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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Phalic acid”

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Data publikacji: 27 lipca 2024

Data aktualizacji: 31 lipca 2025

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1

Burt, Richard P. "Phasic contractions of the rat portal vein depend on intracellular Ca2+ release stimulated by depolarization." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 284, no. 5 (2003): H1808—H1817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00637.2002.

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The phasic contraction to phenylephrine of the rat isolated portal vein was investigated using functional studies. Phasic contractions to phenylephrine and caffeine could be produced after several minutes in Ca2+-free Krebs solution, which were inhibited by cyclopiazonic acid or ryanodine. The phenylephrine and caffeine contractions were abolished, however, within 10 min in Ca2+-free Krebs solution and by nifedipine. This indicated the Ca2+ stores were depleted in the absence of Ca2+ influx through voltage-gated channels. The phasic contraction to phenylephrine was also abolished by niflumic a

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2

Lyall, Vijay, Hampton Pasley, Tam-Hao T. Phan, et al. "Intracellular pH Modulates Taste Receptor Cell Volume and the Phasic Part of the Chorda Tympani Response to Acids." Journal of General Physiology 127, no. 1 (2005): 15–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.200509384.

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The relationship between cell volume and the neural response to acidic stimuli was investigated by simultaneous measurements of intracellular pH (pHi) and cell volume in polarized fungiform taste receptor cells (TRCs) using 2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) in vitro and by rat chorda tympani (CT) nerve recordings in vivo. CT responses to HCl and CO2 were recorded in the presence of 1 M mannitol and specific probes for filamentous (F) actin (phalloidin) and monomeric (G) actin (cytochalasin B) under lingual voltage clamp. Acidic stimuli reversibly decrease TRC pHi

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3

Vandier, C., M. Delpech, M. Rebocho, and P. Bonnet. "Hypoxia enhances agonist-induced pulmonary arterial contraction by increasing calcium sequestration." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 273, no. 3 (1997): H1075—H1081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1997.273.3.h1075.

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The effects of hypoxia on norepinephrine-induced contraction to explain why rabbit pulmonary arteries must be precontracted to observe a hypoxic response were studied. A force transducer was used to record the tone of isolated rabbit intrapulmonary artery rings placed in an organ chamber perfused with a physiological solution at 37 degrees C. Norepinephrine (10(-7) M) induced a phasic followed by a tonic contraction, and hypoxia increased the former and decreased the latter. Removal of external calcium (zero calcium solution) abolished the tonic contraction but left the phasic contraction inta

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4

Haxhiu, M. A., E. C. Deal, M. P. Norcia, E. van Lunteren, and N. S. Cherniack. "Effect of N-methyl-D-aspartate applied to the ventral surface of the medulla on the trachea." Journal of Applied Physiology 63, no. 3 (1987): 1268–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.63.3.1268.

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Structures located near the ventral surface of the medulla (VMS) affect both cardiovascular tone and respiratory activity. In addition cooling the intermediate area of the VMS blocks the increases in parasympathetic activity and tracheal tone resulting from ventilation with hypercapnic or hypoxic gas mixtures, or due to stimulation of mechanoreceptors within the lung. Since cooling the surface of the VMS may affect fibers of passage as well as cell bodies, we performed studies in which pledgets containing N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA), a synthetic excitatory amino acid, were applied to inter

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5

Szymanski, Pawel T., Thomas K. Chacko, Arthur S. Rovner, and Raj K. Goyal. "Differences in contractile protein content and isoforms in phasic and tonic smooth muscles." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 275, no. 3 (1998): C684—C692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1998.275.3.c684.

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The basis of tonic vs. phasic contractile phenotypes of visceral smooth muscles is poorly understood. We used gel electrophoresis and quantitative scanning densitometry to measure the content and isoform composition of contractile proteins in opossum lower esophageal sphincter (LES), to represent tonic muscle, and circular muscle of the esophageal body (EB), to represent phasic smooth muscle. The amount of protein in these two types of muscles is similar: ∼27 mg/g of frozen tissue. There is no difference in the relative proportion of myosin, actin, calponin, and tropomyosin in the two muscle t

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6

Krolo, M., E. A. Stuth, M. Tonkovic-Capin, F. A. Hopp, D. R. McCrimmon, and E. J. Zuperku. "Relative magnitude of tonic and phasic synaptic excitation of medullary inspiratory neurons in dogs." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 279, no. 2 (2000): R639—R649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2000.279.2.r639.

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The relative contribution of phasic and tonic excitatory synaptic drives to the augmenting discharge patterns of inspiratory (I) neurons within the ventral respiratory group (VRG) was studied in anesthetized, ventilated, paralyzed, and vagotomized dogs. Multibarrel micropipettes were used to record simultaneously single-unit neuronal activity and pressure microejected antagonists of GABAergic, glycinergic, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA glutamatergic, and cholinergic receptors. The discharge patterns were quantified via cycle-trigger histograms. The findings suggest that two-thirds o

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7

Lu, G., X. Qian, I. Berezin, G. L. Telford, J. D. Huizinga, and S. K. Sarna. "Inflammation modulates in vitro colonic myoelectric and contractile activity and interstitial cells of Cajal." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 273, no. 6 (1997): G1233—G1245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1997.273.6.g1233.

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Inflammation suppresses phasic contractile activity in vivo. We investigated whether inflammation also suppresses in vitro phasic contractile activity and, if so, whether this could in part be due to the alteration of specific slow wave characteristics and morphology of the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). Circular muscle strips were obtained from normal and inflamed distal canine colon. Inflammation was induced by mucosal exposure to ethanol and acetic acid. The amplitudes of spontaneous, methacholine-induced, substance P-induced, and electrical field stimulation-induced contractions were s

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8

Preston, Robert J., Aaron P. Heenan, and Larry A. Wolfe. "Physicochemical analysis of phasic menstrual cycle effects on acid-base balance." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 280, no. 2 (2001): R481—R487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2001.280.2.r481.

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In accordance with Stewart's physicochemical approach, the three independent determinants of plasma hydrogen ion concentration ([H+]) were measured at rest and during exercise in the follicular (FP) and luteal phase (LP) of the human menstrual cycle. Healthy, physically active women with similar physical characteristics were tested during either the FP ( n = 14) or LP ( n = 14). Arterialized blood samples were obtained at rest and after 5 min of upright cycling at both 70 and 110% of the ventilatory threshold (TVent). Measurements included plasma [H+], arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2 ),

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9

Brown, Amber, Trudy Cornwell, Iryna Korniyenko, et al. "Myometrial expression of small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels depresses phasic uterine contraction." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 292, no. 2 (2007): C832—C840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00268.2006.

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Mechanisms regulating uterine contractility are poorly understood. We hypothesized that a specific isoform of small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (SK) channel, SK3, promotes feedback regulation of myometrial Ca2+ and hence relaxation of the uterus. To determine the specific functional impact of SK3 channels, we assessed isometric contractions of uterine strips from genetically altered mice (SK3T/T), in which SK3 is overexpressed and can be suppressed by oral administration of doxycycline (SK3T/T+Dox). We found SK3 protein in mouse myometrium, and this expression was substantially higher in SK3

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10

Kotsyubinskii, V. O., V. L. Chelyadyn, R. V. Il'nitskii, I. F. Mironyuk, V. V. Moklyak, and P. I. Kolkovskii. "The kinetic of lithium ions intercalation in the anatase synthesized by sol-gel methods." Electrochemical Energetics 11, no. 4 (2011): 179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1608-4039-2011-11-4-179-183.

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Possibility of ultradispersed TiO22 (anatase modification) using as the base of the lithium power sources cathode material obtained by chloride-acid hydrolysis of titanium tetrachloride has been studied. The researches of Li+ ions electrochemical intercalation kinetics and phasic model of the process was suggested. The cathode material phase composition changes during discharge were fixed and interpreted.

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11

Glykys, Joseph, та Istvan Mody. "Hippocampal Network Hyperactivity After Selective Reduction of Tonic Inhibition in GABAA Receptor α5 Subunit–Deficient Mice". Journal of Neurophysiology 95, № 5 (2006): 2796–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01122.2005.

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Functionally, γ-aminobutyric acid receptor (GABAR)–mediated inhibition can be classified as phasic (synaptic) and tonic (extrasynaptic). The GABARs underlying tonic inhibition assemble from subunits different from those responsible for phasic inhibition. We wanted to assess the excitability of hippocampal pyramidal cell (PC) networks following a selective impairment of tonic inhibition. This is difficult to accomplish by pharmacological means. Because the GABAR α5 subunits mostly mediate the tonic inhibition in CA1 and CA3 PCs, we quantified changes in tonic inhibition and examined network exc

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12

Ghamari‐Langroudi, Masoud, and Charles W. Bourque. "Flufenamic acid blocks depolarizing afterpotentials and phasic firing in rat supraoptic neurones." Journal of Physiology 545, no. 2 (2002): 537–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2002.033589.

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13

Harada, Shuitsu, and Yasuo Kasahara. "Inhibitory effect of gurmarin on palatal taste responses to amino acids in the rat." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 278, no. 6 (2000): R1513—R1517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2000.278.6.r1513.

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Gurmarin (10 μg/ml), a protein extracted from Gymnema sylvestre, depressed significantly (40–50%) the phasic taste responses to sugars (sucrose, fructose, lactose, and maltose) and saccharin sodium recorded from the greater superficial petrosal nerve (GSP) innervating palatal taste buds in the rat. However, no significant effect of gurmarin was observed for taste responses to NaCl, HCl, and quinine hydrochloride. Phasic responses tod-amino acids that taste sweet to humans (His, Asn, Phe, Gln) were also depressed, but gurmarin treatment was without significant effect on taste responses to d-Trp

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14

Wagner, Larry E., Kevin J. Gingrich, John C. Kulli, and Jay Yang. "Ketamine Blockade of Voltage-gated Sodium Channels." Anesthesiology 95, no. 6 (2001): 1406–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200112000-00020.

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Background The general anesthetic ketamine is known to be an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blocker. Although ketamine also blocks voltage-gated sodium channels in a local anesthetic-like fashion, little information exists on the molecular pharmacology of this interaction. We measured the effects of ketamine on sodium channels. Methods Wild-type and mutant (F1579A) recombinant rat skeletal muscle sodium channels were expressed in Xenopus oocytes. The F1579A amino acid substitution site is part of the intrapore local anesthetic receptor. The effect of ketamine was measured in oocytes expressing

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15

Horiuti, K., A. V. Somlyo, Y. E. Goldman, and A. P. Somlyo. "Kinetics of contraction initiated by flash photolysis of caged adenosine triphosphate in tonic and phasic smooth muscles." Journal of General Physiology 94, no. 4 (1989): 769–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.94.4.769.

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Laser flash photolysis of caged adenosine triphosphate (ATP), in the presence of Ca2+, was used to examine the time course of isometric force development from rigor states in glycerinated tonic (rabbit trachealis) and phasic (guinea-pig ileum and portal vein) smooth muscles. Photolytic liberation of ATP from caged ATP initiated force development, at 20 degrees C, with half-time (t1/2) of 5.4 s in trachealis and 1.2-2.2 s in the phasic muscles. Prior to photolysis, some muscles were phosphorylated with ATP plus okadaic acid (an inhibitor of myosin light-chain phosphatase) or thiophosphorylated

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16

Ditting, Tilmann, Gisa Tiegs, Kristina Rodionova, et al. "Do distinct populations of dorsal root ganglion neurons account for the sensory peptidergic innervation of the kidney?" American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 297, no. 5 (2009): F1427—F1434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.90599.2008.

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Peptidergic afferent renal nerves (PARN) have been linked to kidney damage in hypertension and nephritis. Neither the receptors nor the signals controlling local release of neurokinines [calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP)] and signal transmission to the brain are well-understood. We tested the hypothesis that PARN, compared with nonrenal afferents (Non-RN), are more sensitive to acidic stimulation via transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) channels and exhibit a distinctive firing pattern. PARN were distinguished from Non-RN by fluorescent labeling (DiI)

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17

Tsuge, Takeharu, Tamao Hisano, Seiichi Taguchi, and Yoshiharu Doi. "Alteration of Chain Length Substrate Specificity of Aeromonas caviae R-Enantiomer-Specific Enoyl-Coenzyme A Hydratase through Site-Directed Mutagenesis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 8 (2003): 4830–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.8.4830-4836.2003.

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ABSTRACT Aeromonas caviae R-specific enoyl-coenzyme A (enoyl-CoA) hydratase (PhaJAc) is capable of providing (R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA with a chain length of four to six carbon atoms from the fatty acid β-oxidation pathway for polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) synthesis. In this study, amino acid substitutions were introduced into PhaJAc by site-directed mutagenesis to investigate the feasibility of altering the specificity for the acyl chain length of the substrate. A crystallographic structure analysis of PhaJAc revealed that Ser-62, Leu-65, and Val-130 define the width and depth of the acyl-chain-bind

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18

Dooley, C. P., and J. E. Valenzuela. "Antropyloroduodenal activity during gastric emptying of liquid meals in humans." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 255, no. 1 (1988): G93—G98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1988.255.1.g93.

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The present study examines the possible roles of the pylorus and the proximal duodenum in the gastric emptying of two liquid meals in six healthy volunteers. Gastric emptying of a saline meal (150 mM) and an acid meal (120 mM hydrochloric acid) were measured by the double-sampling dye dilution technique while antroduodenal motility was monitored with a continuously perfused catheter system. Pyloric region pressures were measured with a Dent sleeve. The acid meal (t1/2 = 13.5 +/- 1.8 min) emptied significantly (P less than 0.01) slower than the saline meal (t1/2 = 3.5 +/- 0.7 min). This slowing

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19

Li, Xiaodan, Xiaocheng Lan, and Tiefeng Wang. "Selective oxidation of furfural in a bi-phasic system with homogeneous acid catalyst." Catalysis Today 276 (November 2016): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2015.11.036.

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Vithlani, Mansi, Miho Terunuma, and Stephen J. Moss. "The Dynamic Modulation of GABAA Receptor Trafficking and Its Role in Regulating the Plasticity of Inhibitory Synapses." Physiological Reviews 91, no. 3 (2011): 1009–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00015.2010.

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Inhibition in the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) is mediated by γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The fast inhibitory actions of GABA are mediated by GABA type A receptors (GABAARs); they mediate both phasic and tonic inhibition in the brain and are the principle sites of action for anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, and sedative-hypnotic agents that include benzodiazepines, barbiturates, neurosteroids, and some general anesthetics. GABAARs are heteropentameric ligand-gated ion channels that are found concentrated at inhibitory postsynaptic sites where they mediate phasic inhibition and at ex

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Schneider, J. E., and G. N. Wade. "Decreased availability of metabolic fuels induces anestrus in golden hamsters." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 258, no. 3 (1990): R750—R755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1990.258.3.r750.

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Food deprivation inhibits ovulation and estrous behavior in golden hamsters. In experiment 1, the effects of phasic starvation (food deprivation on days 1 and 2 of the 4-day estrous cycle) depended on prior body weight and fat content. Starvation-induced anestrus, which occurs after only one cycle of phasic starvation in lean hamsters, did not occur until after three or more cycles in fat hamsters. None of the fat hamsters became anestrous until their body weights had declined to the level of lean hamsters. However, in experiment 2, we found evidence that changes in reproductive status were no

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22

Solomon, Irene C. "Influence of respiratory network drive on phrenic motor output evoked by activation of cat pre-Bötzinger complex." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 284, no. 2 (2003): R455—R466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00395.2002.

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10.1152/ajpregu.00395.2002. We have previously demonstrated that microinjection of dl-homocysteic acid (DLH), a glutamate analog, into the pre-Bötzinger complex (pre-BötC) can produce either phasic or tonic excitation of phrenic nerve discharge during hyperoxic normocapnia. Breathing, however, is influenced by input from both central and peripheral chemoreceptor activation. This influence of increased respiratory network drive on pre-BötC-induced modulation of phrenic motor output is unclear. Therefore, these experiments were designed to examine the effects of chemical stimulation of neurons (

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23

Dai, Shuiping, Misha Perouansky, and Robert A. Pearce. "Amnestic Concentrations of Etomidate Modulate GABAA,slowSynaptic Inhibition in Hippocampus." Anesthesiology 111, no. 4 (2009): 766–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0b013e3181b4392d.

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Background Gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) receptor-mediated inhibition in the central nervous system exists in two forms: phasic (inhibitory postsynaptic currents, IPSCs) and tonic (nonsynaptic). Phasic inhibition is further subdivided into fast (GABA(A,fast)) and slow (GABA(A,slow)) IPSCs. By virtue of its dendritic location and kinetics, GABA(A,slow) has been proposed to control synaptic plasticity and memory. Etomidate is a nonbarbiturate, intravenous anesthetic that selectively modulates GABA(A) receptors and produces amnesia at low doses in vivo. This study tested whether corres

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Solomon, Irene C. "Glutamate Neurotransmission Is Not Required for, But May Modulate, Hypoxic Sensitivity of Pre-Bötzinger Complex In Vivo." Journal of Neurophysiology 93, no. 3 (2005): 1278–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00932.2004.

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Focal hypoxia in the pre-Bötzinger complex (pre-BötC) in vivo elicits excitation of inspiratory motor output by modifying the patterning and timing of phrenic bursts. Hypoxia, however, has been reported to enhance glutamate release in some regions of the brain, including the medullary ventral respiratory column; thus the pre-BötC–mediated hypoxic respiratory excitation may result from, or be influenced by, hypoxia-induced activation of ionotropic glutamate [i.e., excitatory amino acid (EAA)] receptors. To test this possibility, the effects of focal pre-BötC hypoxia [induced by sodium cyanide (

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25

MITA, Mitsuo, та P. Michael WALSH. "α1-Adrenoceptor-mediated phosphorylation of myosin in rat-tail arterial smooth muscle". Biochemical Journal 327, № 3 (1997): 669–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3270669.

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The mechanism of α1-adrenoceptor-mediated contraction was investigated in helical strips of the rat-tail artery. Muscle strips with the endothelium removed contracted in response to the α1-adrenoceptor agonist cirazoline, with half-maximal contraction at 0.23 μM. The contractile response to a submaximal concentration of cirazoline (0.3 μM) was biphasic, with a rapid phasic component peaking at approx. 30 s, followed by sustained tonic contraction. Phosphorylation of the 20 kDa light chain of myosin (LC20) in response to 0.3 μM cirazoline was also biphasic and closely matched the time-course of

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Frishman, L. J., F. Yamamoto, J. Bogucka, and R. H. Steinberg. "Light-evoked changes in [K+]o in proximal portion of light-adapted cat retina." Journal of Neurophysiology 67, no. 5 (1992): 1201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1992.67.5.1201.

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1. The M-wave is a light-adapted response of proximal retina consisting of phasic negative field potentials at light onset and offset that are spatially tuned for small stimuli. We measured light-dependent changes in extracellular K+ concentration ([K+]o) in proximal retina to investigate the hypothesis that the M-wave originates from Muller cell responses to changes in [K+]o. 2. Extracellular field potentials, and changes in [K+]o evoked in response to circular spots of light flashed on steady backgrounds, were recorded with double-barreled K(+)-sensitive electrodes placed in the retina at di

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Bieda, Mark C., Henry Su та M. Bruce MacIver. "Anesthetics Discriminate Between Tonic and Phasic γ-Aminobutyric Acid Receptors on Hippocampal CA1 Neurons". Anesthesia & Analgesia 108, № 2 (2009): 484–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ane.0b013e3181904571.

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Fukui, Toshiaki, Naofumi Shiomi, and Yoshiharu Doi. "Expression and Characterization of (R)-Specific Enoyl Coenzyme A Hydratase Involved in Polyhydroxyalkanoate Biosynthesis by Aeromonas caviae." Journal of Bacteriology 180, no. 3 (1998): 667–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.180.3.667-673.1998.

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ABSTRACT Complementation analysis of a polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)-negative mutant of Aeromonas caviae proved that ORF3 in thepha locus (a 402-bp gene located downstream of the PHA synthase gene) participates in PHA biosynthesis on alkanoic acids, and the ORF3 gene is here referred to as phaJAc. Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) carryingphaJAc under the control of the T7 promoter overexpressed enoyl coenzyme A (enoyl-CoA) hydratase, which was purified by one-step anion-exchange chromatography. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified hydratase corresponded to the amino acid sequence deduced

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Takeda, Yukari, Sean M. Ward, Kenton M. Sanders, and Sang Don Koh. "Effects of the gap junction blocker glycyrrhetinic acid on gastrointestinal smooth muscle cells." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 288, no. 4 (2005): G832—G841. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00389.2004.

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In the tunica muscularis of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, gap junctions form low-resistance pathways between pacemaker cells known as interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) and between ICC and smooth muscle cells. Coupling via these junctions facilitates electrical slow-wave propagation and responses of smooth muscle to enteric motor nerves. Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) has been shown to uncouple gap junctions, but previous studies have shown apparent nonspecific effects of GA in a variety of tissues. We tested the effects of GA using isometric force measurements, intracellular microelectrode recor

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Zhang, Jian, Ning Tian та Malcolm M. Slaughter. "Neuronal Discriminator Formed by Metabotropic γ-Aminobutyric Acid Receptors". Journal of Neurophysiology 80, № 6 (1998): 3365–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.80.6.3365.

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Zhang, Jian, Ning Tian, and Malcolm M. Slaughter. Neuronal discriminator formed by metabotropic γ-aminobutyric acid receptors. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 3365–3368, 1998. Neurotransmitters function in one of two modes, promoting either inhibition or excitation. However, the metabotropic γ-aminobutyric acid receptor (GABABR) system can switch between these modes. In the presence of a small excitatory stimulus, the GABABR mediates a shunting inhibition that suppresses excitation. However, in the presence of a strong excitatory stimulus, the GABABR potentiates the response. This bipartite action is acc

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Thornberg, Sheri A., and Stephen R. Saklad. "A Review of NMDA Receptors and the Phencyclidine Model of Schizophrenia." Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy 16, no. 1 (1996): 82–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1875-9114.1996.tb02920.x.

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Current models of drug‐induced psychosis insufficiently describe the symptoms of schizophrenia. Phencyclidine‐induced psychosis is a model that more completely reflects the pathophysiology of the disease. By decreasing glutamatergic neurotransmission, phencyclidine decreases 7‐aminobutyric acid release from the nucleus accumbens, striatum, and hippocampus (manifested by MK‐801); may inhibit tonic release of dopamine from the nucleus accumbens and striatum, resulting in increased dopamine phasic reactivity; and decreases long‐term potentiation. Glutamatergic system dysfunction may be involved,

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Giza, Barbara K., Karen Ackroff, Stuart A. McCaughey, Anthony Sclafani, and Thomas R. Scott. "Preference conditioning alters taste responses in the nucleus of the solitary tract of the rat." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 273, no. 4 (1997): R1230—R1240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1997.273.4.r1230.

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Aversive conditioning has an impact on the neural signal for the gustatory conditioned stimulus (CS). Here, we determined whether the code is also affected by preference conditioning. We paired the taste of MgCl2 (CS+) with intragastric nutrients in some rats (MG), and citric acid (CS+) with nutrients in others (CI). A control group (Control) experienced both tastants without nutrients. Preferences (>90%) developed for each CS+. We recorded responses to 16 taste stimuli in the nucleus of the solitary tract. Responsiveness of acid-oriented neurons to MgCl2 in MG rats was lower than in Contro

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33

Aoki, Takako, Toshiharu Oba, and Ken Hotta. "Chemical modification of calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of mechanically skinned skeletal bullfrog muscle fibers." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 64, no. 10 (1986): 1267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y86-214.

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Several types of reagents that react with amino acid side chains induced repetitive phasic contracture of skinned skeletal muscle from frogs. The presence of 10 mM procaine or 5 mM magnesium in the medium or disruption of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) eliminated this contracture, indicating that the calcium-induced calcium-release mechanism of SR is involved in the contraction. Dithiothreitol inhibited the contracture induced by chloramine T, N-acetylimidazole, or p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid (pCMPS) but not in the case of carbodiimide, phenylglyoxal, trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid, diet

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Coffin, B., M. Lemann, B. Flourie, P. Jouet, J. C. Rambaud, and R. Jian. "Local regulation of ileal tone in healthy humans." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 272, no. 1 (1997): G147—G153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1997.272.1.g147.

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We previously showed that a meal induced, in the human terminal ileum, a delayed tonic relaxation, which could be related to the ileal delivery of meal residues and/or endogenous secretions released by a meal. In this study, we assessed the effects of some components of the ileal contents on its motor activity. In six healthy subjects, we studied ileal tonic and phasic motility in response to the infusion into the terminal ileum of different isotonic solutions: saline, glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GDCA), triglycerides, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). Tonic activity was not modified by salin

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35

Henry, R. T., J. D. Connor, and C. D. Balaban. "Nodulus-uvula depressor response: central GABA-mediated inhibition of alpha-adrenergic outflow." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 256, no. 6 (1989): H1601—H1608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1989.256.6.h1601.

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Electrical stimulation of a lateral region of the cerebellar nodulus-uvula transition zone in anesthetized albino rabbits decreases mean arterial blood pressure in direct proportion to stimulus intensity. The hypotension has an abrupt onset and is phasic; heart rate is unaffected. Neural pathways that might mediate the depressor response were studied using autonomic-blocking agents. Pretreatment with 2 mg/kg iv of either propranolol HCl or atropine methyl nitrate did not alter the onset or duration of the hypotensive response. However, pretreatment with 2 mg/kg iv phentolamine HCl abolished th

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Sieving, Paul A., Koichiro Murayama, and Franklin Naarendorp. "Push–pull model of the primate photopic electroretinogram: A role for hyperpolarizing neurons in shaping the b-wave." Visual Neuroscience 11, no. 3 (1994): 519–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800002431.

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AbstractExisting models of the primate photopic electroretinogram (ERG) attribute the light-adapted b–wave to activity of depolarizing bipolar cells (DBCs), mediated through a release of potassium that is monitored by Müller cells. However, possible ERG contributions from OFF-bipolar cells (HBCs) and horizontal cells (HzCs) have not been explored. We examined the contribution of these hyperpolarizing second-order retinal cells to the photopic ERG of monkey by applying glutamate analogs to suppress photoreceptor transmission selectively to HBC/HzCs vs. DBCs.ERGs of Macaca monkeys were recorded

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37

Chinzci, M., Y. Yamada, M. Suzukawa, T. Chinzei, and K. Numata. "PHASIC PULMONARY CAPILLARY PRESSURE IN OLEIC ACID INDUCED EDEMA MEASURED BY TIME-CONTROLLED ARTERIAL OCCLUSION." Anesthesiology 71, Supplement (1989): A1131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-198909001-01131.

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Miwa, Takaaki, Hitoshi Shugyo, and Masayuki Endou. "Prostaglandin E1 potentiates phasic contraction in isolated rat portal vein by cyclopiazonic acid-sensitive mechanism." Japanese Journal of Pharmacology 67 (1995): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-5198(19)46680-8.

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Kawamata, Masaki, Yutaka Tonomura, Tadashi Kimura, Yukihiko Sugimoto, Teruyuki Yanagisawa, and Katsuhiko Nishimori. "Oxytocin-induced phasic and tonic contractions are modulated by the contractile machinery rather than the quantity of oxytocin receptor." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 292, no. 4 (2007): E992—E999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00492.2006.

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To investigate the relationship between the oxytocin (OT) receptor (OTR) quantity and the contractile features systematically, we measured the mRNA expression levels of OTR and L-type Ca2+ channel α1C-subunit ( α 1C) and examined the regulatory mechanisms of OT-induced phasic or tonic contractions of the longitudinal smooth muscles in mouse uteri. The mRNA expression of OTR in 19.0 G (19.0 days of gestation) was greater than those in nonpregnant phases, and that of α 1C in estrus and 19.0 G was higher than in diestrus. OT-induced contractions sparsely occurred in diestrus. The OT-induced all-o

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40

Tang, Tuoxian, Mahmudul Hasan, and Daniel G. S. Capelluto. "Phafins Are More Than Phosphoinositide-Binding Proteins." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 9 (2023): 8096. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24098096.

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Phafins are PH (Pleckstrin Homology) and FYVE (Fab1, YOTB, Vac1, and EEA1) domain-containing proteins. The Phafin protein family is classified into two groups based on their sequence homology and functional similarity: Phafin1 and Phafin2. This protein family is unique because both the PH and FYVE domains bind to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate [PtdIns(3)P], a phosphoinositide primarily found in endosomal and lysosomal membranes. Phafin proteins act as PtdIns(3)P effectors in apoptosis, endocytic cargo trafficking, and autophagy. Additionally, Phafin2 is recruited to macropinocytic compartmen

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Keros, Sotirios, and John J. Hablitz. "Subtype-Specific GABA Transporter Antagonists Synergistically Modulate Phasic and Tonic GABAA Conductances in Rat Neocortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 94, no. 3 (2005): 2073–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00520.2005.

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GABAergic inhibition in the brain can be classified as either phasic or tonic. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) uptake by GABA transporters (GATs) can limit the time course of phasic currents arising from endogenous and exogenous GABA, as well as decrease a tonically active GABA current. GABA transporter subtypes 1 and 3 (GAT-1 and GAT-3) are the most heavily expressed of the four known GAT subtypes. The role of GATs in shaping GABA currents in the neocortex has not been explored. We obtained patch-clamp recordings from layer II/III pyramidal cells and layer I interneurons in rat sensorimotor cortex

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42

Engler, Mary B. "Effect of omega-3 fatty acids, docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic, on norepinephrine-induced contractions." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 70, no. 5 (1992): 675–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y92-086.

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The relaxant responses of the rat thoracic aorta to omega-3 fatty acids, docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic, on norepinephrine- and potassium-induced contractions were investigated. Relaxation was enhanced in vessels contracted with norepinephrine. Docosahexaenoic acid at concentrations as low as 1, 3, and 10 μM evoked significant relaxant responses (15, 23, 30%) in norepinephrine-contracted vessels as compared with responses (5, 9, 12%) in potassium-contracted vessels. Results for eicosapentaenoic acid under similar conditions were 3, 8, and 19% in norepinephrine-contracted vessels and 3, 3

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43

Wenninger, J. M., L. G. Pan, L. Klum, et al. "Large lesions in the pre-Bötzinger complex area eliminate eupneic respiratory rhythm in awake goats." Journal of Applied Physiology 97, no. 5 (2004): 1629–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00953.2003.

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In awake goats, 29% bilateral destruction of neurokinin-1 receptor-expressing neurons in the pre-Bötzinger complex (pre-BötzC) area with saporin conjugated to substance P results in transient disruptions of the normal pattern of eupneic respiratory muscle activation (Wenninger JM, Pan LG, Klum L, Leekley T, Bastastic J, Hodges MR, Feroah T, Davis S, and Forster HV. J Appl Physiol 97: 1620–1628, 2004). Therefore, the purpose of these studies was to determine whether large or total lesioning in the pre-BötzC area of goats would eliminate phasic diaphragm activity and the eupneic breathing patter

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Drexler, Berthold, Julia Grenz, Christian Grasshoff, and Bernd Antkowiak. "Allopregnanolone Enhances GABAergic Inhibition in Spinal Motor Networks." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 19 (2020): 7399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21197399.

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The neurosteroid allopregnanolone (ALLO) causes unconsciousness by allosteric modulation of γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors, but its actions on the spinal motor networks are unknown. We are therefore testing the hypothesis that ALLO attenuates the action potential firing of spinal interneurons and motoneurons predominantly via enhancing tonic, but not synaptic GABAergic inhibition. We used video microscopy to assess motoneuron-evoked muscle activity in organotypic slice cultures prepared from the spinal cord and muscle tissue. Furthermore, we monitored GABAA receptor-mediated curr

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Fujimiya, Mineko, Etsuro Itoh, Naoki Kihara, Ikuo Yamamoto, Masaki Fujimura, and Akio Inui. "Neuropeptide Y induces fasted pattern of duodenal motility via Y2 receptors in conscious fed rats." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 278, no. 1 (2000): G32—G38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.2000.278.1.g32.

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Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a 36-amino acid peptide abundantly expressed in the brain, has been implicated in the regulation of feeding and visceral functions. The present study was designed to investigate whether or not NPY specifically regulates duodenal motility. The manometric method was used to measure duodenal motility in conscious, freely moving rats. The rat duodenum showed phasic contractions mimicking the migrating motor complex in the fasted state that were replaced by irregular contractions after the ingestion of food. NPY powerfully affected the contractile activity after intracerebrove

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Loeza-Alcocer, Emanuel, Martha Canto-Bustos, Justo Aguilar, Ricardo González-Ramírez, Ricardo Felix та Rodolfo Delgado-Lezama. "α5GABAA receptors mediate primary afferent fiber tonic excitability in the turtle spinal cord". Journal of Neurophysiology 110, № 9 (2013): 2175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00330.2013.

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γ-Amino butyric acid (GABA) plays a key role in the regulation of central nervous system by activating synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAA receptors. It is acknowledged that extrasynaptic GABAA receptors located in the soma, dendrites, and axons may be activated tonically by low extracellular GABA concentrations. The activation of these receptors produces a persistent conductance that can hyperpolarize or depolarize nerve cells depending on the Cl− equilibrium potential. In an in vitro preparation of the turtle spinal cord we show that extrasynaptic α5GABAA receptors mediate the tonic state of ex

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Jensen, Kimmo, Chi-Sung Chiu, Irina Sokolova, Henry A. Lester, and Istvan Mody. "GABA Transporter-1 (GAT1)-Deficient Mice: Differential Tonic Activation of GABAA Versus GABAB Receptors in the Hippocampus." Journal of Neurophysiology 90, no. 4 (2003): 2690–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00240.2003.

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After its release from interneurons in the CNS, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA is taken up by GABA transporters (GATs). The predominant neuronal GABA transporter GAT1 is localized in GABAergic axons and nerve terminals, where it is thought to influence GABAergic synaptic transmission, but the details of this regulation are unclear. To address this issue, we have generated a strain of GAT1-deficient mice. We observed a large increase in a tonic postsynaptic hippocampal GABAA receptor-mediated conductance. There was little or no change in the waveform or amplitude of spontaneous inhi

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Meisheri, K. D., C. J. Taylor, and H. Saneii. "Synthetic atrial peptide inhibits intracellular calcium release in smooth muscle." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 250, no. 1 (1986): C171—C174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1986.250.1.c171.

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The effects of a synthetic atrial peptide (atriopeptin II; AP II) on the agonist-induced intracellular Ca2+ release was examined in the isolated rabbit aorta. The agonist-induced phasic contraction in a Ca2+-free physiological salt solution containing 2 mM ethyleneglycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl-ether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA-PSS) was used as an indicator of the intracellular Ca2+ release. The addition of AP II (10(-9)-10(-7) M) for 15 min to the tissue during the EGTA-PSS exposure caused a dose-dependent inhibition of norepinephrine (NE; 10(-6) M)-induced phasic contraction. The half-maximal i

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Kotsyubynsky, V. O., I. F. Myronyuk, V. L. Chelyadyn, and V. V. Moklyak. "Rutile Nanorods: Synthesis, Structure and Electrochemical Properties." Journal of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University 1, no. 1 (2014): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/jpnu.1.1.27-32.

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Nanodispersed rutile with rod-like particles was synthesized by hydrolysis of TiCl4 in hydrochloric acid - ethanol alcohol aqueous solution at 40°C. It was found that the specific surface area, crystallite size, degree of agglomeration are determined by molar ratios of ethanol. The obtained material was used as the base of cathode composition for lithium power sources. The maximum values of specific capacity (250 mAh/g) at discharge in galvanostatic conditions are fixed in the case of using material with the maximum agglomeration degree and minimal particle size. Phasic character of Li+ ions i

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DeSimone, John A., ZuoJun Ren, Tam-Hao T. Phan, Gerard L. Heck, Shobha Mummalaneni, and Vijay Lyall. "Changes in taste receptor cell [Ca2+]i modulate chorda tympani responses to salty and sour taste stimuli." Journal of Neurophysiology 108, no. 12 (2012): 3206–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00916.2011.

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The relationship between taste receptor cell (TRC) Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and rat chorda tympani (CT) nerve responses to salty [NaCl and NaCl+benzamil (Bz)] and sour (HCl, CO2, and acetic acid) taste stimuli was investigated before and after lingual application of ionomycin+Ca2+, 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane- N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester (BAPTA-AM), U73122 (phospholipase C blocker), and thapsigargin (Ca2+-ATPase inhibitor) under open-circuit or lingual voltage-clamp conditions. An increase in TRC [Ca2+]i attenuated the tonic Bz-sensitive NaCl CT response and the apical

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