Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Periodic regulation”

Au cours du développement préimplantatoire, l'embryon de mammifère forme le blastocyste, qui est la structure fixant l'embryon dans l'utérus. La formation du blastocyste repose en grande partie sur les forces contractiles générées par le cortex d'actomyosine. Chez la souris, sur des échelles de temps de quelques secondes, nous observons des impulsions de contractions d'actomyosine voyageant périodiquement autour du périmètre cellulaire. Nous appelons ce phénomène vagues de contraction corticale périodique (PeCoWaCo), une manifestation fascinante et mal comprise de la contractilité. Dans cette étude, nous profitons du développement lent de l'embryon de souris pour étudier des milliers d'impulsions de contraction. Nous mettons également à profit la robustesse de ce développement pour explorer les propriétés biophysiques des PeCoWaCo pendant les étapes de clivage précédant la morphogenèse précoce des mammifères.Nous constatons que, lors des étapes de clivage, des mouvements périodiques apparaissent occasionnellement au stade zygote et 2-cellules puis deviennent systématiques après le 2ème cycle de divisions de clivage. Fait intéressant, la période des oscillations diminue progressivement de 200s au stade zygote à 80s au stade 8-cellules. Étant donné que les cellules deviennent de plus en plus petites avec des divisions de clivage successives, la taille des cellules pourrait être un déterminant important dans l'initiation et la régulation des PeCoWaCo. Nous manipulons la taille des cellules sur une large gamme de rayons cellulaires (10-40 µm) en utilisant la fragmentation et la fusion des cellules et constatons que l'initiation, la persistance ou les propriétés des PeCoWaCo ne dépendent pas de la taille des cellules. Après la période des PeCoWaCo, on découvre que les tensions de surface des blastomères diminuent progressivement jusqu'au stade de 8-cellules et que l’assouplissement artificiel des cellules augmente prématurément les PeCoWaCo. Par conséquent, lors des étapes de clivage, l’assouplissement cortical réveille la contractilité zygotique avant la morphogenèse préimplantatoire. En plus, en manipulant la contractilité de l'actomyosine à l'aide de mutants et des drogues, nous avons montré que la période des PeCoWaCo peut être contrôlée par la régulation du taux de polymérisation de l'actine filamenteuse et de l'activité motrice de la myosine.Dans l'ensemble, nos résultats sur les aspects biophysiques et moléculaires du PeCoWaCo nous aident à comprendre comment la contractilité de l'actomyosine s'éveille avant la morphogenèse préimplantatoire et comment elle est régulée au niveau mécanique et moléculaire
During pre-implantation development, the mammalian embryo forms the blastocyst, which is the structure embedding the embryo into the uterus. The shaping of the blastocyst relies in large part on contractile forces generated by the actomyosin cortex. In the mouse, on timescales of seconds, we observe pulses of actomyosin contractions traveling periodically around the cell perimeter. We call this phenomenon periodic cortical waves of contraction (PeCoWaCo), a fascinating and poorly understood manifestation of contractility. In this study, we take advantage of the slow development of the mouse embryo to study thousands of contraction pulses and of the robustness of the mouse embryo to size manipulation to explore the biophysical properties of PeCoWaCo during the cleavage stages preceding early mammalian morphogenesis. We find that, during cleavage stages, periodic movements appear occasionally at the zygote and the 2-cell stage and become systematic after the 2nd round of cleavage divisions. Interestingly, the period of oscillations progressively decreases from 200 s at the zygote stage to 80 s at the 8-cell stage. Since cells becomes successively smaller with successive cleavage divisions, cell size could be an important determinant in the initiation and regulation of PeCoWaCo. We manipulate cell size on a broad range of cell radii (10-40 µm) using fragmentation and fusion of cells and find that the initiation, persistence or properties of PeCoWaCo do not depend on cell size. Following the period of PeCoWaCo, we discover that blastomeres gradually decrease their surface tensions until the 8-cell stage and that artificially softening cells enhances PeCoWaCo prematurely. Therefore, during cleavage stages, cortical softening awakens zygotic contractility before preimplantation morphogenesis. In addition, by manipulating actomyosin contractility using mutants and drugs, we showed that the period of PeCoWaCo can be tuned by F-actin polymerization rate and myosin motor activity. Altogether our results on biophysical and molecular aspects of PeCoWaCo help us understand how actomyosin contractility awakens before preimplantation morphogenesis and how it is regulated both mechanically and molecularly
İmplantasyon öncesi gelişim sırasında, memeli embriyosu, embriyoyu rahim içineyerleştiren yapı olan blastosisti oluşturur. Blastosistin şekillendirilmesi büyük ölçüdeaktomiyozin korteks tarafından oluşturulan kasılma kuvvetlerine dayanır. Farede, saniyelikzaman ölçeklerinde, hücre çevresinde periyodik olarak dolaşan aktomiyozin kasılmalarınındarbeleri gözlemlenebilir. Bu fenomene, kasılmanın büyüleyici ve yeterince anlaşılmamış birtezahürü olan periyodik kortikal kasılma dalgaları (periodic cortical waves of contraction:PeCoWaCo) diyoruz. Bu çalışmada, erken memeli morfogenezinden önceki bölünmeaşamaları sırasında PeCoWaCo'nun biyofiziksel özelliklerini keşfetmek ve binlerce kasılmadarbesini inceleyebilmek için fare embriyosunun yavaş gelişiminden ve fare embriyosununboyut manipülasyonuna dayanıklılığından faydalandık.Bölünme aşamaları sırasında, zigotta ve 2 hücreli aşamada periyodik hareketlerinzaman zaman ortaya çıktığını ve ikinci tur bölünmeden sonra bu hareketlerin sistematik halegeldiğini bulduk. İlginç bir şekilde, salınım periyodunun zigot aşamasında 200 saniyeden, 8hücreli aşamada 80 saniyeye sistematik olarak azaldığını gözlemledik. Hücreler ardışıkbölünmeleriyle sürekli küçüldüğünden, hücre boyutu PeCoWaCo'nun başlatılmasında vedüzenlenmesinde önemli bir belirleyici olabilir. Hücreleri geniş bir hücre yarıçapı aralığında(10-40 μm) küçük parçalara bölerek veya birbirleriyle birleştirerek PeCoWaCo'nunbaşlatılmasının, kalıcılığının veya genel özelliklerinin hücre boyutuna bağlı olmadığını bulduk.PeCoWaCo periyodunu takiben, embriyo hücrelerinin zigottan 8 hücreli aşamaya kadar yüzeygerilimini kademeli olarak azalttığını ve yapay olarak korteksleri yumuşatılan hücrelerinPeCoWaCo'yu zamanından önce geliştirdiğini keşfettik. Bu sonuçlarla bölünme aşamalarısırasında, kortikal yumuşama, ilke implantasyon öncesi morfogenezinden önce zigotikkasılmaları uyandırdığını gösterdik. Ayrıca, genetik mutantlar ve kimyasallar kullanarakaktomiyozin kasılmasını manipüle ederek, PeCoWaCo periyodunun F-aktin polimerizasyonhızı ve miyozin motor aktivitesinin düzenlenmesi ile ayarlanabileceğini gösterdik.Sonuç olarak, PeCoWaCo'nun biyofiziksel ve moleküler yönleriyle ilgili bulgularımız,aktomiyosin kontraktilitesinin implantasyon öncesi morfogenezinden önce nasıl uyandığını,ayrıca hem mekanik hem de moleküler olarak nasıl düzenlendiğini anlamamıza yardımcı olur

Il existe différents scénarios dans lesquels on exige qu'un système fonctionne de manière périodique et, par conséquent, un besoin durable d'avoir un contrôleur capable de répondre à cette demande. On peut dire que l'approche la plus courante pour construire ces contrôleurs est le paradigme de conception du contrôle répétitif. Néanmoins, si les systèmes considérés souffrent de retards temporels et/ou de types particuliers de signaux périodiques, les directives du paradigme du contrôle répétitif peuvent être trop strictes et tirées par les cheveux pour être suivies. La thèse cherche des moyens alternatifs de construire le contrôleur dans le cadre du contrôle par modèle interne et étudie les structures ressemblant à celles du contrôle répétitif mais avec des variables libres différentes pour transférer de manière pratique les idées principales du contrôle périodique aux systèmes à retard temporel. La structure de contrôleur IMC proposée consiste en un inverse sans retard du modèle approximant le système, des filtres passe-bas pour assurer la pertinence du contrôleur et des retards temporels pour façonner la réponse en fréquence de la boucle fermée globale. La première proposition de conception utilise des filtres de troisième ordre et des retards groupés pour réaliser la régulation périodique de systèmes approximés par des modèles de premier ordre avec retard temporel. La motivation derrière cela est de répondre à la demande de flexibilité et de commodité dans les applications industrielles. La deuxième approche de conception considère un filtre construit sur la base des zéros et des pôles souhaités pour la sensibilité en boucle fermée. Un avantage notable de cette approche, contrairement à la première, est que les systèmes d'ordre élevé avec des retards peuvent en outre être traités analytiquement. La dernière conception considère un retard distribué ressemblant étroitement aux structures utilisées pour les contrôleurs répétitifs d'ordre élevé. Néanmoins, une différence notable est que les composants de retard groupés dans le retard distribué ne sont pas nécessairement liés à la période du signal ciblé. L'utilisation du retard fait varier le contrôleur de manière linéaire par rapport à ses paramètres, ce qui, par conséquent, favorise une approche de conception basée sur l'optimisation. Enfin, une théorie préliminaire basée sur la paramétrisation de Youla-Kucera est présentée comme une orientation future pour la recherche. Cette théorie révèle que les contrôleurs répétitifs et les contrôleurs basés sur IMC peuvent être considérés comme une réalisation particulière de la paramétrisation. De plus, ce paramètre montre que les méthodes de conception proposées pour le contrôle périodique peuvent être étendues aux systèmes instables à retard infini de dimension
There are various scenarios where one demands a system to operate in a periodic manner and, therefore, a lasting need to have a controller that can meet this demand. Arguably, the most common approach to construct these controllers is the Repetitive Control design paradigm. Nevertheless, if the considered systems suffer from time-delays and/or particular types of periodic signals, then the guidelines from the repetitive control paradigm may be too strict and far-fetched to follow. The thesis seeks alternative ways of constructing the controller in the Internal Model Control framework and studies the structures resembling that of the repetitive control but with different free-variables to conveniently carry over the main ideas for periodic control to time-delay systems. The proposed IMC controller structure consists of a delay-free inverse of the model approximating the system, low-pass filters to ensure the properness of the controller, and time-delays to shape the frequency response of the overall closed-loop. The first design proposition utilizes third-order filters and lumped delays to achieve the periodic regulation of systems approximated by first-order models with time-delay. The motivation behind this is to meet the demand for flexibility and convenience in industrial applications. The second design approach considers a filter constructed based on the zeros and poles desired for the closed-loop sensitivity. A notable advantage of this approach, in contrast to the first one, is that high-order systems with delays can be additionally addressed analytically. The last design considers a distributed delay closely resembling the structures used for high-order repetitive controllers. Nevertheless, a notable difference is that the lumped delay components within the distributed delay are not necessarily related to the period of the targeted signal. The use of the distributed delay makes the controller vary linearly with respect to its parameters, which, as a consequence, favors an optimization-based design approach. Finally, a preliminary theory based on Youla-Kucera parametrization is presented as a future direction for the research. This theory reveals that repetitive controllers and IMC-based controllers can be viewed as a particular realization of the Youla-Kucera parametrization. Moreover, this parameter shows that the proposed design methods for periodic control can be extended to unstable infinite-dimensional time-delay systems
Existují různé scénáře, kdy je vyžadováno, aby systém fungoval periodickým způsobem, a proto existuje trvalá potřeba mít regulátor, který tuto poptávku dokáže splnit. Pravděpodobně nejběžnějším přístupem ke konstrukci těchto regulátorů je návrhové paradigma opakovaného řízení. Pokud však uvažované systémy trpí časovými zpožděními a/nebo určitými typy periodických signálů, pak mohou být pokyny z paradigmatu opakovaného řízení příliš přísné a přitažené za vlasy, než aby se daly dodržovat. Práce hledá alternativní způsoby konstrukce regulátoru v rámci Internal Model Control a studuje struktury podobné repetitivnímu řízení, ale s různými volnými proměnnými, aby bylo možné pohodlně přenést hlavní myšlenky periodického řízení do systémů s časovým zpožděním. Navrhovaná struktura IMC regulátoru sestává z bezprodlevové inverze k modelu aproximujícího systém, dolních propustí pro zajištění správnosti regulátoru a časových zpoždění pro tvarování frekvenční odezvy celkové uzavřené smyčky. První návrh návrhu využívá filtry třetího řádu a koncentrovaná zpoždění pro dosažení periodické regulace systémů aproximované modely prvního řádu s časovým zpožděním. Motivací je splnit požadavky na flexibilitu a pohodlí v průmyslových aplikacích. Druhý návrhový přístup uvažuje filtr konstruovaný na základě nul a pólů požadovaných pro citlivost v uzavřené smyčce. Významnou výhodou tohoto přístupu, na rozdíl od prvního, je to, že systémy vyššího řádu se zpožděním lze dodatečně řešit analyticky. Poslední návrh uvažuje s distribuovaným zpožděním, které se velmi podobá strukturám používaným pro opakující se regulátory vysokého řádu. Nicméně významný rozdíl je v tom, že koncentrované složky zpoždění v rámci distribuovaného zpoždění nemusí nutně souviset s periodou cíleného signálu. Použití zpoždění způsobí, že regulátor se lineárně rozloží s ohledem na jeho parametry, což v důsledku upřednostňuje přístup návrhu založený na optimalizaci. Nakonec je představena předběžná teorie založená na parametrizaci Youla-Kucera jako budoucí směr výzkumu. Tato teorie odhaluje, že na repetitivní regulátory a regulátory založené na IMC lze pohlížet jako na konkrétní realizaci parametrizace Youla-Kucera. Tento parametr navíc ukazuje, že navrhované metody návrhu pro periodické řízení lze rozšířit na nestabilní systémy s nekonečně velkým časovým zpožděním

Circadian rhythms are self-sustained endogenous biological oscillations with a period of approximately 24 hours. These rhythms are observed widely across kingdoms and at all levels of biological scale. Recent work has shown there to be circadian variation in metabolism, both at the organismal and cellular level. It has also been posited that rhythmic production of metabolites might be essential for maintenance of circadian rhythmicity within cells, even in the absence of nascent transcription. The first portion of this thesis investigates the contribution of primary carbohydrate metabolism to cellular timekeeping, with particular emphasis on the pentose phosphate pathway. I also describe and validate a new 13C labelling technique for accurate determination of the relative flux through early primary metabolic pathways. This is accompanied by the development and optimisation of a microfluidic system for long-term perfused tissue culture, which allows for longitudinal study of metabolic flux within the same population of cells with simultaneous recording of clock gene activity. This perfused system provides several advantages over static tissue culture. The second portion considers the effects of the metabolic hormone insulin on circadian rhythmicity, both at the level of the cell and of the whole organism. It shows that administration of insulin is sufficient to shift the phase of circadian gene expression and elicits induction of clock protein PER2. Strikingly, manipulation of insulin signalling is sufficient to determine all the essential parameters of the cellular clock (phase, period and amplitude) in a dose-dependent but glucose independent fashion. Using pharmacological and genetic approaches, a molecular explanation for this effect is determined. This data suggests that insulin is a primary determinant of rhythms in peripheral tissues and is most likely a major signal for circadian entrainment to feeding in mammals, for which I now propose a mechanistic basis.

Circadian clocks are responsible for daily rhythms in gastrointestinal function which are vital for normal digestive rhythms and health. The present study examines the roles of the circadian pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), and the sympathetic nervous system in regulation of circadian gastrointestinal rhythms in Mus musculus. Surgical ablation of the SCN abolishes circadian locomotor, feeding, and stool output rhythms when animals are presented with food ad libitum, while restricted feeding reestablishes these rhythms temporarily. In intact mice, chemical sympathectomy with 6- hydroxydopamine has no effect on feeding and locomotor rhythmicity, but attenuates stool output rhythms. Again, restricted feeding reestablishes these rhythms. Ex vivo, intestinal tissue from mPer2LUC knockin mice expresses circadian rhythms of luciferase bioluminescence. 6-hydroxydopamine has little effect upon these rhythms, but timed administration of β−adrenergic agonist isoproterenol causes a phase-dependent phase shift in PERIOD2 expression rhythms. Collectively, the data suggest the SCN are required to maintain feeding, locomotor and stool output rhythms during ad libitum conditions, acting at least in part through daily activation of sympathetic activity. Even so, this input is not necessary for entrainment to timed feeding, which may be the province of oscillators within the intestines themselves or other components of the gastrointestinal system.

Dans l'espece bovine, la periode ftale est caracterisee par une somatotropinemie elevee et par une somatomedinemie et somatostatinemie faibles. A la naissance, se produit un effondrement des concentrations en gh et en osteocalcine. Une augmentation progressive des concentrations plasmatiques en igf#1 et srif est demontree apres la naissance. Nous avons egalement mis en evidence une secretion pulsatile de gh des la fin de gestation. Au cours de la periode postnatale se produit une maturation des systemes de controle hypothalamiques (grf-srif). Chez le nouveau-ne, la privation de lait bloque la secretion pulsatile de gh, declenchee par la prise alimentaire. Chez le jeune veau, la production hepatique d'igf#1 est modulee par les facteurs nutritionnels et principalement par les chylomicrons. Nous avons mis en evidence une participation importante des facteurs endocriniens dans la regulation de la production hepatique d'igf#1. Ainsi la perfusion mesenterique de gh, insuline, pth, stradiol ou testosterone exerce un effet stimulateur important tandis que la calcitonine est inhibitrice. Enfin un traitement a long terme (gh: 27,5 nmoles/kg pv/j) administre bi-quotidiennement du 5eme au 100eme j postnatal a 14 veaux males n'a pas modifie la taille, le poids corporel et la conformation des animaux. Par contre un amincissement des cartilages epiphysaires et une mineraisaton accrue des metacarpiens etait demontree

L'activite de marqueurs enzymatiques mitochondriaux du metabolisme oxydatif caracteristiques du cycle de krebs (fumarase et citrate synthase), de l'oxydation des acides gras (b-hydroxyacylcoa deshydrogenase, b-ohdh) et des corps cetoniques (3-cetoacidecoa transferase) a ete mesuree, a l'aide de microtechniques, dans 6 segments de nephron de rein de rat (g, pct, pst, mtal, dct, imcd) entre 16 jours apres la naissance et le stade adulte. Les resultats obtenus chez l'animal temoin nous ont conduit a etudier de facon plus precise la 3eme semaine de vie postnatale qui correspond chez le rat a la periode de sevrage. Cette periode est caracterisee a la fois par une transition nutritionnelle d'un regime riche en lipides a un regime riche en glucides et par une elevation des concentrations circulantes des hormones surrenaliennes. Nous avons etudie le role eventuel de ces changements nutritionnels sur le developpement des 4 enzymes oxydatives et des changements hormonaux sur le developpement de ces memes enzymes et sur celui de la na-k-atpase. Nous avons montre que l'apport en acides gras par le lait maternel regule le developpement de la b-ohdh dans le pct et que l'augmentation des glucocorticoides circulants au moment du sevrage est impliquee dans la maturation du metabolisme energetique mitochondrial et de la na-k-atpase dans le mta

The graduation thesis is focused on the automatic operating of heating of the production hall of První brněnská strojírnaVelká Bíteš, a.s. The thesis consists of an analysis of present state of the heating technology and solution of the general conception of the automatic operating of the heating. Integrated part of the conception is heat-up of the supply water and drain off of the condensation water from the air heating units. Outcome of this graduation thesis is a design of the algorithm for operating of the regulated system. Remote supervision and control of the regulated system shall be ensured by the visualization setting, which shall be implemented into the station of dispatching centre. The accuracy of the design of the part of regulated system shall be validated as a design of PID regulator with the use of “Matlab” program and it´s module “Simulink”. To set up parameters of the PID regulator, “Ziegler-Nichols” method shall be applied. The objective pay-off period of investments for regulation controlling system is figured out as a part of this thesis as well.

Period, which is broadly conserved in metazoans, regulates circadian timing of neurophysiology as well as cell fate specification. Studies in mouse and humans indicate that period functions as a tumor suppressor and controls adult stem cell differentiation. However, regulation of period function in developmental pathways has not been characterized and appears to be different from its regulation and function in circadian pathways. lin-42 is the Caenorhabditis elegans ortholog of period and has both circadian and developmental timing functions. During post-embryonic larval development, cyclic expression and function of lin-42 controls stage-specific and reiterative cell fate choices of a subset of epidermal stem cells called seam cells. We are studying lin-42 regulation of seam cell fate during C. elegans larval development as a model for understanding the mechanisms of period regulation of adult stem cell fate in mammals. This dissertation describes the research undertaken to characterize the cis-regulatory elements and the trans-regulatory factors that control lin-42 expression. We used direct molecular interaction assays (Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay, EMSA) (Chapter 2) followed by an RNA interference (RNAi)-based genetic screen (Chapter 3) to identify lin-42 transcriptional regulators. Using the EMSA, we identified three 50 to 100 base pair regions (binding regions, BR1-3) in the lin-42 5â noncoding sequences that were bound with specificity by C. elegans nuclear proteins. These binding regions represent putative cis-regulatory elements that may serve as transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs). We attempted to identify by mass spectrometry the proteins that bind to the BR sequences. We also used Phylogenetic Footprinting and bioinformatics screens to identify candidate C. elegans transcription factors (TFs) that may bind to putative TFBSs within the BR sequences. Using an RNAi-based screen, we tested the candidate TF genes for potential genetic interactions with lin-42. We identified ZTF-16, a member of the Hunchback/Ikaros zinc-finger transcription factor family, as a potential lin-42 activator and, using quantitative real-time PCR, confirmed that ztf-16 mutation results in down-regulation and loss of cycling expression of lin-42. We further determined that loss of ztf-16 results in seam cell development defects that phenocopy lin-42 loss-of-function, thus validating ZTF-16 as a transcriptional activator of lin-42.
Ph. D.

The gene lin-42 is an ortholog of the mammalian period gene, a component of the circadian pathway that converts environmental stimuli into behavioral and physiological outputs over 24 hours. Mammalian period also regulates adult stem cell differentiation, although this function is poorly understood. The structure, function and expression of lin-42 are all similar to period. Therefore, we are studying lin-42 regulation and function during C. elegans larval development as a model for understanding period control of mammalian stem/progenitor cell development.

Previous work has shown that ZTF-16 is a regulator of lin-42 transcription. The lin-42 locus encodes three isoforms, and we have characterized lin-42 isoform specific regulation by ZTF-16 through phenotypic assays and analysis of transcriptional reporter strains. Our data show that ZTF-16 regulates the cyclic expression of lin-42A and lin-42B during larval development. However, ztf-16 is not expressed during the adult stage and does not regulate lin-42C, which is expressed only in adults and may be responsible for the circadian functions of lin-42. We also show that ztf-16 reduction-of-function mutations phenocopy loss-of- function phenotypes of the lin-42A/B isoforms. Finally, we have found that deletion of a putative ZTF-16 transcription factor binding site within the lin-42BC promoter abolishes tissue-specific expression patterns. Together, these data indicate that ZTF-16 is required to regulate the expression of lin-42A/B during C. elegans development, and may do this by direct binding to the lin-42BC promoter. Our  findings pave the way for testing the possible regulation of period expression by HIL-family transcription factors in mammalian tissues.

Master of Science

El presente documento investiga el efecto del capital reglamentario y el requerimiento de depósito sobre el margen de interés neto del sistema bancario en Perú en el periodo dic2010-dic2019 usando un panel de datos de 15 bancos. Este estudio está basado en la extensión del modelo teórico, planteado por Ho-Saunders (1981), realizado por Cruz-García y Fernández de Guevara (2019), en donde incluyen los requerimientos de capital y de depósito como determinantes importantes del margen o spread financiero. En el análisis econométrico se utilizó la metodología del system GMM, desarrollado por Arellano y Bond (1991), Arellano y Bover (1995) y Blundell y Bond (1998), y a través de dicha metodología, los resultados demuestran que los requerimientos de capital afectan de manera directa a los márgenes de interés de las entidades bancarias, y ello implica que los costos adicionales derivados de la regulación son trasladados a las familias y empresas a través de márgenes de interés mayores. Asimismo, las variables específicas de los bancos, como los costos operativos medios, el tamaño de operaciones, el riesgo de crédito, y el grado de competencia de los bancos son relevantes en la determinación de los márgenes de interés neto y tienen un impacto importante en ella.
This paper investigates the effect of capital requirements and deposit requirements on the net interest margin of the Peruvian banking system in the period Dec 2010 - Dec 2019 using a data panel of 15 banks. This study is based on the extension of the theoretical model proposed by Ho-Saunders (1981) and carried out by Cruz-García and Fernández de Guevara (2019), where they include capital and deposit requirements as important determinants of the financial margin or spread. The econometric analysis used the GMM system methodology, developed by Arellano and Bond (1991), Arellano and Bover (1995) and Blundell and Bond (1998), and through this methodology the results show that capital requirements directly affect the interest margins of banks, and this implies that the additional costs derived from regulation are transferred to families and companies through higher interest margins. Also, bank-specific variables, such as average operating costs, size of operations, credit risk, and the degree of competition of banks are relevant in determining net interest margins and have an important impact on it.
Trabajo de investigación

Gross' emotion regulation model, Porges' polyvagal theory, and other existing research suggest that regulation of emotions, tactics used to handle conflict, and certain physiological processes that occur within the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in response to stress are significantly related, especially in relational contexts. However, despite their pervasiveness and negative impacts, there is a noticeable lack of research on predictors of violent, aggressive, or abusive conflict tactics in couples. In the current study, the predictive role of emotion regulation in relation to conflict tactics was examined, in addition to the role of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and pre-ejection period (PEP) as mediators for these variables. Thirty-eight participants (19 couples) completed self-report measures of emotion regulation and conflict tactics, and RSA and PEP were measured during a three-minute baseline and 20-minute conflict discussion. Results showed no significant relationships between emotion regulation and conflict tactics, and no significant relationships between these variables and RSA or PEP were found. These findings may suggest that other variables aside from measures of ANS activity better explain the relationship between emotional and behavioral regulation skills, though additional research is necessary to confirm these findings. Clinical implications of this research point to the exploration of other contributors to violence and aggression aside from poor emotion regulation as it was measured in this study. Future research may benefit from investigating the impact of other variables such as sleep and exercise on ANS reactivity in relation to the use of maladaptive conflict tactics in married couples.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of environmental regulations for water-borne emissions in the Swedish pulp and paper industry. Furthermore, the study intends to analyze if there are differences in the effectiveness before and after the restructuring of the Swedish regulatory procedures in 1999. It also addresses the impact of compliance periods in the regulatory process. The method is econometric and based on the use of a fixed-effect panel data regression model. The data comprise 1 698 unique observation from 21 Swedish pulp and paper mills during the time period 1980-2013 regarding emissions, emission standards and production levels. The results display that the environmental regulation in the industry has been effective in the sense that emissions have decreased with the implementation of performance standards. Furthermore, the period before 1999 shows a greater reduction of emissions than the period after 1999. Finally, the results indicate that the use of compliance periods appears to have contributedto a greater reduction in emissions compared to cases where no such periods are granted.
Syftet med denna studie är att analysera effektiviteten av miljöregleringen av vattenbaserade utsläpp inom den svenska massa- och pappersindustrin. Dessutom avser denna studie att analysera om det finns några effektivitetsskillnader före och efter omstruktureringen av den svenska regleringsprocessen år 1999. Studien behandlar även effekten av anpassningsperioder i regleringsprocessen. Metoden är ekonometrisk och baseras på en "fixed-effect" panel datamodell. Datamaterialet består av 1 689 unika observationer från 21 svenska massa- och pappersbruk under åren 1980 - 2013 avseende utsläpp, gränsvärden och produktionsnivåer. Resultatet visar att miljöregleringen har varit effektiv i den meningen att utsläppen har minskat med införandet av gränsvärden. Dessutom, perioden innan 1999 visar en större utsläppsreduktion än perioden efter 1999. Till sist, resultaten indikerar att användandet av anpassningsperioder verkar ha bidragit till större utsläppsreduceringar i jämförelse till de fall där dessa perioder inte beviljades.

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For the wheat crop is proven the importance of the use of growth regulators by reducing the lodging, mainly caused by high doses of nitrogen and the high susceptibility of some cultivars. As a result there is a need to use new technologies that will help to avoid productivity losses caused by lodging. In this sense, there were three experiments (E1, E2 and E3) to evaluate the effects of growth regulators applied at different doses and times in agronomic traits, yield components and yield of wheat cultivars. The experiments were performed at the Farm School, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa, PR, in 2009. In E1 we used two regulators (trinexapac-ethyl and prohexadioncalcium) at doses of 0.0, 37.5, 75.0, 112.5 and 150.0 g ha-1 and 0.0, 41, 2, 82.5, 123.7 and 165.0 g ha-1 respectively,in the cultivar BRS-249. We used the experimental design of randomized blocks with ten treatments in a factorial 2 x 5 (x regulators doses) with four replications. In E2 we used two regulators (trinexapac-ethyl and prohexadion-calcium) at doses of 0.0, 37.5, 75.0, 112.5 and 150.0 g ha-1 and 0.0, 41, 2, 82.5, 123.7 and 165.0 g ha-1 respectively, in the cultivar Marfim. Experimental design used was randomized blocks with ten treatments in a factorial 2 x 5 (x regulators doses) with four replications. At E3 we used three growth regulators (trinexapac-ethyl, prohexadion-calcium and chloride 1,1 - dimethyl piperidine) at doses of 125.0 g ha-1, 137.5 and 125.0 g ha-1 g ha-1 respectively applied in two seasons (between the 1st and 2nd node and between 2 ° and 3 ° we have seen), the cultivar Marfim. Experimental design used was randomized blocks in 4 x 2 factorial arrangement and four replications. In the E1 prohexadion trinexapac-ethyl and calcium-promoted reduction of internode length and plant height, stem diameter increased, the number of leaves per plant, flag leaf width and productivity. In the E2 prohexadion-calcium and trinexapac-ethyl were effective in reducing internode length, plant height and mass of thousand grains, and prohexadion-calcium that showed potential for use in wheat crop. At the E3 prohexadion-calcium and trinexapac-ethyl promoted decrease in plant height without affecting the diameter of the stem and productivity. The 1,1- chloride dimethyl piperidine did not affect plant height, and promoted an increase in the number of leaves per plant, but without effect on components of production and productivity. The application period did not promote changes in most variables indicating a greater range of use of regulators in the cultivar Marfim.
Para a cultura do trigo está provada a importância da utilização de reguladores de crescimento, pela redução do acamamento, causado principalmente pelo uso de altas doses de nitrogênio e pela alta suscetibilidade de algumas cultivares. Em decorrência disso verifica-se a necessidade de utilização de novas tecnologias que venham a contribuir para evitar as perdas de produtividade causadas pelo acamamento. Nesse sentido, realizaram-se três experimentos (E1, E2 e E3) para avaliar os efeitos de reguladores de crescimento aplicados em diferentes doses e épocas em características agronômicas, componentes da produção e produtividade de cultivares de trigo. Os experimentos foram realizados na Fazenda Escola da Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa (UEPG), município de Ponta Grossa, PR, no ano de 2009. No E1 utilizaram-se dois reguladores (trinexapac-ethyl e prohexadionecálcio) nas doses de 0,0; 37,5; 75,0; 112,5 e 150,0 g.ha-1 e 0,0; 41,2; 82,5;123,7 e 165,0 g.ha-1 de ingrediente ativo respectivamente, na cultivar BRS-249. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com dez tratamentos dispostos em esquema fatorial de 2 x 5 (reguladores x doses) com quatro repetições. No E2 utilizaram-se dois reguladores (trinexapac-ethyl e prohexadione-cálcio) nas doses de 0,0; 37,5; 75,0; 112,5 e 150,0 g.ha-1 e 0,0;41,2; 82,5; 123,7 e 165,0 g.ha-1 de ingrediente ativo respectivamente, na cultivar Marfim. Foi utilizado delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com dez tratamentos dispostos em esquema fatorial 2 x 5 (reguladores x doses) com quatro repetições. No E3 utilizaram-se três reguladores de crescimento (trinexapac-ethyl, prohexadione-cálcio e cloreto 1,1- dimetil piperidíneo) nas doses de 125,0 g.ha-1; 137,5 g.ha-1 e 125,0 g.ha-1 de ingrediente ativo respectivamente aplicados em duas épocas(entre o 1º e o 2° nó e entre o 2° e o 3° nó perceptível), na cultivar Marfim. Foi utilizado delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, no esquema fatorial 4 x 2 e quatro repetições. No E1 o trinexapac-ethyl e o prohexadione-cálcio promoveram redução do comprimento dos entrenós e da altura de plantas,aumento do diâmetro do colmo, do número de folhas por planta, da largura da folha bandeira e da produtividade. No E2 o trinexapac-ethyl e o prohexadionecálcio foram eficientes na redução do comprimento dos entrenós, da altura de plantas e da massa de mil grãos; sendo que o prohexadione-cálcio mostrou potencial de uso na cultura do trigo. No E3 o trinexapac-ethyl e prohexadionecálcio promoveram diminuição da altura das plantas sem afetar o diâmetro do colmo e a produtividade. O cloreto 1,1-dimetil piperidíneo não afetou a altura de plantas, e promoveu aumento do número de folhas por planta, mas sem efeitos sobre componentes de produção e produtividade. A época de aplicação não promoveu alterações na maioria das variáveis indicando uma maior amplitude de uso dos reguladores na cultivar Marfim.

L'homéostasie du sodium et de l'eau sont régulées au niveau rénal par l'aldostérone et son récepteur nucléaire, le Récepteur Minéralocorticoïde (MR). Ce dernier agit comme un facteur de transcription, régulant l'expression des gènes cibles impliqués dans la réabsorption du sodium. Nous avons identifié une période spécifique durant le développement rénal où la voie de signalisation minéralocorticoïde est inefficace, en raison d'une diminution de l'expression rénale du MR pendant la période néonatale. Les mécanismes moléculaires à l'origine des variations d'expression du MR durant la période néonatale demeurent encore mal compris. Récemment, notre équipe a mis en évidence que les variations de tonicité extracellulaire, qui existent dans le néphron, modulent l'expression du MR par des mécanismes post-transcriptionnels impliquant soit le recrutement de protéines de liaison à l'ARN, comme Tis11b et HuR, soit de microARNs (miARNs). Ces régulateurs post-transcriptionnels se lient à la région 3'-non traduite des ARNm cibles modulant leur stabilité et/ou leur traduction. Dans cette étude, nous avons examiné si Tis11b, HuR et/ou les miARNs identifiés jouent un rôle essentiel dans la régulation de l'expression du MR en période néonatale et si cette régulation est spécifique à certains tissus.Nous avons d'abord modulé l'expression de ces régulateurs dans des cultures primaires de cellules rénales de souris sacrifiées à J0 et J8. Nos résultats indiquent que seule la protéine HuR est impliquée dans la régulation du transcrit Nr3c2 à J8. Pour aller plus loin, nous avons tenté d'identifier des miARNs dont l'expression diffère entre J0 et J8, et qui seraient spécifiques à la période néonatale. Nous avons mis en lumière l'implication de deux miARNs, miR-409-3p et miR-431-5p, dans la régulation de l'expression rénale du MR durant la période néonatale. Nous avons également confirmé que leur expression augmente à la naissance, puis diminue progressivement par la suite, comme observé dans les urines de nouveau-nés à terme (cohorte PREMALDO). Nos résultats suggèrent de nouveaux biomarqueurs potentiels, prédictifs et non invasifs, de la maturité rénale de l'efficacité de la signalisation minéralocorticoïde chez les nouveau-nés. Enfin, nous avons exploré la spécificité tissulaire de ces mécanismes de régulation en étudiant l'ontogenèse du MR, de ses gènes cibles et de ses régulateurs dans un autre tissu cible du MR, à savoir le poumon.Nos résultats préliminaires indiquent que l'expression de miR-409-3p et miR-431-5p diminue de manière significative entre J0 et J8. En revanche, l'expression de HuR et de Tis11b augmente de façon significative entre E18,5 et J0 puis reste stable entre J0 et J8. La transfection de miR-409-3p et miR-431-5p dans un modèle de culture primaire de cellules pulmonaires de souris sacrifiées à J0 et J8 a révélé que leur surexpression à J8 réduit significativement l'expression du MR. L'exploration de l'expression du MR et de ses mécanismes de régulation post-transcriptionnelle est essentielle pour mieux comprendre les mécanismes physiopathologiques sous-jacents à la réabsorption hydrosodée à la naissance, ce qui pourrait contribuer à une prévention et un traitement plus efficace des enfants souffrant de perte hydrosodée et/ou de détresse respiratoire néonatale
Sodium and water homeostasis are regulated in the kidney by aldosterone and its nuclear receptor, the Mineralocorticoid Receptor (MR). This transcription factor plays a crucial role in modulating the expression of target genes that facilitate sodium reabsorption. Our research has pinpointed a specific time frame in renal development when the mineralocorticoid signaling pathway is rendered ineffective, due to a reduction in renal MR expression during the neonatal period.However, the molecular mechanisms underlying variations in MR expression during the neonatal period are not yet fully understood. Recent findings from our team indicate that variations in extracellular tonicity within the nephron modulate MR expression through post-transcriptional mechanisms. These mechanisms involve the recruitment of RNA-binding proteins, such as Tis11b and HuR, as well as microRNAs (miRNAs). These post-transcriptional regulators interact with the 3'-untranslated region of target mRNAs, affecting their stability and translation. In this study, we aimed to determine whether Tis11b, HuR, and the identified miRNAs serve as essential regulators of MR expression during the neonatal period and whether this regulatory effect is specific to certain tissues. We manipulated the expression of these regulators in primary cultures of mouse kidney cells collected at postnatal days 0 and 8. Our results showed that only the HuR protein is involved in the regulation of the Nr3c2 transcript at D8. Going a step further, we sought to identify miRNAs differentially expressed between J0 and J8 that would be specific to the neonatal period.We have demonstrated the role of two miRNAs, miR-409-3p and miR-431-5p, in regulating renal MR expression during the neonatal period. Our findings confirm that their expression levels increase at birth and subsequently decline in urine from full-term newborns (PREMALDO cohort). These results suggest potential new non-invasive predictive biomarkers for renal maturity and the effectiveness of mineralocorticoid signaling in newborns. Additionally, we aimed to explore the tissue-specificity of these regulatory mechanisms by examining the ontogenesis of the MR, its target genes, and its regulators in another target tissue of the MR, the lung.Our preliminary findings indicate a significant increase in the expression of HuR and Tis11b between E18.5 and D0, followed by a stable expression from D0 to D8. In contrast, the expression levels of miR-409-3p and miR-431-5p show a notable decrease between D0 and D8. Transfecting miR-409-3p and miR-431-5p into a primary culture model of mouse lung cells, collected at D0 and D8, revealed that their overexpression at D8 led to a significant reduction in MR expression. Investigating MR expression and its post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms is essential for a deeper understanding of the pathophysiological processes underlying salt and water reabsorption at birth. This knowledge may facilitate improved prevention and treatment strategies for children experiencing salt and water loss and/or neonatal respiratory distress

L'accumulation des formes libres et liees de l'acc (amino-cyclopropane carboxylique acide) pose le probleme des mecanismes enzymatiques impliques tels que: efe (enzyme formant l'ethylene), acc synthetase et mabonyl-acc transferase. L'etude de tissus excises maintenus en survie sur milieu gelose contenant un inhibiteur tel que: le cordycepine, le cycloheximide et le cobalt ont permis de mettre en evidence certains mecanismes de regulation des emissions ethyleniques

Depuis l'Antiquité, le principe d'égalité entre créanciers apparaît comme le principe fondateur des procédures collectives. Il permet de répartir de manière juste les actifs d'un débiteur impécunieux. Pourtant, l'existence et la portée de la norme sont sans cesse contestées. Les multiples réformes de la matière et ses nouvelles orientations économiques, la place grandissante du droit des sûretés, ainsi que l'internationalisation des procédures, ont contribué a renforcer les controverses autour du traitement égalitaire des créanciers. Les débats relatifs aux manifestations de l'égalité en droit de l'insolvabilité révèlent toutefois une problématique plus profonde liée a l'insuffisante définition de ce que constitue le principe d'égalité en procédure collective. Or, la notion d'égalité est ambivalente, il ne peut dès lors exister une unique signification du principe. Par ailleurs, l'égalité entre créanciers n'est pas qu'une simple règle mais constitue un véritable principe général du droit. Son caractère éminemment supérieur impose qu'il soit observé dans les différentes étapes de la procédure collective. Malgré les modifications législatives successives, il est possible de constater que le principe d'égalité entre créanciers constitue toujours la pierre angulaire du droit de l'insolvabilité. Les éléments traditionnels de la discipline collective demeurent et s'appliquent aujourd'hui sans distinction à tous les créanciers. Bien que l'élaboration de traitements différenciés soit de plus en plus récurrente, elle n'entraîne pas systématiquement une rupture d'égalité injustifiée. La rupture d'égalité formelle est admise des lors que les régimes différents mènent à la réalisation des objectifs des procédures ou visent à la protection d'intérêts supérieurs. Mais les vives critiques quant à la réalité du principe et les contestations portant sur ses manifestations ne sont pas toutes infondées. Le législateur à organisé un certain nombre de traitements privilégiés illégitimes, afin de satisfaire les intérêts personnels de quelques créanciers. Or, le respect du principe d'égalité est primordial en procédure collective pour repartir le poids de la dette du débiteur et renforcer l'impératif de moralisation du droit des affaires
Since ancient times, equality between creditors appears to be the core principle of insolvency proceedings. It allows for a fairly sharing of the debtor's assets. However, existence and scope of that application standard are persistently contested. Many reforms, new economic orientations of the subject, added to the increasing place that securities law takes and the globalization of procedures have contributed to strengthen the debate around creditor's rights. Discussions about equality in the insolvency law though disclose a specific problem, due to an inadequate definition of equality principle in insolvency proceedings. More than anything, the concept of equality is ambivalent ; therefore, a single meaning for the principle is unmanageable. Furthermore, equality between creditors is not a plain rule but represents a full-fledged principle of law. That higher nature requires to be enforced at each stage of proceedings. In spite of subsequent amendments, the principle of equality between creditors appears to be the cornerstone of insolvency law. Traditional elements of the collective discipline remain and apply equality to all creditors. Development for differentiated treatments do not systematically lead to an unwarranted breach of equality. The breach of formal equality is accepted if the schemes carry out the proceedings objectives, or aim for protection of the best interests. Strong critics concerning the principle, and challenges about the expression are not unfounded for most. The legislator staged a number of unjust privileged treatments, with the aim of satisfying the personal interest of a few creditors. However, compliance with equality is essential in bankruptcy law for the purposes of sharing the assets and liabilities of the debt, and strengthen the imperative of moralization in business law

Diploma work inquires processing of financial statements according International Financial Reporting Standards IFRS and also according current legal adaptation of financial statements in Czech Republic. The work reveals crucial differences in financial reporting of concrete Small Enterprises Company. It demonstrates the influence of financial reporting on income. The work points out necessity of harmonization of national accounting standards with IFRS.

Despite the efforts towards an understanding of the impact of EE on visual functions, several fundamental open questions remain concerning the mechanisms underlying the effects induced by exposure to stimulating environmental conditions on visual system development and plasticity. On the one hand, focusing on visual system development, while it is known that an epigenetic remodelling of chromatin structure controls developmental plasticity in the visual cortex, three main questions have remained open: i) which is the physiological time course of histone modifications? ii) Is it possible, by manipulating the chromatin epigenetic state, to modulate plasticity levels during the CP? iii) How can we regulate histone acetylation in the adult brain in a non-invasive manner? On the other hand, one fundamental aim in EE studies it to find out those molecular factors that are more suitable of being artificially manipulated to mimic or to strengthen the impact of the environment on brain health and plasticity. Among the potential mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of the most successful treatments proposed so far for enhancing visual cortex plasticity in adult subjects, BDNF emerges as one promising candidate. BDNF has been reported to promote neural plasticity at both the structural and functional level, thus being a very attractive target for the implementation of strategies aimed at drug delivery in amblyopic subjects, with the aim to favour synaptic potentiation and functional recovery of neural connections conveying sensory information from the amblyopic eye to the visual cortex. This promising approach, however, is thwarted by the impossibility for BDNF delivered via peripheral administration to efficiently cross the blood-brain barrier. Focusing on these open issues, the present Thesis is structured in two main parts. In the first part, I investigated the link between histone acetylation and cortical plasticity in the rat visual system, both during the CP and in adult subjects. In the second part, I explored the impact of BDNF intranasal administration as a potentially safe and useful procedure and an effective method to induce visual function recovery in adult amblyopic rats.

Most organisms have developed internal mechanisms, including the circadian and stress systems, to allow for anticipation of and adaption to regular and unpredictable changes in the environment. The circadian and stress systems communicate constantly with one another; the circadian control of the release of effectors of the stress system, such as glucocorticoid hormones, is well documented, but the processes that govern how stressful events disrupt circadian rhythmicity are less understood. Here, we sought to elucidate these cross-talk mechanisms, by demonstrating that the expression of the circadian clock protein PER1, in the mammalian forebrain is strongly modifiable by stress. Throughout our work, the light-sensitive master pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), remained immune to the effects of all stress manipulations. We first established that categorically different acute stressors distinctively modulate the expression of PER1 and the neuronal activity marker FOS. Systemic stressors increased protein expression in the piriform cortex, paraventricular and dorsomedial nuclei, as well as in the central extended amygdala. Contrastingly, processive stressors increased protein levels in all regions except for in the central extended amygdala, where protein expression was uniquely suppressed. Interestingly, the emotional state of fear, a complex processive stressor, increased PER1 expression in this region, an effect characteristic of systemic stress. Furthermore, we determined that the time of day and modality of stress exposure are vital factors that influence PER1 activity. We then explored the role of glucocorticoids and glucocorticoid receptors (GR) in the modulation of stress-induced PER1, using manipulations that included adrenalectomy and pharmacological blockade of GR. We found that stress-induced PER1 expression in all regions studied, aside from the piriform cortex and SCN, are dependent on glucocorticoid signaling. In summary, the results demonstrate that stress, through the modulatory action of glucocorticoids and GR, can alter circadian clock protein expression in select forebrain and hypothalamic nuclei, possibly leading to their functional dysregulation and subsequent disturbances in circadian physiology and behavior. Our findings allude to a novel functional role for the circadian protein PER1 as an intermediary between the circadian system and systems that dictate emotional states, in the mammalian brain.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Psicologia apresentada à Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação
Objetivos: O presente estudo procurou explorar as semelhanças e diferenças das representações de vinculação e das dificuldades de regulação emocional nas mulheres com e sem sintomatologia depressiva e ansiosa clinicamente significativa no período pós-parto. Para além disso, teve como objetivo examinar se as representações de vinculação estão associadas à sintomatologia depressiva e ansiosa das mulheres neste período, e se essa relação ocorre através das dificuldades de regulação emocional. Método: A amostra incluiu 450 mulheres no período pós-parto, que responderam a um protocolo de avaliação disponível online, constituído por quatro instrumentos de autorresposta: a Escala de Experiências nas Relações Próximas-Estruturas Relacionais, a Escala de Dificuldades na Regulação Emocional, a Escala de Depressão Pós-Parto de Edimburgo e a Escala de Ansiedade e Depressão Hospitalar. Resultados: Verificou-se a existência de comorbilidade entre sintomatologia ansiosa e depressiva (33.3%). As mulheres com sintomatologia comórbida apresentaram representações de vinculação mais inseguras (p < .001) e mais dificuldades de regulação emocional (p < .001) do que as mulheres com sintomatologia depressiva e do que as mulheres sem sintomatologia clinicamente significativa. Os resultados demonstraram ainda um efeito indireto das representações de vinculação mais inseguras acerca do self e dos outros na sintomatologia depressiva e ansiosa, através das dificuldades de regulação emocional, nomeadamente através do acesso limitado a estratégias de regulação emocional que são percebidas como efetivas (Estratégias), da não aceitação das respostas emocionais (Não Aceitação) e da falta de clareza emocional (Clareza). Conclusões: Os resultados encontrados sublinham a importância da atenção que deve ser dada também à sintomatologia ansiosa, uma vez que é uma condição que co-ocorre frequentemente neste período. Intervenções que se foquem na promoção de estratégias adaptativas de regulação emocional mostram-se relevantes, em vez de intervenções mais intensivas para alterar representações de vinculação.
Objectives: The present study aimed to explore the similarities and differences between the representations of attachment and the difficulties of emotional regulation in women with and without clinically significant depressive and anxious symptoms in the postpartum period. In addition, it aimed to understand if attachment representations are associated with the women’s depressive and anxious symptoms in the postpartum period, and if this association occurs through the difficulties of emotional regulation. Methods: The sample included 450 women in the postpartum period, who responded to an online assessment protocol, consisting of four self-response instruments: the Experience in Close Relationships – Relationship Structure Questionnaire, the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, the Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Results: The existence of comorbility between anxious and depressive symptomatology was verified (33.3%), and women with comorbid symptoms had more insecure attachment representations (p < .001) and more difficulties of emotional regulation (p < .001) than women presenting only depressive symptoms and women without clinically significant symptoms. The results also demonstrated an indirect effect of the insecure attachment representations of self and others in depressive and anxious symptomatology, through the difficulties of emotional regulation, namely through the limited access to emotional regulation strategies that are perceived as effective (Strategies), the nonacceptance of emotional responses (Non Acceptance) and lack of emotional clarity (Clarity). Conclusions: The results found underline the importance of the attention that should be given also to the anxious symptomatology, since it is a condition that co-occurs frequently in this period. Interventions to focus on promoting adaptive strategies of emotional regulation are relevant, rather than more intensive interventions to change attachment representations.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Psicologia apresentada à Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação
Objetivos: O presente estudo procurou explorar se os níveis de fadiga, de dificuldades de regulação emocional e de parentalidade mindful diferiam entre mães com níveis clinicamente significativos de sintomatologia ansiosa e/ou depressiva e mães com níveis normais de sintomatologia no período pós-parto. Procurou, também, examinar se as dificuldades de regulação emocional mediavam a relação entre a fadiga e a parentalidade mindful e se os níveis de sintomatologia ansiosa e/ou depressiva materna moderavam estas relações. Método: A amostra foi constituída por 295 mães de recém-nascidos até 12 meses de idade. A maioria das participantes (88.8%) foi recrutada online e apenas 11.2% foram recrutadas presencialmente em creches localizadas na zona centro de Portugal. As participantes completaram os seguintes instrumentos de autorresposta: a Escala de Mindfulness Interpessoal na Parentalidade - Versão Bebé; a Escala de Avaliação da Fadiga; a Escala de Ansiedade e Depressão Hospitalar; e a Escala de Dificuldades de Regulação Emocional - Versão Reduzida. Resultados: Verificou-se que mães com níveis clinicamente significativos de sintomatologia ansiosa e/ou depressiva reportaram níveis mais elevados de fadiga e de dificuldades de regulação emocional e níveis mais baixos de parentalidade mindful do que mães com níveis normais de sintomatologia. No modelo de mediação moderada, a fadiga apresentou um efeito direto significativo na parentalidade mindful, mas apenas no grupo de mães sem sintomatologia clinicamente significativa. Especificamente, níveis mais elevados de fadiga associaram-se a níveis mais baixos de parentalidade mindful. Observou-se também um efeito indireto significativo através das dificuldades de regulação emocional em ambos os grupos de sintomatologia, ou seja, níveis mais elevados de fadiga associaram-se a níveis mais elevados de dificuldades de regulação emocional que, por sua vez, se associaram a níveis mais baixos de parentalidade mindful. Conclusões: Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que as dificuldades de regulação emocional são um mecanismo explicativo relevante da relação entre a fadiga e a parentalidade mindful, particularmente em mães com níveis clinicamente significativos de sintomatologia. Este estudo enfatiza a necessidade e a importância de intervir com mães no período pós-parto, nomeadamente reduzir a fadiga e a sintomatologia ansiosa e/ou depressiva, bem como fomentar competências de regulação emocional adaptativas e de parentalidade mindful.
Objectives: The present study aimed to explore whether the fatigue, the difficulties in emotion regulation and the mindful parenting levels differed across mothers with clinically significant anxious and/or depressive symptomatology levels and mothers with normal levels of symptomatology in the postpartum period. It also aimed to examine if the difficulties in emotion regulation mediated the relationship between fatigue and mindful parenting and if the levels of maternal anxious and/or depressive symptomatology moderated these relationships. Method: The sample comprised 295 mothers of newborns until 12 months of age. The majority of the participants (88.8%) was recruited online and only 11.2% of the participants were recruited in person in nurseries located in the central region of Portugal. The participants completed the following self-reported measures: Interpersonal Mindfulness in Parenting Scale - Infant Version; Fatigue Assessment Scale; Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale - Short Form. Results: It was verified that mothers with clinically significant anxious and/or depressive symptomatology levels showed higher levels of fatigue and of difficulties in emotion regulation and lower levels of mindful parenting than mothers with normal levels of symptomatology. In the moderated mediation model, fatigue presented a significant direct effect on mindful parenting, but only in the group of mothers without clinically significant symptomatology. Specifically, higher levels of fatigue associated with lower levels of mindful parenting. It was also observed a significant indirect effect through difficulties in emotion regulation in both groups of symptomatology, that is, higher levels of fatigue associated with higher levels of difficulties in emotion regulation which, in turn, associated with lower levels of mindful parenting. Conclusions: Our results suggest that difficulties in emotion regulation are a relevant explanatory mechanism of the relationship between fatigue and mindful parenting, particularly in mothers with clinically significant symptomatology levels. This study highlights the need and importance of intervening with mothers in the postpartum period, namely in reducing fatigue and anxious and/or depressive symptomatology, as well fostering adaptive emotion regulation and mindful parenting skills.

VYŠNÝ, Peter: State, Law, and Everyday Life in Aztec Tenochtitlan. Dissertation. Charles University, Faculty of Arts, Centre for Ibero-American Studies. PhD Programme: Ibero- American Studies. Field of Study: History. Adviser: doc. Markéta Křížová, Ph.D. Prague, 2018. 384 pp. The present dissertation, under the title of State, Law, and Everyday Life in Aztec Tenochtitlan, is the result of the research of a society that existed in the Aztec city-state of Tenochtitlan from its founding (about AD 1325) to its conquest by the Spaniards (1519 - 1521). In the dissertation, based on historical sources and secondary literature, three essential, complementary aspects of this society are examined, namely: 1. its organization and functioning, whose character indicates that Tenochtitlan was a consolidated (urban) state; 2. its legal order, which was developed and systematically exercised by the state; and 3. typical forms of everyday life of its members (of different categories). By exploring the three aspects of the society existing in Tenochtitlan, the following aim of the dissertation was achieved: 1. to examine the state organization, the legal order and the everyday life forms of the inhabitants of pre-Hispanic Aztec Tenochtitlan, both in their interrelated contexts and in the diachronic perspective; and...

In the period of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia between years 1939 - 1945 media, as well as the whole society, were controlled by the government of Nazi Germany. The control also included censorship of the press that operated for the benefit of the occupying power. Its essential component, Central Press Supervisory Service, had to approve every issue before it released to the press. But it also published daily instructions for the newsrooms, where two censors operated together with working journalists and their editors in chief. Our work uses four case studies to show how censor's directives influenced the final form of the selected newspapers.

Desde que foi introduzido pelo legislador um regime de banco de horas, a doutrina e jurisprudência têm discutido inúmeras questões de grande relevância prática, tendo o leque dessas questões sido amplificado em 2019, aquando da aprovação de um regime de banco de horas instituído por referendo. Através da presente dissertação de mestrado, pretendemos analisar algumas das questões já colocadas e procurar soluções para os novos problemas determinados pelas recentes alterações legislativas, nunca perdendo de vista que, pese embora este mecanismo de flexibilização dos tempos de trabalho vise, essencialmente, a prossecução dos interesses de gestão do empregador, também os do trabalhador devem ser acautelados. Adicionalmente, para uma melhor compressão do regime atualmente em vigor, tentar-se-á percorrer, sinteticamente, a evolução do banco de horas em Portugal e comparar este regime com outros similares, vigentes noutros ordenamentos jurídicos. Deste modo, o objetivo essencial deste trabalho corresponde a uma análise do banco de horas, enquanto mecanismo singular de flexibilização dos tempos de trabalho.
Since a bank of hour’s regime was introduced by the legislator, the doctrine and jurisprudence have been debating innumerous questions of great practical relevance, having those questions been increased since 2019, when a bank of hours by referendum was implemented. In the current dissertation, we intend to analyze some of the questions that have already been debated and find solutions for the new problems determined by the recent legislative changes, never losing sight that, even though this mechanism of time flexibility prosecutes, mainly, the employer’s interests, the employee’s must also be taken into account. Additionally, in order to better understand this regime, we will try to go through its evolution in Portugal and compare it with other instruments that are similar, in other legal orders. In this way, the main goal of this thesis is to analyze the bank of hours, as a singular mechanism of time flexibility.

Research Doctorate - Doctorate of Business Administration (DBA)
Government mandated institutions in Australia and Canada have continuously progressed banking regulation throughout time by making gradual alterations to prudential frameworks and supervisory practices. This has included the prompt domestic adaptation of the three Basel accords. A main objective is to ensure banking organisations become more resilient to stresses that impact their capital and liquidity adequacy. Banking organisations are faced with the task of transforming their balance sheets and funding profiles to not only strengthen their balance sheets but to curb heighted liquidity costs that have been brought on by regulatory reform. A review of existing literature on the components of bank funding, liquidity and procyclicality recognises their significance in ensuring individual bank stability and the prevarication of broader systemic implications in the wider economy. This dissertation has examined the historical evolution of the regulatory environments in both Australia and Canada and compared the components of bank balance sheets that offer insights into their funding preference and liquidity holdings, and provide early indicators for procyclicality within the banking sector. It has also had the goal of developing existing research and knowledge of liquidity stresses within bank balance sheets. This research has endeavoured to further balance sheet innovation, through action research that has been carried out over a five year period, to provide banking organisations with options to alter their balance sheets in order to meet the Basel III package of reforms and better deal with liquidity pressures, such as those that were evident in many countries throughout the most recent financial crisis. A new methodology for balance sheet transformation under Basel III, “evergreen” is articulated, with a suite of evergreen asset and liability products and balance sheet exposures being assessed for impact and acceptance within the banking industry. Verification of the evergreen method is demonstrated by the banking industry including it within their strategy for future balance sheet innovation; banks designing and constructing evergreen capability; the regulator encompassing it within prudential standards; and widespread acceptance of evergreen by investors and other financial market participants. Whilst components of evergreen are increasingly becoming a greater part of the banking industry within Australia, it is recognised that the concepts and models of evergreen, are at a primary juncture in their development and require substantial additional focus and research. The usefulness of this dissertation will be established through the particulars of future research settings and must be appraised to the degree that it appears correct, original and apt. Regarding deposits, this dissertation finds that: the existence of voluntary deposit insurance schemes would allow the competitive landscape for retail deposits to become about more than just price; operational deposits are not immune from procyclical competition; Australian banks have a much greater appetite and tolerance for at-call deposit raising; liquidity regulation has permanently shifted the ‘market rate’ for deposit funding above its ‘natural rate’; and foreign currency deposit raising may lead to banks running unhedged positions or developing a larger reliance towards United States Dollars. For wholesale funding, it is observed that: liquidity regulation has increased the reliance of banks on domestic financial markets to fulfil their financing needs; the volume of short-dated prime bank paper being issued in Australia has declined where there are consequences for the Bank Bill Swap Rates; and large differentials in the semi/quarterly spread can substantially impact the profitability of banking book products. The domestic implementation of the Basel III package of reforms on liquidity in both Australia and Canada has, in many ways, imitated the historical approach taken towards bank capital regulation. This dissertation deducts that, as there is for capital, the concept of ‘regulatory’ and ’economic’ liquidity now exists. Furthermore, regulation has introduced a predisposition to government bonds, which may have unintended consequences for both government sponsored issuers and bank investors. Finally, procyclicality must be monitored and managed by the government sponsored institution tasked with the role of implementing monetary policy, rather than institutions that implement and enforce prudential regulation.