Artykuły w czasopismach: „Paternity”

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Haneef, Sayed Sikandar Shah. "Harmonization between Islamic Law and Science: DNA Test of Paternity as a Case Study Pengharmonian diantara Undang-undang Islam dan Sains Ujian Paterniti DNA Sebagai Kajian Kes". Journal of Islam in Asia (E-ISSN: 2289-8077) 12, nr 1 (29.05.2015): 246–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/jia.v12i1.469.

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AbstractDNA testing of paternity has emerged as a conclusive scientific evidence of ascertaining paternity to overcome the problem of ‘paternity fraud’ and ‘misattributed paternity’ in the West. To harmonize it with old established common law principles of ‘presumption of paternity` and ‘ex parte’ judgment for granting a woman her claim that her bastard child belongs to a certain accused, the Western legal system has accommodated it within its law of evidence. In Islamic law, on the other hand, its reception as conclusive evidence in establishing or negating paternity is a matter of controversy among the jurists. Some have approved it partially others advocate its wholesale adoption. This presents another interesting case for the issue of harmonization between Islam and science. In this divided juridical landscape, therefore, a selective approach to evidence and proof would regard it in total harmony with Islamic law. But this approach will not only be questionable on methodological grounds but also polemical in terms of social acceptability. This paper argues for regulated proof-based approach to address its harmonization with Islamic law. Keywords: DNA Paternity Test, harmonization, Proof-Based Approach.AbstrakUjian paterniti DNA telah muncul sebagai bukti saintifik muktamad yang menentukan paterniti untuk mengatasi masalah 'penipuan paterniti’ dan ‘paterniti salah' di Barat. Untuk mengharmonikannya dengan undang-undang yang wujud yang berprinsip ‘paterniti andaian` dan penghakiman secara ‘ex parte’ bagi memberikan seorang wanita tuntutannya bahawa anak luar nikah itu kepunyaan tertuduh tertentu, sistem undang-undang Barat telah menempatkannya dalam undang-undang sebagai bukti. Di sisi lain, dalam undang-undang Islam, penerimaan bukti sebagai muktamad dalam menetapkan atau menafikan paterniti adalah suatu perkara yang berkontroversi di kalangan ulama. Ada yang meluluskan sebahagiannya dan yang lain menyokong penggunaan sepenuhnya. Ini merupakan satu lagi kes yang menarik bagi isu pengharmonian antara Islam dan sains. Dalam landskap perundangan terbahagi ini, pendekatan yang terpilih bagi keterangan dan bukti akan menganggap ia selaras dengan undang-undang Islam. Tetapi pendekatan ini bukan sahaja akan diragui atas alasan metodologikal tetapi juga polemik dari segi penerimaan sosial. Kajian ini menegaskan pendekatan berasaskan bukti dikawal selia untuk menangani pengharmoniannya dengan undang-undang Islam.Kata Kunci: Ujian Paterniti DNA, Pengharmonian, Pendekatan berasaskan bukti..

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Longstreet, Elan Renee-Guerin. "Who’s My Real Daddy?" Texas A&M Law Review 1, nr 1 (październik 2013): 183–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/lr.v1.i1.6.

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False paternity occurs when a man is incorrectly presumed, acknowledged, or adjudicated to be the father of a child even though, contrary to his own belief, he has no biological relationship to the child. In Texas, over 85% of cases of false paternity result when paternity is initially established by a legal presumption or voluntary acknowledgement. However, instead of amending the laws on how paternity is initially established, Texas attempts to remedy false paternity merely by determining the situations in which paternity may be disestablished. The effects of disestablishing paternity vary wildly and can be devastating to the child, the alleged father, and the biological father. In Part II, this Comment will examine the prevalence of false paternity in Texas, the causes of false paternity, and the consequences of false paternity. In Part III, this Comment will propose proactive solutions that aim to deter incidents of false paternity while balancing the interests of the child against the interests of alleged fathers, biological fathers, and the state. Finally, in Part IV, this Comment proposes a solution that aims to remedy specific incidents of false paternity without destroying nurtured father-child relationships.

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Draper, H. "Paternity fraud and compensation for misattributed paternity". Journal of Medical Ethics 33, nr 8 (1.08.2007): 475–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.2005.013268.

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Houston, A. I., i J. M. McNamara. "A self–consistent approach to paternity and parental effort". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 357, nr 1419 (29.03.2002): 351–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2001.0925.

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We review the relationship between optimal parental effort and paternity, and emphasize the need for a self–consistent approach. A fundamental consistency condition is what we refer to as the conservation of paternity. Every offspring has exactly one father. If a male has a paternity of less than unity, then another male or other males must have gained the lost paternity. Our approach also emphasizes that paternity emerges as the result of interactions between males and females. From this viewpoint, if paternity changes it is because some aspect of the interaction changes, and the correlation between effort and paternity depends on the aspect that has changed. This has implications for comparative analyses of paternity. The conclusions that are drawn about the correlation between effort and paternity within a population depend on, for example, the types of male in the population and how their abilities are correlated. It is easy to construct models that predict negative correlations between effort and paternity.

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Ariyani, Dewi. "PATERNITY LEAVE (CUTI AYAH): Apa, Bagaimana dan untuk Apa?" YINYANG: Jurnal Studi Islam, Gender dan Anak 12, nr 2 (29.12.2017): 351–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24090/yinyang.v12i2.2017.pp351-366.

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Abstract: Paternity leave is part of the parental leave program. Paternity leave is a leave policy given to male workers by many reason, when childbirth or adopting a child. Paternity leave is essential for reconciling work and family life for men. In fact, paternity leave is still a debate in various countries. According to data from the World Labor Organization (ILO), in 2013 there have been 79 countries that set policy on paternity leave officially. The policies of these countries vary in terms of length of paid leave and salary payments. The paternity leave range varies from one day up to 90 days. In general, developed countries have paternity leave provisions better than others. As for salary payments, most countries set full wage payments, but others without payments. During paternity leave, fathers can interact with their children directly and build bounding attachments. Bounding attachment involves the process of enhancing the affectionate and inner attachments between parents and infants. Some things that can build bounding attachment between father and child is through the giving of touch and play together.Keyword: paternity leave, bonding attachment Abstrak: Paternity leave merupakan salah satu bagian dari program parental leave. Paternity leave adalah kebijakan cuti yang diberikan kepada pekerja laki-laki dengan alasan istri melahirkan atau pun karena mangadopsi anak. Paternity leave sangat penting untuk merekonsiliasi kehidupan kerja dan keluarga bagi pekerja laki-laki. Dalam praktiknya, paternity leave masih menjadi perdebatan di berbagai negara. Menurut data organisasi buruh dunia (ILO), pada tahun 2013 sudah ada 79 negara yang menetapkan kebijakan mengenai paternity leave secara resmi. Kebijakan negara-negara tersebut bervariasi dalam hal lama cuti yang diberikan dan pembayaran gaji/upah. Rentang waktu paternity leave bervariasi dari mulai satu hari sampai 90 hari. Secara umum negara maju mempunyai ketentuan paternity leave lebih baik daripada yang lainnya. Adapun mengenai pembayaran gaji atau upah, sebagian besar negaranegara menetapkan pembayaran upah penuh, namun ada pula yang tanpa pembayaran. Selama masa paternity leave, ayah dapat berinteraksi lebih dini dengan anak-anak mereka secara langsung dan membangun bounding attachment. Bounding attachment meliputi proses peningkatan hubungan kasih sayang dan keterikatan batin antara orang tua dan bayi. Beberapa hal yang dapat membentuk bounding attachment antara ayah dan anak adalah melalui pemberian sentuhan dan bermain bersama.Kata kunci: paternity leave, bounding attachment

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Romero-Balsas, Pedro. "Fathers taking paternity leave in spain: which characteristics foster and which hampers the use of paternity leave?" SOCIOLOGIA E POLITICHE SOCIALI, nr 3 (marzec 2013): 106–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/sp2012-su3006.

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There have been important changes in many European countries regarding parenting policy-making (OECD 2011). Paternity leave is one of this measures that have been implemented or developed in the last years. The Spanish paternity leave consists of fifteen days off-work fully paid after childbirth. Due to its recent implementation in 2007 we still do not know the percentage of paternity leave-takers and which factors foster the use of paternity leave. The aim of this paper is to evaluate which factors foster or constrain the use of paternity leave in Spain. Through a dataset of four thousand people, of which six hundred are potential paternity leave-takers, we have analysed which are the effects that working conditions, education, and gender role values have on the use of paternity leave. Our main findings are that being self-employed hampers fathers from taking paternity leave and having egalitarian roles related to childcare and family-oriented values have a positive significant relation with the use of paternity leave in Spain.

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Petts, Richard. "Paternity Leave, Father Involvement, and Parental Conflict: The Moderating Role of Religious Participation". Religions 9, nr 10 (22.09.2018): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel9100289.

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Numerous studies show that taking paternity leave is associated with increased father involvement. However, fewer studies have explored contextual factors that may increase (or diminish) the likelihood that paternity leave-taking provides benefits to families. Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, this study examines the associations between paternity leave, fathers’ religious participation, father involvement, and parental conflict, and whether fathers’ religious participation moderates the associations between paternity leave, father involvement, and parental conflict. Results suggest that paternity leave-taking, length of paternity leave, and fathers’ religious participation are associated with increased father involvement but are unrelated to parental conflict. Results also suggest that religious participation may enhance the association between paternity leave and family outcomes; paternity leave-taking and length of paternity leave are only associated with lower levels of parental conflict among families in which fathers attend religious services frequently. Moreover, fathers who take leave and attend religious services frequently are more likely to be involved with their child than fathers who take leave but do not attend religious services.

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Ben-Ari, Elia T. "Paternity Battles". BioScience 49, nr 12 (grudzień 1999): 951. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1313727.

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Silver, Herbert. "Paternity Testing". Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences 27, nr 5 (styczeń 1989): 391–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10408368909106594.

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Farag, Talaat I., i Adel Iskandar. "Tutankhamun's Paternity". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 91, nr 5 (maj 1998): 291–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107689809100527.

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Bissonette, Lynne. "Divine Paternity". Linacre Quarterly 72, nr 3 (sierpień 2005): 246–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20508549.2005.11877755.

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Ben-Ari, Elia T. "Paternity Battles". BioScience 49, nr 12 (grudzień 1999): 951–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/bisi.1999.49.12.951.

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Gonik, Bernard, Karoline Puder, Eileen Schrauben, David Manville i John Thelen. "Paternity Establishment". Obstetrics & Gynecology 99, Supplement (kwiecień 2002): 29S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006250-200204001-00060.

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Puder, Karoline S., Bernard Gonik i Eileen Schrauben. "Paternity establishment". Primary Care Update for OB/GYNS 10, nr 5 (wrzesień 2003): 258–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1068-607x(03)00044-1.

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Seppa, Nathan. "Problem Paternity". Science News 170, nr 11 (9.09.2006): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4017169.

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RABOCH, J., i J. RABOCH. "Paternity Cases". Andrologia 10, nr 2 (24.04.2009): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0272.1978.tb01334.x.

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HIRTH, L. "Disputed Paternity". Andrologia 14, nr 2 (24.04.2009): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0272.1982.tb03113.x.

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Evans, Mark I., Stephanie Andriole, Eugene Pergament, Jamie Speer, Jenifer Curtis i David W. Britt. "Paternity Balancing". Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 34, nr 3 (2013): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000351857.

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Anderson, Kermyt G. "How Well Does Paternity Confidence Match Actual Paternity?" Current Anthropology 47, nr 3 (czerwiec 2006): 513–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/504167.

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Soulsbury, Carl D. "Ovulation mode modifies paternity monopolization in mammals". Biology Letters 6, nr 1 (7.10.2009): 39–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0703.

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There are two forms of ovulation: spontaneous and induced. As copulation triggers ovulation for induced ovulators, males can predict the timing of ovulation and may have greater paternity monopolization than spontaneous ovulators. However, this prediction has never, to my knowledge, been tested. Using a cross-species comparison I examined the percentage of offspring sired within a litter (single paternity) and in social species the percentage of offspring sired by the dominant male (alpha paternity). My results indicate that ovulation mode alters the ability of males to monopolize paternity, with males of induced ovulators having higher single paternity and greater alpha paternity where male–female association is intermittent.

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Stojanowska, Wanda, i Paulina Wypierowska. "UZNANIE OJCOSTWA W TOKU PROCESU O USTALENIE OJCOSTWA PRZEZ MĘŻCZYZNĘ BĘDĄCEGO STRONĄ W TYM POSTĘPOWANIU". Zeszyty Prawnicze 13, nr 2 (13.12.2016): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2013.13.2.04.

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ADMISSION OF PATERNITY DURING A PATERNITY CASE BY THE MAN WHO IS A PARTY IN THE PROCEEDINGSSummaryThe subject of this article is the provision of the new § 2 added to Art. 72 of the Polish Family and Guardianship Code (Kodeks rodzinny i opiekuńczy) in the amendment of 6 November 2008, which came into force on 13 June 2009. Under this provision, “the admission of paternity is not possible if paternity proceedings have already started.” The provision has provoked heated argument in the juristic literature, boiling down to the question whether the admission of paternity by the man who is a party in a paternity case is admissible and possible. Most authors have considered this admissible and, moreover, they have strongly criticised the wording of the new provision, which is very unclear. In view of the controversy in the doctrine, it was highly necessary to examine data on paternity cases to establish the trend in court decisions, that is how the courts are interpreting the provision of § 2 of Art. 72 of the Family and Guardianship Code, whether they are accepting the interpretation of this provision as allowing the admission of paternity in court while a paternity case is already in progress, or whether they are treating the this provision as a prohibition on the admission of paternity in such circumstances and strictly observing it. The article contains an analysis of the research data from 50 paternity cases heard in three family courts in the district of Warsaw following the amendment. 84% of the cases concluded with the man who was the party in the case admitting paternity. Thus the court decisions show that such a solution is admissible, and the interpretation of the provision adopted by the majority of representatives of the doctrine is being implemented in forensic practice.

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Serafin, Katarzyna. "PRAWO DO URLOPU OJCOWSKIEGO W POLSKIEJ REGULACJI PRAWNEJ". Zeszyty Prawnicze 10, nr 1 (23.12.2016): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2010.10.1.12.

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THE RIGHT TO PATERNITY LEAVE UNDER THE POLISH LEGISLATION Summary By virtue of The Act of 8th December 2008 amending the Labour Code a new legal institution – paternity leave has been introduced into Polish labour law. Since 1st January 2010 an employee-father is entitled to paternity leave upon the event of childbirth. This right is not assignable. Furthermore, it is irrespective of other parental rights. The father may use the right to paternity leave by the time the child is twelve months old. During the use of that leave the father is protected against the termination of labour contract. Under the article 1823 of the Labour Code an employee has the right to paternity leave in the amount of two weeks. However, according to provisions of The Act of 8th December 2008, the above mentioned duration of paternity leave will be in force from 1st January 2012. Until that date the father is entitled to one week of paternity leave only. Introduction of the paternity leave into the Polish labour law should be approved. However, it seems that the reading of that new regulation as well as the legal constructions adopted for the purpose of an effective use of the right to paternity leave may cause some doubts and interpretative problems. The paper is an attempt of a general analysis of all provisions of the Labour Code regulating the use of right to paternity leave.

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Turney, Lyn. "The Denial of Paternity: Pregnancy as a Risk to the ‘Pure Relationship’". Sociology 45, nr 6 (19.11.2011): 1110–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038038511416151.

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This article draws on a study of the use of genetic paternity testing in the Australian context. It uses data from interviews with women in regular or cohabitating relationships whose partners exited the relationship because of a pregnancy and subsequently denied paternity. At a broader level, it explores the fragility of paternity itself in the early 21st century within the context of unprecedented sexual freedoms and transformative changes to family formation and intimate relationships. It also locates cohabitating paternity in a broader discursive context that has seen an unparalleled demonization of mothers as potential perpetrators of ‘paternity fraud’, a neo-legal exposé of infidelity and extortion of child support that commercial DNA paternity testing purports to be able to uncover.

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Snow, Lindsay S. E., i Maydianne C. B. Andrade. "Multiple sperm storage organs facilitate female control of paternity". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 272, nr 1568 (27.05.2005): 1139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2005.3088.

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It has been proposed that multiple sperm storage organs (spermathecae) could allow polyandrous females to control paternity. There is little conclusive evidence for this since insemination of individual spermathecae is generally not experimentally manipulable. Here, we examined sperm use patterns in the Australian redback spider ( Latrodectus hasselti ), which has paired, independent spermathecae. We assessed paternity when two rivals were forced to inseminate a single storage organ or opposite storage organs. When males inseminated a single spermatheca, mean paternity of the female's first mate was 79.8% (median 89.4%), and 38% of first mates achieved 100% paternity. In contrast, when males inseminated opposite organs, the mean paternity of the first mate was 49.3% (median 49.9%), only 10% of males achieved complete precedence, and paternity was normally distributed, suggesting sperm mixing. Males responded to this difference by avoiding previously inseminated female reproductive tracts. Complete sperm precedence can only be achieved if females permit males to copulate with both reproductive tracts. Females often cannibalize smaller males during their first copulation, thus limiting their paternity to 50%. These data show that multiple sperm storage organs can increase female control of paternity.

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Prall, Sean P., i Brooke A. Scelza. "Why men invest in non-biological offspring: paternal care and paternity confidence among Himba pastoralists". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, nr 1922 (11.03.2020): 20192890. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2890.

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Paternal investment is predicted to be a facultative calculation based on expected fitness returns and modulated by a host of social predictors including paternity uncertainty. However, the direct role of paternity confidence on the patterns of paternal investment is relatively unknown, in part due to a lack of research in populations with high levels of paternity uncertainty. Additionally, much of the work on paternity certainty uses cues of paternity confidence rather than direct assessments from fathers. We examine the effect of paternity assertions on the multiple measures of paternal investment in Himba pastoralists. Despite a high degree of paternity uncertainty, Himba have strong norms associated with social fatherhood, with men expected to invest equally in biological and non-biological offspring. Our behavioural data show patterns that largely conform to these norms. For domains of investment that are highly visible to the community, such as brideprice payments, we find no evidence of investment biased by paternity confidence. However, more private investment decisions do show some evidence of sex-specific titration. We discuss these results in light of broader considerations about paternal care and the mating–parenting trade-off.

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Gold, Julie J., i Joel S. Shore. "Multiple paternity in Asclepias syriaca using a paired-fruit analysis". Canadian Journal of Botany 73, nr 8 (1.08.1995): 1212–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-131.

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We investigated the extent of multiple paternity within and between fruits of the common milkweed, Asclepias syriaca, at one site. Using isozyme polymorphisms at four loci and the maximum likelihood methods of Williams and Evarts (1989), we found no statistical evidence for multiple paternity within fruits. When pairs of fruits obtained from individual ramets were analyzed in a similar manner, extensive multiple paternity was observed, indicating that fruits on the same ramet are sired by different paternal parents. This extensive multiple paternity between fruits provides considerable opportunity for maternal choice via selective fruit abortion. Key words: Asclepias, isozyme polymorphisms, multiple paternity, pollinia.

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Mesoudi, Alex, i Kevin N. Laland. "Culturally transmitted paternity beliefs and the evolution of human mating behaviour". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, nr 1615 (13.03.2007): 1273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.0396.

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Recent anthropological findings document how certain lowland South American societies hold beliefs in ‘partible paternity’, which allow children to have more than one ‘biological’ father. This contrasts with Western beliefs in ‘singular paternity’, and biological reality, where children have just one father. Here, mathematical models are used to explore the coevolution of paternity beliefs and the genetic variation underlying human mating behaviour. A gene–culture coevolutionary model found that populations exposed to a range of selection regimes typically converge on one of two simultaneously stable equilibria; one where the population is monogamous and believes in singular paternity, and the other where the population is polygamous and believes in partible paternity. A second agent-based model, with alternative assumptions regarding the formation of mating consortships, broadly replicated this finding in populations with a strongly female-biased sex ratio, consistent with evidence for high adult male mortality in the region. This supports an evolutionary scenario in which ancestral South American populations with differing paternity beliefs were subject to divergent selection on genetically influenced mating behaviour, facilitated by a female-biased sex ratio, leading to the present-day associations of female control, partible paternity and polygamy in some societies, and male control, singular paternity and monogamy in others.

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Cifuentes O., Lucía, Leonor Armanet B., Raúl Aguirre A., Juana Vargas B. i Mónica Acuña P. "Multilocus DNA fingerprinting in paternity analysis: a Chilean experience". Genetics and Molecular Biology 23, nr 4 (grudzień 2000): 725–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47572000000400005.

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DNA polymorphism is very useful in paternity analysis. The present paper describes paternity studies done using DNA profiles obtained with the (CAC)5 probe. All of the subjects studied were involved in nonjudicial cases of paternity. Genomic DNA digested with HaeIII was run on agarose gels and hybridized in the gel with the (CAC)5 probe labeled with 32P. The mean number of bands larger than the 4.3 kb per individual was 16.1. The mean proportion of bands shared among unrelated individuals was 0.08 and the mean number of test bands was 7.1. This corresponded to an exclusion probability greater than 0.999999. Paternity was excluded in 34.5% of the cases. The mutation frequency estimated from non-excluded cases was 0.01143 bands per child. In these cases, the paternity was confirmed by a locus-specific analysis of eight independent PCR-based loci. The paternity index was computed in all non-excluded cases. It can be concluded that this method is a powerful and inexpensive alternative to solve paternity doubts.

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KROKENE, CHRISTIN, KRISTIN ANTHONISEN, JAN T. LIFJELD i TROND AMUNDSEN. "Paternity and paternity assurance behaviour in the bluethroat,Luscinias.svecica". Animal Behaviour 52, nr 2 (sierpień 1996): 405–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1996.0184.

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Verschelden, Gerd, i Paul Vlaardingerbroek. "BGH, 12.01.2005, XII ZR 60/03 und XII ZR 227/03 - Zur Frage der Verwertbarkeit einer heimlich eingeholten DNA-Analyse im Vaterschaftsanfechtungsverfahren". European Review of Private Law 14, Issue 2 (1.04.2006): 221–327. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2006010.

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In two similar cases, the German BGH had to consider the question whether, and to what extent, secretly obtained DNA-analysis can be used in paternity proceedings. Plaintiff had initially recognized the paternity of Defendant. Later he had tests carried out without the knowledge and the consent of the mother, such tests being based on samples from Plaintiff (his saliva) and from the child (a chewing gum or a root of a hair). As the results ruled out paternity of Plaintiff, he contested his paternity in court. The instance courts and the appeals courts rejected his claim. Pursuant to the case law of the BGH the contestations in both cases were not brought conclusively. The mere motion of a plaintiff that he is not the father and that a forensic analysis will rule out paternity is not sufficient for a contestation of paternity. Instead, the plaintiff has to put forward circumstances that, seen objectively, are both capable of giving rise to doubts as to the paternity of the plaintiff and that allow for the possibility that the paternity of another man is not highly unlikely. A secret paternity test is not appropriate to indicate such circumstances, as its use would violate the personality right of the child (as protected under Articles 2(1) and 1(1) of the German Grundgesetz), in particular the right to so-called informational self-determination. The right of the father or father-apparent to know his paternity (which also follows from the right to personality) cannot be considered as paramount to that of the child. Besides, the refusal by the mother of the Defendant to consent, with retroactive effect, to the DNA analysis and its use in the trial does not amount to a first probable cause in the contestation proceedings, as such behaviour has to be considered as falling under the (negative) right to selfdetermination.

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Barry, K. M., R. Gomajee, X. Benarous, M. N. Dufourg, E. Courtin i M. Melchior. "The influence of paternity leave uptake on parental post-partum depression: An ELFE cohort study". European Psychiatry 66, S1 (marzec 2023): S367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.798.

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IntroductionMany countries are currently expanding their paternity leave policies, which have positive effects on parental mental health.ObjectivesWe examined whether two weeks of paid paternity leave are associated with post-partum depression (PPD) in mothers and fathers at two months after the birth of their child.MethodsData originated from The Etude Longitudinale Française depuis l’Enfance (ELFE) cohort study. A total of 10 975 fathers and 13 075 mothers with reported information on paternity leave and PPD at two months were included in the statistical analyses. Logistic regression models, using survey-weighted data and adjusted for confounders using Inverse Probability Weights (IPW), yielded Odds Ratios.ResultsFathers had a median age of 32∙6 (inter-quartile range (IQR) 36∙9 – 22∙6 years), and mothers had a median age of 30∙5 years (IQR 34∙0 – 27∙1 years) at the time of the ELFE child’s birth. Fathers who took paternity leave had reduced odds of PPD [0∙74 (95% CI: 0∙70 -0∙78)] as well as fathers who intended to take paternity leave [0∙76 (95 CI%: 0∙70 – 0∙82)] compared to fathers who did not take paternity leave. Mothers had an increased likelihood of PPD at two months if their partners took paternity leave [1∙13 (95 CI%: 1∙05 – 1∙20)]. Fathers’ educational level, work contract type nor the number of children in the family were found to be interactions (p>0.25).ConclusionsTaking and intending to take a two-week paid paternity leave is associated with lower odds of PPD in fathers. Mothers whose partners take paternity leave experience borderline higher odds of PPD at two months. Offering only a two-week paternity leave may protect fathers against PPD but does not significantly protect may increase mothers’ risk of against PPD onset.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

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Silveira, Ronis Da, Izeni P. Farias, William E. Magnusson, Fabio L. Muniz, Tomas Hrbek i Zilca Campos. "Multiple paternity in the Black Caiman (Melanosuchus niger) population in the Anavilhanas National Park, Brazilian Amazonia". Amphibia-Reptilia 32, nr 3 (2011): 428–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/017353711x587741.

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AbstractThe formation of dominance hierarchies in which the female mates with a large dominant male is common among crocodilians. However, there is the possibility of polyandry, in which females mate with multiple partners during a single breeding season and generate offspring with multiple paternity. In the present study, eight pairs of heterologous primers developed for Alligator mississippiensis and Caiman latirostris were used to determine whether multiple paternity exists in the Black Caiman, Melanosuchus niger. For such, we analyzed 34 Black Caiman offspring from the Anavilhanas Archipelago in the Negro River (state of Amazonas, Brazil). The specimens came from six groups, each containing five or six hatchlings. Paternity exclusion and genetic identity indices were calculated to test the robustness of the microsatellite loci. Simple allele counts and maximum likelihood estimation of family clusters were used to determine the likelihood of occurrence of multiple paternity. Among the eight loci tested, five were effective at determining paternity, with paternity exclusion values close to 1.0 (QC = 0.92) and genetic identity values close to zero (IC < 0.01). Using the simple allele count, six cases of multiple paternity were detected and confirmed in three hatchling groups by four different microsatellite loci. However, maximum likelihood analysis indicated multiple paternity in all the groups analyzed, with five family clusters identified in one hatchling group alone. Considering that this species is listed according to IUCN as Lower Risk/Conservation Dependent, our results have direct conservation implications. Multiple paternity increases effective population size by maintaining genetic variation, and thus could be an important mechanism to maintain genetic diversity in isolated local populations.

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Buteler, M. I., D. R. LaBonte, R. L. Jarret i R. E. Macchiavelli. "Microsatellite-based Paternity Analysis in Polyploid Sweetpotato". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 127, nr 3 (maj 2002): 392–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.127.3.392.

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Using codominant molecular markers (microsatellites) for paternity identification was investigated in hexaploid sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.]. Two experimental populations (CIP and LAES), each consisting of progeny of known parentage, were scored for the presence or absence of alleles segregating at IB-316 and IB-318 microsatellite loci. Paternity was assessed using paternity exclusion and the most-likely parent methods. In the former, paternity is assigned based on the identification of incompatible parent-progeny marker data. In contrast, the latter method incorporates paternity exclusion and a log-likelihood or LOD score that weighs progeny allelic patterns as to the likelihood that they could have come from a given paternal parent. The number of correctly allocated progeny differed for the methods. Paternity exclusion correctly allocated 7% and 25% of the progeny in the LAES and CIP populations, respectively. The most-likely parent method correctly allocated 23% and 88% of the progeny in the LAES and CIP populations, respectively. The greater misassignments in the LAES population were attributed to low allelic diversity at the LAES IB-318 locus and a larger parental population. This study demonstrates the feasibility of identifying paternity in sweetpotato using a minimal number of loci.

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Benowitz, Kyle M., Megan L. Head, Camellia A. Williams, Allen J. Moore i Nick J. Royle. "Male age mediates reproductive investment and response to paternity assurance". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, nr 1764 (7.08.2013): 20131124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1124.

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Theory predicts that male response to reduced paternity will depend on male state and interactions between the sexes. If there is little chance of reproducing again, then males should invest heavily in current offspring, regardless of their share in paternity. We tested this by manipulating male age and paternity assurance in the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides . We found older males invested more in both mating effort and parental effort than younger males. Furthermore, male age, a component of male state, mediated male response to perceived paternity. Older males provided more prenatal care, whereas younger males provided less prenatal care, when perceived paternity was low. Adjustments in male care, however, did not influence selection acting indirectly on parents, through offspring performance. This is because females adjusted their care in response to the age of their partner, providing less care when paired with older males than younger males. As a result offspring, performance did not differ between treatments. Our study shows, for the first time, that a male state variable is an important modifier of paternity–parental care trade-offs and highlights the importance of social interactions between males and females during care in determining male response to perceived paternity.

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Kempenaers, Bart. "Does Reproductive Synchrony Limit Male Opportunities or Enhance Female Choice for Extra-Pair Paternity?" Behaviour 134, nr 7-8 (1997): 551–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853997x00520.

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AbstractBreeding synchrony has been suggested as one factor that might explain the variation in frequency of extra-pair paternity, both between and within species. Reproductive synchrony might limit the opportunities for males to engage in extra-pair copulations (EPCs), because males face a trade-off with guarding their own fertile partner. Alternatively, breeding synchrony may promote extra-pair paternity, because of reduced male-male competition for EPCs or because of enhanced possibilities for females to assess male quality. In this study, I investigated the influence of synchrony on the occurrence of extra-pair paternity in the blue tit Parus caeruleus. Over four years, breeding synchrony and extra-pair paternity were positively related. Within a season, extra-pair paternity occurred independently of the timing of breeding. The fertile period of the extra-pair male's social mate and that of the extra-pair female often overlapped considerably. However, males who performed EPCs during the fertile period of their social mate were not more likely to lose paternity than males who performed EPCs after the fertile period of their mate. These data suggest that breeding synchrony has little influence on the occurrence of extra-pair paternity in the blue tit.

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Burton, Cole. "Microsatellite analysis of multiple paternity and male reproductive success in the promiscuous snowshoe hare". Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, nr 11 (1.11.2002): 1948–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-187.

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Few genetic studies have addressed patterns of paternity in promiscuous mammals. I used microsatellite DNA primers developed in the European rabbit to analyze paternity in the promiscuous snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus). Sixty-five offspring, their 12 mothers, and their 24 putative fathers were genotyped at seven polymorphic loci (322 alleles/locus). Paternal allele counts and likelihood-based paternity assignments confirmed that multiple paternity occurs in snowshoe hare litters. However, the estimated frequency of multiple paternity was lower than expected in an unstructured promiscuous mating system. A relatively low variance in male reproductive success indicated that no males dominated paternity. A few males did achieve significantly more paternities than average, largely by fathering one or two complete litters rather than a few offspring in many litters. The results suggest that successful multiple mating is limited among both male and female snowshoe hares. An important role for pre- and (or) post-copulatory competition is implied.

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Krawczak, Michael, Jörg Schmidtke, Jörg T. Epplen, Ingo Hansmann i Ulrike Thies. "2. A Multilocus DNA Fingerprint with Built-in Security Devices". Medicine, Science and the Law 34, nr 3 (lipiec 1994): 256–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580249403400314.

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An unusual case of paternity testing is reported in which determination of paternity was an essential part of a genetic diagnosis. A.Y-chromosomal abnormality, observed in a 33-year-old male whose wife had experienced a series of spontaneous abortions, was not found in his alleged father. DNA fingerprinting with the oligonucleotide multilocus probe (CAC)5 yielded two aberrant bands for the proband, i.e. bands exhibited by neither parent. This finding resulted in a comparatively low paternity probability of 0.02934 which is suggestive of, but does not unequivocally prove, false paternity. Subsequent analysis with other multi- and single-locus systems, however, failed to confirm this preliminary result. The paternity probability computed on the basis of the single-locus systems was 0.99997, providing compelling evidence in favour of true paternity. The present case thus demonstrates that even when two mutations turn up in a DNA fingerprint, these may be readily recognized as such.

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Potashnikova, E. V., E. V. Kuznetsova, N. Yu Feoktistova, N. A. Vasilieva i S. I. Meshcherskii. "EVALUATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF MULTIPLE PATERNITY ON THE IMMUNE STATUS OF SYRIAN HAMSTER (<i>MESOCRICETUS AURATUS</i>, CRICETIDAE, RODENTIA) YOUNG". Зоологический журнал 102, nr 3 (1.03.2023): 340–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0044513423020137.

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The effect of multiple paternity on the development of the humoral immune response in Syrian hamster pups was studied. The paternity type was found to be determined by 10 microsatellite markers. Pups were immunized with T-dependent antigens (fissurella hemocyanin, KLH) at 33 days of age, with the level of specific antibodies (anti-KLH IgG) measured in blood samples at 5, 10, 20 and 25 days after immunization. As much as 24% pups from multiple paternity litters and 25% from single paternity litters were revealed to develop no immune response. At the same time, in all pups that responded to immunization, the level of anti-KLH IgG significantly increased over time, starting with the 5th day after immunization. However, there were significant differences in the concentration of anti-KLH IgG in the blood serum of pups derived neither from litters with multiple paternity nor litters obtained from one male. Therefore, our results fail to support the hypothesis that multiple paternity enhances the immunity of Syrian hamster pups.

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Baldassarre, Daniel T., Emma I. Greig i Michael S. Webster. "The couple that sings together stays together: duetting, aggression and extra-pair paternity in a promiscuous bird species". Biology Letters 12, nr 2 (luty 2016): 20151025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.1025.

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When individuals mate outside the pair bond, males should employ behaviours such as aggression or vocal displays (e.g. duetting) that help assure paternity of the offspring they care for. We tested whether male paternity was associated with aggression or duetting in the red-backed fairy-wren, a species exhibiting high rates of extra-pair paternity. During simulated territorial intrusions, aggression and duetting were variable among and repeatable within males, suggesting behavioural consistency of individuals. Males with quicker and stronger duet responses were cuckolded less often than males with slower and weaker responses. In contrast, physical aggression was not correlated with male paternity. These results suggest that either acoustic mate guarding or male–female vocal negotiations via duetting lead to increased paternity assurance, whereas physical aggression does not.

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Li, Peiru. "Reflecting Social Reproduction in Chinese Policy: Learning from Sweden Successful Practices to Promote Gender Equality in Social Reproduction". Communications in Humanities Research 16, nr 1 (28.11.2023): 121–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/16/20230579.

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With the development of society, women have become more involved in paid work in the production sphere, but they still mainly perform unpaid domestic work in social reproduction. Women spend much more time on domestic work than men. This results in a double burden on women from work and family and creates the problem of unequal gender division of la-bour in social reproduction. In this case, the improvement of the paternity leave system can effectively promote the sharing of responsibilities between the two sexes in childcare activities, thus breaking the gender division of la-bour in social reproduction and alleviating the double pressure on women. Using the research method of comparative policy analysis, the article focuses on the desirability of the Swedish paternity leave system and compares it with the Chinese paternity leave system. The article then puts forward feasi-ble policy recommendations in light of Chinas actual situation. The article finds that compared to Sweden, Chinas paternity leave system has three ob-vious shortcomings: there is no national legislation providing for male-only paternity leave, paternity leave is often short and rigid, and the cost-burden model is unreasonable. After identifying these three problems, the article suggests that China should improve its paternity leave system in these three aspects: specifying a male quota in the national law, extending the length of paternity leave and increasing the flexibility of the leave method, and estab-lishing a cost-sharing model for society.

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Tedeschi, J. N., N. J. Mitchell, O. Berry, S. Whiting, M. Meekan i W. J. Kennington. "Reconstructed paternal genotypes reveal variable rates of multiple paternity at three rookeries of loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) in Western Australia". Australian Journal of Zoology 62, nr 6 (2014): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo14076.

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Female sea turtles are promiscuous, with clutches of eggs often sired by multiple males and rates of multiple paternity varying greatly within and across species. We investigated levels of multiple paternity in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) from three rookeries in Western Australia by analysing polymorphic species-specific genetic markers. We predicted that the level of multiple paternity would be related to female population size and hence the large rookery at Dirk Hartog Island would have higher rates of multiple paternity than two smaller mainland rookeries at Gnaraloo Bay and Bungelup Beach. Contrary to our prediction, we found highly variable rates of multiple paternity among the rookeries that we sampled, which was unrelated to female population size (25% at Bungelup Beach, 86% at Gnaraloo Bay, and 36% at Dirk Hartog Island). Approximately 45 different males sired 25 clutches and the average number of sires per clutch ranged from 1.2 to 2.1, depending on the rookery sampled. The variance in rates of multiple paternity among rookeries suggests that operational sex ratios are variable in Western Australia. Periodic monitoring would show whether the observed patterns of multiple paternity for these three rookeries are stable over time, and our data provide a baseline for detecting shifts in operational sex ratios.

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Hare, James F., Glenda Todd i Wendy A. Untereiner. "Multiple Mating Results in Multiple Paternity in Richardson's Ground Squirrels, Spermophilus richardsonii". Canadian Field-Naturalist 118, nr 1 (1.01.2004): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v118i1.888.

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Microsatellite DNA primers developed from Columbian Ground Squirrels (Spermophilus columbianus) were used to establish paternity in a Manitoba population of Richardson’s Ground Squirrels (Spermophilus richardsonii). Primers resolving variation at six microsatellite loci allowed ascription of paternity to 32 of 85 offspring born among litters of 15 breeding females sampled. While the failure to unambiguously document paternity for all juveniles precludes the use of these data to address questions of sperm competition and male mating success, the results do provide direct evidence that multiple mating by female Richardson’s Ground Squirrels results in multiple paternity within litters.

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Mogollón, Fernanda, Andrea Casas-Vargas, Fredy Rodríguez i William Usaquén. "Twins from different fathers: A heteropaternal superfecundation case report in Colombia". Biomédica 40, nr 4 (2.12.2020): 604–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.5100.

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Heteropaternal superfecundation is an extremely rare phenomenon that occurs when a second ova released during the same menstrual cycle is additionally fertilized by the sperm cells of a different man in separate sexual intercourse.In August, 2018, the Grupo de Genética de Poblaciones e Identificación at Universidad Nacional de Colombia received a request to establish the paternity of a pair of male twins with genetic markers. The following analyses were performed: amelogenin gene, autosomal short tandem repeat (STR), and Y-STR analyses by means of human identification commercial kits, paternity index, and the probability of paternity calculation and interpretation. A paternity index of 2.5134E+7 and a probability of paternity of 99.9999% for twin 2 were obtained while 14 out of 17 Y-chromosome markers and 14 out of 21 autosomal short tandem repeats were excluded for twin 1. The results indicated that the twins have different biological fathers.Although heteropaternal superfecundation is rarely observed among humans given its low frequency, in paternity disputes for dizygotic twins it is mandatory to demand the presence of the two twins in the testing to avoid wrong conclusions.

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Todd, Erica V., David Blair, Colin J. Limpus, Duncan J. Limpus i Dean R. Jerry. "High incidence of multiple paternity in an Australian snapping turtle (Elseya albagula)". Australian Journal of Zoology 60, nr 6 (2012): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo13009.

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Genetic parentage studies can provide detailed insights into the mating system dynamics of wild populations, including the prevalence and patterns of multiple paternity. Multiple paternity is assumed to be common among turtles, though its prevalence varies widely between species and populations. Several important groups remain to be investigated, including the family Chelidae, which dominate the freshwater turtle fauna of the Southern Hemisphere. We used seven polymorphic microsatellite markers to investigate the presence of multiple fathers within clutches from the white-throated snapping turtle (Elseya albagula), an Australian species of conservation concern. We uncovered a high incidence of multiple paternity, with 83% of clutches showing evidence of multiple fathers and up to three males contributing to single clutches. We confirm a largely promiscuous mating system for this species in the Burnett River, Queensland, although a lone incidence of single paternity indicates it is not the only strategy employed. These data provide the first example of multiple paternity in the Chelidae and extend our knowledge of the taxonomic breadth of multiple paternity in turtles of the Southern Hemisphere.

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Arnaud, Ludovic, Giorgina Bernasconi, Yves Brostaux i Eric P. Meyer. "Do spermathecal morphology and inter-mating interval influence paternity in the polyandrous beetle Tribolium castaneum?" Behaviour 143, nr 5 (2006): 643–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853906776759538.

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AbstractIn polyandrous insects, postcopulatory sexual selection is a pervasive evolutionary force favouring male and female traits that allow control of offspring paternity. Males may influence paternity through adaptations for sperm competition, and females through adaptations facilitating cryptic female choice. Yet, the mechanisms are often complex, involving behaviour, physiology or morphology, and they are difficult to identify. In red flour beetles (Tribolium castaneum), paternity varies widely, and evidence suggests that both male and female traits influence the outcome of sperm competition. To test the role of spermathecal morphology and of sperm storage processes on the outcome of sperm competition, we mated each of 26 virgin females with two males, one of which carrying a phenotypic marker to assign offspring paternity. We manipulated the interval between mating with the first and the second male, to create different conditions of sperm storage (overlapping and non-overlapping) in the female reproductive tract. To investigate the role of sperm storage more closely, we examined the relationship between paternity and spermathecal morphology in a subset of 14 experimental females. In addition, we also characterized variation in spermathecal morphology in three different strains, wildtype, Chicago black and Reindeer. No significant influence of the intermating interval was found on the paternity of the focal male, although the direction of the difference was in the expected direction of higher last male paternity for longer intervals. Moreover, paternity was not significantly associated with spermathecal morphology, although spermathecal volume, complexity, and tubule width varied significantly and substantially among individuals in all investigated strains.

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Donkol, Ragab H., i Tarek Salem. "Paternity After Varicocelectomy". Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine 26, nr 5 (maj 2007): 593–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.7863/jum.2007.26.5.593.

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Trupin, Laura S., Lisa Payne Simon i Brenda Eskenazi. "Change in Paternity". Epidemiology 7, nr 3 (maj 1996): 240–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001648-199605000-00004.

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Jones, Edward A. "Freud's paternity crises". International Journal of Psychoanalysis 98, nr 4 (sierpień 2017): 1025–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1745-8315.12597.

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Castañeda, Heide. "Paternity for Sale:". Medical Anthropology Quarterly 22, nr 4 (grudzień 2008): 340–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1387.2008.00039.x.

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ROSS, LAINIE FRIEDMAN. "DISCLOSING MISATTRIBUTED PATERNITY". Bioethics 10, nr 2 (kwiecień 1996): 114–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8519.1996.tb00111.x.

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