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Perednya, Dmitriy, Aleksandr Belyaev i Oleg Filimonov. Dynamic aspects of the managerial culture of the internal affairs bodies of Russia. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1872859.
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In the monograph, the focus of research interest is primarily focused on the dynamic aspects of the managerial culture of the internal affairs bodies. The understanding of the object-subject area was carried out based on empirical data accumulated in recent years concerning changes in the managerial culture of internal affairs bodies.
At all times, management has been important for social structures. The fact is that the effective functioning of the organization is based on reasons directly or indirectly related to management issues, the form of existence of which is managerial culture. It is a complex phenomenon that is relevant both in research and in applied terms.
For a wide range of readers interested in the issues of managerial culture of internal affairs bodies. It can be useful for students, postgraduates and teachers of law schools.
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Park, Hyun-Gwi. The Displacement of Borders among Russian Koreans in Northeast Asia. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789089649980.
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Since the nineteenth century, ethnic Koreans have represented a small yet significant portion of the population of the Russian Far East, but until now, the phenomenon has been largely understudied. Based on extensive historical and ethnographic research, this is the first book in English to chart the contemporary social life of Koreans in the complex borderland region. Dispelling the commonly held notion that Koreans were completely removed from the region during the country's attempt to 'cleanse' its borders in 1937, Hyun Gwi Park reveals timely new insights into the historical and current experiences of Koreans living along the Eurasian frontier.
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Kang, Mathilde. Francophonie and the Orient. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462988255.
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Based on transnational France-Asia approaches, this book studies Asian cultures once steeped in French civilisation but free of a colonial mode in order to highlight the transliterary examples of cultural transfer. This book is a pioneering study of the Francophone phenomenon within the context of cultures categorised as non-Francophone. Espousing a transcultural approach, Francophonie and the Orient examines the emergence of French heritage in the Far-East, the various forms of its manifestation, and the modes of its identification. Several thematic signposts guide the diverse pathways of the research. Firstly, the question is posed as to whether colonisation is the ultimate coat of arms for entry into Francophonie? Secondly, the book raises issues relative to Asian Francophone works: the emergence of literatures with French expression from Asian countries historically free of French domination. Finally, the study reconfigures the Asian Francophone heritage with new paradigms (transnational/global studies), which redefine the frontiers of Francophonie in Asia.
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Bejan, Adrian, i Giuseppe Grazzini, red. Shape and Thermodynamics. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-836-9.
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Shape and Thermodynamics is a two-day international Workshop focused on the Constructal Theory of generation of configuration in nature and engineering. From the early developments related to tree configurations for the cooling of electronics, today Constructal theory is being applied to conceptual design of transportation net-works, river basins, living bodies, building materials and many other flow systems. Constructal theory is also enriching thermo-dynamics, from basic theory to design and optimization. This theory approaches design "as science", with the generation of configuration regarded as a phenomenon of all physics, based on principle (the Constructal law). For example, Constructal Theory contributes to the evolution of fuel cells, in the design of cooling channels, the optimal feeding of reactants, etc. Important applications are also found in the design of heat exchangers, district heating networks, etc. The growing scientific literature on Constructal Theory has an important Italian component, although further dissemination is timely. Moreover, the relation with other thermodynamic research areas deserves to be explored. Website: Shape and Thermodinamics
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Pozdnysheva, E., Yu Chikhanchin, S. Ivanov, Yuriy Truntsevskiy, Aleksandr Savenkov, Elina Sidorenko, Aleksandr Fedorov i in. Combatting Corruption: New Challenges. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21335.
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This monograph sums up the results of multidisciplinary scientific research of legal and institutional fundamentals relating to combatting corruption that were obtained within the National plan of combatting corruption for the period 2014–2015. It defines modern concepts of combatting corruption with due account given to new challenges and factors which are conducive to this socially negative phenomenon. The monograph reflects theoretical and methodological rules employed to monitor corruption elements and anticorruption measures, it also provides recommendations relating to the ways and means to liquidating the causes and conditions for corruption. Under consideration are traditional and new technologies of combatting corruption, potentials of legal responsibility for corruption crimes. It also gives recommendations for national anticorruption policy improvements that are based on international law tendencies and positive legal experience of international legislation.
The thesis of this paper were broadly discussed at international and national science conferences, including the Fourth and the Fifth Eurasian anticorruption forum (Moscow, 2015 and 2016), and also during the sixth session of the Conference of States — members of the UN Convention on counteracting corruption (Saint Petersburg, 2–6 Nov. 2015).
Theoretical conclusions and practical solutions highlighted in this publication can raise the effectiveness of national anticorruption strategies, give a new impetus to multidisciplinary and scientific studies of the legislation and law enforcement cases, and also get a greater number of people interested in this sphere – practicing lawyers, representatives of business community,
graduates, and post graduates, legislative bodies, teachers, students, readers who face the problem of overcoming the problem of corruption.
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Chace, William G., i Howard K. Moore. Exploding Wires: Based on Conference on the Exploding Wire Phenomenon, April, 1959. Conducted by Geophysics Research Directorate, Air Force Cambridge ... Technological Institute Research Foundation. Springer, 2012.
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Chace, William G., i Howard K. Moore. Exploding Wires: Based on Conference on the Exploding Wire Phenomenon, April, 1959. Conducted by Geophysics Research Directorate, Air Force Cambridge Research Center with the Cooperation of Lowell Technological Institute Research Foundation. Springer, 2012.
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Yaghi, Mohammad. Coding in Qualitative Research. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190882969.003.0015.
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In this chapter, Yaghi offers detailed suggestions on how to code qualitative data after they have been gathered. Based on his doctoral dissertation, this chapter explains that the logic behind coding qualitative data is to turn a significant amount of information into categories that can be used to explain a phenomenon, reveal a concept, or render the data comparable across different case studies. It also elaborates through examples from author’s fieldwork in Tunisia, Egypt, and Jordan on four potential problems that may face researchers in coding qualitative data. These are the questions of preparation, categorization, consistency, and saturation. The chapter concludes by asking researchers to be flexible, and open to the process of trial and error in coding, to confront the data with questions before categorization, and to gather sufficient data on their topics before running their qualitative surveys.
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Bryant Miller, Adam, Maya Massing-Schaffer, Sarah Owens i Mitchell J. Prinstein. Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Among Youth. Redaktorzy Thomas H. Ollendick, Susan W. White i Bradley A. White. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634841.013.34.
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Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is direct, intentional harm to one’s own body performed without the intent to die. NSSI has a marked developmental onset reaching peak prevalence in adolescence. NSSI is present in the context of multiple psychological disorders and stands alone as a separate phenomenon. Research has accumulated over the past several decades regarding the course of NSSI. While great advances have been made, there remains a distinct need for basic and applied research in the area of NSSI. This chapter reviews prevalence rates, correlates and risk factors, and leading theories of NSSI. Further, it reviews assessment techniques and provides recommendations. Then, it presents the latest evidence-based treatment recommendations and provides a case example. Finally, cutting edge research and the next frontier of research in this area are outlined.
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Shi, Baoguo, i Jing Luo. Culture, Language, and Creativity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190455675.003.0007.
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As Csikszentmihalyi (1999) noted, creativity is a culturally bound phenomenon, not simply a mental process. In this chapter, we first discuss some differences in the conceptualization of creativity from the East–West perspective. Does “creativity” mean the same thing in Western and East Asian cultural settings? Recent research based on lay people’s definitions of creativity, including implicit and explicit theories of creativity, descriptions of creative people, and evaluations of creative products, will be highlighted. Second, as a key component of culture, language has very important implications for understanding creativity. We will review recent research on this topic, including the relationship between bilingualism and creativity and empirical discoveries from groundbreaking behavioral and neuroimaging studies on insight problem solving that involve Chinese characters.
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Tucci, Christopher L., Allan Afuah i Gianluigi Viscusi, red. Creating and Capturing Value through Crowdsourcing. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816225.001.0001.
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Examples of the value that can be created and captured through crowdsourcing go back to at least 1714, when the UK used crowdsourcing to solve the Longitude Problem, obtaining a solution that would enable the UK to become the dominant maritime force of its time. Today, Wikipedia uses crowds to provide entries for the world’s largest and free encyclopedia. Partly fueled by the value that can be created and captured through crowdsourcing, interest in researching the phenomenon has been remarkable. For example, the Best Paper Awards in 2012 for a record-setting three journals—the Academy of Management Review, Journal of Product Innovation Management, and Academy of Management Perspectives—were about crowdsourcing. In spite of the interest in crowdsourcing—or perhaps because of it—research on the phenomenon has been conducted in different research silos within the fields of management (from strategy to finance to operations to information systems), biology, communications, computer science, economics, political science, among others. In these silos, crowdsourcing takes names such as broadcast search, innovation tournaments, crowdfunding, community innovation, distributed innovation, collective intelligence, open source, crowdpower, and even open innovation. The book aims to assemble papers from as many of these silos as possible since the ultimate potential of crowdsourcing research is likely to be attained only by bridging them. The papers provide a systematic overview of the research on crowdsourcing from different fields based on a more encompassing definition of the concept, its difference for innovation, and its value for both the private and public sectors.
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Edele, Mark. Stalin's Defectors. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798156.001.0001.
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Stalin’s Defectors is the first systematic study of the phenomenon of front-line surrender to the Germans in the Soviet Union’s ‘Great Patriotic War’ against the Nazis in 1941–5. No other Allied army in the Second World War had such a large share of defectors among its prisoners of war. Based on a broad range of sources, this book investigates the extent, the context, the scenarios, the reasons, the aftermath, and the historiography of front-line defection. It shows that the most widespread sentiment animating attempts to cross the front line was a wish to survive this war. Disgruntlement with Stalin’s ‘socialism’ was also prevalent among those who chose to give up and hand themselves over to the enemy. While politics thus played a prominent role in pushing people to commit treason, few desired to fight on the side of the enemy. Hence, while the phenomenon of front-line defection tells us much about the lack of popularity of Stalin’s regime, it does not prove that the majority of the population was ready for resistance, let alone collaboration. Both sides of a long-standing debate between those who equate all Soviet captives with defectors, and those who attempt to downplay the phenomenon, then, over-stress their argument. Instead, more recent research on the moods of both the occupied and the unoccupied Soviet population shows that the majority understood its own interest in opposition to both Hitler’s and Stalin’s regime. The findings of this book support such an interpretation.
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Taft, Casey T., Adam D. LaMotte i Karina S. Gilbert. Intimate Partner Violence. Redaktor Phillip M. Kleespies. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352722.013.17.
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Intimate partner violence (IPV) remains a significant public health concern. Research has demonstrated that IPV can hold numerous and severe consequences for those victimized, and thus IPV necessitates effective evidence-based assessment, prevention, and treatment approaches. This chapter provides an overview of several different aspects of this phenomenon, starting with the definitions of distinct forms of IPV. Next, rates and consequences of IPV victimization are investigated. Additionally, four prominent theories of IPV perpetration are examined in conjunction with relevant research: feminist theory, social learning theory, I3 theory, and social information processing theory. Following, the chapter reviews different instruments developed to assess risk of IPV perpetration and victimization as well as the efficacy of existing interventions designed to treat and prevent IPV. Finally, important areas for future directions are discussed.
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Bruce, Tricia Colleen. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190270315.003.0001.
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This chapter introduces the phenomenon of personal parishes in contemporary American Catholicism. Personal parishes organize Catholics on the basis of purpose rather than territory. They cluster local Catholics by ethnicity, liturgical preference (including for the Traditional Latin Mass), social justice orientation, and more. In making room for diverse expressions of Catholicism, personal parishes represent a structural response to heterogeneity from the top. Their patterns of use over time showcase organizational changes to how bishops structure local Catholicism. National parishes were once commonplace; today, a growing number of dioceses introduce personal parishes for new purposes. This chapter previews the remaining content of the book as well as briefly summarizing the mixed methodological approach upon which this research is based.
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Uysal, Suzan, i David L. Reich. Assessment of Postoperative Cognitive Decline. Redaktorzy David L. Reich, Stephan Mayer i Suzan Uysal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190280253.003.0007.
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Neurocognitive outcome studies are a potentially rich source of information for evidence-based approaches to neuroprotection. This chapter provides a critical examination of assessment methods for studying postoperative cognitive decline (POCD), with regard to definition of the phenomenon, the role of hypotheses regarding mechanisms and localization of neural injury, and psychometric considerations for the design of POCD assessment protocols. It also describes an approach to conducting clinical neuropsychological assessments outside of research contexts for patients who present with signs or symptoms of POCD when there are no preoperative baseline cognitive test data. The authors propose a set of guidelines for designing, conducting, interpreting, and evaluating cognitive outcome studies in surgical patients and performing clinical POCD assessments.
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Shen, Winny, i Lindsay Dhanani. Measuring and Defining Discrimination. Redaktorzy Adrienne J. Colella i Eden B. King. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199363643.013.22.
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Given the prevalence and myriad consequences associated with actual and perceived workplace discrimination, research addressing this topic has grown rapidly in recent years. This expansion of the literature has been accompanied by a proliferation of constructs, definitions, and measures. This chapter reviews and summarizes current definitions and measurement approaches, highlighting discrepancies and deficiencies where they exist in the literature. The chapter concludes by identifying gaps in the workplace discrimination literature, organized around issues of who, what, where, when, and why. Recommendations for future research include employing study designs that minimize the potential for common method variance, assessing perpetrator and target perspectives simultaneously, paying more attention to issues of timing in order to study discrimination as a dynamic and event-based phenomenon, identifying contextual factors that influence the likelihood of perceiving and reporting discrimination, and further clarifying and addressing the bases by which discrimination occurs.
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Clough, Emily. The Politics of Food Labeling and Certification. Redaktor Ronald J. Herring. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195397772.013.020.
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From Fair Trade to Organic certification, the ethical labeling of food represents a growing phenomenon in the twenty-first century. The proliferation of labeling initiatives in recent years has provoked debate on the effectiveness of this form of voluntary, market-based regulation. Advocates understand ethical food labeling as a way of safeguarding environmental, labor, and health standards in food production that are unprotected by the state by empowering consumers as political actors. Conversely, critics view ethical food labeling as an elitist system plagued by problems of transparency, accountability, scalability, and consumer misinformation—ultimately an inadequate substitute for stronger state regulation. This chapter provides an overview of ethical labeling standards for food, outlining the claims made by proponents, the critiques that have been raised, and the relevant research, focusing particularly on Fair Trade and Organic standards.
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Click, Melissa A. Fifty Shades of Postfeminism. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039577.003.0002.
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This chapter examines the meaning of Fifty Shades of Grey to the women who read it, within the context of a postfeminist sexualized culture. Like the Twilight series upon which it is based, Fifty Shades has resonated deeply with readers around the world. To investigate Fifty Shades' appeal, the chapter presents interviews of thirty-six readers and grounds their reflections with feminist media research that explores women's use of romance reading. In the process, this chapter explores the series' messages about gender roles, romance, and sexuality, bringing crucial attention to the cultural and social aspects of the Fifty Shades phenomenon. Overall, it argues that Fifty Shades' appeal is rooted in women's use of the series' recurrent themes of fantasy, romance, and sex to make sense of the sexualized cultural environment in which they are immersed.
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Salla, Fernando. O Trabalho dos Presos e a Privatização das Prisões. Brazil Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-225-4.
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The book presents the historical trajectory of the prison and discusses the role that the work of prisoners plays. In particular, it analyses the functions of prison and the work of prisoners based on two distinct theoretical lines, represented by Dario Melossi-Massimo Pavarini and Michel Foucault. The book identifies and analyses the various ideas proposed over the years for reforming prisons and, above all, the work carried out inside them by the prisoners. It points out failures in many attempts to make the productive sector of prisons similar to that of the private sector. It addresses the phenomenon of privatization of prisons that has gained momentum since the mid-1970s and the various proposals that have emerged, including those aimed at the productive sector. In addition, it stresses the limits and obstacles for the success of such proposals, which are imposed by the penal system as well as the dynamics of the prison world. The research on which the book is based was developed with the national and international bibliography and specially with the documentation of the American justice system.
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Leifeld, Philip. Discourse Network Analysis. Redaktorzy Jennifer Nicoll Victor, Alexander H. Montgomery i Mark Lubell. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190228217.013.25.
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Political discourse is the verbal interaction among political actors, who make normative claims about policies conditional on each other, rendering discourse a dynamic network phenomenon. The structure and dynamics of policy debates can be analyzed by combining content and dynamic network analysis. After annotating statements of actors in text sources, networks can be created from these structured data, such as congruence or conflict networks at the actor or concept level, affiliation networks of actors and concept stances, and longitudinal versions of these networks. The resulting network data reveal important properties, such as the structure of advocacy coalitions or discourse coalitions; polarization and consensus formation; and underlying endogenous processes like popularity, reciprocity, or social balance. The advantage of discourse network analysis over survey-based policy network research is that policy processes can be analyzed from a longitudinal perspective. Inferential techniques for understanding the micro-level processes governing political discourse are being developed.
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Gafaranga, Joseph. Bilingualism as Interactional Practices. Edinburgh University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748675951.001.0001.
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Research in code-switching, undertaken against the backdrop of very negative attitudes towards the concurrent use of two or more languages within the same conversation, has traditionally been geared towards rehabilitating this form of language use. From being seen as a random phenomenon reflecting the user’s lack of competence, code-switching is currently seen as sign of an advanced level of competence in the languages involved and as serving different interactional functions. However, as a result of its success, the research tradition now faces an entirely new challenge: Where to from here? How can research in code-switching continue to be relevant and interesting now it has largely achieved its original purpose? This books seeks to answer this programmatic question. The author argues that, in order to overcome this challenge, the notion of bilingualism (multilingualism) itself must be redefined. Bilingualism must be seen as consisting of multiple interactional practices. Accordingly, research in bilingualism and in code-switching in particular must aim to describe each of those practices in its own right. In other word, the aim should be an empirically based understanding of the various interactional practices involving the use of two or more languages. In the book, this new research direction is illustrated by means of three case studies: language choice and speech representation in bilingual interaction, language choice and conversational repair in bilingual interaction and language choice and appositive structures in written texts in Rwanda.
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Narlikar, A. V., red. The Oxford Handbook of Small Superconductors. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198738169.001.0001.
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This handbook examines cutting-edge developments in research and applications of small or mesoscopic superconductors, offering a glimpse of what might emerge as a giga world of nano superconductors. Contributors, who are eminent frontrunners in the field, share their insights on the current status and great promise of small superconductors in the theoretical, experimental, and technological spheres. They discuss the novel and intriguing features and theoretical underpinnings of the phenomenon of mesoscopic superconductivity, the latest fabrication methods and characterization tools, and the opportunities and challenges associated with technological advances. The book is organized into three parts. Part I deals with developments in basic research of small superconductors, including local-scale spectroscopic studies of vortex organization in such materials, Andreev reflection and related studies in low-dimensional superconducting systems, and research on surface and interface superconductivity. Part II covers the materials aspects of small superconductors, including mesoscopic effects in superconductor–ferromagnet hybrids, micromagnetic measurements on electrochemically grown mesoscopic superconductors, and magnetic flux avalanches in superconducting films with mesoscopic artificial patterns. Part III reviews the current progress in the device technology of small superconductors, focusing on superconducting spintronics and devices, barriers in Josephson junctions, hybrid superconducting devices based on quantum wires, superconducting nanodevices, superconducting quantum bits of information, and the use of nanoSQUIDs in the investigation of small magnetic systems.
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Fonneland, Trude. Contemporary Shamanisms in Norway. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190678821.001.0001.
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This book examines Sámi shamanism in Norway as a uniquely distinctive local manifestation of a global new religious phenomenon. It takes the diversity and hybridity within shamanic practices seriously through case studies from a Norwegian setting and highlights the ethnic dimension of these currents, through a particular focus on Sámi versions of shamanism. The book’s thesis is that the construction of a Sámi shamanistic movement makes sense from the perspective of the broader ethno-political search for a Sámi identity, with respect to connections to indigenous peoples worldwide and trans-historically. It also makes sense in economic and marketing terms. Based on more than ten years of ethnographic research, the book paints a picture of contemporary shamanism in Norway in its cultural context, relating it both to the local mainstream cultures in which it is situated and to global networks. By this, the book provides the basis for a study revealing the development of inventiveness, nuances, and polyphony that occur when a global religion of shamanism is merged in a Norwegian setting, colored by its own political and cultural circumstances.
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Barbalet, Jack. The Theory of Guanxi and Chinese Society. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808732.001.0001.
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This is the first book to comprehensively and critically examine the nature and background of the Chinese phenomenon of guanxi. It does this by reviewing and taking account of the major theoretical frameworks that relate to these closely bonded long-term relationships that are developed in order to pursue instrumental advantage in a society marked by relatively weak legal and regulatory institutions. The book locates such theorizing in the major features of the rapidly evolving Chinese market society, whilst paying attention to the historical origins and cultural sources of this highly particularistic approach to the acquisition of social and material resources, an approach which relies on obligatory relations of favour exchange between persons who self-consciously and strategically select their associates and goals. The book goes on to develop an improved way of understanding this extremely significant and distinct feature of social, political and economic relations that are characteristic of mainland China’s relentlessly active population. The book uniquely proposes an inclusive approach to guanxi based on comprehensive theorizing which both challenges many conventions and at the same time introduces a research orientation which captures the pertinent psychological dispositions, cultural expressions, and institutional frameworks that underpin guanxi.
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Hanold, Maylon. World Sports. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216039228.
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This book covers a wide range of issues and controversies within the world of sports—including drug use, economics, ethics, ethnicity, gender, globalization, politics, race, sexuality, and technology—from both a U.S. and global perspective. World Sports: A Reference Handbook covers a wide variety of sports-related controversies, including ethical, political, technological, business, and social issues related to the phenomenon of sports. Many of the larger topics are covered from multiple angles, often providing both a global and American perspective. The work provides unique insights into the commonly addressed subject of sports, supplying information that most readers will find unfamiliar and thought-provoking. Addressing forms of sports as diverse as American football, skateboarding, NASCAR auto racing, ultrarunning, and the disciplines of the Olympic Games, the title's topics are discussed in depth to illuminate the sport's specific issues and are backed with information from relevant sports organizations, biographies of important people, chronologies, and charts and graphs. The information within this handbook is based upon the latest academic research but presented in very accessible language, making it appropriate for high school and undergraduate students as well as general readers.
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Burris, Christopher T. Evil in Mind. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197637180.001.0001.
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Evil in Mind: The Psychology of Harming Others offers readers an accessible, social-scientific understanding of the concept of evil and its various incarnations. Rather than simply using “evil” as an undefined synonym for human nastiness, Part 1 of the book first establishes when and why people apply the “evil” label to perpetrators and their misdeeds. It also addresses why most people do not want to see themselves—or be seen by others—as evil: Being labeled “evil” is the ultimate signifier of social rejection. Indeed, although dogged pursuit of good feelings and the effortful avoidance of bad feelings often causes suffering for others, people make use of an astounding array of cognitive reframing and self-presentation strategies to dodge the “evil” label. Part 2 illustrates how these core principles can aid comprehension of phenomena such as hate, sadism, serial killers, and group-based evil such as genocide, corporate wrongdoing, and familial abuse. Throughout, Evil in Mind attempts to nudge the reader toward a mindset that is self-reflective rather than ghoulish or self-congratulatory: Whether one’s actions result in harm that is horrifically irreparable or comparatively minor, the motives driving such actions and the menu of goals and strategies for deflecting condemnation are not really all that different. Thus, Evil in Mind presents the reader with a systematic, research-based psychological analysis of the phenomenon of evil that is compact, digestible, and potentially transformative.
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Daher, Aurélie. Hezbollah. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190495893.001.0001.
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Almost thirty years after its foundation, Lebanese Hezbollah is an organization that remains difficult to understand. What exactly is Hezbollah? An Islamist terrorist group dedicated to destroying Israel? The first Arab national resistance to have ever defeated Tel Aviv's troops? A patriotic and respectable party or a fascist network having managed to control all levels of Lebanese political life? How did this organization acquire such an important role in the Middle-Eastern game and in Lebanese politics? This book has three purposes. Firstly, to clearly articulate a definition of Hezbollah, presenting a thorough history of the party, describing its internal structure and the large scope of its social and political action. Secondly, to explain the evolution of the party's mobilization. And finally, to illustrate another path, political but mainly identity-related: that of the Shiite community, the main constituent of Lebanese society today. Through a rigorous and richly documented study, based on primary sources including hundreds of interviews with rank and file members, executives and officials of the party, and research material never examined before, the author unveils brand new aspects of this organization, thus completing our understanding of both the "Hezbollah phenomenon" and Lebanese politics of the last two decades.
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Barros, Sulivan Charles. Carnaval e cidade – usos e apropriações de espaços urbanos: Recife e Olinda em perspectiva. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-277-3.
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Carnival is one of the most important manifestations of Brazilian culture. On festival days, the carnival locus is occupied by antagonistic social actors, producing a unique image of the sensitive movements that the city experiences throughout the year and that end up in the unequal processes of power and space - one of the multiple readings that the carnival phenomenon offers. Understanding this complex moment of polyphonies and polysemias requires a review of its historical development process, aiming at a broader understanding of how it was (and continues to be) forged as an entirely Brazilian social fact, an element that makes up a part of the nation's identity formation. In this direction, the city becomes a privileged place for carnival production based on evocation of memory, symbolizing the idea of public spaces to be activated and reconstructed. In order to build an articulation between past, present and future, commercial investments have been integrating multiple strategies in the search to dynamize old uses of urban space, associated with contemporary forms of carnival consumption. In this sense, this research proposes to analyze the relationship between carnival and the city from the uses and appropriations of public spaces and that will present the cities of Recife and Olinda as an empirical reference.
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Poplack, Shana. Borrowing. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190256388.001.0001.
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In virtually every bilingual situation empirically studied, borrowed items make up the overwhelming majority of other-language material, but short shrift has been given to this major manifestation of language contact. As a result, scholars have long been divided over whether borrowing is a process distinct from code-switching, leading to long-standing controversy over how best to theorize language mixing strategies. This volume focuses on lexical borrowing as it actually occurs in the discourse of bilingual speakers, building on more than three decades of original research. Based on vast quantities of spontaneous performance data and a highly ramified analytical apparatus, it characterizes the phenomenon in the speech community and in the grammar, both synchronically and diachronically. In contrast to most other treatments, which deal with the product of borrowing, this work examines the process: How speakers incorporate foreign items into their bilingual discourse, how they adapt them to recipient-language grammatical structure, how these forms diffuse across speakers and communities, how long they persist in real time, and whether they change over the duration. It proposes falsifiable hypotheses about established loanwords and nonce borrowings and tests them empirically on a wealth of unique datasets on a wide variety of typologically similar and distinct language pairs. A major focus is the detailed analysis of integration, the principal mechanism underlying the borrowing process. Though the shape the borrowed form assumes may be colored by community convention, we show that the act of transforming donor-language elements into native material is universal.
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Dean, Laura A. Diffusing Human Trafficking Policy in Eurasia. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447352839.001.0001.
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The issue of human trafficking is particularly important in the region between Europe and Asia due to the dramatic increase in the number of persons trafficked into and through the region since the collapse of communism. Women from Eurasia fuel the sex industries around the world but increasingly, men and children from this region are also victims of labor exploitation. This book analyses how human trafficking policies aimed at combatting this phenomenon have diffused from the international to national level policymaking in one of the largest source regions for human trafficking in the world. The book adds another dimension to human rights-based policymaking with gendered regulatory policy embodied in criminalization statutes and redistributive policy with victims’ service laws by exploring factors that promote and impede policy adoption. Using a mixed method approach, the book uniquely develops the diffusion of innovation theory to include policy variation with adoption and implementation in a new substantive area (human trafficking) and a new regional area (Eurasia). The main research question examines the top-down and bottom-up pressures involved in why some countries adopt encompassing human trafficking policies and others do not and why some countries successfully implement these policies and others do not. The book traces the development and effectiveness of anti-trafficking institutions established in public policy adoption and their interconnected relationship with policy implementation effectiveness. Across Eurasia there are links between these institutions and the ties that bind them which if weak can cause anti-trafficking network fragmentation.
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Roddy, Edward, i Michael Doherty. Calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition (CPPD). Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0142.
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Calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition (CPPD) in articular cartilage is a common age-related phenomenon. Recent important advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of pyrophosphate metabolism include the identification of a mutation within the ANK gene which associates with familial CPPD, and elucidation of the interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-dependent mechanisms by which crystals invoke an inflammatory response. Risk factors for CPPD include age, prior joint damage and osteoarthritis, genetic factors, and occasionally metabolic diseases (hyperparathyroidism, haemochromatosis, hypomagnesaemia, and hypophosphatasia). CPPD is commonly asymptomatic or may present as osteoarthritis with CPPD, acute calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) crystal arthritis, or chronic CPP crystal inflammatory arthritis. Although radiographic chondrocalcinosis is often taken to be synonymous with CPPD, other calcium crystals can also have this appearance and definitive diagnosis requires identification of CPP crystals by compensated polarized light microscopy of aspirated synovial fluid. Recently, the ultrasonographic appearances of CPPD have been described. Treatment of CPPD is targeted to the clinical presentation. Acute CPP crystal arthritis is treated by aspiration and injection of glucocorticosteroid, local ice packs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), low-dose colchicine, oral or parenteral glucocorticosteroids, or adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH). Treatment of osteoarthritis with CPPD is very similar to the treatment of osteoarthritis alone. There is no specific therapy for chronic CPP crystal inflammatory arthritis: options include NSAID, low-dose colchicine, low-dose glucocorticosteroid, methotrexate, and hydroxychloroquine. Recommendations for the management of CPPD are derived from a small evidence base and largely based on clinical experience and extrapolation from gout. Further research into diagnosis and management including novel treatment strategies such as IL-1β blockade is much needed.
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Kaur, Raminder. Kudankulam. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199498710.001.0001.
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The book tells the many stories that circulate around a nuclear power plant in Kudankulam in the southern peninsular region of Tamil Nadu in India from the late 1980s. The tales are by way of fishermen and women, farmers, environmentalists, activists, writers, scholars, teachers, journalists, priests, children, as much as they are of lawyers, scientists, state officials and the author drawing upon an interdisciplinary field as the subject compels. They show how peninsular residents contended with the prospect of one of Asia’s largest nuclear enterprise being built on their doorstep. They reveal what role the nuclear plant plays in contested discourses of development, democracy, and nationalism in multiple spaces of criticality. Based on over a decade of historical and ethnographic research, we learn about the anti-nuclear campaign’s part in ‘right-to-lives’ movements, the (re)production of knowledge and ignorance in the understanding of radiation, and tactics to create an evidence base in response to the otherwise unavailable or inaccessible data on radiation and public health in India. In the process, the author casts a lens on how national and transnational solidarity was both received and curtailed, where processes of neo-liberalization and national security led to the hardening of the ‘nuclear state’. This phenomenon came with the direct and indirect repression of the anti-nuclear movement with the engineering of ‘death conditions’ for its protagonists. Altogether, this is one of the few books that has at its heart the many facets of a grassroots movement for energy justice in the global south from the 1980s that, three decades on, went on to become an international cause célèbre.
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Bogdanova, Olga A., red. Estate real — estate literary: vectors of creative transformation. A.M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/978-5-9208-0676-5.
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The publication is based on a comparison of the variants of the “estate topos” in the works of Russian literature and literature of other nations of the late 19th — early 21st centuries with their real-empirical prototypes, living in the memory and imagination of the creators of artistic images. On the material of the works by L.N. Tolstoy, A.P. Chekhov, I.A. Bunin, G.I. Chulkov, E.N. Chirikov, A.A. Akhmatova, V.V. Nabokov, M.M. Prishvin, S.N. Durylin, B.L. Pasternak, E.R. Dombrovskaya and other Russian writers, the authors of this monography find out the regularities of the transformation of the real elements of the estate complex and facts of author’s biographies into the details of the subject depiction and the multilayered symbolism of the world of the artistic work. The comparative aspect seriously presented in the book allows us to emphasize in the “estate topos” universal features that are relevant both for Russian literature and for the literature of Spain, Italy, England, France, Ukraine and other countries since Antiquity. The authors also continue to consider the phenomenon of dacha in Russian literature and culture, and begin an analysis of the elements of the “dacha topos” and the discourses that fill it. The сollective monograph contains articles by 23 authors, distributed in 6 problem- thematic sections, reflecting the most important “vectors of creative transformation” of empirical reality: innovations in the field of poetics of artistic works, analysis of ego-documents and artefacts, interdisciplinary integration, comparative parallels, etc. The publication is intended both for specialists (academics, teachers, research students and undergraduates) and for the general reader interested in the place of the Russian estate in literature and in world culture.
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Dyson, Kenneth. Conservative Liberalism, Ordo-liberalism, and the State. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198854289.001.0001.
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This book uses extensive original archival and elite interview research to examine the attempt to rejuvenate liberalism as a means of disciplining democracy and the market through a new rule-based economic and political order. This rebirth took the form of conservative liberalism and, in its most developed form, Ordo-liberalism. It occurred against the historical background of the great transformational crisis of liberalism in the first part of the twentieth century. Conservative liberalism evolved as a cross-national phenomenon. It included such eminent and cultured liberal economists as James Buchanan, Frank Knight, Henry Simons, Ralph Hawtrey, Jacques Rueff, Luigi Einaudi, Walter Eucken, Friedrich Hayek, Alfred Müller-Armack, Wilhelm Röpke, Alexander Rüstow, and Paul van Zeeland, as well as leading lawyers like Louis Brandeis, Franz Böhm, and Maurice Hauriou. It also played a formative role in establishing new international networks, notably the Mont Pèlerin Society. The book investigates the rich intellectual inheritance of this variant of new liberalism from aristocratic liberalism, ethical philosophy, and religious thought. It also locates the social basis of conservative liberalism and Ordo-liberalism in the cultivated bourgeois intelligentsia. The book goes on to examine the attempts to embed this new disciplinary form of liberalism in Britain, France, Germany, Italy, and the United States, and to consider the determinants of its varying significance across space and over time. It concludes by assessing the historical significance and contemporary relevance of conservative liberalism and Ordo-liberalism as liberalism confronts a new transformational crisis at the beginning of the new millennium. Is their promise of disciplining democracy and the market a hollow one?
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Santibañez Gruber, Rosa Maria, i Antonia Caro González, red. DEUSTO Social Impact Briefings No. 4 (2019). University of Deusto, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/dsib-4(2020).
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This fourth edition of the DSIB presents the main results of the research carried out under four broad-based projects jointly developed by researchers and actors involved in topics of great social relevance such as responsible gambling, Cooperative-Intelligent transport Systems, gender dimension of alcohol addiction and support and care for victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation. This issue comprises the following four briefings: 1. What would sports betting advertising be like if it were handled more responsibly? will analyse the structure of sports betting advertising, in an attempt to understand whether such advertising could become a public health issue. This briefing examines different works that have led to scientific publications and presents their main conclusions as well as the major recommendations for gambling companies and regulators. 2. How can artificial intelligence reduce road traffic accidents and prevent congestion? This briefing seeks to present the benefits of the TIMON system for optimising traffic management and urban transport network operations in cities, directly supporting transport managers in their decision-making processes for transport operations. 3. Gender inequalities in matters of drug addiction: how does alcoholism really affect women? aims to study the phenomenon of drug dependence from a gender perspective. This involves identifying what kind of socio-cultural and psychological representations are involved in women, according to their gender role, so that they develop a series of risk factors for them, both for the beginning of consumption and in its continuity. In addition, the research team proposes guidelines for a specialized care for women in this area, in order to increase the effectiveness of required interventions. 4. Key points for supporting and accompanying victims and survivors of human trafficking for sexual exploitation is intended as a working document for specialists involved in the prevention and detection of cases and in support and care for victims. It seeks to fill the current gaps and meet the needs of women victims of trafficking providing a better response to their situations.
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Skoloda, Kelley M. Too Busy to Shop. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216026433.
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Research indicates that most women do it at least ten times every five minutes. What is it? Multi-minding—mentally juggling a complex mix of family, career, and self-care decisions at any given moment, with little time for commercial messages to seep into the mix. How do marketers reach women, who still make 85% of all consumer purchasing decisions? This book, based on research, interviews, and Kelley Skoloda’s twenty years of leading-edge work in brand marketing with major clients, explains how to connect with multi-minding women, gain their trust, and tap into their purchasing power. Multi-minding is a cultural phenomenon that is here to stay. A multi-minding woman, even if she appears to be relaxing in front of a late-night television show, reading a magazine in the pediatrician’s office, or tackling a complicated analytic study at work, is at the same time thinking about and preparing for the other dimensions of her life. She’s weighing the benefits of changing her 401k plan, plotting out her organic vegetable garden, ticking off birthday-party logistics, and longing for a neck massage. That’s why one study shows women feel they are packing 38 hours of activity into a 24-hour period. But studies also show that most women feel marketers are ignoring their needs. That’s a big mistake considering women spend $3.3 trillion annually on consumer products. Too Busy to Shop explains what marketers need to know about multi-minding—a word coined by Skoloda and Ketchum—and its implications for companies seeking to speak to women buyers. Besides theory and insight, readers get how-tos and action items designed to ensure women view their brands favorably and hear the marketing message. The book also contains insiders’ views of some of the most successful marketing-to-women campaigns of recent times. In short, Too Busy to Shop helps marketers understand multi-minding in depth—an essential task if they want to reach today’s overloaded female consumer.
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Bhopal, Raj S. Epidemic of Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198833246.001.0001.
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Coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke, collectively cardiovascular disease (CVD), are caused by narrowing and blockage of the arteries supplying the heart and brain, respectively. In type 2 diabetes (DM2) insulin is insufficient to maintain normal blood glucose. South Asians have high susceptibility to these diseases. Drawing upon the scientific literature and discussions with 22 internationally recognized scholars, this book focuses on causal explanations and their implications for prevention and research. Genetically based hypotheses are considered together with the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHAD) family of hypotheses. The book then considers how CHD, stroke, and DM2 are closely linked to rising affluence and the accompanying changes in life-expectancy and lifestyles. The established causal factors are shown to be insufficient, though necessary, parts of a convincing explanation for the excess of DM2 and CVD in South Asians. In identifying new explanations, this book emphasizes glycation of tissues, possibly leading to arterial stiffness and microcirculatory damage. In addition to endothelial pathways to atherosclerosis an external (adventitial) one is proposed, i.e. microcirculatory damage to the network of arterioles that nourish the coronary arteries. In addition to the ectopic fat in their liver and pancreas as the cause of beta cell dysfunction leading to DM2, additional ideas are proposed, i.e. microcirculatory damage. The high risk of CVD and DM2 in urbanizing South Asians is not inevitable, innate or genetic, or acquired in early life and programmed in a fixed way. Rather, exposure to risk factors in childhood, adolescence, and most particularly in adulthood is the key. The challenge to produce focused, low cost, effective actions, underpinned by clear, simple, and accurate explanations of the causes of the phenomenon is addressed.
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Harding, Simon. County Lines. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529203073.001.0001.
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Described by the National Crime Agency as a ‘significant threat’, county lines involve gangs recruiting vulnerable youth to sell drugs in provincial areas. This phenomenon has impacted local drug markets, increasing criminal activity and violence. Exploring how county lines evolve, the book reveals extensive criminal exploitation and control in the daily ‘grind’ to sell drugs. Drawing upon extensive interviews and case studies, the book gives voice to users and dealers, providing an in-depth analysis of techniques, relationships and ‘trapping’. The book examines how London-based urban street gangs establish county line drug-supply networks into the Home Counties. It draws upon two principle theoretical perspectives: social field analysis and street capital theory. It then traces the emergence of county lines, noting operational and cultural shifts in drug supply and distribution, and assesses the question of who joins a county lines. The book moves on to examine how the actual processes of county lines drug-supply networks work in reality, looking at the internal dynamics, and it evaluates the complex set of inter-personal relationships between the user community and county line operatives. It then focuses on the families of those involved in county lines, looking at how violence and intimidation often reverberates back into families. The book concludes that in the United Kingdom, the social fields of the urban street gang and of drug distribution markets, are rapidly evolving; it is important to consider how the relational boundaries of these social fields are interacting with the social field of organised crime. With county lines now a critical issue for policing and government, this is an invaluable contribution to literature on gangs, youth violence and drugs. The book begins by describing how the research study was conducted.
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Lugo, Stefano, i Fabio Bertoni. The Use of Debt by Sovereign Wealth Funds. Redaktorzy Douglas Cumming, Geoffrey Wood, Igor Filatotchev i Juliane Reinecke. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198754800.013.6.
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This chapter documents the use of debt capital by sovereign wealth funds (SWFs)—a growing and under-researched phenomenon. Three reasons are given for this. First: debt can help SWFs reach their target portfolio size. (Some do not receive regular inflows from their governments to increase their assets under management (AUM). Second: the development of capital markets is a key objective for most of the countries that have created an SWF, and debt may be especially useful for the development of the bond market. SWF bonds are quasi-governmental securities that can be used as collateral and create a reference yield curve. Third: the use of debt capital is particularly appropriate for portfolio SWFs investing in concentrated portfolios of selected companies for strategic and financial reasons. SWFs are more likely to use debt when they are non-commodity-based, come from countries with relatively less developed bond markets, and have a strategic investment style.
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Bagno, Raoni Barros, Matheus Luiz Pontelo de Souza, Lin Chih Cheng, Adriana Ferreira de Faria, Jonathan Simões Freitas, Leonel Del Rey de Melo Filho, Elimar Pires Vasconcellos i in. Perspectivas sobre o empreendedorismo tecnológico: Da ação empreendedora aos programas de apoio e dinâmica do ecossistema. Brazil Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-210-0.
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The importance of technology entrepreneurship stems from its growing relevance for economic and social development. Managers, whether in companies, tech parks, or startup-related institutions, entrepreneurs, students, researches, public policymakers, among other agents, have got involved with the process of creating and developing new technology-based ventures. Such a dynamic is, however, complex and full of uncertainties. Further, the current literature is usually focused on a single level of analysis, bringing to the arena debates of interest of one or a few of these agents. This book offers a highly transversal approach, touching the subject from the perspective of diverse agents and stimulating an integrated and non-simplistic discussion, whether for students or experienced practitioners. The book marks the 25-year trajectory of the Núcleo de Tecnologia da Qualidade e da Inovação (Technology Center for Quality and Innovation - NTQI / UFMG). We bring the contribution of more than 20 NTQI collaborators, all of them specialists in Technology Entrepreneurship who made all efforts to combine academic rigor with the objectiveness and didactic to properly support practitioners, students, and researches in their involvement with this intricate and multifaced phenomenon. Therefore, the 18 chapters of this work offer diverse perspectives of technology entrepreneurship: from the entrepreneurial action and thought, processes, and methods for new venture creation, passing through the entrepreneurial ecosystems, tech parks, and the perspective of the incumbent companies. Whether for students or practitioners, a reference for an innovative and integrated discussion.
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Liu, Xiaodong, i Libin Yan. Elevation-Dependent Climate Change in the Tibetan Plateau. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.593.
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As a unique and high gigantic plateau, the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is sensitive and vulnerable to global climate change, and its climate change tendencies and the corresponding impact on regional ecosystems and water resources can provide an early alarm for global and mid-latitude climate changes. Growing evidence suggests that the TP has experienced more significant warming than its surrounding areas during past decades, especially at elevations higher than 4 km. Greater warming at higher elevations than at lower elevations has been reported in several major mountainous regions on earth, and this interesting phenomenon is known as elevation-dependent climate change, or elevation-dependent warming (EDW).At the beginning of the 21st century, Chinese scholars first noticed that the TP had experienced significant warming since the mid-1950s, especially in winter, and that the latest warming period in the TP occurred earlier than enhanced global warming since the 1970s. The Chinese also first reported that the warming rates increased with the elevation in the TP and its neighborhood, and the TP was one of the most sensitive areas to global climate change. Later, additional studies, using more and longer observations from meteorological stations and satellites, shed light on the detailed characteristics of EDW in terms of mean, minimum, and maximum temperatures and in different seasons. For example, it was found that the daily minimum temperature showed the most evident EDW in comparison to the mean and daily maximum temperatures, and EDW is more significant in winter than in other seasons. The mean daily minimum and maximum temperatures also maintained increasing trends in the context of EDW. Despite a global warming hiatus since the turn of the 21st century, the TP exhibited persistent warming from 2001 to 2012.Although EDW has been demonstrated by more and more observations and modeling studies, the underlying mechanisms for EDW are not entirely clear owing to sparse, discontinuous, and insufficient observations of climate change processes. Based on limited observations and model simulations, several factors and their combinations have been proposed to be responsible for EDW, including the snow-albedo feedback, cloud-radiation effects, water vapor and radiative fluxes, and aerosols forcing. At present, however, various explanations of the mechanisms for EDW are mainly derived from model-based research, lacking more solid observational evidence. Therefore, to comprehensively understand the mechanisms of EDW, a more extensive and multiple-perspective climate monitoring system is urgently needed in the areas of the TP with high elevations and complex terrains.High-elevation climate change may have resulted in a series of environmental consequences, such as vegetation changes, permafrost melting, and glacier shrinkage, in mountainous areas. In particular, the glacial retreat could alter the headwater environments on the TP and the hydrometeorological characteristics of several major rivers in Asia, threatening the water supply for the people living in the adjacent countries. Taking into account the climate-model projections that the warming trend will continue over the TP in the coming decades, this region’s climate change and the relevant environmental consequences should be of great concern to both scientists and the general public.
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Thoms, Peg. Finding the Best and the Brightest. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400651397.
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Finding the Best and Brightest proposes an approach to choosing leaders based on a set of criteria designed to align individual qualities with organizational or institutional goals. Peg Thoms challenges the popular trend in theory and practice toward transformational or visionary leadership, arguing instead that leadership must be developed in context; many organizations, for example, don't need visionaries as much as they need operational leaders, who get things done by focusing on present-day tasks, such as designing superior products and delivering exceptional customer service. This book provides guidance for how to recruit, select, and retain the right people for leadership positions at any level of the organization. Drawing from research conducted in the private, public, and non-profit sectors, Thoms features powerful examples of effective and ineffective leadership in a variety of situations, and sheds light on the complex relationships between leaders and those who follow them. We all choose our leaders. We hire them to run our companies. We vote them into office. We appoint them to committees. We decide to work for, serve, and follow them. In fact, all leadership is relative; by taking direction or orders, going to bat or war, marching behind, listening, and agreeing, we are choosing to allow another individual to lead us. Whether the stage is a corporation, a country, a club, a school, or any other organization, effective leaders matter. Yet despite such high-profile examples of leadership disasters—from the California recall of Gray Davis to the fall of such business titans as Ken Lay and Sam Waksal—we continue to choose, hire, and elect poor leaders. Finding the Best and Brightest explores this phenomenon in business, politics, and other sectors of society, and proposes an antidote—an approach to choosing leaders based on a set of criteria designed to align individual qualities with organizational or institutional goals. Peg Thoms challenges the popular trend toward transformational leadership, which focuses on identifying universal characteristics, arguing instead that leadership must be developed in context. Many organizations, for example, need operational leaders who can focus on present-day tasks, such as designing superior products and delivering exceptional customer service, and not inspirational or visionary leaders, whose otherwise admirable qualities might be ill-suited to the challenges at hand. Outlining six typical leadership search scenarios—from school principal to hospital CEO—Thoms shows readers how to identify the traits and behaviors that are most essential for the position and how to structure interviews and other search techniques to elicit the most informative responses and home in on the best candidates. She also reminds us that many organizations fail not because they can't find good leaders but because they can't keep them, and offers strategies to promote leadership development. Whether you are an executive giving the nod to a new department head, a concerned citizen casting your vote for a municipal councilman, a club member choosing a new president, or an aspiring leader deciding which offer will provide the greatest growth opportunities, Finding the Best and the Brightest offers fresh insights on the dynamic relationship between leaders and those who follow them.
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Ślusarski, Marek. Metody i modele oceny jakości danych przestrzennych. Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-30-4.
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The quality of data collected in official spatial databases is crucial in making strategic decisions as well as in the implementation of planning and design works. Awareness of the level of the quality of these data is also important for individual users of official spatial data. The author presents methods and models of description and evaluation of the quality of spatial data collected in public registers. Data describing the space in the highest degree of detail, which are collected in three databases: land and buildings registry (EGiB), geodetic registry of the land infrastructure network (GESUT) and in database of topographic objects (BDOT500) were analyzed. The results of the research concerned selected aspects of activities in terms of the spatial data quality. These activities include: the assessment of the accuracy of data collected in official spatial databases; determination of the uncertainty of the area of registry parcels, analysis of the risk of damage to the underground infrastructure network due to the quality of spatial data, construction of the quality model of data collected in official databases and visualization of the phenomenon of uncertainty in spatial data. The evaluation of the accuracy of data collected in official, large-scale spatial databases was based on a representative sample of data. The test sample was a set of deviations of coordinates with three variables dX, dY and Dl – deviations from the X and Y coordinates and the length of the point offset vector of the test sample in relation to its position recognized as a faultless. The compatibility of empirical data accuracy distributions with models (theoretical distributions of random variables) was investigated and also the accuracy of the spatial data has been assessed by means of the methods resistant to the outliers. In the process of determination of the accuracy of spatial data collected in public registers, the author’s solution was used – resistant method of the relative frequency. Weight functions, which modify (to varying degree) the sizes of the vectors Dl – the lengths of the points offset vector of the test sample in relation to their position recognized as a faultless were proposed. From the scope of the uncertainty of estimation of the area of registry parcels the impact of the errors of the geodetic network points was determined (points of reference and of the higher class networks) and the effect of the correlation between the coordinates of the same point on the accuracy of the determined plot area. The scope of the correction was determined (in EGiB database) of the plots area, calculated on the basis of re-measurements, performed using equivalent techniques (in terms of accuracy). The analysis of the risk of damage to the underground infrastructure network due to the low quality of spatial data is another research topic presented in the paper. Three main factors have been identified that influence the value of this risk: incompleteness of spatial data sets and insufficient accuracy of determination of the horizontal and vertical position of underground infrastructure. A method for estimation of the project risk has been developed (quantitative and qualitative) and the author’s risk estimation technique, based on the idea of fuzzy logic was proposed. Maps (2D and 3D) of the risk of damage to the underground infrastructure network were developed in the form of large-scale thematic maps, presenting the design risk in qualitative and quantitative form. The data quality model is a set of rules used to describe the quality of these data sets. The model that has been proposed defines a standardized approach for assessing and reporting the quality of EGiB, GESUT and BDOT500 spatial data bases. Quantitative and qualitative rules (automatic, office and field) of data sets control were defined. The minimum sample size and the number of eligible nonconformities in random samples were determined. The data quality elements were described using the following descriptors: range, measure, result, and type and unit of value. Data quality studies were performed according to the users needs. The values of impact weights were determined by the hierarchical analytical process method (AHP). The harmonization of conceptual models of EGiB, GESUT and BDOT500 databases with BDOT10k database was analysed too. It was found that the downloading and supplying of the information in BDOT10k creation and update processes from the analyzed registers are limited. An effective approach to providing spatial data sets users with information concerning data uncertainty are cartographic visualization techniques. Based on the author’s own experience and research works on the quality of official spatial database data examination, the set of methods for visualization of the uncertainty of data bases EGiB, GESUT and BDOT500 was defined. This set includes visualization techniques designed to present three types of uncertainty: location, attribute values and time. Uncertainty of the position was defined (for surface, line, and point objects) using several (three to five) visual variables. Uncertainty of attribute values and time uncertainty, describing (for example) completeness or timeliness of sets, are presented by means of three graphical variables. The research problems presented in the paper are of cognitive and application importance. They indicate on the possibility of effective evaluation of the quality of spatial data collected in public registers and may be an important element of the expert system.