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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Palm Kernel Cake (PKC)”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 3 czerwca 2025
Data aktualizacji: 31 lipca 2025

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1

Jiang, Wenbo, Yan Zhang, Haijian Cheng, et al. "Fermented Palm Kernel Cake Improves the Rumen Microbiota and Metabolome of Beef Cattle." Animals 14, no. 21 (2024): 3088. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14213088.

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In this study, we utilised palm kernel cake as a substrate and fermented it with a composite of bacteria (Pediococcus pentosaceus CGMCC No. 27203 and Lactobacillus plantarum CGMCC No. 27202) and enzymes. We conducted a trial with twenty-four cattle, randomly divided into two groups of twelve cattle each. The control group (CON) was fed the standard farm diet, whereas the treatment group (PKC) received a diet with 3% of soyabean replaced by fermented palm kernel cake. The trial lasted for six weeks. The results showed no significant differences in growth performance between the PKC and CON grou
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Putra, Andrianopsyah Mas Jaya, Nelma Fadila, Zahra Shafa Mujahidah, et al. "Nanodots from Palm Kernel Cake." E3S Web of Conferences 503 (2024): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202450302001.

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Palm kernel cake (PKC) is the remaining of a palm (Elaeis guineensis) kernel after its oil is separated. Oversupply of this biomass could become an environmental problem. Meanwhile, its moist property makes it suitable for a hydrothermal carbonization to afford added values for the biomass and overcome its potential environmental problem. From the hydrothermal processes of PKC with aquadest and nanobubbled water at 200 ºC for 6 hours, nanodots with the size around 50 nm were obtained. The nanodots may be decorated with amides on their surface. Upon illumination by an ultra-violet A wave (350 n
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Haspiadi, Haspiadi. "Pemanfaatan Limbah Padat Palm Kernel Cake (PKC) sebagai Sumber Karbon Aktif dengan Proses Kimia." Jurnal Riset Teknologi Industri 10, no. 1 (2016): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26578/jrti.v10i1.1738.

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Solid waste of Palm kernel cake (PKC) is a by product of oil extraction from palm nut pose a serious environmental problem in some factories of Palm Kernel Oil (PKO. Thererfore the research about utilization of palm kernel cake solid waste (PKC) as a source of activated carbon was performed. From this research is to know quality of activated carbon using palm kernel cake as a row material to compare with the SNI 06-3730-1995. The process was carried out is chemical activation method with in laboratory scale using two types activator, which is phosphoric acid and potassium hydroxide at six diff
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4

Pasaribu, Tiurma. "Efforts to Improve the Quality of Palm Kernel Cake through Fermentation Technology and Enzyme Addition for Poultry." Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 28, no. 3 (2018): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/wartazoa.v28i3.1820.

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Palm kernel cake (PKC) with the protein content 14-21% and crude fiber about 17.63% is a by product of palm kernel oil. Utilization of PKC as source of protein for poultry feed is still limited. While demand of feed is getting increased. Therefore, the technology to improve PKC quality is needed to optimalize using PKC. This paper inform any efforts to improve the quality of PKC through fermentation technology and addition of enzymes and their utilization as poultry feed ingredient. Fermentation process of PKC can be done using single bacteria, mold or combination of them. By fermentation tech
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Pimentel, Leidiane Reis, Fabiano Ferreira da Silva, Robério Rodrigues Silva, Alex Resende Schio, Eli Santana de Oliveira Rodrigues, and Lucas Teixeira Costa. "Economic viability of including palm kernel cake in diets for feedlot lactating cows." Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences 38, no. 3 (2016): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v38i3.31150.

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This study aimed to evaluate the inclusion of palm kernel cake in the diet for lactating crossbred cows in feedlot system, and its implications on economic viability. We used 12 crossbred Holstein x Zebu cows assigned to three 4 x 4 Latin Squares, in the following treatments: control (without inclusion of palm kernel cake in the diet); inclusion of 50, 100 or 150 g palm kernel cake (PKC) per kg in the total dry matter (TDM). Earnings per animal showed a reduction in values, this decrease in profitability is related to the increase in feed costs, specifically, and the costs with concentrate, wh
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6

Wulan, Rahayu, Rika Indri Astuti, Yaya Rukayadi, Sri Estuningsih, and Anja Meryandini. "Seleksi, Karakterisasi Morfologi, dan Identifikasi Aktinobakteri Penghasil Mananase Asal Hutan Tanah Jambi untuk Produksi Mananoligosakarida." Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia 27, no. 2 (2022): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.18343/jipi.27.2.279.

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 As the world's largest producer of crude palm oil, Indonesia also produces high palm kernel cake (PKC) by-products. PKC has a high mannan content, so it can be used to produce prebiotic mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS). Enzymatic MOS production can be carried out using actinobacterial mannanase's microbiological approach. The HJ45B-1 isolate was the best isolate, with a peak enzyme production of 0,338 U/mL on the 10th day of incubation. The mannanase enzyme was stable in storage at 27°C. MOS production using 1% PKC substrate produced MOS with the best degree of polymerization (2-4) with in
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7

Adesida, S. A., J. A. Agunbiade, and O. O. Eniolorunda. "Effect of palm kernel cake and deoiled palm kernel cake on the performance of cockerels." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 37, no. 1 (2021): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v37i1.629.

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Forty (40), thirteen weeks old cockerels were allocated to five dietary treatments after balancing for weight. The eight birds on each dietary treatment were replicated four times, such that two birds served as a replicate. In diet 1 (control) contain 0% Palm Kernel Cake (KPC) and Deoiled Palm Kernel Cake (DOC). Diet 2 and 3 continued 40% KPC, Diet 2 was presented in mash form while Diet 3 was presented in pellet. Diets 4 and 5 contained 40% DOC, Diet 4 was presented as mash while diet % was presented as pellet. Dietary treatments had no effect (P>0.05) on daily weight gain (ADG) and feed c
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8

Aina, A. B. J., A. O. Yusuf, L. A. Sogbade, and O. S. Sowande. "Evaluation of different combinations of palm kernel cake - and cotton seed cake - based diets on the performance of West African Dwarf goats." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 29, no. 2 (2021): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v29i2.1561.

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An experiment was carried out using 15 West African Dwarf goats (8 - 10kg body weight) to investigate the comparative performance of the animals when different combinations of palm kernel cake and cotton seed cake were contained in their diets. Results indicated that 40% palm kernel cake (zero cotton seed cake) in the diets significantly induced better feed utilization for gain (100g/d) and feed conversion ratio (3.70), least total dry matter intake (4.8% body weight) and leasi water consumption (40ml/ ww. kg; P>0.05) than other combinations. The least crude protein (15.5%) and the highest
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9

Wai-Lin, Siew. "Determination of Shell Content in Palm Kernel Cake." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 79, no. 1 (1996): 80–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/79.1.80.

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Abstract A method for determining shell in palm kernel cake (PKC) is described. This simple and rapid method requires little pretreatment compared with the method currently used in PKC trade, in which the sample undergoes defatting, acid and alkali digestion, and washing, before a chloroform-alcohol solution is used to separate the shells. In the proposed method, only defatting the sample is required. The shells are separated by the density difference between the shell and PKC in a potassium iodide solution. Recoveries of at least 93% were obtained, and the correlation coefficient between the
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10

JIMOH, A. A., E. B. IBITOYE, O. C. TEMIDAYO, et al. "COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF THREE PLANT PROTEIN CAKES ON PERFORMANCE, NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY, HAEMATOLOGY, SERUM BIOCHEMISTRY AND PRODUCTION ECONOMICS OF WEANER RABBITS." FUDMA Journal of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology 9, no. 3 (2023): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/jaat.2023.0903.03.

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This research was conducted to compare the effects of feeding three plant protein cakes, groundnut cake (GNC), cottonseed cake (CSC), and palm kernel cake (PKC) on performance, nutrient digestibility, haematology, serum biochemistry, and production economics of weaner rabbits. Twenty-four six weeks old, mixed-breed rabbits of both sexes were allotted into three groups randomly containing eight rabbits each. The treatment groups (T1, T2, and T3) were fed for five weeks on three different diets containing GNC, CSC, and PKC as protein sources respectively. Data generated were analyzed using one-w
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11

Fhonna, F. A., A. Jayanegara, S. Wajizah, A. A. Samsudin, and S. Samadi. "The role of feeding palm kernel cake on nutrient digestibility in small ruminants: A meta-analysis." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1476, no. 1 (2025): 012002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1476/1/012002.

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Abstract The present meta-analysis aimed to assess the role of palm kernel cake feeding on the nutrient digestibility of small ruminants by applying a meta-analysis approach. The database was formed based on 14 relevant studies comprising 54 experiments. The data were analyzed using mixed modeling with palm kernel cake level as a fixed effect and different experiments categorized as a random effect. The result revealed that the palm kernel cake in small ruminant feed insignificantly affects the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and total digestible nutrients (P>0.0
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12

Olorede, B. R., A. A. Onifade, and G. M. Babatunde. "COMPARATIVE UTILIZATION OF SHEA BUTTER CAKE AND PALM KERNEL CAKE BY BROILER CHICKENS." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 24, no. 2 (2021): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v24i2.2312.

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The utilization of Shea butter cake (SBC), a by-product of fat extraction from sheabutter nuts (Butyrospennum paradoxum) was compared with Palm Kernel Cake (PKC) to establish its potential as a poultry feedstuff. A 2 x 3 factorial experiment combining two factors, SBC and PKC at three levels of inclusion (5%, 10% and 15%) was designed. The six dietary treatments were fed to a total of 180 day-old chicks up to 56 days of age. Broilers fed SBC diets consumed more feed (P < 0.05) than those fed PKC diets between 0-28 days of age. During the finisher period (29-56d) and the entire period (0-56d
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13

Tungchaisin, Thanida, Sudathip Sae-Tan, and Kittipong Rattanaporn. "Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Palm Kernel Cake Protein." E3S Web of Conferences 355 (2022): 02018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202235502018.

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Palm kernel cake (PKC) is an abundant by-product of the palm oil industry. It is used as an ingredient in feed due to the high amount of protein and fiber content. In order to increase the value of PKC, the PKC protein can be extracted and may be able to be used as an alternative protein for plant-based food. This study aims to optimize the PKC protein extraction using the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method with a response surface methodology (RSM). MAE is a green extraction method due to less chemicals needed, less time and less energy consumption when compared to the traditional ther
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14

OKON, B. I., and B. K. OGUNMODEDE. "CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF BROILERS FED PERIWINKLE FLESH AND PALM KERNEL CAKE." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 23, no. 1 (2021): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v23i1.2029.

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Feeding 180 hyperco broiler chicks varying levels of palm kernel cake (PKC), fishmeal and periwinkle flesh, showed that 25% PKC fed along with either 2% fishmeal or 6% periwinkle flesh significantly (P<0.05) improved carcass traits while the experimental feeds had no significant effect on the abdominal fat pad level, but the birds had smaller heads and intestines.
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15

Azizi, Mohammad Naeem, Teck Chwen Loh, Hooi Ling Foo, and Eric Lim Teik Chung. "Is Palm Kernel Cake a Suitable Alternative Feed Ingredient for Poultry?" Animals 11, no. 2 (2021): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11020338.

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Palm kernel cake (PKC), a by-product of oil extracted from palm nuts through expeller press or solvent extraction procedures is one of the highest quantities of locally available and potentially inexpensive agricultural product. PKC provides approximately 14–18% of crude protein (CP), 12–20% crude fiber (CF), 3–9% ether extract (EE), and different amounts of various minerals that feasible to be used as a partial substitute of soybean meal (SBM) and corn in poultry nutrition. Poultry’s digestibility is reported to be compromised due to the indigestion of the high fiber content, making PKC poten
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16

Ojediran, Taiwo, Bolatito Ganiyu, Abiodun Muhammed, and Adewale Emiola. "Egg production, economic indices, and external and internal egg quality parameters of laying Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) fed palm (Elaeis guineensis) kernel cake." ANIMAL SCIENCE AND GENETICS 18, no. 2 (2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.8489.

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The feeding trial aimed to evaluate the egg production, quality parameters and economic benefits of using palm kernel cake, a byproduct of palm oil production in the diets of laying Japanese quails. Two hundred (200) nine-week-old laying Japanese quails were randomized into 5 groups replicated 4 times of 10 birds each in a six weeks trial. Palm kernel cake (PKC) was incorporated at 0 %, 10 %, 20 %, 30 % and 40 % in formulating feed for the quails. The form of oil removal affected the PKC such that it had 91.51% dry matter, 15.70 % crude protein, 21.43 % crude fibre, 12.30 % ether extract, 1.44
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17

Alshelmani, M. I., T. C. Loh, H. L. Foo, A. Q. Sazili, and W. H. Lau. "Effect of feeding different levels of palm kernel cake fermented by Paenibacillus polymyxa ATCC 842 on broiler growth performance, blood biochemistry, carcass characteristics, and meat quality." Animal Production Science 57, no. 5 (2017): 839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15359.

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A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of palm kernel cake fermented by Paenibacillus polymyxa ATCC 842 (FPKC) on broiler performance. A total of 245 1-day-old broiler chicks (Cobb 500) were raised in the conventional open-sided house. The birds were fed diets containing 0 (Control), 5%, 10% and 15% palm kernel cake (PKC) and 5%, 10%, 15% FPKC. The bodyweight and the feed intake were recorded. The bodyweight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated. Carcass characteristics and meat quality were measured at the end of the experiment, whereas blood was collecte
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Irfansyah, P., Y. A. Purwanto, and S. H. Wijaya. "Machine Learning Model to Determine Dominant Features in Palm Kernel Cake Quality." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1359, no. 1 (2024): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1359/1/012029.

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Abstract Palm kernel cake (PKC), a by-product of palm oil production, has the potential to serve as a cost-effective alternative to traditional feed ingredients such as soybeans, owing to its nutritional value and affordability. However, its quality can vary significantly, impacting its suitability for different livestock. This study aims to develop a machine learning model to identify the dominant features influencing PKC quality using data from proximate analysis. Our model utilizes feature selection techniques and machine learning algorithms with a decision tree to determine the critical fa
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Pimentel, Leidiane Reis, Fabiano Ferreira da Silva, Robério Rodrigues Silva, et al. "Fatty acid profile of milk from cows fed palm kernel cake." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 37, no. 4Supl1 (2016): 2773. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n4supl1p2773.

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To evaluate the fatty acid profile of milk from cows fed palm kernel cake (PKC), 12 Holstein × Zebu crossbred cows were kept in the feedlot, distributed into a triple 4 × 4 Latin square, and fed the following treatments: 1) control; 2) inclusion of 50 g PKC/kg in the total dry matter (TDM); 3) inclusion of 100 g PKC/kg in the TDM; and 4) inclusion of 150 g PKC/kg in the TDM. Milk samples from the morning and afternoon milkings were collected in the amount of 1% of the daily production of each animal; subsequently, 100-mL subsamples were frozen for analysis of the fatty acid profile. Inclusion
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Mohamad Termizi, Ali Zainal-Abidin, Abdul Syukor Abd Razak, Muhammad Amirul Syafiq Nasarudin, et al. "The Assessment of Mixing Solid Waste from Palm Kernel Cake and Indigofera Zollingeriana as Chicken Feed towards the Free-Range Chicken Growth Rate." CONSTRUCTION 4, no. 2 (2024): 165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/construction.v4i2.10682.

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This study is to determine the characteristics of the palm kernel cake (PKC) and Indigofera zollingeriana and its suitability as the ingredients for animal feed. This study focuses on the chicken feed formulation optimization with mixture of the solid waste and the Indigofera zollingeriana. This study also investigates the effect of the formulated chicken feed towards the growth of the chicken within the experimental duration. The formulated chicken feed with palm kernel cake and Indigofera zollingeriana have the nutrients needed for the chicken to grow healthily and this shows that the agro-i
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Roslan, Muhamad Akhmal Hakim, Norhani Abdullah, and Shuhaimi Mustafa. "Removal of shells in palm kernel cake via static cling and electrostatic separation." Journal of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology 3, no. 1 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.54987/jobimb.v3i1.227.

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Palm kernel cake (PKC), a by-product of the palm oil industry is limited in its use as a feed ingredient for poultry due to its high fibre and lignin content. The presence of these antinutritive components is the result of shells contaminating the by-product. The nutritive value of PKC has to be improved in order to increase its inclusion rate in poultry diet. In this study, PKC was subjected to a separation method using static cling and electrostatic separation to removethe shells present in PKC. Response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken design was used to optimize the separation
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Ferreira, Fernanda G., Laudí C. Leite, Henry D. R. Alba, et al. "Palm Kernel Cake in Diets for Lactating Goats: Qualitative Aspects of Milk and Cheese." Animals 11, no. 12 (2021): 3501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11123501.

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We investigated the effect of including palm kernel cake (PKC) at the levels of 0, 80, 160 and 240 g kg−1 in the diet of lactating goats on the quality and sensory parameters of Minas Frescal cheese. Twelve goats were used in a triple 4 × 4 Latin square design. The dietary addition of PKC was associated with a reduction in moisture (p = 0.004), which compromised the cheese yield (p = 0.030). The ether extract content showed a quadratic response. There was a decrease in caproic (p = 0.014), caprylic (p = 0.011), capric (p = 0.003) and palmitic (p = 0.049) acids and an increase in lauric (p = 0.
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OKON, B. I., and B. K. OGUNMODEDE. "EFFECTS OF REPLACING DIETARY FISH MEAL WITH PERIWINKLE FLESH ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BROILER CHICKENS." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 22, no. 1 (2021): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v22i1.2026.

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Broiler chickens were fed varying levels of Palm Kernel Cake (PKC), fishmeal and dried Periwinkle flesh. The use of isocaloric and isonitrogenous rations showed that feeding of 6% periwinkle flesh or 2% fishmeal along with 25% PKC significantly improved live weight, (P<0.05) weight gain and feed conversion ratio. The two groups of birds fed these rations performed better than those fed either 15% PKC with 2% fishmeal or 25% PKC along with a mixture of 2.5% periwinkle flesh and 1% fishmeal.
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Galvão, L. T. O., G. C. Reis, C. C. Silva, et al. "Performance of lactating buffaloes in pasture supplemented with palm-kernel cake." Animal Production Science 61, no. 1 (2021): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an18708.

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Context Palm-kernel cake (PKC) is a by-product widely evaluated as a feed additive in several species of ruminant animals. However, no information of its use in buffaloes is observed. Thus, considering the characteristics of PKC and that buffaloes are able to digest greater amounts of fibre than are other animals, it is thought that PKC can be used as a supplement for lactating buffaloes in pasture. Aims The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of concentrate supplementation and the inclusion of PKC instead of conventional concentrate ingredients on the production and compositi
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Fajrona, Kadran, Yose Rizal, and Mirnawati. "Effect of Adding Palm Kernel Cake as a Substrate in Sclerotium rolfsii Inoculum." Andalasian Livestock 1, no. 1 (2024): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/alive.v1.n1.p78-83.2024.

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This research aims to determine the added palm kernel cake (PKC) level in the Sclerotium rolfsii inoculum. This research used an experimental method with a completely randomized design, four treatments, and five replications. The treatments were different substrate compositions, consisting of 100% bran (control), 90% bran + 10% PKC (P1), 85% bran + 15% PKC (P2), and 80% bran + 20% PKC (P3). The variables observed were cellulase and mannanase enzyme activities. The data obtained were analyzed statistically using a completely random design analysis of variance and continued with Duncan's multipl
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Zubaidah, S., B. Ariyadi, C. Hanim, A. P. Baskara, and Zuprizal. "Performance of broiler chickens fed palm kernel cake with enzyme supplementation." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1360, no. 1 (2024): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1360/1/012012.

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Abstract The purpose of this study was examined the performance of broiler chickens fed palm kernel cake (PKC) with enzyme supplementation. This research used 1,260 Indian River strain male broiler chickens divided into seven treatments and six replications, with 30 chickens in each replication. This research used two types of cocktail enzymes, enzyme one and enzyme two. Enzyme one consists of mannanase 182 g/ton (182×103 U), NSPase 200 g/ton (α – amylase 54×103 U, selulase 500 ×103 U, xylanase 375×103 U, and protease 180×103 U) and protease 130 g/ton (240.5 U), while enzyme two consists of ma
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Fhonna, Fenda Alvionita, Anuraga Jayanegara, Sitti Wajizah, Anjas Asmara Samsudin, and Samadi Samadi. "Palm kernel cake impact on ruminant physiology, feeding behavior, and muscle physicochemical traits: A meta-analysis." F1000Research 14 (May 27, 2025): 522. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.163447.1.

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Background The utilization of palm kernel cake (PKC) as a feed ingredient for ruminants has yielded inconsistent findings regarding its effects on animal physiology, feeding behavior, and meat quality. To address these discrepancies, a meta-analysis was conducted by synthesizing data from multiple studies that met specific inclusion criteria. Methods The analysis employed a mixed-model approach to evaluate the impact of PKC inclusion on nitrogen utilization, blood metabolites, feeding behavior, and the physicochemical properties of the Longissimus muscle in ruminants from 20 relevant articles.
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Norizan, Nor Amalina Binti Mahamad, Murni Halim, Joo Shun Tan та ін. "Enhancement of β-Mannanase Production by Bacillus subtilis ATCC11774 through Optimization of Medium Composition". Molecules 25, № 15 (2020): 3516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25153516.

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Palm kernel cake (PKC) has been largely produced in Malaysia as one of the cheap and abundant agro-waste by-products from the palm oil industry and it contains high fiber (mannan) content. The present study aimed to produce β-mannanase by Bacillus subtilis ATCC11774 via optimization of the medium composition using palm kernel cake as substrate in semi-solid fermentation. The fermentation nutrients such as PKC, peptone, yeast extract, sodium chloride, magnesium sulphate (MgSO2), initial culture pH and temperature were screened using a Plackett-Burman design. The three most significant factors i
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Omotoso, Sunday Oloruntoba, Festus Temitope Ajayi, Olusimbo Kenneth-Obosi, and Mutiu Olakunle Oladele-Bukola. "Nutritional potential of kenaf grain meal as a replacement for palm kernel cake in cassava peel-based concentrate for sheep." Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica 54, no. 1 (2021): 174–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ats-2021-0018.

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Abstract The study evaluated the nutrient intake, apparent nutrient digestibility, performance and nitrogen balance of West African Dwarf (WAD) sheep fed cassava peel-based diets containing kenaf grain meal (KGM) in replacement of palm kernel cake (PKC). Sixteen female WAD sheep with an average initial live weight of 9.71 ± 0.05 kg were selected for four dietary treatments, having four animals per diet. The diets comprised wilted guinea grass (Panicum maximum) as basal diet and cassava peel based diets with levels of replacement of PKC by KGM at 0 %, 15 %, 20 % and 25 %, respectively, as: 1) (
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Umar, A. M., A. S. Muhammad, N. Adamu, and M. Modi. "Positive response of rabbits fed varying levels of palm kernel cake as a replacement for wheat offal." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 46, no. 1 (2020): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v46i1.1322.

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A major cost of producing rabbits is that of feed. Palm kernel cake is cheaper and locally available than wheat offal. This study was therefore, conducted to evaluate the performance of rabbits fed Palm Kernel Cake (PKC) as a replacement for Wheat Offal (WO). Twenty weaned rabbits of both sexes were used in the experiment. The rabbits were allocated to five diets, each with four replicates. Each diet contained the same quantities of ingredients but PKC and WO were varied such that diet (A) was 0% PKC and 40% WO, (B)10% PKC and 30% WO, (C)20% PKC and 20% WO, (D)30% PKC and 10% WO, and (E)40% PK
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Sani, R. T., G. Z. Rekwot, W. Idowu, and H. O. Okin-Aminu. "PERFORMANCE OF FATTENING BUNAJI BULLS FED DIETS CONTAINING GRADED LEVEL OF PALM KERNEL CAKE." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 5, no. 1 (2021): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2021-0501-543.

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A fattening trial was conducted for 90 days using 20 Bunaji bulls with a live weight range of 190-200kg and aged 2-2.5 years to determine fattening performance. The bulls were fed diets containing varying levels of palm Kernel cake (PKC). Four bulls per treatment were allotted to 5 dietary treatments in Completely Randomised Design. Concentrate and basal diets of Digitaria smutsii were offered at 2% body weight. The data collected from the experiment were analysed using General Linear Model Procedure of SAS, (2002) The crude protein contents of the experimental diets varied between 15.63 and 2
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Arief, N. Jamarun, B. Satria, and R. Pazla. "Milk lactose, specific gravity and mineral of etawa dairy goat fed with palm kernel cake based concentrate, tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia), sweet potato leaves (Ipomoea batatas L) and gamal (Gliricidia sepium)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 888, no. 1 (2021): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/888/1/012004.

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Abstract This study aims to evaluate the milk lactose, specific gravity, and mineral of Etawa Crossbreed Dairy Goat (ECDG) fed with palm kernel cake-based concentrate (PKCC), tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia), sweet potato leaves, (Ipomoea batatas L.), and Gamal (Gliricidia sepium) as a source of roughage. The design of the experiment used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatment rations and four replications. Treatment formulations are as follow A). 100% basal ration (BR); B). 50% BR + 50% Concentrate Based Palm Kernel Cake (CPKC) + tithonia; C). 50% BR+ % CPKCC + sweet pot
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Nata, Iryanti Fatyasari, Norlina Norlina, and Mira Pangesti. "BIOKONVERSI SERAT KELAPA SAWIT MENJADI GLUKOSA DENGAN DILUTED-ACID HYDROTHERMAL TREATMENT." Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan 5, no. 1 (2016): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jbat.v5i1.5264.

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Fiber cake (FC) is a one of effluent of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) industry. This effluent can be decreased by using FC for bioethanol production. FC is actually Palm Kernel Press Cake (PKC) a residue of palm oil extraction, which containing 57.9% cellulose and 18% klason lignin, and containing 14.94% hemicellulose. This study aimed to determined the effect of fiber concentrations and reaction time for glucose production to investigate the structure of morphology and crystalinity of the fiber cake before and after hydrothermal treatment. Fiber cake was treated by hydrothermal reactor using catalysts
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Foni, Lidya Rosa, Heri Ahmad Sukria, Yuli Retnani, and Sazli Tutur Risyahadi. "Teknik Separasi dan Optimasi Proses Ekstrusi Bungkil Inti Sawit sebagai Bahan Baku Pakan." Jurnal Ilmu Nutrisi dan Teknologi Pakan 21, no. 2 (2023): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jintp.21.2.123-129.

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This study aimed to evaluate separation method to reduce the shells of palm kernel cake (PKC) and to optimize the extrusion process to increase the nutrient utilization. The sieving process was a method of separating two materials that had different sizes, both solid and liquid materials. The extrusion process variables used in this study were extrusion temperature and moisture content of PKC as optimization variables in the response surface methodology (RSM). The RSM design was central composite design (CCD) with 13 treatments and analysed with Design Expert version 13. PKC was separated from
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Alshelmani, Mohamed Idris, Teck Chwen Loh, Hooi Ling Foo, Wei Hong Lau, and Awis Qurni Sazili. "Biodegradation of Palm Kernel Cake by Cellulolytic and Hemicellulolytic Bacterial Cultures through Solid State Fermentation." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/729852.

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Four cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic bacterial cultures were purchased from the Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Culture (DSMZ) and the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). Two experiments were conducted; the objective of the first experiment was to determine the optimum time period required for solid state fermentation (SSF) of palm kernel cake (PKC), whereas the objective of the second experiment was to investigate the effect of combinations of these cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic bacteria on the nutritive quality of the PKC. In the first experimen
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Aladi, N. O., F. C. Okpaliko, L. C. Ikpamezie, et al. "Solid-state fermentation improves the nutritive value of grated cassava roots and palm kernel cake mix for growing pigs." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 48, no. 6 (2022): 106–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v48i6.3284.

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The increasing need to transform the abundant agro-industrial by-products into livestock feed materials is limited by the high contents of non-starch polysaccharides such as cellulose and mannan. In this study, the potential of solid-state fermentation to enhance the nutritive value of a mixture of grated cassava roots and palm kernel cake for pigs was evaluated. Solid state fermented mixture of grated cassava roots and palm kernel cake was used to replace maize in diets of growing pigs and compared to a negative control in which maize was replaced with a blend of cassava meal and palm kernel
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Ismalina Ismail, Nurul, Nor Surayah Osman, Izume Ayuna Mohammed Kamil, et al. "Formulation of Rabbit Feed Pellet from Palm Kernel Cake (PKC)." Materials Today: Proceedings 19 (2019): 1810–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.220.

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Wahyu, Febi Tri Wahyudi, Sumiati, and Widya Hermana. "Model Pendugaan Energi Metabolis Pakan dan Bahan Pakan Ayam Broiler Berdasarkan Analisis Proksimat dan Energi Bruto." Jurnal Ilmu Nutrisi dan Teknologi Pakan 20, no. 3 (2022): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jintp.20.3.104-110.

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This study aimed to make estimation model of metabolizable energy (ME) of broiler chicken ration and feedstuffs based on proximate analysis and gross energy (GE). The estimation model used multiple and simple linear regression analysis with in vivo data approach. A total of 34 starter commercial ration data, 33 finisher commercial ration data, 17 experimental ration data, 14 corn data, 8 palm kernel cake (PKC) data from Center for Quality Testing and Feed Certification Laboratory and other research while the moisture content (MC), ash, crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF),
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Zekeri, Okpanachi Joseph, Okpe, et al. "Performance and haematological indices of broiler chickens fed varied inclusion level of palm kernel cake." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 21, no. 1 (2022): 208–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2022.21.1.0380.

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A total of one hundred and forty four (144) broiler chickens in a 42-day trial were used to evaluate the effect of graded levels of palm kernel cake on the performance and haematological characteristics of broilers. The broilers were randomly allotted to four treatments with 0%, 10%, 20% and 30 % PKC inclusion levels designated as treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Each treatment had three (3) replicates with twelve (12) birds per replicate. Growth performance showed higher significant (P<0.05) values of 2073.68 g, 1874.39 g, 44.63 g and 101.49 g
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Zekeri, Okpanachi Joseph, Alfa Ameh Okpe, Ouwafemi Amos Ejiwoye, Ajagbe, and David Adekune. "Performance and haematological indices of broiler chickens fed varied inclusion level of palm kernel cake." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 21, no. 1 (2022): 208–14. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649038.

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A total of one hundred and forty four (144) broiler chickens in a 42-day trial were used to evaluate the effect of graded levels of palm kernel cake on the performance and haematological characteristics of broilers. The broilers were randomly allotted to four treatments with 0%, 10%, 20% and 30 % PKC inclusion levels designated as treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Each treatment had three (3) replicates with twelve (12) birds per replicate. Growth performance showed higher significant (P<0.05) values of 2073.68 g, 1874.39 g, 44.63 g and 101.49 g
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Abbasi Pirouz, Atena, Jinap Selamat, Shahzad Zafar Iqbal, and Nik Iskandar Putra Samsudin. "Efficient and Simultaneous Chitosan-Mediated Removal of 11 Mycotoxins from Palm Kernel Cake." Toxins 12, no. 2 (2020): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12020115.

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Mycotoxins are an important class of pollutants that are toxic and hazardous to animal and human health. Consequently, various methods have been explored to abate their effects, among which adsorbent has found prominent application. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) has recently been applied for the concurrent evaluation of multiple mycotoxins. This study investigated the optimization of the simultaneous removal of mycotoxins in palm kernel cake (PKC) using chitosan. The removal of 11 mycotoxins such as aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearale
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Zeng, Hui, Jingna Miao, Jinghong Liao, Zhiyuan Sui, Meixin Hou, and Suqin Hang. "Palm Kernel Cake Extracts Obtained from the Combination of Bacterial Fermentation and Enzymic Hydrolysis Promote Swine Small Intestine IPEC-J2 Cell Proliferation and Alleviate LPS-Induced Inflammation In Vitro." Antioxidants 13, no. 6 (2024): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox13060682.

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Co-fermentation with bacteria and enzymes can reduce sugar content in palm kernel cake (PKC); however, the chemical changes and their effects on cell functionality are unclear. This study investigated the active components in pre-treated PKC extracts and their effects on pig small intestine IPEC-J2 cell proliferation and LPS-induced inflammation. The extracts contained 60.75% sugar, 36.80% mannose, 1.75% polyphenols and 0.59% flavone, as determined by chemical analyses, suggesting that the extracts were palm kernel cake oligosaccharides (PKCOS). Then, we found that 1000 µg/mL PKCOS counteracte
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Lisboa, M. M., F. F. Silva, G. G. P. Carvalho, et al. "Carcass traits and meat quality of steers fed palm kernel cake as a replacement for grain sorghum." South African Journal of Animal Science 53, no. 4 (2024): 522–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v53i4.06.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of replacing grain sorghum (GS) with palm kernel cake (PKC) on the performance, carcass traits and meat quality of feedlot steers fed highgrain diets. Forty male ½ Holstein × ½ Nellore steers with an initial weight of 331.1 ± 36.2 kg, at 24 ± 2 months of age, were housed in group stalls (10 cattle/stall) where they received diets containing 0, 80, 160, or 240 g/kg PKC on a dietary dry matter basis. After 126 days, the animals were slaughtered and their carcass and meat evaluated. The replacement of GS with PKC did not influence empty body
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S. A, Adekojo, and Haruna Lami. "EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF PALM KERNEL CAKE ON DIGESTIBILITY AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF BROILERS." International Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Research 08, no. 02 (2022): 358–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.51193/ijaer.2022.8211.

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Palm kernel cake (PKC) is an agricultural by-product which is regarded as sources of both carbohydrate and protein and incorporated in animals feed help reduces the cost of production. This study examines the replacement of PKC at different level (0, 10, 15, and 20%) in the diet of 120 broiler birds. The birds were raised on commercial feed for two weeks and allotted to four treatments of 30 birds each and replicated 3 times in a complete randomize design. Data were collected on feed intake, weight gain, carcass characteristics and nutrient digestibility. The result showed that the live weight
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Ibarra-Rondón, Aldo, Dinary Eloisa Durán-Sequeda, Andrea Carolina Castro-Pacheco, Pedro Fragoso-Castilla, Rolando Barahona-Rosales, and José Edwin Mojica-Rodríguez. "Optimization of Palm Kernel Cake Bioconversion with P. ostreatus: An Efficient Lignocellulosic Biomass Value-Adding Process for Ruminant Feed." Fermentation 11, no. 5 (2025): 251. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation11050251.

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This study aims to optimize the bioconversion of palm kernel cake (PKC) by Pleurotus ostreatus to improve fungal biomass production, lignocellulolytic enzyme expression, and the nutritional value of the substrate as ruminant feed. Three inorganic nitrogen sources (ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, and urea) were evaluated for fungal biomass production using a central composite design (CCD) in liquid fermentations. The formulated culture medium (18.72 g/L glucose and 0.39 g/L urea) effectively yielded better fungal biomass production (8 g/L). Based on these results, an extreme vertex design,
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Purnawan, Awan, Yopi Yopi, and Tun Tedja Irawadi. "Production of Manooligomannan from Palm Kernel Cake by Mannanase Produced from Streptomyces Cyaenus." Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education 9, no. 1 (2017): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/biosaintifika.v9i1.9201.

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<p>The increase of public attention to health has prompted researchers to look for new sources of functional food. Palm Cake Kernel (PKC) waste was abundant in Indonesia, Oligosaccharide has an important benefit for human health. Recently oligosaccharide is not only important as an artificial sweetener, but also as a functional food component. This study was aimed to produce oligo-mannan enzymatically from PKC waste using mannanase derived from of Streptomyces cyaenus isolates of indigenous Indonesia. The enzyme concentration was determined by enzyme activity assay while oligo-mannan con
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Tang, Xiaopeng. "The nutritive value of palm kernel cake and its application in low quality diets of broiler chickens." Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 58, no. 05 (2021): 1429–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/21.1187.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritive value of palm kernel cake (PKC) and to investigate its effect on growth performance of broiler chickens. Firstly, the dry matter (DM) digestibility, metabolic energy (ME) of PKC was determined. Secondly, a total of seven hundred 18-day-old Sanhuang broilers were randomly divided into 5 treatments with 7 replicates of 20 broilers each. Broilers were received basal diets without (T0 group) or with 2% (T1 group), 4% (T2 group), 6% (T3 group), 8% (T4 group) PKC supplementation throughout the trial period. The experiment lasted for 18 days after a
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Asril, Asril. "Respon Kecernaan Bahan Kering dan Ukuran Tubuh Kambing Peranakan Etawah Jantan Terhadap Pemberian Bungkil Inti Sawit." Jurnal Agripet 7, no. 2 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/agripet.v7i2.3205.

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ABSTRACT. A Study on dry matter digestibility and body sizes of Peranakan Etawah male goat given palm kernel cake (PKC) condukted at the experimental farm of Agriculture Fakulty of Syiah Kuala University. Twelve Peranakan Etawah male goats about 10-17 kg live weight were used in the experiment. randomized block design with 3 clocks and 4 treatments consists of R0 (without PKC) R1 (100 g PKC), R2 (200 g PKC), and R3 (300 g PKC) was applied in this experiment. Parameters measured were dry matter degestibility, crude protein degestibility, crude fiber degestibility, body length, chest gird, and s
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Nasarudin, Muhammad Amirul Syafiq, Abdul Syukor Abdul Razak, Ali Zainal-Abidin Mohamad Termizi, et al. "The Utilisation and Feasibility Study of Solid Waste, Palm Kernel Cake, and Trichantera Gigantea (Ketum Ayam) as Animal Feed for Broiler." CONSTRUCTION 4, no. 2 (2024): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/construction.v4i2.10677.

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This study aims to investigate the utilisation and feasibility of solid waste into animal feed. Every year, agro-based industries produce a large number of residues. Since the majority of untreated and underutilised agro-industrial wastes, this problem can be solved by utilising the waste from palm oil industry into animal feed. The waste that are used in this study is palm kernel cake (PKC). PKC is one of the region's most abundant, accounted 2.3 Million tonnes are being export and potentially to be used as low-cost agricultural products. Furthermore, it has the potential to mitigate the poll
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Chia, Pei Xin, Ly Jun Tan, Caroline May Ying Huang, Eric Wei Chiang Chan, and Stephenie Yoke Wei Wong. "Hydrogel beads from sugar cane bagasse and palm kernel cake, and the viability of encapsulated Lactobacillus acidophilus." e-Polymers 15, no. 6 (2015): 411–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2015-0133.

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AbstractCarboxymethyl cellulose and hydrogel beads produced from sugar cane bagasse (SCB) and palm kernel cake (PKC) were characterised, and the ability of the hydrogel beads to encapsulate and protect the probiotic bacteria of Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA-5) under simulated gastrointestinal conditions was investigated. Encapsulation with SCB and PKC hydrogel beads was performed with 87.4% and 80.9% efficiency, respectively, compared with that with alginate hydrogel beads, which had 75.0% efficiency. LA-5 free cells and those encapsulated in alginate hydrogel beads showed no survival. LA-5 ce
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