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Książki na temat „Over-Constrained”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 20 lutego 2023

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1

Jampel, Michael, Eugene Freuder, and Michael Maher, eds. Over-Constrained Systems. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-61479-6.

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Michael, Jampel, Freuder Eugene C, Maher Michael 1959-, and CP '95 (1995 : Cassis, France), eds. Over-constrained systems. Berlin: Springer, 1996.

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Liu, Qinyuan, Zidong Wang, and Xiao He. Stochastic Control and Filtering over Constrained Communication Networks. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00157-5.

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Mahvidi, Hamid. Performance of latency constrained turbo-like codes over correlated fading channels. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2000.

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Wang, Zidong, Qinyuan Liu, and Xiao He. Stochastic Control and Filtering over Constrained Communication Networks. Springer, 2019.

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Wang, Zidong, Qinyuan Liu, and Xiao He. Stochastic Control and Filtering over Constrained Communication Networks. Springer, 2018.

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Cost-Constrained Project Scheduling with Task Durations and Costs That May Increase Over Time: Demonstrated with the U.S. Army Future Combat Systems. Storming Media, 2004.

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8

Vivian, Bradford. Invention. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190611088.003.0002.

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Chapter 1 uses a historical, and notably unconventional, example of witnessing to demonstrate how bearing witness involves sometimes radical and purposeful rhetorical invention (or reinvention) of historical fact. In his Cotton States Exposition Address (1895), Booker T. Washington, a former slave, romanticized the pre–Civil War South with curious irony. This counterintuitive example indicates that witnesses bear witness in public only if social, political, or moral authorities permit their testimonies. In Washington’s case, the authorities in question presided over the economic and political

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9

Roach, Lee. 11. Public regulation of land. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780199603794.003.0011.

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Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. A significant measure of socially beneficial control over land and the local environment is achieved through various forms of state-imposed regulation. This chapter, which discusses how estate ownership is constrained by conceptions of stewardship in the public interest, examines the law and context surrounding some of the most far-reaching forms of state intervention in the area of land: control of land use and takings of land.

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Roof, Tracy. Interest Groups. Edited by Daniel Béland, Kimberly J. Morgan, and Christopher Howard. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199838509.013.034.

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This chapter examines the role of interest groups in shaping American social welfare policy. It outlines major theories and findings on interest group influence in American politics and comparative welfare state development and examines the activities and influence of major categories of groups, including business, labor, agriculture, professional associations, intergovernmental organizations, and citizens’ groups. Although many interest groups have helped secure policies that form a limited social safety net, this chapter suggests that the competition among a diverse array of interest groups

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11

Frey, Bruno S., and Jana Gallus. Awards in the Voluntary Sector. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798507.003.0005.

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In the voluntary sector awards play a particularly important role because the respective organizations are often cash constrained, and social recognition is an important motivation for volunteers (which risks being crowded out by monetary pay). There are millions of people who voluntarily contribute to Wikipedia under pseudonyms (i.e. make anonymous contributions), but the number of active editors is on a pronounced decline, particularly among new editors. A field experiment is presented, which shows that a purely symbolic award scheme targeted at newcomers significantly raises their retention

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12

Bosia, Michael J. Why States Act. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037726.003.0002.

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This chapter studies how the state when challenged is served by homophobia, what challenges homophobia addresses, and what problems it seeks to resolve. These phenomena are referred to as “state homophobia.” While “state” to some suggests law and policy, the chapter considers state homophobia as the totality of strategies and tools, both in policy and in mobilizations, through which holders of and contenders over state authority invoke sexual minorities as objects of condemnation and targets of persecution. The chapter examines the motif of governance in terms of sexuality, and considers polit

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13

Magnusson, Thor, and Alex McLean. Performing with Patterns of Time. Edited by Roger T. Dean and Alex McLean. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190226992.013.21.

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Music is a time-based art form often characterized by patternings; manipulations of sequences over time. Composers and performers may think in terms of patterns, although the structure of patterned sequences is often not made explicit in musical notation. This chapter explores how musical sequences can be created and transformed in real-time performance through patterning functions. Topics related to the use of algorithms for pattern making are discussed, and two systems are introduced—ixi lang and TidalCycles, as high-level and expressive minilanguages for musical pattern. These two systems a

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14

Grimaldi, Selena. The Leadership Capital of Italian Presidents. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198783848.003.0012.

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Recently, Italian presidents have become pivotal figures, deeply affecting the direction of the Italian political system, exercising influence far beyond their previous role as constitutional guardians. The aim of this chapter is to understand how Oscar Luigi Scalfaro, Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, and Giorgio Napolitano have gained and spent ever greater amounts of power. The analysis is based on the LCI approach; however, the indicators used by Bennister et al. (2015) have been adapted both to the Italian context and to ‘institutionally’ constrained leaders. The LCI allows the traceability of power

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Md. Ali, Azham. The political economy of external auditing in Malaysia 1957 - 1997. UUM Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/9839559656.

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This work investigates the role and contribution of external auditing as practiced in Malaysian society in the first 40 years since independence in 1957.It applies the political economic approach, which emphasises the social relations aspects of professional activity rather than economic forces alone.The political economic approach is applied by utilising an enlarged exogenous framework of processual change analysis.This particular interpretive framework views external auditing in Malaysia over the forty year period (1957-1997) as an open, dynamic social system comprising two pattern transform

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16

St John, Taylor. Why is Exit So Hard? Positive Feedback and Institutional Persistence. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789918.003.0009.

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Chapter eight analyzes why institutions persist, even when they generate unintended consequences for the states that created them. The chapter sets out a typology of possible actions that governments can take to exit from investor–state arbitration. To date, governments have engaged in remarkably little exit. The second section explores how positive feedback has created a new constituency of law firms and investors with an interest in arbitration and therefore has led to a new politics of ISDS. The third section discusses other types of feedback that have stabilized and developed a dense web o

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17

Ibbetson, David. Obligatio in Roman Law and Society. Edited by Paul J. du Plessis, Clifford Ando, and Kaius Tuori. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198728689.013.43.

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Obligatio is defined in Justinian’s Institutes as a tie of law, a legal relationship between two persons whereby one is constrained by the other to do or refrain from doing something. It brings together relationships arising out of contract or delict, though the Digest shows it used more generally wherever a personal bond was created. Its roots lie in the verb ligare, to bind; but although Roman lawyers preferred the use of verbs over abstract nouns, here the noun form is almost as common as the verb. As a noun obligatio describes either the active or the passive aspect of the relationship or

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18

Kahn, Jonathon S. Secularism and Religion in American Education. Edited by Michael D. Waggoner and Nathan C. Walker. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199386819.013.4.

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Recent critics of the secular have presented a newly complicated account of secularity, one in which secularity and religion are seen not as separate but as mutually intertwined and interdependent. This chapter uses these new secular critics to reflect on the history and nature of a secular education. It argues that the emergence of American secular education over the course of the twentieth century was tied to power and production of knowledge that, at times, included religious moods and outlooks. Moving forward, secular education would do well to acknowledge and include those religious outlo

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19

Huebner, Bryce. Planning and Prefigurative Politics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199367511.003.0019.

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There are interesting and unexplored points of convergence between Daniel Dennett’s account of human freedom and Michael Bratman’s account of planning agency. Dennett claims that foreknowledge can generate control over ongoing behavior; and by reverse engineering the capacities that are required for planning agency, it is possible to clarify the forms of individual freedom that are available for us. Unfortunately, this process of reverse engineering also suggests that individual freedom is likely to be constrained by the statistical structure of a person’s social and memetic environment. Fortu

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20

Clasen, Mathias. Monsters Everywhere. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190666507.003.0006.

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The chapter gives an outline of the history of American horror across media, from prehistoric roots to postmodern slasher films and horror videogames. A specifically American literary horror tradition crystallizes in the mid-1800s, with authors such as Edgar Allan Poe, and is developed in the twentieth century by writers including H. P. Lovecraft. In that century, horror films—beginning with Universal’s monster films of the 1930s—became the dominant medium for the genre. Horror became a mainstream genre during the 1970s and 1980s, with the emergence of popular writers like Stephen King and man

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21

Meder, Björn, and Ralf Mayrhofer. Diagnostic Reasoning. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.23.

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This chapter discusses diagnostic reasoning from the perspective of causal inference. The computational framework that provides the foundation for the analyses—probabilistic inference over graphical causal structures—can be used to implement different models that share the assumption that diagnostic inferences are guided and constrained by causal considerations. This approach has provided many critical insights, with respect to both normative and empirical issues. For instance, taking into account uncertainty about causal structures can entail diagnostic judgments that do not reflect the empir

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22

Thompson, William R., and Leila Zakhirova. The Netherlands: Not Quite the First Modern Economy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699680.003.0006.

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In this chapter, we look at four cases: Genoa, Venice, Portugal, and the Netherlands. Genoa, Venice, and Portugal acted as transitional agents over a five- to six-hundred-year period, creating sea power and trading regimes to move Asian commodities and innovations to and from European markets. While Genoa and Venice were primarily Mediterranean-centric, Portugal led the breakthrough from the constraints of the inland sea and inaugurated Europe’s Atlantic focus. None of these actors possessed the power of China nor subsequent global actors, but for their age, they were critical technological le

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23

Brooks, Rachel, and Paul Hodkinson. Sharing Care. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529205961.001.0001.

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Amidst a context in which the burden of early-years care continues to fall heavily on women, Sharing Care examines the experiences of the minority of fathers who take on an equal or greater share of caregiving for babies and young children. Drawing on detailed qualitative research in the UK, the book outlines the nature of equal and primary carer fathers’ experiences, paying particular attention to what prompted them to take on their unusual roles, how they and their families adjusted over time and the nature of the challenges they encountered. The authors argue that, for many such fathers, ta

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24

Chiang, Connie Y. Nature Behind Barbed Wire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190842062.001.0001.

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The mass imprisonment of over 110,000 people of Japanese ancestry during World War II was one of the most egregious violations of civil liberties in US history. Removed from their homes on the temperate Pacific Coast, Japanese Americans spent the war years in ten desolate camps in the nation’s interior. Although scholars and commentators acknowledge the harsh environmental conditions of these camps, they have turned their attention to the social, political, or legal dimensions of this story. Nature Behind Barbed Wire shifts the focus to the natural world and explores how it shaped the experien

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Busch, Marc L., and Edward D. Mansfield. Trade: Determinants of Policies. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.350.

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A survey of the literature on trade has revealed that it is becoming more difficult for elected officials resist protectionist pressures by citing constraints imposed by global pacts and supply free trade. There are two main reasons why. First, the literature on the design and politics of international institutions increasingly emphasizes how they build in slack that can undermine government claims of being constrained. Second, as states accede to an ever-growing list of overlapping international institutions, there is often a choice among, or uncertainty over, which institution’s obligations

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Rich Dorman, Sara. Understanding Zimbabwe. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190634889.001.0001.

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This book seeks to understand the state, nation and political identities that are being forged in modern Zimbabwe, and the nature of control that Robert Mugabe’s ZANU exercises over those political institutions. Focusing on the perspective and experiences of societal groups including NGOs, churches, trade unions, students and academics the book explores how the construction of consent, threat of coercion and material resources are used to integrate social groups into the ruling nationalist coalition, but also how they resist and frame competing discourses and institutions. Taking seriously the

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Paczynska, Agnieszka. Globalization and Globality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.206.

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Globalization has opened up new avenues of investigation in many disciplines. Among these are political science and political sociology, where scholars have engaged in heated debates over issues such as the ways in which state sovereignty is changing, the role of new nonstate actors in shaping international social and political dynamics, and how globalization processes affecting patterns of social and political conflict. Scholars have extensively explored the impact of globalization on the nation-state. While some view the nation-state as increasingly constrained and weakening, others see it a

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James, David. Practical Necessity, Freedom, and History. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198847885.001.0001.

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By means of careful analysis of relevant writings by Hobbes, Rousseau, Kant, Hegel, and Marx, the author argues that the concept of practical necessity is key to understanding the nature and the extent of human freedom. Practical necessity here means being, or believing oneself to be, constrained to act in certain ways in the absence (whether real or imagined) of other, more attractive options, or by the high costs attached to pursuing other options. Agents become subject to practical necessity because of economic, social, and historical forces over which they have, or appear to have, no effec

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Tausig, Benjamin. Bangkok is Ringing. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190847524.001.0001.

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Bangkok Is Ringing is an on-the-ground sound studies analysis of the political protests that transformed Thailand in 2010–11. Bringing the reader through sixteen distinct “sonic niches” where dissidents used media to broadcast to both local and diffuse audiences, the book catalogues these mass protests in a way that few movements have ever been catalogued. The Red Shirt and Yellow Shirt protests that shook Thailand took place just before other international political movements, including the Arab Spring and Occupy Wall Street. Bangkok Is Ringing analyzes the Thai protests in comparison with th

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Gent, Stephen E., and Mark J. C. Crescenzi. Market Power Politics. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197529805.001.0001.

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This book explores how market power competition between states can create disruptions in the global political economy and potentially lead to territorial aggression and war. When a state’s firms have the ability to set prices in a key commodity market like oil or natural gas, state leaders can benefit from increased revenue, stability, and political leverage. Given these potential benefits, states may be motivated to expand their territorial reach in order to gain or maintain such market power. This market power motivation can sometimes lead to war. However, when states are economically interd

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Rez, Peter. The Simple Physics of Energy Use. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802297.001.0001.

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In industrially developed countries, energy is used primarily for three things—maintaining a comfortable environment in buildings, transporting people and goods and manufacturing products. Each accounts for about one-third of the total primary energy use. Controlling the indoor temperature accounts for most of the energy use in buildings. Therefore, this strongly depends on the local climate. Electricity accounts for a high proportion of the energy transfer in developed countries. The problem is that electricity cannot easily be stored, and that supply therefore has to match demand. This makes

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Toprani, Anand. Oil and the Great Powers. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198834601.001.0001.

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During the first half of the twentieth century, a lack of oil constrained Britain and Germany from exerting their economic and military power independently. Having fought World War I with oil imported from the United States, Britain was determined to avoid relying upon another great power for its energy needs ever again. Even before the war had ended, Whitehall began implementing a strategy of developing alternative sources of oil under British control. Britain’s key supplier would be the Middle East—already a region of vital importance to the British Empire, but one whose oil potential was st

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Ganesh, Dr K., Dr B. A. Lakhani, Dr Ramesh Kumar, and Dr Pooja Kulkarni. E-Learning Management- A Modern Approach to Digital India & Challenges in 21st Century. KAAV PUBLICATIONS, DELHI, INDIA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52458/9789391842567.2022.eb.

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“Technology can become the 'wings' that will allow the educational world to fly farther and faster than ever before; if we will allow it.” - Jenny Arledge The theme of this book "E-Learning Management- A Modern Approach to Digital India & Challenges in 21st Century" was chosen due to its relevance for E-learning in the global digitalized world. We are running into the 21st century where innovation exceeds all logical limitations. This is the period of revolutionary advancement where innovation is assuming control over each specialty and corner. Cell phones, PCs, and tablets are not any mor

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Rodríguez Juárez, Carolina. Accesibilidad a la función Sujeto en lengua inglesa: restricciones funcionales, intrínsecas y jerárquicas. Servicio de Publicaciones y Difusión Científica de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20420/1650.2021.479.

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La accesibilidad de un término para participar en una operación gramatical como la asignación de Sujeto está condicionada por restricciones jerárquicas, funcionales e intrínsecas que favorecerán la asignación de la función de Sujeto al primer argumento, resultando en una oración activa, o a un término distinto al primer argumento, obteniéndose una construcción pasiva. Estas restricciones se representan en forma de jerarquías de carácter tipológico cuya relevancia ha sido enfatizada tanto en la teoría de la Gramática Funcional (Dik, 1978, 1989) como en la Gramática Discursivo-Funcional (Hengeve

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