USPEH KOD DECE SA PONAŠANJIMA KARAKTERISTIČNIM ZA HIPERKINETIČKI POREMEĆAJ". Педагошка стварност 66, nr 1 (14.10.2020): 42–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.19090/ps.2020.1.42-58.
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U poslednjih nekoliko decenija istraživanja ukazuju na porast broja dece sa hiperkinetičkim poremećajem. Jedan od mnogih problema sa kojima se ova deca suočavaju je i niže školsko postiguće, uprkos prosečnoj inteligenciji. Ove rane poteškoće u obrazovanju često imaju dugoročno loše ishode – niži nivo obrazovanja i manju uspešnost u obavljanju zanimanja u odraslom dobu. Negativna iskustva u okviru školskog sistema imaju negativne uticaje i na odnose sa roditeljima, nastavnicima i vršnjacima, doprinose nižem samopouzdanju i emocionalnim poteškoćama. U radu smo ispitivali razlike u školskom postignuću između dece koja pokazuju ponašanja karakteristična za hiperkinetički poremećaj i dece koja ne ispoljavaju probleme u održavanju pažnje i hiperaktivnosti. Uzorak se sastojao od učiteljskih procena oko 800 učenika nižih razreda osnovnih škola. Učitelji su na skali IVJER procenjivali prisutnost simptoma prosečnom ocenom na polugodištu. Rezultati pokazuju da deca koja pokazuju ponašanja karakteristična za hiperkinetički poremećaj imaju statistički značajno niži školski uspeh u odnosu na decu bez simptoma (U=36025.0, p≤.001). Kada pogledamo razlike po podtipu hiperkinetičkog poremećaja, vidimo da deca sa ponašanjima karakterističnim za mešoviti i pretežno nepažljivi tip imaju niže školsko postignuće nego deca sa ponašanjima karakterističnim za pretežno hiperaktivni tip i deca bez simptoma (χ2=192.62, p≤.001). Naši rezultati ukazuju na to da nije hiperaktivnost, već problem pažnje ono što doprinosi nižem školskom uspehu.
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Gibson, Marcus I., Percival Yang-Ting Chen, Aileen C. Johnson, Elizabeth Pierce, Mehmet Can, Stephen W. Ragsdale i Catherine L. Drennan. "One-carbon chemistry of oxalate oxidoreductase captured by X-ray crystallography". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, nr 2 (28.12.2015): 320–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1518537113.
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Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)-dependent oxalate oxidoreductase (OOR) metabolizes oxalate, generating two molecules of CO2and two low-potential electrons, thus providing both the carbon and reducing equivalents for operation of the Wood−Ljungdahl pathway of acetogenesis. Here we present structures of OOR in which two different reaction intermediate bound states have been trapped: the covalent adducts between TPP and oxalate and between TPP and CO2. These structures, along with the previously determined structure of substrate-free OOR, allow us to visualize how active site rearrangements can drive catalysis. Our results suggest that OOR operates via a bait-and-switch mechanism, attracting substrate into the active site through the presence of positively charged and polar residues, and then altering the electrostatic environment through loop and side chain movements to drive catalysis. This simple but elegant mechanism explains how oxalate, a molecule that humans and most animals cannot break down, can be used for growth by acetogenic bacteria.
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Šiupšinskas, Giedrius, Dovydas Rimdžius, Rasa Džiugaitė-Tumėnienė, Juozas Bielskus i Ignas Šlapkauskas. "ACTUAL PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF INNOVATIVE BLINDS / INOVATYVIŲ ŽALIUZIŲ FAKTINIO EFEKTYVUMO TYRIMAS". Mokslas – Lietuvos ateitis 8, nr 4 (24.10.2016): 455–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2016.942.
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The paper analyses the innovative internal blinds, which allow to use the solar energy, received through a window for a heating, more efficiently and to ensure a greater air velocity due to the convection. Blinds are constructed that one side is covered with material, which absorbs the solar energy and the other side is reflective. Thus, there is an ability to control an amount of absorbed solar radiation and air supply temperature between the window and the blinds. In addition, the construction of the air to provide locating elements. The elements for air deflection are additionally foreseen in the construction. Due to the natural circulation cold air falls between the blinds and the window, then warms up and rises to the top. The paper presents an empirical and theoretical assessment of an operation of the blinds. In addition, the analysis of the experimental researches of an air flow intensity and a dependency of temperature increase from external (climatic) conditions is performed. Straipsnyje analizuojamos inovatyvios vidinės žaliuzės, kurios leidžia efektyviau panaudoti per langą gautą saulės energiją patalpoms šildyti bei didesniam oro judrumui dėl konvekcijos užtikrinti. Žaliuzės sukonstruotos taip, kad viena jų pusė padengta saulės energiją absorbuojančia medžiaga, o kita pusė yra atspindinti. Taip atsiranda galimybė reguliuoti absorbuojamos saulės spinduliuotės kiekį bei tarp lango ir žaliuzių cirkuliuojančio oro temperatūrą. Papildomai konstrukcijoje numatyti orą nukreipiantys elementai. Šaltas oras natūralios cirkuliacijos būdu patenka tarp žaliuzių ir lango, ten sušyla ir kyla į viršų. Straipsnyje pateikiamas žaliuzių veikimo empirinis ir teorinis įvertinimas. Be to, atliekama eksperimentinių tyrimų analizė, kurios metu vertinamas sukuriamas oro srauto intensyvumas ir temperatūros kitimo priklausomybė nuo išorinių (klimatinių) sąlygų.
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Stoopen Galán, María. "El mito de la Edad de Oro en el Quijote y en La tempestad de William Shakespeare". Anuario de Letras Modernas 18 (18.08.2015): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/ffyl.01860526p.2013.18.575.
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El mito de la Edad de Oro, un tópico renacentista de procedencia clásica, es recreado tanto en el Quijote de 1605 como en La tempestad, representada por primera vez en 1611. En este artículo se exploran las fuentes literarias, cercanas y remotas, de la alocución de don Quijote ante los cabreros (Q I, 11) y la de Gonzaloante los nobles que han naufragado en una isla desconocida (Tmp. 2, 1). Se destacan también la función de los discursos de los personajes, el papel que desempeñan los receptores ante quienes se pronuncian y la relación del mito con el pensamiento utópico renacentista.
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Guerrero, Jesús. "Dissolution collapse of a growing diapir from radial, concentric, and salt-withdrawal faults overprinting in the Salinas de Oro salt diapir, northern Spain". Quaternary Research 87, nr 2 (marzec 2017): 331–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2016.17.
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AbstractA geomorphic investigation of the Salinas de Oro salt diapir in the Pyrenees reveals that the ring fracture pattern related to the karstic collapse of the diapir crest may vary significantly depending on the rates of dissolution and salt flow, and the rheology of the overburden. The salt diapir has well-developed concentric faults related to salt dissolution subsidence throughout the Quaternary. Roof strata accommodate subsidence by a combination of downward sagging and brittle collapse leading to the development of a ring monocline that is broken by 5 to 20 m throw conjugated normal faults and a 40 m throw, 9.5-km-long and 200-m-wide keystone graben. The salt diapir top has >100-m-long sinkholes that coalesce to form hollows >70 m deep. Up to 3-km-long radial grabens with a 70 to 90 m vertical throw overprint concentric-ring faulting and displace Quaternary deposits demonstrating active salt flow and diapir rise. Radial faults are linked with salt-withdrawal faults of the Andia Fault Zone (AFZ). Salt flow from the AFZ into the Salinas de Oro salt diapir causes brittle gravitational extension of limestone strata leading to a sequence of grabens and Quaternary faults >10 km long and several hundred meters deep.
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Miller, Scot M., Anna M. Michalak, Vineet Yadav i Jovan M. Tadić. "Characterizing biospheric carbon balance using CO<sub>2</sub> observations from the OCO-2 satellite". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, nr 9 (16.05.2018): 6785–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-6785-2018.
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Abstract. NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2) satellite launched in summer of 2014. Its observations could allow scientists to constrain CO2 fluxes across regions or continents that were previously difficult to monitor. This study explores an initial step toward that goal; we evaluate the extent to which current OCO-2 observations can detect patterns in biospheric CO2 fluxes and constrain monthly CO2 budgets. Our goal is to guide top-down, inverse modeling studies and identify areas for future improvement. We find that uncertainties and biases in the individual OCO-2 observations are comparable to the atmospheric signal from biospheric fluxes, particularly during Northern Hemisphere winter when biospheric fluxes are small. A series of top-down experiments indicate how these errors affect our ability to constrain monthly biospheric CO2 budgets. We are able to constrain budgets for between two and four global regions using OCO-2 observations, depending on the month, and we can constrain CO2 budgets at the regional level (i.e., smaller than seven global biomes) in only a handful of cases (16 % of all regions and months). The potential of the OCO-2 observations, however, is greater than these results might imply. A set of synthetic data experiments suggests that retrieval errors have a salient effect. Advances in retrieval algorithms and to a lesser extent atmospheric transport modeling will improve the results. In the interim, top-down studies that use current satellite observations are best-equipped to constrain the biospheric carbon balance across only continental or hemispheric regions.
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Hämäläinen, Raimo, i Ossi Leikola. "Spontaneous decision conferencing with top-level politicians". OR Insight 9, nr 1 (styczeń 1996): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/ori.1996.5.
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Bajracharya, Uday, i Prabhat Rawal. "In Vitro Study of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Artifacts of Anesthetic Devices". Medical Journal of Shree Birendra Hospital 14, nr 1 (9.05.2016): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mjsbh.v14i1.14837.
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Introduction: Deep sedation or general anesthesia is usually required for Magnetic Resonance Imaging when patients cannot remain motionless in the suite. Various anesthetic devices have been used to maintain the airway and ventilate the lungs during this period but some of them produce artifacts that pose difficulties in the interpretation of images. The aim of this study was to identify the devices that produced artifacts during Magnetic Resonance Imaging.Methods: Twelve anesthetic devices were considered: oro-pharyngeal airway, naso-pharygeal airway, face mask with reservoir bag, nasal cannula, endotracheal tube, disposable Ambu Laryngeal Mask Airway, Laryngeal Mask Airway Unique, Disposable Laryngeal Tube Sonda, i-gel, Ambubag, Bain Circuit, Jackson Rees Circuit.Magnetic Resonance Imaging was performed with each device placed on the top of a phantom simulator respectively to resemble the position in vivo.Results: The artifacts with Disposable Laryngeal Tube Sonda, Laryngeal Mask Airway Unique and endotracheal tube were related to ferromagnetic material in the pilot valve were similar. No artifacts were found with oro-pharyngeal airway, naso-pharygeal airway, nasal cannula, endo-tracheal tube with pilot valve detached, face masks with reservoir bag (metal removed), Ambu bag (without Adjustable Pressure Limiting valve), i-gel , disposable Ambu Laryngeal Mask Airway, Bain Circuit and Jackson Rees Circuit.Conclusions: Anesthetic devices not containing any ferromagnetic material are recommended for use during MRI scanning to reduce artifacts.
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Perrotto, Alexandra, i Michael B. Grossman. "10 ways to the top". OR Nurse 4, nr 4 (lipiec 2010): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.orn.0000384185.88632.5c.
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Richardson, Mark, i Graeme L. Stephens. "Information content of OCO-2 oxygen A-band channels for retrieving marine liquid cloud properties". Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 11, nr 3 (16.03.2018): 1515–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-1515-2018.
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Abstract. Information content analysis is used to select channels for a marine liquid cloud retrieval using the high-spectral-resolution oxygen A-band instrument on NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2). Desired retrieval properties are cloud optical depth, cloud-top pressure and cloud pressure thickness, which is the geometric thickness expressed in hectopascals. Based on information content criteria we select a micro-window of 75 of the 853 functioning OCO-2 channels spanning 763.5–764.6 nm and perform a series of synthetic retrievals with perturbed initial conditions. We estimate posterior errors from the sample standard deviations and obtain ±0.75 in optical depth and ±12.9 hPa in both cloud-top pressure and cloud pressure thickness, although removing the 10 % of samples with the highest χ2 reduces posterior error in cloud-top pressure to ±2.9 hPa and cloud pressure thickness to ±2.5 hPa. The application of this retrieval to real OCO-2 measurements is briefly discussed, along with limitations and the greatest caution is urged regarding the assumption of a single homogeneous cloud layer, which is often, but not always, a reasonable approximation for marine boundary layer clouds.
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Guo, Li, Wen i Huang. "Estimation of CO2 Emissions from Wildfires Using OCO-2 Data". Atmosphere 10, nr 10 (25.09.2019): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10100581.
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The biomass burning model (BBM) has been the most widely used method for estimation of trace gas emissions. Due to the difficulty and variability in obtaining various necessary parameters of BBM, a new method is needed to quickly and accurately calculate the trace gas emissions from wildfires. Here, we used satellite data from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) to calculate CO2 emissions from wildfires (the OCO-2 model). Four active wildfires in Siberia were selected in which OCO-2 points intersecting with smoke plumes identified by Aqua MODIS (MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) images. MODIS band 8, band 21 and MISR (Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer) data were used to identify the smoke plume area, burned area and smoke plume height, respectively. By contrast with BBM, which calculates CO2 emissions based on the bottom–top mode, the OCO-2 model estimates CO2 emissions based on the top–bottom mode. We used a linear regression model to compute CO2 concentration (XCO2) for each smoke plume pixel and then calculated CO2 emissions for each wildfire point. The CO2 mass of each smoke plume pixel was added to obtain the CO2 emissions from wildfires. After verifying our results with the BBM, we found that the biases were between 25.76% and 157.11% for the four active fires. The OCO-2 model displays the advantages of remote-sensing technology and is a useful tool for fire-emission monitoring, although we note some of its disadvantages. This study proposed a new perspective to estimate CO2 emissions from wildfire and effectively expands the applied range of OCO-2 satellite data.
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Zamanillo, Marina, Eva Ortega-Retuerta, Sdena Nunes, Pablo Rodríguez-Ros, Manuel Dall'Osto, Marta Estrada, Maria Montserrat Sala i Rafel Simó. "Main drivers of transparent exopolymer particle distribution across the surface Atlantic Ocean". Biogeosciences 16, nr 3 (6.02.2019): 733–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-733-2019.
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Abstract. Transparent exopolymer particles (TEPs) are a class of gel particles, produced mainly by microorganisms, which play important roles in biogeochemical processes such as carbon cycling and export. TEPs (a) are colonized by carbon-consuming microbes; (b) mediate aggregation and sinking of organic matter and organisms, thereby contributing to the biological carbon pump; and (c) accumulate in the surface microlayer (SML) and affect air–sea gas exchange. The first step to evaluate the global influence of TEPs in these processes is the prediction of TEP occurrence in the ocean. Yet, little is known about the physical and biological variables that drive their abundance, particularly in the open ocean. Here we describe the horizontal TEP distribution, along with physical and biological variables, in surface waters along a north–south transect in the Atlantic Ocean during October–November 2014. Two main regions were separated due to remarkable differences: the open Atlantic Ocean (OAO, n=30), and the Southwestern Atlantic Shelf (SWAS, n=10). TEP concentration in the entire transect ranged 18.3–446.8 µg XG eq L−1 and averaged 117.1±119.8 µg XG eq L−1, with the maximum concentrations in the SWAS and in a station located at the edge of the Canary Coastal Upwelling (CU), and the highest TEP to chlorophyll a (TEP:Chl a) ratios in the OAO (183±56) and CU (1760). TEPs were significantly and positively related to Chl a and phytoplankton biomass, expressed in terms of C, along the entire transect. In the OAO, TEPs were positively related to some phytoplankton groups, mainly Synechococcus. They were negatively related to the previous 24 h averaged solar irradiance, suggesting that sunlight, particularly UV radiation, is more a sink than a source for TEP. Multiple regression analyses showed the combined positive effect of phytoplankton and heterotrophic prokaryotes (HPs) on TEP distribution in the OAO. In the SWAS, TEPs were positively related to high nucleic acid-containing prokaryotic cells and total phytoplankton biomass, but not to any particular phytoplankton group. Estimated TEP–carbon constituted an important portion of the particulate organic carbon pool in the entire transect (28 %–110 %), generally higher than the phytoplankton and HP carbon shares, which highlights the importance of TEPs in the cycling of organic matter in the ocean.
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Richardson, Mark, Jussi Leinonen, Heather Q. Cronk, James McDuffie, Matthew D. Lebsock i Graeme L. Stephens. "Marine liquid cloud geometric thickness retrieved from OCO-2's oxygen A-band spectrometer". Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 12, nr 3 (18.03.2019): 1717–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-1717-2019.
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Abstract. This paper introduces the OCO2CLD-LIDAR-AUX product, which uses the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) lidar and the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) hyperspectral A-band spectrometer. CALIPSO provides a prior cloud top pressure (Ptop) for an OCO-2-based retrieval of cloud optical depth, Ptop and cloud geometric thickness expressed in hPa. Measurements are of single-layer liquid clouds over oceans from September 2014 to December 2016 when collocated data are available. Retrieval performance is best for solar zenith angles <45∘ and when the cloud phase classification, which also uses OCO-2's weak CO2 band, is more confident. The highest quality optical depth retrievals agree with those from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) with discrepancies smaller than the MODIS-reported uncertainty. Retrieved thicknesses are consistent with a substantially subadiabatic structure over marine stratocumulus regions, in which extinction is weighted towards the cloud top. Cloud top pressure in these clouds shows a 4 hPa bias compared with CALIPSO which we attribute mainly to the assumed vertical structure of cloud extinction after showing little sensitivity to the presence of CALIPSO-identified aerosol layers or assumed cloud droplet effective radius. This is the first case of success in obtaining internal cloud structure from hyperspectral A-band measurements and exploits otherwise unused OCO-2 data. This retrieval approach should provide additional constraints on satellite-based estimates of cloud droplet number concentration from visible imagery, which rely on parameterization of the cloud thickness.
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Bajracharya, Uday, i Prabhat Rawal. "In vitro study of Magnetic Resonance Imaging artifacts of anesthetic devices". Journal of Society of Anesthesiologists of Nepal 2, nr 1 (1.10.2015): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jsan.v2i1.13551.
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Background: Deep sedation or general anesthesia is usually required for Magnetic Resonance Imaging when patients cannot remain motionless in the suite. Various anesthetic devices have been used to maintain the airway and ventilate the lungs during this period. Some of them produce artifacts that pose difficulties in the interpretation of images. The aim of this study was to identify the devices that produced artifacts during Magnetic Resonance Imaging.Methods: Twelve anesthetic devices were considered: oro-pharyngeal airway, nasopharygeal airway, face mask with reservoir bag, nasal cannula, endotracheal tube, disposable Ambu Laryngeal Mask Airway, Laryngeal Mask Airway Unique, Disposable Laryngeal Tube Sonda, i-gel, Ambu bag, Bain Circuit, Jackson Rees Circuit. Magnetic Resonance Imaging was performed with each device placed on the top of a phantom simulator respectively to resemble the position in vivo.Results: The artifacts with Disposable Laryngeal Tube Sonda, Laryngeal Mask Airway Unique and endotracheal tube were related to ferromagnetic material in the pilot valve and were similar. No artifacts were found with oro-pharyngeal airway, nasopharygeal airway, nasal cannula, endo-tracheal tube with pilot valve detached, face masks with reservoir bag (metal removed), Ambu bag (without Adjustable Pressure Limiting valve), i-gel , disposable Ambu Laryngeal Mask Airway, Bain Circuit and Jackson Rees Circuit.Conclusion: Anesthetic devices that produce Magnetic Resonance Imaging artifacts are disposable Laryngeal Tube Sonda, Laryngeal Mask Airway Unique and Endotracheal Tube.Journal of Society of Anesthesiologists of Nepal 2015; 2(1): 13-16
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Eichhorn, M., G. Stöppler, M. Schellhorn, K. T. Zawilski i P. G. Schunemann. "Gaussian- versus flat-top-pumping of a mid-IR ZGP RISTRA OPO". Applied Physics B 108, nr 1 (30.03.2012): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00340-012-4979-8.
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Li, Qinghui, Xuejin Sun i Xiaolei Wang. "Cloud Phase Recognition Based on Oxygen A Band and CO2 1.6 µm Band". Remote Sensing 13, nr 9 (27.04.2021): 1681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13091681.
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The accurate recognition of the cloud phase has a great influence on the retrieval of the cloud top height. In order to improve the accuracy of obtaining the cloud top height with OCO-2, we proposed a cloud phase recognition algorithm based on the threshold of parameter α; α is defined as the reflectivity ratio of the region with weak continuous absorption of the oxygen A band to the region with weak continuous absorption of the CO2 1.6 µm band. The α under different solar zenith angles and different ground albedos was calculated. The results show the following: under the same surface albedo and solar zenith angle, α was large for ice clouds and small for water clouds. Under the same surface albedo, the greater the solar zenith angle, the smaller the α of the ice cloud, and the larger the α of the water cloud. Under the same solar zenith angle, the greater the surface albedo, the smaller the α; when the solar zenith angle was less than 70°, α can be used to effectively distinguish between the ice cloud and water cloud. This study used OCO-2 data of a single orbit over ocean to verify the feasibility of the algorithm through comparison with the CALIOP cloud phase product, which provided a basis for OCO-2 cloud top height estimation.
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Mills-Tettey, Ralph, i Olawale Fadare. "Socio-economic and Investment Characteristics of a Traditional Yoruba Market: The Case of Odo-Ogbe, Ile-Ife, Nigeria". Third World Planning Review 13, nr 2 (maj 1991): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/twpr.13.2.9610008515r2jn82.
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Shulyatnikova, Oksana Aleksandrovna, G. I. Rogozhnikov i S. E. Porozova. "Rationalization of constructional material postrezektsionny of the artificial limb obturator on the top jaw". Russian Journal of Dentistry 21, nr 1 (15.02.2017): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1728-28022017;21(1):41-45.
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The acquired defects of the top jaw owing to injuries or surgeries concerning new growths, in most cases lead to violations of functional and esthetic character. Rational prosthetics of this category ofpatients is important in a complex of rehabilitation actions. The greatest difficulty in orthopedic treatment is presented by defects of the top jaw in the presence of the oro-nasal message. The purpose of work was improvement of quality of orthopedic treatment ofpatients with the acquired defects of the top jaw. In article use option for production of difficult and maxillary artificial limbs obturators of the polyamide constructional material reinforced by the nanomodified dioxide of the titan is considered. Production of difficult and maxillary artificial limbs according to indications from the polyamide material Vertex ThermoSens allows to enter an artificial limb into retentsionny zones, remote for rigid materials, that improves his fixing and obturiruyushchy characteristics, lack of metal elements of fixing considerably improves esthetic parameters of an artificial limb. There is technically easily feasible possibility ofproduction of the facilitated designs of difficult and maxillary artificial limbs, without loss of strength characteristics, due to reinforcing of basic material the nanostructured dioxide of the titan. As a result of rational prosthetics ofpatients with the acquired defects of the top jaw psychological and social rehabilitation is reached them.
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Ovsyannikov, V. G., A. N. Nikiforov, L. B. Novoselova, M. E. Voronkov i A. A. Tyukalov. "Experience of preparing and using water-free tap-hole mixes in OAO MMK". Refractories and Industrial Ceramics 48, nr 1 (styczeń 2007): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11148-007-0014-8.
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Wert Moreno, José Ignacio, i José María Legorburu Hortelano. "De Radio 80 a M80 Radio: 36 años de metamorfosis sonora (1982-2018)". INDEX COMUNICACION 11, nr 2 (15.07.2021): 209–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33732/ixc/11/02deradi.
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The aim of this article is to retrace the history of Radio 80, a general radio station in its origins, but which, throughout its almost four decades of existence, underwent different and very notable transformations, becoming a very popular music radio station, first as Radio 80 Serie Oro, and later as M80, until it gave way to LOS40 Classic. Although it is impossible to understand the last fifty years of Spanish radio without referencing this station, it has hardly been studied. With this aim, qualitative research has been carried out, collecting valuable information from primary sources through in-depth interviews with the station's top management at key moments in its history. As a result, it has been possible to accurately trace its historical trajectory, to understand the reasons for its constant metamorphosis and to analyse how each transmutation has influenced its audience results.
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Smolders, Joshua A. G. "Nominal and verbal number in Bilugu Opo". Studies in African Linguistics 48, nr 1 (3.07.2019): 133–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v48i1.114929.
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Opo (a.k.a. Opuuo, Tʼapo [lgn]), a Koman language spoken in Ethiopia and South Sudan, has complex and interesting systems of both NOMINAL NUMBER and VERBAL NUMBER. This paper provides a description and analysis of these systems as found in the Bilugu dialect of Ethiopia, using Corbett's (2000) model of number systems as a theoretical framework. In Bilugu Opo, NOMINAL NUMBER marking is divided along the animacy hierarchy into two systems. The TOP SYSTEM, encompassing all human referents, marks singular ~ plural opposition via a variety of morphological strategies (lexical, derivational, and inflectional) and patterns (marked plural, marked singular, and both marked). The SECOND SYSTEM, encompassing all non-human referents, encodes GENERAL NUMBER. In the Opo verb system, VERBAL NUMBER (Corbett 2000) or PLURACTIONALITY (Newman 1990) is attested for just under half of verbs. These verbs can be organized into two groups: a large group which derive a plural stem through morpho-phonemic means (tone modification, vowel gemination, and reduplication) with unpredictable semantics, and a small group which derive a plural stem through lexical means (suppletion and stem alternation) with more predictable semantics.
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Aymerich Cano, Carlos. "O controle judicial das políticas de austeridade - A propósito do Acordão 187/2013, de 5 de Abril, do Tribunal Constitucional Português." Revista do Direito 41 (30.11.2013): 169–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.17058/rdunisc.v41i0.4333.
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No meio de um intenso debate social e político, presidido pelas suspeitas de inconstitucionalidade do projeto presentado pelo governo à vista das decisões do Tribunal Constitucional português (doravante, TCP) sobre as leis de orçamento do Estado (LOE) para 2011 e 2012, a LOE 2013 foi impugnada não só por diversos grupos de deputados da Assembleia da República (AR) , mas também pelo Provedor de Justiça e o próprio Presidente da República, aliás companheiro de partido do primeiro ministro . A sociedade portuguesa agardaba con expetação a decisão do TCP, demandando-lhe rapidez e, dependendo da posição política em cada caso sustentada, instando-o ora a anular a LOE ora a se abster de tal fazer. Um interessante debate jurídico-político em torno a assuntos como a separação de poderes, o Estado de Direito e a vigência dos princípios constitucionais , no que também fizeram aparição as tendências autoritárias e tecnocráticas que crescem ao calor da crise.
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Graul-Conroy, Amanda Jo, Emily J. Hicks, Margo L. Hoover-Regan i William E. Fahl. "Equivalent Cyclophosphamide Efficacy Against Leukemia in Mice Treated with Topical Vasoconstrictors". Blood 126, nr 23 (3.12.2015): 5455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v126.23.5455.5455.
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Abstract BACKGROUND: Chemotherapy and radiation therapy-induced oral mucositis (OM) causes significant morbidity including pain, infection, poor nutrition, and rarely, upper airway compromise. Alopecia is rated as one of the top causes of distress from cancer therapy. Fahl et al. showed that alopecia was prevented in animals by applying topical epinephrine or norepinephrine prior to radiation or chemotherapy. They also demonstrated that animals receiving oro-topical phenylephrine (PhE) prior to radiation had improved weight gain and decreased inflammation of the oral mucosa. Vasoconstrictive techniques (i.e., cryotherapy) have shown modest success, but compliance can be challenging and most modalities have not been rigorously tested. Concern has been expressed that vasoconstrictive methods to prevent alopecia and OM may decrease chemotherapy delivery to tissues, thereby creating a sanctuary site for untreated cancer cells. The primary objective of this study was to compare survival of mice with leukemia who were given topical vasoconstrictors prior to receiving chemotherapy to animals who did not receive vasoconstrictors. METHODS B6D2F1 mice received 10^4 L1210 cells (mouse leukemia strain) via retro-orbital injection. Group A received L1210 cells with no further treatment. All other groups received a single intra-peritoneal (IP) 90 mg dose of cyclophosphamide (sub-curative) 24 hours after injection with L1210 cells. Group B did not receive a vasoconstrictor. Groups C through G had their fur clipped and were given increasing doses of topical epinephrine (epi) 15 minutes prior to cyclophosphamide. Groups H through M were given increasing doses of oro-topical phenylephrine 15 minutes prior to cyclophosphamide. All mice were followed until date of death. P-values and hazard ratios were calculated comparing median survival of groups C-M with Group B (see table) RESULTS Differences in median survival between Group B mice and all other mice who received cyclophosphamide and oro-topical phenylephrine or topical epinephrine were not statistically significant. Table. Group # IV L1210 Cells IP Cytoxan (ug/gm bw) Topical Vasoconstrictor Treatment (topical Epinephrine or Oral-Topical Phenylephrine) # mice Female B6D2F1 Median Survival (days post-L1210 injection) P-value (all compared to B) Hazard Ratio with 95% confidence interval A 104 - - 16 9 <0.0001 26.16 (95% CI: 7.316 - 93.57) B 104 90 - 12 14 N/A N/A C 104 90 25 mM topical epi 8 15.0 0.4652 1.075 (95% CI: 0.3739 - 3.089) D 104 90 50 mM topical epi 8 15.25 0.2844 1.438 (95% CI: 0.5018 - 4.123) E 104 90 100 mM topical epi 8 16.75 0.3401 1.169 (95% CI: 0.4337 - 3.150) F 104 90 200 mM topical epi 8 18.5 0.0600 2.174 (95% CI: 0.7472 - 6.328) G 104 90 400 mM topical epi 8 15.25 0.1694 1.269 (95% CI: 04621 - 3.483) H 104 90 16 mM oral-topical PhE 8 14.5 0.9693 0.8339 (95% CI: 0.3022 - 2.302) I 104 90 65 mM oral-topical PhE 8 14.5 0.9689 1.196 (95% CI: 0.4121 - 3.473) J 104 90 97 mM oral-topical PhE 8 15.5 0.5595 1.084 (95% CI: 0.3605 - 3.261) K 104 90 130 mM oral-topical PhE 8 16.0 0.4210 1.112 (95% CI: 0.4053 - 3.048) CONCLUSIONS: Administration of topical vasoconstrictors to mice with leukemia did not affect survival following administration of cyclophosphamide. A Phase I/IIa dose escalation trial evaluating safety and efficacy of oro-topical phenylephrine in human subjects undergoing SCT conditioning with cyclophosphamide plus total body irradiation (TBI) is in progress. Preliminary data indicate that application of oro-topical PhE is feasible and well-tolerated. This may provide a cost-effective and convenient method of preventing OM in susceptible patients. If minimal phenylephrine systemic absorption after oral-topical application is demonstrated, future studies will focus on enrollment of pediatric patients. Disclosures Off Label Use: Phenylephrine is being used in a phase I/IIa trial topically for oral mucositis prevention. This has an appropriate IND. Fahl:ProCertus Biopharm Inc.: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding.
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Bohle, D. Scott, Chen-Hsiung Hung i Bryan D. Smith. "Synthesis and Axial Ligand Substitution Chemistry of Ru(TTP)(NO)X. Structures of Ru(TTP)(NO)X (X = ONO, OH)". Inorganic Chemistry 37, nr 22 (listopad 1998): 5798–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic980182m.
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Dhua, A. K., K. Kumar, M. K. Nagendla, V. Bhatnagar i A. R. Mridha. "Lingual leiomyomatous hamartoma with bifid tip of tongue and ankyloglossia in an infant". Oral Surgery 10, nr 4 (1.08.2017): e30-e34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ors.12296.
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Naraniya, Om Prakash, M. R. Shenoy i K. Thyagarajan. "Numerical study of high-energy optical parametric oscillator with top-hat pump intensity profile and quasi-phase-matched crystal with wedge-shaped domain". Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 24, nr 03 (wrzesień 2015): 1550035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863515500356.
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We present a numerical study for the design of efficient MgO :PPLN based pulsed nanosecond optical parametric oscillator (OPO), with input pump pulses of top-hat transverse intensity profile, and a double-pass pump cavity configuration. In particular, we investigate the effect of domain shape on the conversion efficiency. We considered two types of domain structures: "perfect vertical-wall" and "wedge-shaped" domains and our numerical results show that at higher pump pulse energies, the conversion efficiency saturates, and the saturated efficiency is almost independent of the domain shapes. Based on our study, we also propose a new scheme for development of compact high-power OPO sources using MgO :PPLN chips of relatively short lengths and large cross-sectional area.
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Mishra, Ambika Prasad, Ashish Kumar Dash, Narayan Panda, Meenakhi Prusty i Suman G. Sahu. "Relative efficiency of different sources of sulphur on yield and soil nutrient status in kharif rice (Oryza sativa)". Oryza-An International Journal on Rice 57, nr 4 (30.12.2020): 288–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.35709/ory.2020.57.4.4.
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A field experiment was carried out in order to study the relative efficacy of different sources of sulphur in kharif rice (Cv. Swarna Sub 1) under mid-central table land zone of Odisha. It was carried out in RBD with 10 treatments and 3 replications. Four different sources of sulphur (Single Super Phosphate, Calcium Sulphate, Elemental S0 and Navaratna as (20-20-0-13) were used with two methods of application as basal & top dressing to rice crop during Kharif season. The treatment details consists as T1 = Control (No Sulphur), T2 = Basal application (B.A) of 30 kg S ha-1 through Calcium Sulphate (CaSO4), T3 = Basal application of 30 kg S ha-1 through Elemental S ( ES ) , T4 = Basal application of 30 kg S ha-1 (through SSP) , T5 = Basal application of 30 kg S ha-1 (through 20-20-0-13) , T6 = Twice application of 15 kg S ha-1 as basal and top dressing through CaSO4, T7= Twice application of 15 kg S ha-1 as Basal application & top dressing through ES , T8 = Twice application of 15 kg S ha-1 through SSP each at Basal application & top dressing, T9 = Twice application of 15 kg S ha-1 as Basal application and top dressing through (20-20-0-13) & T10 = Basal application of 30 kg S ha-1 through CaSO4 and SSP @1:1 ratio . Significantly highest pooled mean grain yield (5.41 t ha-1) and straw yield of (5.62 t ha-1) were recorded with T7, whereas the lowest values were recorded with (control) T1 (4.1 t ha-1 & 4.31 t ha-1 respectively). Among different sources of sulphur, the grain yield of rice varied significantly and it followed the trend as Elemental Sulphur (ES) > CaSO4 > SSP > (20-20-0-13). Spilt application of sulphur fertilizer showed a beneficial effect on S uptake and translocation of micronutrients like Fe, Mn, and Zn. The sulphur economic yield efficiency ratio also inversely varied with S applications.
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Maleki, Farhad, Katie L. Ovens, Daniel J. Hogan, Elham Rezaei, Alan M. Rosenberg i Anthony J. Kusalik. "Measuring consistency among gene set analysis methods: A systematic study". Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology 17, nr 05 (październik 2019): 1940010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219720019400109.
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Gene set analysis is a quantitative approach for generating biological insight from gene expression datasets. The abundance of gene set analysis methods speaks to their popularity, but raises the question of the extent to which results are affected by the choice of method. Our systematic analysis of 13 popular methods using 6 different datasets, from both DNA microarray and RNA-Seq origin, shows that this choice matters a great deal. We observed that the overall number of gene sets reported by each method differed by up to 2 orders of magnitude, and there was a bias toward reporting large gene sets with some methods. Furthermore, there was substantial disagreement between the 20 most statistically significant gene sets reported by the methods. This was also observed when expanding to the 100 most statistically significant reported gene sets. For different datasets of the same phenotype/condition, the top 20 and top 100 most significant results also showed little to no agreement even when using the same method. GAGE, PAGE, and ORA were the only methods able to achieve relatively high reproducibility when comparing the 20 and 100 most statistically significant gene sets. Biological validation on a juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) dataset showed wide variation in terms of the relevance of the top 20 and top 100 most significant gene sets to known biology of the disease, where GAGE predicted the most relevant gene sets, followed by GSEA, ORA, and PAGE.
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Li, Yongqiang, Tao Sun, Shuxin Shen, Lixia Wang i Jifeng Yan. "LncRNA DYNLRB2-2 inhibits THP-1 macrophage foam cell formation by enhancing autophagy". Biological Chemistry 400, nr 8 (26.07.2019): 1047–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2018-0461.
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Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate whether long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) DYNLRB2-2 can inhibit foam cell formation by activating autophagy. The location of DYNLRB2-2 in THP-1-derived macrophages was analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Oxidized-low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) was used to induce the formation of foam cells, Oil Red O (ORO) staining and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were performed to detect accumulation of lipid droplets and the level of cholesterol concentration, respectively. The mRNA and protein level of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) were examined by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting. Relative protein levels of (p-) liver kinase B1 (LKB1), (p-) AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), (p-) the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and autophagy markers (LC3 II, Beclin-1 and p62) in THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells were analyzed by Western blotting. The levels of inflammatory factors [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β] in THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). 3-MA and compound C were used to block autophagy. Our data show that DYNLRB2-2 inhibited the formation of THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells and promotes cholesterol efflux (CE) by activating autophagy. DYNLRB2-2 caused autophagy by activating the signaling pathway of LKB1/AMPK/mTOR in foam cells. DYNLRB2-2 activated the LKB1/AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway via the miR-298/Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) axis. Our data indicated that DYNLRB2-2 enhanced CE by regulating the LKB1/AMPK/mTOR autophagy signaling pathway through the miR-298/SIRT3 axis, thereby blocking the formation of foam cells from THP-1 macrophages.
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Alves, Arthur, Sergio Sheiji Fukusima, Maria Amélia Cesari Quaglia i José Aparecido da Silva. "Critérios de decisão na ilusão da máscara côncava na esquizofrenia". Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria 69, nr 3 (lipiec 2020): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0047-2085000000278.
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RESUMO Objetivo Alguns estudos têm mostrado que indivíduos com esquizofrenia não experimentam a ilusão da máscara côncava. Nesse fenômeno, uma máscara apresentada em seu lado côncavo é percebida como convexa. A ocorrência dessa ilusão, de acordo com uma hipótese, dar-se-ia pela inibição dos processos top-down sobre os processos bottom-up. Neste estudo, foi investigado se havia uma diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os indivíduos com esquizofrenia comparados aos indivíduos saudáveis na distinção do lado côncavo do convexo de uma máscara, bem como qual hipótese melhor explicava o fenômeno, a inibição top-down ou critérios de decisão diferentes. Métodos Adotando a teoria da detecção do sinal e o método de coleta de dados, Confidence Rating , procurou-se verificar o desempenho nos julgamentos dos indivíduos com esquizofrenia comparados aos indivíduos saudáveis frente a uma máscara que ora foi apresentada em seu lado côncavo ora em seu lado convexo. Resultados Neste estudo, os indivíduos com esquizofrenia foram suscetíveis à ilusão e mais liberais em seus julgamentos diante do estímulo máscara. Conclusões A hipótese de inibição top-down sobre os processos bottom-up parece não ser uma explicação plausível. Talvez, a tomada de decisão ou critérios de decisão explique melhor os resultados encontrados neste estudo. Mais estudos são necessários para esclarecer melhor o fenômeno da ilusão da máscara côncava em indivíduos com esquizofrenia.
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Alnis, Jānis. "VIDES AIZSARDZĪBAS MĀCĪBU PRAKSES LABORATORIJA TOP ZEMNIEKU SAIMNIECĪBĀ “ALEKSANDRI” (z/s A)". Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (20.06.1999): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr1999vol1.1919.
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Laboratorija bijušās Rundānu muižas teritorijā - vietā, kurā jaunieši iepazīsies ar daudziem Latgales pakalnu, purvu vides aizsardzības un izmantošanas praktiskiem un teorētiskiem darbiem. Izmitināšana, ēdināšana, atpūta ar rundāniešu pamestības noskaņu pārvarēšanu. Iesākums krievvalodīgo zonas atdzimšanai...Laboratorijas ideju pamatā ir profesoru G.Novika, A.Ūbeļa, M.Oša u.c. koncepcijas par vidi kā antropogēnu procesu kompleksu, kopu, ieskaitot tajos etniskos un reliģiskos faktorus. Izmantotas etnoekoloģiskās “Eko - Ludzas” zinātniskās grupas atziņas. Ora et labora! - no latīņu valodas var iztulkot, ka oratoram ir jāstrādā, ka vides aizsardzībai nepieciešama trīsvienība Dievs - Daba - Darbs.Laboratorijas vieta Rundānu pagasts - vēsturē reti minēts, jo atrodas pa vidu starp Zilupi, Dagdu, Rēzekni, Ludzu, Nirzu. Z/s A izvietota Latgales augstienes ūdensšķirtnē. Vides tīrības etalons. Te savu tecējumu sāk Sarjanka - Daugavas pieteka. Rundānu strauts aiznes ūdeņus uz Veļikajas upi. Te pēdējā laikā seno latgaļu pilskalnu aizsardzības līnija.
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Richardson, Mark, Matthew D. Lebsock, James McDuffie i Graeme L. Stephens. "A new Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 cloud flagging method and rapid retrieval of marine boundary layer cloud properties". Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13, nr 9 (18.09.2020): 4947–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-4947-2020.
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Abstract. The Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2) carries a hyperspectral A-band sensor that can obtain information about cloud geometric thickness (H). The OCO2CLD-LIDAR-AUX product retrieved H with the aid of collocated CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation) lidar data to identify suitable clouds and provide a priori cloud top pressure (Ptop). This collocation is no longer possible, since CALIPSO's coordination flying with OCO-2 has ended, so here we introduce a new cloud flagging and a priori assignment using only OCO-2 data, restricted to ocean footprints where solar zenith angle <45∘. Firstly, a multi-layer perceptron network was trained to identify liquid clouds over the ocean with sufficient optical depth (τ>1) for a valid retrieval, and agreement with MODIS–CALIPSO (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) is 90.0 %. Secondly, we developed a lookup table to simultaneously retrieve cloud τ, effective radius (re) and Ptop from A-band and CO2 band radiances, with the intention that these will act as the a priori state estimate in a future retrieval. Median Ptop difference vs. CALIPSO is 12 hPa with an inter-decile range of [-11,87]hPa, substantially better than the MODIS–CALIPSO range of [-83,81]hPa. The MODIS–OCO-2 τ difference is 0.8[-3.8,6.9], and re is -0.3[-2.8,2.1]µm. The τ difference is due to optically thick and horizontally heterogeneous cloud scenes. As well as an improved passive Ptop retrieval, this a priori information will allow for a purely OCO-2-based Bayesian retrieval of cloud droplet number concentration (Nd). Finally, our cloud flagging procedure may also be useful for future partial-column above-cloud CO2 abundance retrievals.
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Howard, David J., i Valerie J. Lund. "The midfacial degloving approach to sinonasal disease". Journal of Laryngology & Otology 106, nr 12 (grudzień 1992): 1059–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100121759.
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AbstractThe midfacial degloving approach was first described by Casson et al. in 1974 but despite a number of papers in the American literature advocating its use, it has not gained popularity in Europe. The advantages and application of the technique are presented in 36 patients, ranging from 7–78 years of age. The approach is ideally suited for extensive benign lesions in the nasal cavity, ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses and enables access to the nasopharynx and infratemporal fossa whilst avoiding an external incision. These lesions have included angiofibroma (13 cases), inverted papilloma (five cases), a variety of cysts (three cases) and six miscellaneous cases of benign pathology. Malignant lesions which have not breached the anterior cranial fossa may also be removed, up to and including bilateral maxillectomy (nine cases) and this can be combined with orbital clearance. The approach may be repeated if necessary and is associated with few significant complications though vestibular stenosis, oro-antral fistula, nasolacrimal damage and upward rotation of the nasal tip may occur. Strategies to avoid these problems can be undertaken and long-term cosmetic results are excellent.
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Yánez-Muñoz, Mario H., Juan Pablo Reyes-Puig, Diego Batallas-Revelo, Callie Broaddus, Miguel Urgilés-Merchán, Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia i Juan M. Guayasamin. "A new Andean treefrog (Amphibia: Hyloscirtus bogotensis group) from Ecuador: an example of community involvement for conservation". PeerJ 9 (6.08.2021): e11914. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11914.
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We provide several lines of evidence to delimit a new species of Hyloscirtus and define its phylogenetic position inside the Hyloscirtus bogotensis group. The new species is the sister taxon to Hyloscirtus mashpi and is related to a clade formed by H. alytolylax and a putative new species from the province of El Oro in, southwestern Ecuador. Hyloscirtus conscientia sp. nov. is described from the montane forests of the Mira River basin in the extreme northwestern Ecuador. The new species is characterized as follows: tympanic annulus conspicuous, tip of snout in dorsal view subacuminate, middorsal stripe formed by melanophores larger and less dense, dorsal skin with individual iridophores forming dots, scarcely distributed across dorsum. Our study also highlights the importance of the Mira River Valley as a biogeographic barrier; suggesting research efforts north and south of the valley are likely to reveal additional endemic cryptic diversity. Finally, our partnership with Reserva: The Youth Land Trust, Rainforest Trust and EcoMinga Foundation has produced a novel and meaningful way to connect young people with biodiversity discovery and habitat conservation.
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Libonatti, María L., Gabrielle Jorge, Miguel Archangelsky i Mariano C. Michat. "The last instar larva and pupa of Ora depressa (Coleoptera: Scirtidae), a marsh beetle with underwater pupation". Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 58, nr 2 (1.10.2018): 441–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aemnp-2018-0034.
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Abstract In this contribution we describe and illustrate for the first time, detailed morphology and chaetotaxy of the last instar larva and the pupa of Ora depressa (Fabricius, 1801), and provide diagnostic characters and information on its biology. The last instar larva of O. depressa exhibits the characters traditionally recognized as diagnostic of the genus, i.e. the tip of the mandible obtuse, and the fourth maxillary palpomere long, almost as long as third palpomere. Ora depressa is characterized by a broadly elliptical body, which is widest at the metanotum, being brownish testaceous in color with several brown spots, having the dorsal surface mostly covered with numerous grooved scale-like setae and also several ungrooved scale-like setae, hair-like setae, club-like setae and pore-like sensilla distributed in a specific pattern, and the femur and tibiotarsus bearing a row of natatorial setae. The last instar larva of Ora depressa can be distinguished from those of the other known species of the genus by lobes of clypeolabrum being as long as wide and socket bristles with 2–6 inner teeth. The pupa of O. depressa differs from those of the other known species of the genus in the absence of pronotal horns and by the place where pupation occurs. Ora depressa pupates underwater, hanging from water’s surface with the aid of the laterally expanded pronotum which bears hydrophobic setation along the lateral margins.
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Igic, Marko, Nebojsa Krunic, Ljiljana Aleksov, Milena Kostic, Aleksandra Igic, Milica Petrovic, Stefan Dacic, Stevan Igic i Aleksandar Igic. "Determination of vertical dimension of occlusion by using the phonetic vowel "O" and "E"". Vojnosanitetski pregled 72, nr 2 (2015): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp1502123i.
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Background/Aim. The vertical dimension of occlusion is a very important parameter for proper reconstruction of the relationship between the jaws. The literature describes many methods for its finding, from the simple, easily applicable clinically, to quite complicated, with the use of one or more devices for determination. The aim of this study was to examine the possibility of determining the vertical dimension of occlusion using the vocals ?O? and ?E? with the control of values o btained by applying cognitive functions. Methods. This investigation was performed with the two groups of patients. The first group consisted of 50 females and 50 males, aged 18 to 30 years. In this group the distance between the reference points (on top of the nose and chin) was measured in the position of the mandible in the vertical dimension of occlusion, the vertical dimension at rest and the pronunciation of the words ?OLO? and ?ELE?. Checking the correctness of the particular value for the word ?OLO? was also performed by the phonetic method with the application of cognitive exercises when the patients counted from 89 to 80. The obtained difference in the average values i n determining the vertical dimension of occlusion and the ?OLO? and ?ELE? in the first group was used as the reference for determining the vertical dimension of occlusion in the second group of patients. The second group comprised of 31 edentulous persons (14 females and 17 males), aged from 54 to 85 years who had been made a complete denture. Results. The average value obtained for the vertical dimension of rest for the entire sample was 2.16 mm, for the word ?OLO? for the entire sample was 5.51 mm and for the word ?ELE? for the entire sample was 7.47 mm. There was no statistically significant difference between the genders for the value of the vertical dimension at rest, ?ELE? and ?OLO?. There was a statistically significant difference between the values f or the vertical dimension at rest, ?OLO? and ?ELE? for both genders. There was a statistically significant correlation between the value for the vertical dimension at rest, ?OLO? and ?ELE?, for both groups of subjects. Conclusion. Determining the vertical dimension of occlusion requires 5.5 mm subtraction from the position of the mandible in pronunciation of the word ?OLO? or 7.5 mm in pronunciation of the word ?ELE?.
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Bohdálková, L., J. Čuřík, Kuběna AA i F. Bůzek. "Dynamics of methane fluxes from two peat bogs in the Ore Mountains, Czech Republic". Plant, Soil and Environment 59, No. 1 (28.12.2012): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/330/2012-pse.
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Methane fluxes were studied at two high-elevation oligotrophic peat bogs in the Ore Mts., Czech Republic. The Bukova dolina Bog was drained 15 years ago and 2 years ago was partly restored, whereas the Brumiste Bog is an intact peatland. Draining led to a change of vegetation structure, dominated by Molinia caerulea, Carex sp., and forestation by Norway spruce. Methane fluxes were measured monthly from April to November 2011 using a closed chamber. Temperature and presence of Carex were significant controls on methane fluxes. Peat depth, water table and the presence of other plant species had no significant effect on CH<sub>4</sub> emissions. Methane emissions ranged from 9 to 2700 mg/m<sup>2</sup>/day at the degraded and from 3 to 260 mg/m<sup>2</sup>/day at the intact bog. In general, the degraded peat bog emitted three times more methane compared to the intact peat bog, likely due to vegetation changes after long-term artificial draining.
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Tomson, I. N. "Two models of the deep structure of the polychronic ore clusters of Primorie, USSR". Global Tectonics and Metallogeny 3, nr 2-3 (1.01.1989): 167–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/gtm/3/1989/167.
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Luo, Bin, Daiwen Chen, Gang Tian, Ping Zheng, Jie Yu, Jun He, Xiangbin Mao i in. "Effects of Dietary Aged Maize with Oxidized Fish Oil on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity and Intestinal Health in Weaned Piglets". Animals 9, nr 9 (29.08.2019): 624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9090624.
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This study aimed to determine the effects of dietary aged maize with supplementation of different levels of oxidized fish oil on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, serum antioxidant activity and gut health in piglets. Forty-two piglets were arranged in 2 × 3 factorial treatments in a complete randomized block design with seven replicates per treatment and one pig per replicate for 28 d. Diets included twp types of maize (normal maize or aged maize) and three levels of oxidized fish oil (OFO) (3% non-oxidized fish oil (0% OFO), 1.5% OFO and 1.5% non-oxidized fish oil (1.5% OFO), and 3% OFO (3% OFO). Results showed that dietary aged maize did not affect growth performance, diarrhea, and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients in piglets (p > 0.05). However, aged maize increased malonaldehyde (MDA) content and decreased total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in serum on both 14th and 28th days (p < 0.05) compared to the normal maize groups. Meanwhile, compared with normal maize, dietary aged maize showed a slight, but not significant (p > 0.10) decrease in total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity and VE content in serum on the 14th day. In addition, aged maize significantly decreased GLUT2 mRNA expression (p < 0.05) and tended to increase (p < 0.10) TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA expression in jejunal mucosa. Compared with non-oxidized fish oil, oxidized fish oil resulted in the decrease of the 14–28 d and 0–28 d ADG, as well as the ATTD of dry matter (DM), ether extract (EE), organic matter (OM) (p < 0.05), whereas the increase in diarrhea index (p < 0.05) and F/G of the whole period (p < 0.05). Oxidized fish oil decreased serum T-AOC on both the 14th and the 28th days (p < 0.05), and decreased serum T-SOD activity and VE content on the 28th day (p < 0.05), whereas increased serum MDA content on the 28th day (p < 0.05) and 14th day (p < 0.10) compared with fresh fish oil. Meanwhile, MUC2 (p < 0.05) and SGLT1 (p < 0.10) mRNA expression in jejunal mucosa were decreased compared with non-oxidized fish oil. In addition, dietary oxidized fish oil tended to decrease 14–28 d ADFI and the ATTD of CP (p < 0.10), and piglets fed oxidized fish oil significantly decreased 14–28 d ADFI, the ATTD of CP, GLUT2 and SGLT1 mRNA expressions in jejunal mucosa when piglet also fed with aged maize (p < 0.05). Collectively, these results indicated that dietary oxidized fish oil decreased growth performance and nutrients digestibility of piglets fed with aged maize. This nutrient interaction may be mediated by inhibiting intestinal nutrient transporter, inducing intestinal inflammation, and reducing antioxidant capacity.
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Hodbod, Jennifer, Emma Tebbs, Kristofer Chan i Shubhechchha Sharma. "Integrating Participatory Methods and Remote Sensing to Enhance Understanding of Ecosystem Service Dynamics Across Scales". Land 8, nr 9 (28.08.2019): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8090132.
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The value of Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) for informing resource management has long been recognized; however, its incorporation into ecosystem services (ES) assessments remains uncommon. Often “top-down” approaches are utilized, depending on “expert knowledge”, that are not relevant to local resource users. Here we propose an approach for combining participatory methods with remote sensing to provide a more holistic understanding of ES change. Participatory mapping in focus group discussions identified TEK regarding what ES were present, where, and their value to communities. TEK was then integrated with satellite imagery to extrapolate to the landscape-scale. We demonstrate our method for Nyangatom communities in the Lower Omo Valley, Ethiopia, showing for the first time the ES impacts of regional environmental change, including the Gibe III dam, for communities in the Omo River basin. Results confirmed the collapse of flood-retreat cultivation associated with the loss of the annual Omo flood. Communities reported declines in many other provisioning ES, and these results were supported by satellite mapping, which showed substantial reductions in land covers with high ES value (shrubland and wetland), leading to consequent ES declines. Our mixed-methods approach has potential to be applied in other regions to generate locally relevant information for evaluating ES dynamics and improving management of natural resources.
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Yoon, Yeo-Kwang, Hong-Jung Woo i Youngchul Kim. "Orostachys japonicusInhibits Expression of the TLR4, NOD2, iNOS, and COX-2 Genes in LPS-Stimulated Human PMA-Differentiated THP-1 Cells by Inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK Activation". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/682019.
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Orostachys japonicusis traditionally used as an inflammatory agent. In this report, we investigated the effects ofO. japonicusextract on the expression of genes encoding pathogen-recognition receptors (TLR2, TLR4, NOD1, and NOD2) and proinflammatory factors (iNOS, COX-2, and cytokines) in LPS-stimulated PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells and the NF-κB and MAPK pathways.O. japonicusinduced toxicity at high concentrations but had no effect at concentrations lower than 25 μg/mL.O. japonicusinhibited LPS-induced TLR4 and NOD2 mRNA levels, suppressed LPS-induced iNOS and COX-2 transcription and translocation, and downregulated LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α) mRNA levels. In addition,O. japonicusinhibited LPS-induced NF-κB activation and IκBαdegradation and suppressed LPS-induced JNK, p38 MAPK, and ERK phosphorylation. Overall, our results demonstrate that the anti-inflammatory effects ofO. japonicusare mediated by suppression of NF-κB and MAPK signaling, resulting in reduced TLR4, NOD2, iNOS, and COX-2 expression and inhibition of inflammatory cytokine expression.
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Philip, Sajeev, Matthew S. Johnson, Christopher Potter, Vanessa Genovesse, David F. Baker, Katherine D. Haynes, Daven K. Henze, Junjie Liu i Benjamin Poulter. "Prior biosphere model impact on global terrestrial CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes estimated from OCO-2 retrievals". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, nr 20 (28.10.2019): 13267–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-13267-2019.
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Abstract. This study assesses the impact of different state of the art global biospheric CO2 flux models, when applied as prior information, on inverse model “top-down” estimates of terrestrial CO2 fluxes obtained when assimilating Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2) observations. This is done with a series of observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs) using synthetic CO2 column-average dry air mole fraction (XCO2) retrievals sampled at the OCO-2 satellite spatiotemporal frequency. The OSSEs utilized a 4-D variational (4D-Var) assimilation system with the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model (CTM) to estimate CO2 net ecosystem exchange (NEE) fluxes using synthetic OCO-2 observations. The impact of biosphere models in inverse model estimates of NEE is quantified by conducting OSSEs using the NASA-CASA, CASA-GFED, SiB-4, and LPJ models as prior estimates and using NEE from the multi-model ensemble mean of the Multiscale Synthesis and Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project as the “truth”. Results show that the assimilation of simulated XCO2 retrievals at OCO-2 observing modes over land results in posterior NEE estimates which generally reproduce “true” NEE globally and over terrestrial TransCom-3 regions that are well-sampled. However, we find larger spread among posterior NEE estimates, when using different prior NEE fluxes, in regions and seasons that have limited OCO-2 observational coverage and a large range in “bottom-up” NEE fluxes. Seasonally averaged posterior NEE estimates had standard deviations (SD) of ∼10 % to ∼50 % of the multi-model-mean NEE for different TransCom-3 land regions with significant NEE fluxes (regions/seasons with a NEE flux ≥0.5 PgC yr−1). On a global average, the seasonally averaged residual impact of the prior model NEE assumption on the posterior NEE spread is ∼10 %–20 % of the posterior NEE mean. Additional OCO-2 OSSE simulations demonstrate that posterior NEE estimates are also sensitive to the assumed prior NEE flux uncertainty statistics, with spread in posterior NEE estimates similar to those when using variable prior model NEE fluxes. In fact, the sensitivity of posterior NEE estimates to prior error statistics was larger than prior flux values in some regions/times in the tropics and Southern Hemisphere where sufficient OCO-2 data were available and large differences between the prior and truth were evident. Overall, even with the availability of spatiotemporally dense OCO-2 data, noticeable residual differences (up to ∼20 %–30 % globally and 50 % regionally) in posterior NEE flux estimates remain that were caused by the choice of prior model flux values and the specification of prior flux uncertainties.